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MTH1101 Calculus
Weeks 5/6

Derivatives
- Rate of Change
- Derivative of Exponential and Natural Log functions -Derivative of some Trigonometric functions - Implicit Differentiation -Differentials

4. Rate of Change
Average rate of change of a function f over [x0, x0 + h]:
f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 ) h

Instantaneous rate of change of a function f at x0:

lim
h 0

f ( x0 + h) f ( x0 ) = f ' ( x0 ) h

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Example: Suppose a balloon is being filled with air (and assume that the shape of the balloon is spherical). How fast does the volume of the balloon change with respect to its radius, r?
4 V = r 3 3 When the diameter of the balloon is 20cm, what is the rate of change of volume? 22cm?
V= 4 3 r 3

dV = 4r 2 dr So when r = 20, dV dr = 4 20 2 = 1600

r = 20

For r = 22 ,

dV dr

= 4 22 2 = 1936
r = 22

Example: Suppose the size of a population of bacteria with respect to time, t (in hours), is governed by the following equation: y(t) = 103(103 + 10t t2) What is the original population size? Find the growth rates at t = 4, 5 and 6 hours Describe how the population is changing with respect to time Given that the size of the population at t = 3 is 1,021,000 and it is growing at a rate of 4,000 per hour. Approximate the size of the population half an hour later (without using y(t)).

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What is the original population size? Original population size is when t = 0

y(t) = 103(103 + 10t t2) y(0) = 103(103) = 106

Find the growth rates at t = 4, 5 and 6 hours

dy = 10 3 (10 2t ) dt
dy dt = 10 3 (10 2 4) = 2000
t =4

dy dt dy dt

= 10 3 (10 2 5) = 0
t =5

= 10 3 (10 2 6) = 2000
t =6

5. Derivatives of Exponential and Ln functions

Suppose f(x) = ex f(x) is continuous and differentiable for all x, - < x < and f (x) = ex
f ( x + h) f ( x ) e x + h e x = h h eh 1 x = ex h e as h 0
1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

y = eh 1 y=h

2.5

y = (eh 1)/h

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Suppose f(x) = ln(x) f(x) is continuous and differentiable for all x > 0 and f ' ( x) =
1 x

1 f (2 + h) f (2) ln(2 + h) ln(2) = as h 0 h h 2

Examples: Find the derivatives of the following: 1. y = ln(x2 + 3x + 2) 2. 3. 4.

y = ln x 5 / 2 + 3x 3 / 2 1 x4 + 4x2 + 1
2

y = e x

+2 x

y = 2 xe
3

x 4 +3 x

5. y = 10 x + 2

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6. Derivatives of some Trigonometric functions

d sin( x) = cos( x) dx d cos( x) = sin( x) dx

Find:

d2 d2 sin( x ), cos( x ) dx 2 dx 2

Use the rules of differentiation to derive the derivative of tan(x).

Example: A body hanging from a spring is stretched down 5 units beyond its rest position and released at time t = 0 to bob up and down. Its position at any time t later is s = 5cos(t) What are its velocity and acceleration at time t? Velocity, v: rate of change of the bodys position with respect to time t Acceleration, a: rate of change of velocity with respect to t

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7. Implicit Differentiation
When y can be expressed in terms of a function x, y = f(x), we say y is expressed explicitly in terms of x. Sometimes, the relationship between x and y is expressed in terms of an equation, for example: x2 + y2 4 = 0. Such equations define an implicit relationship between x and y. If the relationship between x and y is expressed implicitly, we can still think of y as a function of x and obtain dy/dx. This is called implicit differentiation.

Example: Consider the equation of the circle x2 + y2 4 = 0. What is the slope of the tangent line at the point (1, 3)? The point (1, -3)? y2 = 4 x2 or y = 4 x 2 The point (1, 3) lies on y = 4 x 2
dy 1 = (4 x 2 ) 1/ 2 (2 x ) = dx 2 x 4 x2

dy dx

=
x =1

1 3

The point (1, -3) lies on y = 4 x 2

dy = dx x 4 x
2

dy dx

=
x =1

1 3

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Implicit Differentiation: 1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x, treating y as a differentiable function of x. 2. Collect terms with dy/dx on one side of equation. 3. Solve for dy/dx. Back to the previous example: x2 + y2 4 = 0
2x + 2 y dy dy x =0 = dx dx y

At (1, 3), At (1, -3),

dy 1 = dx 3 dy 1 = dx 3

Examples: Obtain
dy d 2 y , for the following: dx dx 2

x2y + y2x = 8 xsin(2y) = ycos(2x)

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8. Differentials
dy

The symbol dx means differentiate y with respect to x, it is not a ratio of two variables But, we can introduce two new variables dx, dy such that if their ratio exists, it will be equal to the derivative of y. Let y = f(x) be a differentiable function. The differential dx is an independent variable. The differential dy is defined as dy = f (x)dx

That is, the value of dy depends on x (through f (x)) and dx (given values of x and dx, dy is determined).

Example: Find dy if y = f(x) = x4 + 2x Find dy if x = 3 and dx = 0.1

dy = f ' ( x) = 4 x 3 + 2 dx

dy = (4x3 + 2)dx
Change in y: y = f(3 + dx) f(3) Change in tangent line L: dy

When x = 3 and dx = 0.1, dy = (4*27 + 2)(0.1) = 11

700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 1 2 3

L = L(3 + dx) L(3) = (L(3) + f (3)dx) L(3) = f (3)dx When dx is small, y dy

dy

dx

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Estimating with Differentials Suppose we know f(a) and f (a) and a increases by a small amount to a + x. What is f(a + x)? When x changes from a to a + x, and x = dx, the change in y is given by y = f(a + dx) f(a) When dx is small y dy, i.e. dy f(a + dx) f(a) or f(a + dx) f(a) + dy = f(a) + f (a)dx

Example: Suppose the length of a square increases from 10cm to 10.1cm, approximate the increase in its area. Compare with the actual increase.