Engineers Guide To Wimax and Lte

Engineers Guide
to WiMAX & LTE

LTE Momentum Building -
Key Rollout Issues Remain
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Welcome to the Engineers
Guide to WiMAX and
LTE Solutions 2012
Amidst continuing news of a stagnant economy, spending on mobile
and infrastructure keeps on growing, albeit with a few bumps in the road.
While the global 2G/3G/4G infrastructure market declined 13.8% in the
rst quarter of 2011, that came on the heels of a very strong fourth quarter
2010, and the market is up 14.4% year-over-year (from the rst quarter of
2010), according to Infonetics Research. That sets the foundation for a new
investment cycle that is expected to last through 2014. Infonetics Research
forecasts service providers will spend a cumulative $245 billion worldwide
on mobile infrastructure during the ve years from 2011 to 2015. Thats a lot
of opportunity for developers, in a lot of different technologies.
Stphane Tral, Infonetics Researchs principal analyst for mobile infra-
structure, stated, Although LTE and 4G continue to make the headlines,
GSM was denitely the 2Q11 reality, with massive capacity upgrades
in China and India. In addition, 2G and 3G network modernization with
multi-standard base transceiver stations (BTS) continues to be strong and
will remain the main theme throughout the second half of 2011.That said,
equipment spending in LTE and WiMAX 4G technologies remains strong,
and for the rst time LTE equipment surpassed WiMAX equipment in the
second quarter of 2011, with the global LTE market at about $0.6 billion
and WiMAX at $0.5 billion.
In this issue, youll nd a wide array of product, technology and develop-
ment information to help you nd your place in these new 4G markets.
We cover development tools and environments in What Makes an Ideal
Wireless Stack Developer Tool? and Even Better than the Real Thing.
Our panel of experts discusses FPGAs roles in advanced telecom sys-
tems, and we address the opportunities for distributed base stations in
Taking LTE Where You Need It. CSFB: Supporting Voice Services in
LTE Migration provides an option for the transition to LTE, and we look
at Secure Communications in Military 4G LTE Environments with an
insightful view into that market. Both WiMAX and LTE have plenty to
look forward to, and we provide a look into trends and forecasts for both
with LTE Momentum Building, Key Rollout Issues Remain and WiMax
Celebrates 10 Years with Strong Growth.
And theres a lot more from our sponsors, with data sheets, event listings,
white papers and other resources. Wed love to hear from you. Send your
comments and ideas to info@extensionmedia.com.
Cher yl B er gl und Coup
Editor
P.S. To subscribe to our series of Engineers Guides for
embedded developers and engineers, visit:
www.eecatalog.com/subscribe
Engineers Guide to WiMAX
and LTE Solutions 2012
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Special Thanks to Our Sponsor
The Engineers Guide to WiMAX and LTE Solutions is published by Extension Media LLC. Extension
Media makes no warranty for the use of its products and assumes no responsibility for any errors
which may appear in this Catalog nor does it make a commitment to update the information contained
herein. Engineers Guide to WiMAX and LTE Solutions is Copyright
2011 Extension Media LLC. No

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2 Engineers Guide to WiMAX and LTE Solutions 2012
Contents
Advanced Telecom Systems Drive FPGA Market Growth
by Cheryl Coup ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 4
Circuit-Switched Fallback
by Drew Sproul, Adax ................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
Even Better than the Real Thing
by Dr. Konstantinos Stavropoulos, Anite ................................................................................................................................................... 8
Compact Base Stations
by Marc DeVinney, Interphase ................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Enabling Secure Communications in Military 4G LTE Environments
by Kevin Kelly, LGS Innovations (a Division of Alcatel-Lucent) ................................................................................................................ 18
What Makes an Ideal Wireless Stack Developer Tool?
by Rick Denker, Packet Plus, Inc. ............................................................................................................................................................. 20
WiMax Celebrates 10 Years with Strong Growth
by Cheryl Coup ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
Online & Offine WiMAX and LTE Solutions Resources ............................................................................................. 25
LTE Momentum Building, Key Rollout Issues Remain
by Charlie Ashton, 6WIND ....................................................................................................................................................................... 32
Products and Services
Boards
AMC Boards
Adax Inc.
ATM4-AMC ........................................................................... 26
HDC3 ..................................................................................... 27
PacketAMC (PktAMC) ........................................................... 28
Blades
Adax Inc.
Adax PacketRunner (APR) ..................................................... 29
Integrated Platforms
Adax Inc.
AdaxGW ................................................................................ 30
Software
Libraries
6WIND
6WINDGate Multicore Packet Processing Software ............ 31
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SPECIAL FEATURE
by Cheryl Coup
Advanced Telecom Systems
Drive FPGA Market Growth
In a recent report, TechNavios analysts forecasted that
the global market for FPGAs in the communications
industry will reach $2.9 billion in 2014, with expected
compound annual growth rate of 8.6 percent. This growth
is being driven by the demand for high-bandwidth devices
for 3G and 4G networks. According to the Technavio
analyst, In order to meet the growing demand for these
devices and applications, the FPGA vendors are focusing
on bandwidth- and I/O-centric technologies. As a result,
there is a shift to serial interfaces such as PCI Express and
Gigabit Ethernet across the entire infrastructure, with
primary importance given to transceivers. The report
also points out conflicting market drivers: while lack of
standardized verification techniques for advanced FPGAs
hinders market growth, demand for compact-sized ICs
from smart-device manufacturers is expected to drive it.
EE Catalog asked several industry players how developers
can best take advantage of FPGAs in advanced telecom-
munications equipment for new 4G, WiMax and LTE
systems. Sunil Kar, senior director, wireless communica-
tions, Xilinx; Patrick Dietrich, hardware design engineer
and project manager at Connect Tech Inc.; and Shakeel
Peera, director of marketing, silicon/solutions, Lattice
Semiconductor provide their insight.
EE Catalog: How can developers best take advantage of
FPGAs in advanced telecommunications equipment for
new 4G, WiMax and LTE systems?
Sunil Kar, Xilinx: OEMs
are locked in a fierce battle
to dominate the next gen-
eration 4G telecom platforms
with features and require-
ments that are still evolving.
In such a dynamic market,
FPGAs are coming in handy
as they provide the logic and
programmable resources to
implement custom hardware
functionalities. Wireless
system architects and developers for long have taken
advantage of the dynamic re-configurability and in-field
programming features of FPGAs compared to fixed-
function ASICs. In 4G base stations, FPGAs provide the
functional advantages in terms of performance in both
baseband as well as radio/DFE processing. FPGAs have
proven to exceed the performance of mainstream DSPs.
This fact is exploited by architects in designing 4G base
stations with new baseband feature requirements.
System architects are leveraging FPGA in high-throughput
4G packet-core platforms for traffic management, fabric
and to implement value-add differentiating features.
Wireless backhaul for the 4G networks use FPGAs for
functional integration of both radio and baseband fea-
tures as well as network interfaces. FPGA providers
go beyond the silicon and provide a comprehensive
set of tools, IP and design platforms to help wireless
designers. The maturity of high-level synthesis tools
has improved FPGA design productivity by raising the
level of design abstraction. FPGA suppliers have always
been at the forefront driving Moores law with resulting
benefits in system performance and lower power. Wire-
less system architects continue to leverage these devices
for differentiated implementation of high-performance,
cost-sensitive nodes such as 4G base stations as well as
backhaul platforms.
Patrick Dietrich, Con-
nect Tech Inc.: With rapidly
changing and emerging stan-
dards along with the increasing
need for multi-mode radio
support, FPGAs are becoming
an important part of wireless
infrastructure, particularly
in base station design. From
a board design standpoint,
the latest FPGAs allow for the
integration of multiple ASSPs
and ASICs into a single device, which reduces BOM cost
and decreases power consumption. For example, a typical
radio equipment board design would have several DSPs
or other ICs for the transmitter block (including digital-
up conversion, digital pre-distortion and crest factor
reduction to increase amplifier efficiency), receiver block
(digital-down conversion) a small FPGA for interfacing
and framing, and a SERDES PHY to connect to the radio
EECatalog
SPECIAL FEATURE
equipment controller via the common public radio inter-
face (CPRI). The latest FPGAs can implement all of these
features in a single device, taking advantage of low cost
built-in SERDES (such as Xilinxs GTX transceivers),
dedicated DSP blocks, embedded processors and the
general high-speed logic. And of course, there is always
the benefit of the FPGAs re-configurability, allowing for
upgrades to accommodate evolving standards and new
air interfaces.
Shakeel Peera, Lattice Semi-
conductor: The price, power
and total footprint of FPGAs
suitable for these types of
applications have come down
exponentially over the past
five years, while functionality
has increased dramatically.
The features of most interest
are signal processing horse-
power, memory for coefficient
storage and packet buffering,
and the inclusion of high speed I/O and SERDES. If users
can efficiently craft their RF and baseband algorithms to
take advantage of the powerful parallel processing capa-
bilities of FPGAs, then from a price, performance and
power perspective there will be a huge increase in the use
of FPGAs in these types of systems. Consequently, FPGA
vendors must make it easier for customers to port signal-
processing algorithms developed by non-FPGA users to
their FPGA fabric.
Cheryl Berglund Coup is editor of EECatalog.
com. Her articles have appeared in EE Times,
Electronic Business, Microsoft Embedded Re-
view and Windows Developers Journal and
she has developed presentations for the Embed-
ded Systems Conference and ICSPAT. She has
held a variety of production, technical marketing and writing
positions within technology companies and agencies in the
Northwest.
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SPECIAL FEATURE
by Drew Sproul, Adax
Circuit-Switched Fallback
Supporting Voice Services in LTE Migration
The Challenge of Supporting Voice while
Deploying LTE
Te move to LTE is advancing full-speed ahead. Tis build-
out of new equipment and services is complex and will not
happen overnight. Te ever-increasing demand for high-
speed, high-volume data applications requires network
service providers (NSPs) to focus on providing data services
rst and foremost in their initial LTE deployments. With
Voice-over-LTE (VoLTE) not yet a ubiquitous solution, how
can NSPs ensure support for voice and deploy LTE?
Since voice remains the major source of NSP revenue,it must
be protected and maintained. Subscribers expect the high
quality of voice services, especially roaming, to continue
unaffected on their new smart, video- data-centric phones.
The challenge then is how to preserve voice services and
build out mobile broadband services in the absence of IMS/
VoIP. One solution is circuit-switched fallback (CSFB).
Todays 2G/3G legacy networks currently enabling the voice
revenue stream have sucient capacity for continued voice
service support. It only makes sense to let this gear continue
to generate voice revenue. CSFB allows NSPs to preserve the
sunken investment in existing circuit-switched networks.
Tis extended life of legacy equipment and its associated rev-
enues stream is a double bonus. Revenues remain the same
without the expense of new CAPEX; and with some exten-
sions, it can even promote the move to the all-IP network.
Circuit-Switched Fallback Provides a Solution
CSFB provides new LTE data-centric deployments with back-
ward compatibility to circuit-switched services. As specied in
3GPP TS 23.272, CSFB is the preferred solution for the early
and even later stages of LTE. It allows network operators to
carry voice trac over existing GERAN/UTRAN networks
from multimode LTE user equipment (UE) devices. Tis prac-
tical goal is realized by a clever innovation: network awareness
in the mobility management entity (MME). Where overlap-
ping networks exist, the MME may carry maps of UTRAN
tracking areas (TAs) to LTE location areas (LAs) that allow the
UE to utilize circuit-switched services, all managed from the
MME in conjunction with the mobile switching center (MSC).
Without the IP multimedia subsystem (IMS),VoIP services are
not available in the LTE network so the UE is instructed to
access the alternate network for voice calls.
CSFB enables mobile operators to quickly and economically
support services in conjunction with their LTE network
roll-outs. It allows mobile devices to fall back to GSM or
UMTS domains for incoming or outgoing voice calls, and
subscribers maintain access to the wide array of rich circuit-
switched capabilities, including international roaming,
while enjoying LTE broadband access to the Internet and
protected corporate VPNs.
CSFB with Enhanced VoIP Services
Implementing CSFB does not require changes to the GERAN or
UTRAN user plane transport services. Existing signaling links
Figure 1: EPS architecture for CS fallback and SMS over SGs from 3GPP TS 23.272 V10.2.1 (2011-04)
SPECIAL FEATURE
and associated transport protocols can be retained if desired,
however many media gateways in the eld support VoIP.
Adding VoIP services to the CSFB gateway is clearly a benet.
Network equipment providers (NEPs) and NSPs realize that
interworking legacy voice to IP at the earliest network entry
point possible facilitates the transition to the all-IP network.
Voice interworking is being added to the CSFB formula by
many forward-looking telecom equipment manufacturers
based on multi-vendor, commercial-o-the-shelf (COTS)
ATCA equipment (see Figure 2).
Tis enhancement brings CS-based voice calls into existing
VoIP networks quickly and eciently. In the UTRAN,
interworking between ATM-IP is performed on already
AMR-encoded voice using real-time transport protocol(RTP),
which facilitates not only voice but multi-media streaming
over IP. For 2G voice over DS0s, the ATCA I-TDM specica-
tion allows T1/E1 and DSP cards to pass trac seamlessly
between them and their associated networks. Such solutions
for both GERAN and UTRAN networks can be provided on a
single ATCA platform with multi-vendor, industry-standard
AMC cards as a sub-system for OEM/VAS applications.
Te CSFB gateway architecture illustrated in Figure 2 for
existing TDM-based network services uses a standard ATCA
carrier-grade chassis, equipped with switches, SBCs and carrier
blades hosting TDM T1/E1 and VoIP/DSP AMC cards. Legacy
voice and SS7 signaling enter the system on TDM links via the
T1/E1 ports. Voice channels are interworked to IP using I-TDM
and sent to the VoIP/DSP card, which transmits VoIP packets
to the network. Data services are handled by the LTE network
or the legacy interface when there is no LTE connection. Te 3G
solution maps ATM voice trac to IP on an advanced AMC ATM
card. RTP is added on the intelligent carrier blade or an SBC, all
of which are again ATCA COTS products.
Tese components for an enhanced CSFB gateway are the foun-
dation for OEMs and TEMS to build advanced CSFB solutions
including fully redundant systems of cards and blades that may
be added, removed and re-allocated with no loss of service. Te
exible ATCA architecture fullls the promise of cost-eective,
multi-vendor solutions and short time-to-market through close
cooperation between committed ecosystem partners.
LTE in support of streaming video and data services is rolling
out to everyones satisfaction. Voice continues to be supported
via dual and tri-mode phones without service interruption of
any kind. CSFB allows the integration of these two types of
services based on dierent networks types seamlessly and eec-
tively. Enhanced CSFB gateways will bring the legacy voice into
IP all that much quicker, paving the way for the all-IP network.
All of this is made possible by industry-standard protocols and
an ecosystem of ATCA network equipment. Te future never
looked so bright, at least in this one corner of the world.
Andrew (Drew) Sproul is currently director of mar-
keting at Adax, Inc. During his 20+ year career in
telecom, Drew has held management positions in
sales and marketing at Adax, Trillium, and Ob-
jectStream. Drew has a BA in human services from
Western Washington University in Bellingham, WA.
Figure 2: Adax CSFB GW w/VoIP IW FX
SPECIAL FEATURE
by Dr. Konstantinos Stavropoulos, Anite
Even Better than the Real Thing
The Competitive Advantage of Network Simulation for Mobile
Device Testing
Mobile network users have higher expectations than ever
before. Mobile network operators have therefore been
trying to enhance their offering and to minimize the
possibility of defective or poor-quality devices reaching
the end user. Such improvements can only be introduced
and sustained in a cost-effective fashion, especially in
the current economic climate. Network simulation can
help operators meet user expectations and gain competi-
tive advantage.
With mobile standards evolving from 2G to 3g and now
to LTE, original voice-centric handsets have been super-
seded by data-driven devices with PC-like capabilities.
Mobile users demand great performance when they buy
new devices, especially if they opt for the smart-labeled
ones. Unless these high
expectations are met, users
are likely to be disappointed
and use their devices less or
even churn.
The significance of quality
has also increased due to
the media spotlight. Any
negative reference to a flag-
ship device is a nightmare
scenario for both the device
manufacturer and the oper-
ator who has launched the
device. In many cases, news
coverage may not clarify
whether the issue is associated with the device only or
the network only or both, and could even highlight the
wrong culprit. Operators who consider device accep-
tance schemes would like to pre-empt these situations
and minimize the possibility of launching devices that
affect the performance of the network and ultimately the
mobile user experience.
Comprehensive tests to help identify and rectify device
and network issues before commercial launch are essen-
tial. Such tests can be run in the lab or in the field.
Despite the growing adoption of lab testing, some people
are still skeptical about its capability to reflect what hap-
pens in the live network, which they believe only field
testing can capture, and its overall practical significance.
As a consequence, many operators do not regard lab
testing as the real thing and find the need for lab-based
device assessment superfluous. Lab testing is the proac-
tive approach to test mobile devices/applications. Testing
in the lab enables the evaluation of mobile devices in a
controllable and repeatable simulated network envi-
ronment, which is immune to statistical uncertainty.
The following simplified diagram depicts the setup of the
leading network simulator solution for device interoper-
ability testing (IOT). The system shown at the top is
connected to the device under test via an RF cable, and
can be driven locally or remotely via a pc/laptop. As shown
in the diagram, test automation is supported too. This
setup can also be extended to consider RF fading, and
hence simulate the dynamic
network environment in an
even more realistic fashion.
Furthermore, mobile appli-
cations can be tested by
connecting the system to
internal or external data
servers.
The real-world relevance
(accuracy) of a network
simulator depends on the
modeled network character-
istics and the capabilities
of the underlying hardware
platform. By considering
real-world cell configuration data, in the form of hun-
dreds of settings, as well as changing RF conditions, the
leading network simulators can support realistic device
test scenarios in the lab.
Lab tests are based on scripts, i.e., software programs
that simulate interoperability scenarios, written by the
test solution provider or an operators engineers. New
devices may fail up to 40% of such tests when tested in
operator labs. Of course, not every scenario is run in the
lab. For instance, due to their infrastructure vendor-
agnostic nature, simulators may support simplified
signaling/other messaging. Yet this does not reduce the
power or value of network simulation.
Any negative reference
to a flagship device is a
nightmare scenario for both
the device manufacturer
and the operator who has
launched the device.
SPECIAL FEATURE
Simulators enable comprehensive performance/compar-
ison testing, and can reveal if/which devices will perform
well in the live network. Lab tests consider real-world
scenarios, from simple (phone call, SMS or web browsing)
to more advanced (multi-call {CS/PS}, data throughput or
setup delay) use cases. International roaming can also be
tested, by using country-specific cell configurations. All
tests are based on 3GPP messages/procedures and terms
obscure to most mobile users, such as PDP Context or
Bearer Combination.
Lab testing helps imitate the real network environment
without fully replicating it. For example, when mobility
handover is tested in the lab, there is no explicit device
movement. Still, such movement is not of interest. What
is of interest is the change in the observed signal strength
and interference, which can be simulated. Hence, the con-
sidered network situation is the same, although strictly
speaking not identical, and a handover for a moving
device or other real-world network scenarios can be
tested in the lab.
Yet some people are not convinced. Network-derived
measurements, often described as the real thing, can
become an engineers gospel. Measurements are tan-
gible, directly related with the live network and thus
generally trusted.
Field testing or field trials or drive testing has been
a popular way for operators to benchmark and opti-
mize their networks. Conducted indoors/outdoors, field
testing is of great significance, especially for new and
not-so-mature technologies. Field trials can also high-
light issues in the interoperability of a device with the
network. However, device testing in the field presents a
number of challenges, mainly due to its dependence on
the dynamic live network.
Lab testing and field testing can be regarded as both
complementary and competitive options for mobile
device evaluation. While some tests are to be run only
in the lab or only in the field, there are many tests that
could be conducted in either environment.
The wireless environment is dynamic and can change
rapidly. Radio signals are subject to variation due to
the changing RF conditions, while the network load
demand for resources is only approximately known and
(to a large extent) unpredictable. Network configuration
changes or issues may also arise unexpectedly. Device
testing engineers are powerless in such cases, as these
changes/issues are outside their control.
Therefore, it is inherently not possible in the field to fully
control tests or to repeat them exactly. This is why, when
Figure 1 Caption: A simplifed (Anite SAS) system diagram for device interoperability testing in the lab
SPECIAL FEATURE
device issues are identified, most engineers opt to repro-
duce use scenarios in the lab for debugging purposes.
Contrary to lab conditions, engineers cannot tame the
volatile wireless environment or adjust the network
configuration, and know that tests can only be partially
controlled and approximately repeated in the field.
Lab testing provides the flexibility to consider a variety
of scenarios with full control over their definition. For
example, under- or over-loaded networks can be simu-
lated as per the engineers requirements. Simulation is
also a great means to assess roaming without the expense
required to visit countries/regions, where partner net-
works operate, for drive testing. In addition, lab tests
enable the evaluation of features not yet implemented on
the live network.
Device testing in the lab is not inherently restricted
by any live network dependency. With the exception of
trial networks, which are not commercially launched
and hence have no subscribers, testing in the field can
only reflect the latest cell
configuration. The consider-
ation of what if scenarios,
including bad network
settings, is not advisable
as it would have an adverse
impact on mobile users. This
is something that operators
prefer not to risk.
Furthermore, lab testing is
not subject to spatiotem-
poral profile limitations.
Generally speaking, field
tests are conducted in spe-
cific network areas (such as drive test routes) and at
given time intervals during a day. In these terms, field
testing can only provide a partial view/assessment of
how a mobile device would operate when used on the live
network. So, field tests may fail to identify certain device
issues or may discover them late.
The lab environment also allows more scope for compre-
hensive device assessment. In general, testing in the field
comprises standardized tests of mostly basic nature. It is
therefore not surprising that experienced engineers are
reluctant to be actively involved, especially if tests are
repeated on a regular basis. Although lab testing includes
standardized tests too, the controllability of network
simulation and the ability to use automation are price-
less.
It is important to note that device tests in the lab can be
automated to a large degree. As lab testing is controllable
and repeatable, any use scenario that has been captured/
defined can be replayed at any time by using the same
setup. This is of great interest to engineers as they are
able to run regression tests and identify with confidence
why the measured device performance may have changed.
Device testing in the lab has evolved in the last few years
due to its popularity with major mobile network opera-
tors. In some cases, it has even been able to discover
problems with the live network setup. When reproducing
in the lab field-identified interoperability issues (for
example, as part of field-to-lab tests), there have been
instances where the network rather than the device was
found to be responsible.
Both lab and field testing have been used by leading oper-
ators to help enhance the quality of launched devices and
meet user expectations. Yet, the lab environment is the
single or preferable option for a large number of device
tests, especially from a commercial viewpoint.
The main reason: lab testing is cost-effective. Interest-
ingly, the capital expenditure (CapEx) for field testing is
typically lower, particularly
if no investment in dedi-
cated drive-test equipment
(including vans) is required.
This has led test solutions
vendors to introduce pricing
models that de-emphasize
the capital nature of the
expenditure for network
simulators. However, it is
the total cost of ownership
that should be considered.
The nature of device testing
in the field is such that
significant resource/time is required. In the absence of
automation and controllability, the operational expendi-
ture (OpEx) exceeds that of lab testing by far. Moreover,
insufficient or statistically uncertain tests pose a higher
risk to the quality of launched devices. Even when a
device passes a test that it may have failed before, it is
not clear whether this would be due to design changes to
the device or because of the changed everything flows
network environment.
Cost savings with lab testing are multidimensional, and
include manufacturer pre-testing that enables operators
to spot-check devices. This superior cost profile is the
main reason why network simulation dominates device
acceptance programs. In effect, field tests that can be run
in the lab, such as network selection or data throughput,
are reduced in number/scope. Simulation is also typically
used for first-pass evaluation by operators who promote
Tier-2 or own-branded devices, especially for manufac-
turers new to the industry or without a reputation for
quality.
Using a network simulator
is a faster, cheaper and
ultimately superior way
to meet mobile user
expectations compared
with other approaches.
SPECIAL FEATURE
Lab testing can support comprehensive yet cost-effective
acceptance programs in an objective and well-functioning
manner. For operators to get the device ecosystem working
at its best, nonobjective criteria or difficult-to-reproduce
tests must be avoided. This would be in accordance with
strict industry quality standards, including ISO.
In general, due to the nature of lab testing, operators can
gain a competitive advantage through:
- Incrcascd LcsL ccicncy wiLh rcduccd Limc/rcsourcc Lo crcaLc
or run tests and with the ability to consider automation
- Minimum (spoL-chccking) asscssmcnL, as manuacLurcrs
can pre-test their devices and simply present their results
- BcLLcr qualiLy o launchcd dcviccs and rcduccd cosLs duc Lo
customer-identied issues, which can positively impact on
defection rates (churn), media coverage and share price
- FasLcr Limc Lo markcL or ncw dcviccs, cspccially ashionablc
or advanced ones (e.g. smartphones), which can inuence
market share and customer opinion.
Using a network simulator is a faster, cheaper and ulti-
mately superior way to meet mobile user expectations
compared with other approaches. More importantly, the
competitive advantage of network simulation has been
proven in practice.
The tangible and intangible benefits from lab testing
are not limited to operators. Device and chipset manu-
facturers have also benefited from 2G/3G operator
acceptance schemes and the ecosystem that these have
established. It is thus no coincidence that network simu-
lation is now used to verify that the highly anticipated
LTE devices will meet the needs of mobile subscribers.
Device testing in the field may be regarded as real-world
testing or as the real thing, while network simulation
may still be viewed with skepticism by some operators.
However, the ROI benefits of lab testing are so diverse
and so substantial that there should be no doubt: device
testing in the lab is even better than the real thing.
Dr. Konstantinos Stavropoulos joined Anite in 2009
as IOT product manager, responsible for SAS, Anites
network simulator product for mobile device interop-
erability testing. Konstantinos holds a PhD in digital
communications from Imperial College (London, UK)
and a Diploma in electrical and computer engineer-
ing from National Technical University of Athens (NTUA) (Athens,
Greece), has presented papers in conferences worldwide and is a mem-
ber of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET).
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SPECIAL FEATURE
by Marc DeVinney, Interphase
Compact Base Stations
Taking LTE Where You Need It
Subscribers are adopting wireless broadband data services
at an unprecedented rate, causing mobile traffic to grow
exponentially. This growth limits the number of users and
their individual traffic loads that a carrier can serve with its
existing spectrum allocation. New technologies such as LTE
are designed to provide additional capacity and higher data
rates to relieve network congestion, but a new approach to
network deployment and expansion is required to address
the demand for high-bandwidth applications in a limited-
spectrum environment:
- Higher density. A higher density of base stations placed
in closer proximity increases the overall network capacity
while utilizing the same amount of spectrum in a more e-
cient manner. More base stations in a smaller radius allow
more trac to be transported within the same geographic
area.
- Base stations closer to subscribers. In an environment
with a high cell density, it is preferable to place base stations
as close as possible to the subscribers to avoid self-interfer-
ence and to improve indoor coverage.
- Lower per-bit cost. Average revenues per user (ARPUs)
are not expected to grow in line with the increase in trac
generated by subscribers, so service providers need to lower
the per-bit cost of transmissionfor both CAPEX and OPEX
itemsto continue to operate a sustainable business.
Traditional ground-based macrocell base station equip-
ment was designed to provide maximum power and
coverage and to minimize the number of base stations
installed. All the hardware, with the exception of the
antennas, is placed in an air-conditioned enclosure at
the bottom of the cell tower. This design is expensive in
terms of equipment, installation and operation costs,
and has demanding ground space requirements, but it
will undoubtedly retain a crucial role in cellular networks
for the foreseeable future. The traditional macrocell will
remain cost-effective for providing wide-area coverage
in environments where traffic levels are manageable.
However, this deployment model will struggle to remain
viable where a dense concentration of users demand high-
bandwidth wireless access.
Distributed base stations leave the baseband and power
amplifier within the ground enclosure, but move the
radio frequency (RF) equipment to the cell tower to be
close to the antenna. This approach reduces the power
dissipation due to the use of coaxial cables in tradi-
tional, ground-based base stations, increasing the energy
efficiency and providing some limited reduction in the
size and weight of the equipment on the ground. While
providing a reduction in cost and size, distributed base
stations still rely on ground equipment, which limits the
flexibility of deployment and incurs the cost of installing
and operating the ground-based equipment.
Both ground-based and distributed macrocell base
stations are poorly suited for dense, high-capacity 4G
network topologies where high power and wide range
are unnecessaryand are often not desired, as they
may cause self-interferenceand where building new
cell towers is difficult due to space and permitting
restrictions.
In dense deployments, microcell and picocell base
stations will become more widely used in the 4G
network topology, complementing or replacing mac-
rocells in at least two situations. One is downtown
Figure 1. Ground-based, distributed, and compact base stations
SPECIAL FEATURE
environments where tall buildings make it difficult
to establish good indoor and outdoor coverage. The
new small-cell topology enables service providers to
create a dense network of cells installed close to the
subscriber and to increase capacity density. Another
is providing fill-in coverage for macrocell areas that
have zones with limited or no cellular coverage, often
in rural areas or environments with complex RF
propagation. Compact base stations enable mobile
service providers to extend coverage to these areas in
a cost-effective way.
Microcell and picocell base stations that use a ground-
based or distributed architecture have been available
for a long time. Even though they have a smaller foot-
print than ground-based macrocells, they still require
ground equipment and, as a result, are expensive to
install and operate, use high levels of power, and have
demanding site requirements. As a result, micro and
pico base stations still account for a small percentage
of installed base stations.
To enable high-capacity and dense deployments,
service providers need access to equipment that is
small, can be installed on non-telecom assets, and is
cost-effective to purchase, install and operate. Com-
pact base stations have been specifically designed to
address this challenge and give service providers the
Ar chi t ect ur e Gr ound-Based Di st r i but ed Compact
Desi gn
Descr i pt i on
Tr adi t i onal base
st at i on, i nst al l ed i n a
shel t er on t he gr ound
Baseband and power
ampl i f i er (PA)
equi pment i n a shel t er
on t he gr ound.
Radi o equi pment on
t he mast , near t he
ant enna
Baseband, PA, and RF ar e i n a si ngl e
encl osur e whi ch can be i nsi de t he ant enna
encl osur e (zer o f oot pr i nt ), have a smal l
st and-al one encl osur e, or be added as a
bl ade i n a mul t i f unct i onal syst em. No gr ound
equi pment .
Per f or mance
Same t hr oughput , l at ency, and cover age ar ea,
assumi ng t hey use t he same spect r um and t r ansmi ssion power
For m f act or Macr ocel l , mi cr ocel l , pi cocel l Macr ocel l , mi cr ocel l , pi cocel l , f emt ocel l
Sect or s
Macr ocel l : 1 t o 8, t ypi cal l y 3
Mi cr ocel l , pi cocel l : t ypi cal l y 1 t o 3
1 t o 3 sect or s
Equi pment
Baseband
Gr ound encl osur e
Gr ound encl osur e
Passi vel y cool ed uni t PA
RF Passi vel y-cool ed uni t
Ant enna
Usual l y i n cel l t ower or on r oof t op, not
i nt egr at ed
Can be i nt egr at ed wi t h base st at i on uni t
Connect i on t o
backhaul
Coaxi al cabl e Fi ber CAT-5 or f i ber
Cool i ng Temper at ur e-cont r ol l ed gr ound shel t er None needed
Ot her met r i cs
Power
consumpt i on*
100 W 2636 W* *
Wei ght
15% t o 25% of gr ound-based base st at i on
weight * *
Cost
Compar abl e t o
gr ound-based base
st at i ons
25% of gr ound-based base st at i on* *
* Base st at i on, excl udi ng cool i ng syst em and r adi o component s
* * Tot al depends on speci f i c f or m f act or and number of sect or s
Table 1. Comparison across base station architectures
SPECIAL FEATURE
tools to evolve to more flexible network topologies as
they move to 4G.
In a clear departure from the traditional base station
architecture, compact base stations eliminate the
need for ground equipment. They strive to maximize
traffic capacity and reduce the costs of building and
operating a network by being small and flexible,
thus reducing both CAPEX and OPEX. The compact
architecture can be used for macrocells, microcells,
picocells and femtocells, but all compact base sta-
tions share some key features:
- Compact, lightweight form factor. Base stations can be
installed on virtually any vertical surface or pole. Tey can
be installed on cell towers as well, but it is not required.
- No ground equipment. If solar power and wireless back-
haul are used, there is no need to have any connection from
the base station to the ground. Otherwise, only an Ethernet
connection (typically using CAT-5 or ber) to the ground is
needed to provide backhaul connectivity and power over
Ethernet (PoE).
- System-on-a-chip (SoC) chipset. A single multicore
chipset can support multiple sectors, and it is fully com-
pliant with the air interface standards.
- Same performance as traditional equipment. Data
rates for compact base stations are comparable to those for
ground-based or distributed base stations with similar con-
gurations (e.g., spectrum band or channel size).
- Single ruggedized enclosure for baseband, PA and RF.
In some congurations, antennas may also be integrated
within the same enclosure; this is called a zero-footprint
conguration.
- Low power consumption.
- Passive cooling.
Compact base stations include baseband, control,
PA and RF in a single low-power, passively cooled
package. They enable antenna placement in conve-
nient, existing locations, whether mounted on an
existing cell tower, a lamppost, a building or even
a mobile vehicle. These small, powerful base sta-
tions can be made in a variety of form factors: a zero
footprint, a small stand-alone enclosure or even a
blade where it makes sense to include the small cell
application within existing server equipment for a
multifunctional system.
Zero-footprint base stations, the ultimate in com-
pact size, reduce the base station to a module that
is mounted inside the antenna enclosure, similar to
a femtocell but with the performance of a picocell or
microcell. Depending on expected user density, these
extremely cost-effective base stations can support
from one to three sectors.
Stand-alone compact base stations can come in a
variety of enclosures to suit the application, including
a ruggedized casing suitable for pole or building
mounting, a ruggedized chassis for vehicle mounting,
and a standards-based, small-footprint chassis such
as MicroTCA. These compact base stations can be
configured to handle picocell, microcell or macrocell
applications in this single enclosure, supporting one
to three sectors. They can even be configured to be a
self-contained evolved packet core (EPC), as well as a
base station.
The small form factor and low-power consumption
that sets compact base stations apart from tradi-
tional equipment is enabled by highly integrated
system-on-a-chip (SoC) technology. SoC multicore
chipsets combine physical (PHY) layer (layer 1),
media access control (MAC) sublayer in the data link
layer (layer 2), and, optionally, network layer(layer 3)
functionality to support the computationally inten-
sive processing of 4G wireless interfaces. A compact
base station SoC chipset has multiple coresdigital
signal processing (DSP), reduced instruction set
computing(RISC) and applicationspecific integrated
circuit (ASIC) coresand hardware accelerators. A
single SoC chipset can support up to three sectors
with 2x2 multiple input multiple output (MIMO)
technology. Furthermore, the tight integration of
PHY, MAC and layer 3 functionality within the same
chipset minimizes the end-to-end latency, which is
crucial to real-time applications such as voice, video
or gaming. The RF can be part of the base station or
in a separate housing.
Since compact base stations are typically placed close
to the antennas or inside the antenna enclosure,
this arrangement limits the power loss due to the
coaxial cable used to connect the ground equipment
to the antennas, and substantially reduces the power
requirement of the entire base station.
A three-sector compact base station, including the
antenna,can weigh as little as 10 kg. Because they do
not require a shelter on the ground or active cooling,
compact base stations can be installed in virtually
any locationfrom cell towers to lampposts and
vertical walls, and from rural assets to corporate cam-
puses and indoor locations. The only requirements
to operate them are power and backhaul. However,
energy consumption is sufficiently low (26 W to 36 W
for the processor core in a zero-footprint configura-
tion) to allow solar panels to power the base station
SPECIAL FEATURE
or to use power over Ethernet (PoE). Furthermore,
wireless backhaul can be used to further reduce the
size of the equipment and allow more flexibility in the
positioning of the base station. As a result, compact
base stations present strong advantages for remote
locations where power and wireline connectivity are
not available.
Crucially, however, compact base stations do not
compromise on performance. Assuming the same
spectrum bandwidth and the same transmission
power, performance of a compact base station is com-
parable to that of ground-based or distributed base
stations.
Compact base stations have been primarily developed
to meet the demands of 4G high-capacity, high-
density networks, but their flexible form factor, low
power consumption, and affordability also make them
an ideal technological solution for outdoor locations
with multi-sector macrocell and microcells (often
used in rural deployments)and for indoor coverage
with single-sector picocell and femtocells (Figure 2).
Often, these are combined to form a heterogeneous
network (or HetNet).
In order to meet the OPEX targets, HetNets require
self-organizing network (SON) software to minimize
or even eliminate the amount of front-end network
planning and ongoing equipment reconfiguration to
optimize the performance and reduce RF interfer-
Figure 2. Moving toward smaller form factors and a compact base station architecture
Figure 3. Interphases fexiblecompact LTE base station module: form factors.
SPECIAL FEATURE
ence of nearby eNode B cell sites. With advanced SON
software currently available in the market, compact
base stations have become even more practical.
Compact base stations are also well placed to sup-
port vertical applications in marketssuch as safety,
transportation, corporate, asset-tracking and utili-
tieswhere equipment flexibility and affordability
are key requirements. Because the eNode B module
used in all these configurations can be the same,
service providers can easily integrate and manage
different form factors within their core network.
The topology of wireless networks is rapidly evolving
to meet the need to transport much larger volumes of
data traffic, to keep the per-bit costs at a minimum,
and to extract the maximum performance from new,
computationally-intensive 4G interfaces such as LTE.
Deploying a larger number of traditional base sta-
tions that require actively cooled ground equipment
is a solution that is too expensive, and that fails to
the deliver the spectrum efficiency,capacity density
and coverage that wireless service providers need in
their 4G deployments.
Compact base stations have been designed to meet
these challenges. This new base station architecture
is ideally suited for dense, high-capacity deployments
in urban areas, for vertical applications and for cost-
effective wide-area coverage in under served areas.
Their small footprint and low power consumption
allow service providers to reduce their CAPEX and
OPEX, while retaining the advanced performance of
4G technologies.
Marc DeVinney is the vice president of engineering
for Interphase Corporation, where he is responsible
for all aspects of the planning, development and de-
livery of Interphase products. He also leads the LTE
line of business for Interphase. He has more than 25
years of experience in the telecom arena and holds a
masters degree in electrical engineering.
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SPECIAL FEATURE
by Kevin Kelly, LGS Innovations (a Division of Alcatel-Lucent)
Enabling Secure Communications
in Military 4G LTE Environments
The Department of Defense (DoD) is actively exploring
how to securely leverage 4G commercial systems, tech-
nologies, innovations and applications more effectively
in its missions. It envisions using wireless terminals
such as smartphones, tablets and pads that are adaptable
to various DoD use cases and threat scenarios and that
connect to DoD applications over encrypted channels.
Historically, developing technology is driven by mili-
tary needs and funding. The military has implemented
a variety of communications waveforms targeted at dif-
ferent operational needs and service-specific constraints.
Over the last few decades, we have seen the commercial
sector fund, accelerate and amplify the development of
advanced technology for globally deployed communica-
tions systems. During this same period, the commercial
cellular communications infrastructure has evolved from
second, to third and currently fourth generation systems
and standards. Beyond higher capacity, multi-standard
support and highly power-optimized waveforms to
support an ever-growing number of users, the opening
of new spectral resources has driven the application of
software-defined radio (SDR) principles to the new gen-
eration of cellular infrastructure and mobile devices.
This commercial cellular communications infrastructure
has evolved into 4G systems and standards. The stan-
dards organizations supporting these developments have
been the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP),
initially for GSM systems, and the 3rd Generation Part-
nership Project 2 (3GPP2), initially for CDMA systems.
Long Term Evolution (LTE) and its 4G evolution, LTE-
Advanced, is defined by 3GPP as the evolution path for
wireless networks. The initial release of the standard
is currently being deployed commercially and LTE-
Advanced is targeted for service in several years.
The 4G LTE standard has been endorsed by the DoD as
well as major U.S. public-safety organizations as the
technology of choice for public safety in the 700 MHz
band 14. LTE proponents include Public Safety Spectrum
Trust, National Emergency Number Association, Associa-
Figure 1. Centralized Authentication, Identity and Policy Management
SPECIAL FEATURE
tion of Public-Safety Communications Officials, Major
Cities Chiefs Association and the National Public Safety
Telecommunications Council.
This is because 4G LTE provides high-bandwidth con-
nectivity in the field to enable real-time, mission-critical
applications such as multi-point video conferencing, full
multi-media collaboration, telepresence, low-latency
closed loop command and control, and many other
applications that provide a tactical advantage. When
these applications are used,
security is a key concern,
especially in military the-
ater environments. Security
considerations encompass
all aspects of information
protection, including mutual
authentication and bearer-
application-channel
encryption, and at the
tactical edge, the 4G air
interface needs to be
hardened and the secure
architecture needs to be
modified to create protected
mobile ad hoc, multi-hop
networks.
Fortunately, the 4G LTE standard builds in the latest
security features such as mutual authentication of user
and network, centralized identity management and
policy enforcement. End-user authentication, tracking-
area list management and idle-mode mobile device
reachability are managed in the mobility management
entity (MME) in the network core. The system-wide user
identity is maintained in the home subscriber server
(HSS) database with the illustrated features. The policy
and charging resource function (PCRF) queries the policy
database and enforces quality of service (QoS)policy. In
LTE, data-plane traffic is carried over bearers in virtual
containers with unique QoS characteristics. The PCRF
supports dynamic QoS management and the packet
data network gateway (PDN GW) acts as the policy and
charging enforcement function (PCEF) point to maintain
QoS / SLA for each of the service data flows.
Looking ahead, ALU personnel have proposed a stan-
dards contribution to the Internet Engineering Task
Force (IETF) for advanced encryption and key manage-
ment for secure Voice-over-LTE (VoLTE). Although these
standards are works in progress and not complete, one
possible solution for encrypted VoLTE communications
is based on identity-based mode of key distribution in
multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY-IBAKE). The goal
in the VoLTE call encryption service is to provide an
additional layer of security for voice calls made between
mobile phones to assure end-to-end voice security and
prevent third-party eavesdropping. To achieve this ser-
vice requires mutual authentication between the user and
IP multimedia system (IMS)
service management, sig-
naling protection and media
encryption.
The DoD has many new
options to leverage this LTE
off-the-shelf technology and
more extensively use broad-
band wireless for enhanced
effectiveness in its missions
and for productivity of its
personnel, especially as
the latest security features
are being incorporated into
this standard. New military
recruits are technology savvy and mobile-centric and
expect the DoD to be at the forefront of mobile communi-
cations. A second driving force is the substantial, growing
gap in peak data rates between 4G LTE and traditional
plan-of-record military radio systems. Yet another is the
current DoD interest in adding secure military applica-
tions to this wireless ecosystem
Kevin Kelly applies more than 20 years of experi-
ence in the communications industry to his role as
vice president, corporate strategy and marketing at
LGS Innovations. LGS, an independent subsidiary
of Alcatel-Lucent, solves the most complex net-
working and communications challenges facing the
U.S. Federal Government. Mr. Kelly has developed and deployed
mission-critical communications solutions in some of the most
challenging political and geographic environments in the world. Mr.
Kelly holds a B.S.E.E. from Penn State University, and an M.S. in
systems engineering from Te George Washington University. For
more information, or to contact Mr. Kelly, please visit www.lgsin-
novations.com.
New military recruits
are technology savvy
and mobile-centric and
expect the DoD to be at
the forefront of mobile
communications.
SPECIAL FEATURE
by Rick Denker, Packet Plus, Inc.
What Makes an Ideal Wireless
Stack Developer Tool?
Wireless developer tools are different than the test tools
that are used in quality assurance (QA). A developer
tool needs to be able to work in a leading-edge environ-
ment, when parts of the design are not finished. It must
support broad usage by the development team. It must
give extensive control and allow the exploration of new
options. This leads to tools that may have a complex
interface that require a highly trained user, can be easily
moved to new applications and are economical for use by
the individual engineer.
QA tools need to support repeatable regression testing,
provide coverage to large or maximum configuration
testing and provide an efficient interface. This leads to
tools that are larger and not
portable. They have simpler
interfaces with many pre-
written tests and reports.
They are often more expen-
sive, being priced to be used
one per project, or one per
company.
Custom Tools and
Protocol Analyzers are Lacking
The most common development tools today are 1)
internal custom tools and 2) protocol analyzers. (Note:
spectrum analyzers are broadly used but generally only
by the hardware engineers and the area is well-served
by commercial tools. Packet-based tools such as custom
tools and protocol analyzers are used broadly by both
hardware and software engineers.)
Internal custom tools are built early in the project so
there is something available when the first silicon or first
prototype gets to the lab. The most common way to build
it is to reprogram the firmware for the product under
development, so that it can loop back and talk the new
protocol to itself. It is built as a stopgap and typically
has a cumbersome interface and is often poorly main-
tained. These limitations cause a loss of productivity for
the whole development team. The issues with custom
tools are the increasing development costs for complex
protocols,consuming a valuable development resource
and possibly masking serious issues by using the loop
back technique. Protocol analyzers are good tools for
the IT department but they have significant limita-
tions for developers. They provide a convenient way
to symbolically view networking traffic with filters to
focus on particular traffic. However, for developers the
protocol analyzer typically needs more timing precision.
Second,they lack the control required to make it useful
for the unit testing of product features.
The key attributes of an ideal wireless stack tool are:
1) Uses their own radio
In most wired protocols are
a few dominant providers of
the physical layer interface
chips. Equipment devel-
opers and test equipment
providers know the quirks of
interfacing between them.
In wireless protocols,the
characteristics of range and
resistance to interference
are important product features. This leads to many more
physical layer interface options (radios). Because of this
development engineers need to do a lot more testing with
their own radio. This includes testing both the range and
interference characteristics, but also interoperability
with a larger variety of devices.
A specific wireless situation where it is critical to work
with the customers radio is when they are using a soft-
ware-defined radio (SDR), or cognitive radio. The tool
needs to have a flexible architecture to accommodate
these advanced wireless architectures.
Also for advanced radio developments the ability to
bypass the radio and inject traffic into the rest of the
system not using the radio can provide productivity
when the radio may still have drift issues that can affect
the downstream developers. This allows parallel develop-
ment of the software stack to occur before the radio is
solid.
Its time for the shift to the
interactive debugging of
networking software stacks.
SPECIAL FEATURE
2) Portable across many environments
Complete wireless testing requires a combination of test
environments and tools should move easily between
them. The four primary types of test environments are
Faraday cages, test boxes/chambers, wired and open air.
The environments are described below.
Faraday cages are large, copper mesh-wrapped boxes or
rooms. Because of the expense, they are typically found
in the labs of large equipment manufacturers. Because
Faraday cages assure an interference-free environment,
they are good for a wide variety of individual product
tests, especially for antennas. However, test configura-
tions of more than a few devices can quickly become
congested. In addition, there may not be enough distance
to test effects such as multi-path or diversity.
Test boxes or RF chambers are metal boxes with
absorbing material lining
the inside to dampen inter-
ference. They provide a
controlled environment
for much lower cost than a
Faraday cage. Typically, the
device under test (DUT) is
placed into the test chamber
and probes are used to
couple signals to/from the
DUT through cables to an
external test system. At
some point, it ceases to be
practical to use chambers as
opposed to a larger Faraday
cage. Moreover, because
spatial information is lost,
some equipment, such as
smart antennas, cannot be
tested in a chamber.
Cabled tests substitute a wired connection for the wire-
less connection, bypassing the antennas and directly
connecting two pieces of equipment. As a result, cabled
tests are inexpensive and easy to configure, and provide
good isolation from interference. They are not limited to
small configurations, like cages and chambers. However
because of the lack of interference, their results in con-
figurations are more idealized than would actually occur
in a real environment. In addition, equipment with inte-
gral antennas cannot be tested using this method.
Open air is the only test environment that truly matches
the way the customer will use the equipment. For some
tests, it is ideal because it can test both the antenna
and the protocol effects. Also it is the only solution for
certain location-dependent tests. Open-air test environ-
ments can be separated into indoor and outdoor. Indoor
environments are actual office buildings. Outdoor envi-
ronments are open spaces without obstructions, such as
at an antenna range. Additional detail on test environ-
ments is available at http://www.chipdesignmag.com/
denker.
In addition to the four test environments there are two
other reasons for portability. One is to investigate cus-
tomer situations the tool may be required to be taken to
the customer site, and the second is to allow the devel-
oper to take the equipment home for convenience and
productivity.
3) Handle complex security protocols
Security protocols are becoming a larger part of the
wireless world. As more and more wireless devices are
used for business, financial, medical and other transac-
tions, security protocols are becoming a requirement
for wireless products in our
connected world.
In wireless, the protocols are
becoming more complex and
continually changing. Pro-
tocols have progressed from
simple fixed-key approaches
to more sophisticated
dynamic key protocols. In
many applications where
there is general public access
there are multiple layers of
protocols to increase secu-
rity. The combinations are
becoming extremely com-
plex and the consequences
when information is com-
promised costly.
The good news is that the
complex protocols provide excellent security. The bad
news is that they can lead to a difficult development
environment. Developers work with clear traffic until
they believe everything is working correctly, and then
they add the security protocol. Developers at this point
often feel they are working in the dark. They hope that
the security implementation is working, but are ham-
strung to investigate many of the details.
Given these challenges the ideal tool should have the fol-
lowing attributes:
- ConLinuc Lo work inLcracLivcly wiLh sccuriLy on
- SupporL Lhc dcbug and validaLion o sccuriLy proLocols
- Bc ablc Lo quickly handlc propricLary sccuriLy proLocols
The issues with custom
tools are the increasing
development costs for
complex protocols,
consuming a valuable
development resource
and possibly masking
serious issues by using the
loopback technique.
SPECIAL FEATURE
4) Work with current tools
One way to effectively create more tools is to work with
the tools that are being underutilized for wireless. For
example, logic analyzers are typically not used because
there is not a convenient signal to attach the probe to.
If other tools can handle the wireless packet and then
trigger the logic analyzer, they can help bring back them
back to the wireless lab bench.
A second way to leverage current tools is to help them
span the radio/packet divide. Most tools fit into either
the radio camp (spectrum analyzers) or the packet camp
(protocol analyzers). A tool that can set up a measurement
at the packet level, then trigger a spectrum analyzer to
make a detailed measurement makes the spectrum ana-
lyzer more productive and useful.
Third, it is important to support the formats that other
tools use such as the Packet Capture (PCAP) format. This
allows the convenient interface to many commercial and
open source tools such as WireShark.
A Call to Action Interactive Packet
Debugging
Wireless development tools that can address the needs
described in this article would make a tremendous
improvement in the lives of developers, their managers
and the users of wireless equipment. Developers will
be given more control and flexibility to tackle wireless
protocols with less frustration. Managers will get more
productivity and predictability from their development
teams. And customers will get products that are more
robust, and secure.
Better development tools are needed. Thirty years ago
the software development tool industry started shifting
to an interactive debugging paradigm. Its time for the
shift to the interactive debugging of networking soft-
ware stacks.
A more complete discussion comparing development and
QA tools is available at http://www.pktplus.com.
Rick Denker was the co-founder and vice-president
of marketing for VeriWave, Inc., an innovative test
system for wireless networks. He has a long history
of launching new product innovations for leading
companies including WeSync, Synopsys, PMC-Si-
erra, Intel and Hewlett-Packard. He has a computer
science degree from MIT and an MBA from Dartmouth College.
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EECatalog
INDUSTRY FORECAST
by Cheryl Coup
WiMax Celebrates 10 Years
with Strong Growth
This year, the WiMAX Forum celebrated 10 years as an
industry body with nearly 600 WiMax networks across
150 countries according to Jonathan Singer, marketing
communications and research manager for the organiza-
tion. At the beginning of 2011, over 823 million people
were covered by WiMAX networks, and by the end of 2011
the WiMAX Forum estimates that number to increase to
more than one billion.
Richard Webb, directing analyst for WiMAX, microwave
and mobile devices at Infonetics Research, said in a
release that worldwide WiMAX subscribers passed the
20 million mark around the mid-point of 2011 and are on
track to meet our forecast
for around 25 million by the
end of this year. Subscriber
growth continues in all
regions as WiMAX opera-
tors build their customer
bases, but we have tracked
notably strong growth
in the U.S., the Indian
sub-continent and Latin
America. With the levels of
operator activity and device
ecosystem growing, we fore-
cast WiMAX subscribers to
surpass 100 million by the
end of 2015.
WiMAX service providers
are experiencing exponen-
tial growth. In the first quarter of this year, Clearwire
grew its subscriber base by 1.8 million subscribers, and
ended the second quarter of 2011 with 7.65 million
total subscribers, up 365% from 2Q 2010. Clearwire also
again increased its guidance to an expected 10 million
subscribers by the end of 2011. Also in the Americas,
Jamaican operator Digicel leveraged its WiMAX net-
work to capture 25% of the local broadband market in
less than a year, and Mexican WiMAX operator AXTEL
increased its WiMAX subscriber base more than 80% to
over 332,000. In Europe, Irish operator Imag!ne, Bul-
garian operator Max Telecom and Lithuanian operator
LRTC all also made great subscriber gains and released
new consumer devices.
In Japan, UQ Communications has nearly tripled in the
last six months, breaking the one million subscriber
mark in June. Also in Asia Pacific, new Malaysian WiMAX
operator YTL, which just launched WiMAX services in
November 2010, had netted over 300,000 subscribers
by June. At an event in July, in which UQ Communica-
tions hosted the first public field trial of WiMAX 2, UQ
and YTL signed a MoU to develop a pan-Pacific WiMAX
hotzone.
As subscriber counts con-
tinue to grow throughout
2011, operators continue
to invest in new networks
and network expansions. In
the first half of 2011, over
30 different WiMAX net-
works were either launched
or expanded operations.
According to Infonetics
Research, in the first quarter
of 2011 the total worldwide
sales of WiMAX equipment
reached USD $502.1 million.
Webb added in a release,
WiMAX equipment is one
of the few segments of
the mobile infrastructure
market to see sequential
revenue growth this quarter (albeit small), and also is
up 49% year-on-year, driven by expansion of existing
networks and by the emerging utility and smart grid seg-
ment, which is proving fruitful for WiMAX vendors.In
2011,Infonetics Research expects WiMAX equipment
alone to be a USD $2 billion industry. According to
market intelligence firm Infiniti Research, the WiMAX
equipment market will reach $6.9 billion in 2014.
With over $500 million spent in the first quarter of 2011
on WiMAX RAN equipment alone, WiMAX technology is
continuing to attract operators interested in bringing
broadband internet to their customers immediately,
Worldwide WiMAX
subscribers passed the
20 million mark around
the mid-point of 2011 and
are on track to meet our
forecast for around 25
million by the end of this
year. (Infonetics Research)
EECatalog
INDUSTRY FORECAST
said Ron Resnick, president and chairman of the WiMAX
Forum. Consumers easily recognize the value of 4G
services, and the entire industry is benefiting through
strong subscriber growth and equipment and device
sales.
To date, WiMAX Forum Designated Certification Labs
have completed certification for more than 265 products
including smartphones, notebooks, netbooks, dongles,
base stations and more. The WiMAX Forum has six
partner labs offering certification testing to its member
companies, including loca-
tions in China, Korea,
Malaysia, the United States
and two labs in Taiwan.
In addition to the tradi-
tional telecommunications
industry, other opportuni-
ties for WiMAX vendors
are emerging in industry
verticals such as aviation,
education, energy, govern-
ment and healthcare. The
U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and the
European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) recently chose
WiMAX as their technology of choice for airport terres-
trial communications services. Over the next five years,
WiMAX technology will be deployed in 2,000 airports in
the U.S. In Australia, SP Ausnet deployed the worlds first
WiMAX-based smart metering network. The network
has more than 680,000 WiMAX-connected smart meters
capable of delivering 100% meter population read within
two-hour periods and 15,000 on-demand reads per day.
While the news is good for WiMAX, other standards
continue to make inroads. LTE equipment spending,
specifically, surpassed WiMAX equipment for the first
time in the second quarter of 2011, with the global LTE
market at about $0.6 billion and WiMAX at $0.5 billion.
In September, Infonetics Research released excerpts from
its second quarter 2011 2G/3G/4G (LTE and WiMAX)
Infrastructure and Subscribers report, which takes a
comprehensive look at the mobile and wireless equipment
markets. Stphane Tral, Infonetics Researchs principal
analyst for mobile infrastructure, stated, Although LTE
and 4G continue to make the headlines, GSM was defi-
nitely the 2Q11 reality, with massive capacity upgrades
in China and India. In addition, 2G and 3G network
modernization with multi-
standard base transceiver
stations (BTS) continues to
be strong and will remain
the main theme throughout
the second half of 2011.
LTE is starting to gain
critical momentum, with
12 countries that have com-
mercial LTE services. ABI
Research projects that by
the end of the year there
will be about 16 million subscribers using LTE mobile
devices, and Infonetics Research forecasts the number of
LTE subscribers will top 290 million by 2015.
Cheryl Berglund Coup is editor of EECatalog.
com. Her articles have appeared in EE Times,
Electronic Business, Microsoft Embedded Re-
view and Windows Developers Journal and
she has developed presentations for the Embed-
ded Systems Conference and ICSPAT. She has
held a variety of production, technical marketing and writing
positions within technology companies and agencies in the
Northwest.
LTE equipment spending
surpassed WiMAX
equipment for the first time
in the second quarter of
2011
EECatalog
INDUSTRY RESOURCES
Online & Offline WiMAX and
LTE Solutions Resources
Resources

http://eecatalog.com/4G
Comprehensive technology infor-
mation for engineers, designers
and embedded developers and
managers working on WiMAX and
LTE Solutions.
http://www.lteportal.com/
LTE Portal (www.lteportal.com) is
a 4G LTE (LTE-Advanced) media
solutions group.
http://www.schooloflte.com/
Telecoms Academys School of
LTE & Advanced Communications
delivers a range of essential LTE
training courses covering all
aspects of LTE (Long Term Evolu-
tion) and associated advanced
communications technologies.
http://lteworld.org/resources
LteWorld is home of LTE and LTE-
Advanced technology resources.
Analysts
http://www.infonetics.com/
Infonetics Research, founded in 1990, is an international market
research and consulting rm helping clients plan, strategize, and
compete in the global communications market.
http://www.abiresearch.com/
ABI Research is a market intelligence company specializing in global
connectivity and emerging technology.
http://www.isuppli.com
iSuppli is the global leader in technology value chain research and
advisory services and is now part of IHS.
http://www.frost.com/
Frost & Sullivan enables clients to accelerate growth and achieve
best-in-class positions in growth, innovation and leadership.
http://www.vdcresearch.com/
Founded in 1971, VDC specializes in providing technology execu-
tives with the market intelligence they need to make critical business
decisions with condence.
Associations
http://www.wimaxforum.org/
Te WiMAX Forum is an industry-led, not-for-prot organization
that certies and promotes the compatibility and interoperability of
broadband wireless products based upon IEEE Standard 802.16.
http://www.gsacom.com/
GSA (the Global mobile Suppliers Association) represents mobile
suppliers worldwide, engaged in infrastructure, semiconductors,
devices, services and applications development, and support services.
Events
Consumer Electronics Show
Jan 10-13, 2012 Las Vegas, NV
http://www.cesweb.org/
International Wireless Communications Expo
Feb 20-24, 2012 Las Vegas, NV
http://iwceexpo.com/iwce2012/public/enter.aspx
Mobile World Congress
Feb 27-Mar 1, 2012 Barcelona, Spain
http://www.mobileworldcongress.com/
Convergence India
Mar 21-23, 2012 Pragati Maidan, New Delhi
http://www.convergenceindia.org/
European Wireless Conference
April 18-20, 2012 Pozna, Poland
http://ew2012.org/
4G World Asia
April 19-21, 2012 Singapore
http://asia.4gworld.com/
LTE World Summit
May 23-24, 2012 CCIB, Barcelona, Spain
http://www.lteconference.com/world
CTIA 2012: Inside the Network
June 5-7, 2012 Dallas, TX
www.ctia2011.org
WiMax Member Conferences
http://www.wimaxforum.org/events
Engineers Guide to WiMAX and LTE Solutions 2012
CONTACT INFORMATION
26 Boards
Adax Inc.
Adax Inc.
2900 Lakeshore Ave
Oakland, CA 94610
USA
510-548-7047 Telephone
510-548-5526 Fax
sales@adax.com
www.adax.com
SSCS Layer MahagemehI O.2144
SSSAP/SSTED/SSADT, TU-T .366.1
HSL over AAL5, Telcordia GP-2878-Core
AMC System Interconnect
PC Epress Ohe 1 Epress hIerIace
GigabiI EIherheI Four GigabiI EIherheI lihks oh
AMC ports 0-1 and 8-9
Front Panel LEDs
AMC.0 PM (2)
HoI Swap (Ad|acehI Io LaIch)
Per PorI SIaIus (4)
Board SIaIus/User Programmable
Interfaces
Four OC-3/STM-1
Two OC-12/STM-4
SupporI Ior sihgle mode Iber ahd mulIi-mode
Iber (TU G.957)
AVAILABILITY
Available Now
APPLICATION AREAS
4G, LTE-SAE
WiMAX
ASN GaIeways
3G PNC, MSC, SGSN, ahd NodeB
Voice over PackeI
Video SIreamihg
Broadbahd NeIworks (ihcl GPON)
ATM Io P GaIeways
FemIocell Access CohIroller
ATM4-AMC
Compatible Operating Systems: Linux and Solaris as standard.
OIher OS supporI oh requesI.
Specifcation Compliance: PCMG AMC.0, PCMG AMC.1, PCMG
AMC.2, PM V1.5
The ATM4-AMC card is a high performance AdvancedTCA
Mezzanine Controller designed for use in all aspects of tele-
communications networks. The ATM4 includes support for
ATM hosI IermihaIioh, swiIchihg ahd L2/L3/L4 or higher
interworking between Gigabit Ethernet interfaces and ATM
ihIerIaces. WiIh supporI Ior AAL2 ahd AAL5, Ihe ATM4 has
Ihe abiliIy Ior real-Iime voice ahd video over AAL2, as well
as sighalihg ahd P over AAL5 ih 3G/4G heIworks. The ATM4
is ideal Ior demahdihg carrier applicaIiohs ih Wireless 3G,
4G, LTE, MS, hIerheI Access, Fied/Mobile Cohvergehce
and Next Generation Mobile Networks.
The ATM4 enables development exibility in building Next
GeheraIioh ihIrasIrucIure ahd cah be cohIgured ih mahy
ways depehdihg oh cusIomer speciIcaIiohs ahd preIerred
archiIecIure. h addiIioh, Ihe AMC Iorm IacIor provides
ehhahced perIormahce ahd reliabiliIy. Ohe or Iwo ATM4's,
ihIegraIed wiIh ah ATCA blade or Ada PackeIPuhher (APP),
cah be cohIgured as a sighalihg blade or ATM/P gaIeway
oIIerihg a high dehsiIy, sihgle sloI, markeI leadihg soluIioh.
AlIerhaIively, up Io Iour AMC modules cah be mouhIed
wiIh ah ATCA carrier or APP Ior a high dehsiIy ATCA media
converter. This exibility enables integrators to satisfy a
wide rahge oI requiremehIs wiIh a sihgle core archiIecIure,
saving development time and allowing customers to inte-
grate their solutions ahead of the competition.
FEATURES & BENEFITS
MulIi-Purpose /O board Ior 3GPP/MS/LTE/NGMN
Wireless Networks
Oh-board hIerworkihg ih 3 diIIerehI modes: - P
over AAL5 - AAL Io UDP/P - GTP-U UDP/P (3GPP
Standard 29.060) - ATM - Ethernet - Ethernet - ATM -
Ethernet - Ethernet
32,560 bi-direcIiohal W chahhels
ATM AAL2 & AAL5 on a single trunk
256 Virtual Circuits (VCs) for AAL5 termination
TECHNICAL SPECS
WihIegra WihPaIh2 NeIwork Processor
Protocol Support
ATM AAL2, TU-T .363.2
ATM AAL5, TU-T .363.5
SSCOP, O.2110
SSCF NN, O2140
SSCF aI UN per O.2130
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CONTACT INFORMATION
Adax Inc.
Adax Inc.
2900 Lakeshore Ave
Oakland, CA 94610
USA
510-548-5526 Fax
sales@adax.com
www.adax.com
JiIIer ahd Wahder ih accordahce wiIh TU-T
G.823
High impedahce porIs ih accordahce wiIh G.772
Up Io 2 10/100/1000 BaseT EIherheI ihIerIaces
per PC, PCe, EM card
Up Io 2 1000 BaseX EIherheI ihIerIaces per AMC
card
AMC System Interconnect
PCI Express: Ohe 4 PC Epress hIerIace. AMC IaI
pipes region port 4-7 (root complex)
Gigabit Ethernet: Two Gigabit Ethernet 1000Base-
BXZ (SerDes) porIs. AMC commoh opIiohs regioh
port 0-1.
AMC Front Panel LED Interfaces
SIahdard AMC
LED 0 (blue) HoI Swap
LED 1 (amber)
Four Iruhk sIaIus LEDs
Ohe board sIaIus LED
AVAILABILITY
Available Now
APPLICATION AREAS
Sighalihg GaIeways
Media GaIeway CohIrollers
SGSN, GGSN, MSC, HLP, VLP ahd BSS Nodes
VAS ApplicaIiohs such as SMS, Poamihg ahd Billihg
TesI ahd MeasuremehI applicaIiohs
SimulaIioh ahd MohiIorihg SysIems
HDC3
Compatible Operating Systems: Lihu, MohIaVisIa CGE, Solaris
X.86 ahd Solaris SPAPC as sIahdard. OIher OS supporI oh requesI.
Specifcation Compliance: PCMG AMC.0, PCMG AMC.1, PCMG
AMC.2, PCMG AMC.3, PM
The HDC3 is the third generation of the highly successful
Ada SS7 cohIroller ahd oIIers up Io 8 T1, E1 or J1 Iruhks
per card. SpeciIcally desighed Io meeI Ihe demahds oI
wirelihe, wireless ahd cohvergehce plaIIorms, Ihe HDC3
ecels aI IradiIiohal TDM SS7, High-Speed ATM SS7 as
well as I-TDM voice interworking. The HDC3 provides a
high dehsiIy, high perIormahce soluIioh Ior sighalihg ahd
interworking applications.
Deliverihg up Io 248 LSL MTP2 lihks, -TDM Iows or 8 HSLs
(O.703 Ahhe A or 64 VCs oI ATM AAL5) per card, Ihe HDC3
provides ohe oI Ihe highesI dehsiIies oh Ihe markeI Ioday,
making it ideal for demanding telecommunications appli-
caIiohs wiIh high capaciIy ahd IhroughpuI requiremehIs.
The low-power on board processor performs many thou-
sahds oI IrahsacIiohs per secohd, wiIh mihimal load oh Ihe
hosI, maimizihg Ihe perIormahce oI Ihe applicaIiohs ahd
reducing system costs without compromising reliability.
The HDC3 is available ih PMC, AMC, PC ahd PCe (ihcludihg
Ihe hew EpressModule) Iorm IacIors, all oI which share a
commoh soIIware driver ahd have a cohsisIehI AP Ior appli-
caIioh porIabiliIy. This makes Ihe HDC3 card a highly Ieible,
scalable and portable signaling solution for all system archi-
tectures that maximizes protection of investment.
FEATURES & BENEFITS
8 soIIware selecIable Iruhks oI Iull E1, T1, or J1 per card
AMC, PMC, PC ahd PCe (Full heighI, Low-ProIle ahd
ExpressModule) board formats
Up Io 248 LSL MTP2 lihks per card wiIh high lihe
utilization
Up Io 8 HSL (O.703 Ahhe A ahd ATM AAL5) lihks per
card
On board processor and STREAMS environment for
local MTP2 proIocol eecuIioh, reduces CPU overhead
and maximizes performance
TECHNICAL SPECS
Interfaces:
T1: ANS T1.102, T1.403, AT&T TP62-411 Bellcore
TR-TSY-000170
E1: TU SIrucIured G.703, G.704 ahd G.705
ihcludihg CPC4,ETS TBP 12 ahd 13
J1: TU TTC JT-G.703, JT-G.704 8 E1/T1/J1
interfaces (software selectable)
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CONTACT INFORMATION
28 Boards
Adax Inc.
Adax Inc.
2900 Lakeshore Ave
Oakland, CA 94610
USA
510-548-5526 Fax
sales@adax.com
www.adax.com
128MB FLASH Memory
MicroSD
Interfaces
2 PS232 via micro-ihIerIace
1 micro USB
OpIiohal Pear Trahsmissioh Module (PTM) Ior 4
1GbE cohhecIioh Io PkIAMC via Ada PackeIPuhher
AVAILABILITY
Available Now
APPLICATION AREAS
LTE-SAE, MME
Mobile Backhaul
FemIocells
FMC (Fied Mobile Cohvergehce)
4G Wireless MGW, MGC, PNC
Sessioh Border CohIrollers
P-IrahsporI aggregaIioh ahd cohcehIraIioh
Carrier EIherheI ihcludihg MPLS-TP
OoS
PouIihg ahd SecuriIy acceleraIioh
Sighalihg ahd voice proIecIioh ahd ehIorcemehI
BahdwidIh MahagemehI
MS, SP & DiameIer ProIocols
PTP
WiMAX
PTV, Video
TradiIiohal SS7 & SGTPAN Sighalihg
Sighalihg GaIeway
Voice Processihg via -TDM
PacketAMC (PktAMC)
Specifcation Compliance: AMC.0 R2.0 Advance Mezzanine Card Base
SpeciIcaIioh, AMC.1 P2.0 PC Epress ahd Advahce SwiIchihg AMC.1
Type 4, AMC.2 P1.0 AMC GigabiI EIherheI AMC.2 Type 4 E2 or Type 5
E2, PM v1.5, EEE 802.3, Desighed Io meeI Belcore GP-63-COPE
Ada's lohg eperiehce ih sighalihg reliabiliIy ahd per-
formance is brought to bear on user and control plane
applicaIiohs Ior Ihe ALLP NeIwork wiIh Ihe PackeIAMC
(PkIAMC). The PkIAMC provides IrohI-ehd ihIelligehI pro-
cessihg Ior TraIIc ahd BahdwidIh MahagemehI, OoS ahd
SecuriIy oh all Wireless applicaIiohs, deliverihg a highly
available, high-perIormahce, carrier-grade IrahsporI Irom
the Edge to Core networks.
WiIh a Cavium OCTEON Plus processor, IrohI-ehd
processing of the Layer 2 protocols can reside on the
PkIAMC, providihg hardware acceleraIioh oI Ihe basic
Layer 2 swiIchihg, while higher-level IuhcIiohaliIy such
as Advahced Layer 2 SwiIchihg ahd PouIihg, MPLS-TP,
PBB-TE, OoS, Layer 3 NeIworkihg, High AvailabiliIy ahd
MahagemehI ruh oh Ihe Ada PackeIPuhher (APP).
FEATURES & BENEFITS
ATCA SubsysIem Ior LTE, 4G, MS, NGMN, VoLTE, UMA
& FemIocell applicaIiohs
High PerIormahce hardware acceleraIioh wiIh Cavium
OCTEON Plus 5645 ahd 5650
Carrier Ethernet
MPLS-TP, LDP, PSVP-TE
PBB-TE
High PerIormahce ApplicaIioh AcceleraIioh ihcludihg
PackeI Processihg
OoS Oueuihg, schedulihg ahd very low laIehcy Ior
real-Iime IraIIc
Psec, SSL, SPTP, WLAN ahd 3G/UMB/LTE securiIy
(ihcludihg DES, 3DES, AES-GCM, AES up Io 256,
SHA1, SHA-2 up Io SHA- 512, PSA up Io 8192, DH,
ahd KASUM)
TECHNICAL SPECS
Processor
Cavium OCTEON Plus CN5645, 10 cores aI 600 MHz
Cavium OCTEON Plus CN5650, 12 Cores aI 600 MHz
Ethernet Controller
Dual GigabiI EIherheI CohIroller hIel 82571EB
PCe 4-lahe ihIerIace Io Cavium Processor
2 1000Base-X (Serdes) ihIerIaces Io AMC cohhecIor
Serial Over LAN via SMB
Memory
1, 2 or 4 GigabyIe DDP2 Memory supporI wiIh ECC
800MHz data rate (2GB standard)
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CONTACT INFORMATION
Adax Inc.
Adax Inc.
2900 Lakeshore Ave
Oakland, CA 94610
USA
510-548-5526 Fax
sales@adax.com
www.adax.com
Ethernet Controller
Broadcom 56513 EIherheI SwiIch
Full wire speed swiIchihg Ior IwehIy Iour 1Gbps
interfaces and three 10Gbps interfaces
Memory
2, 4 or 8 GigaByIes oI DDP2 Memory (2GB
standard)
32MB oI Flash Memory
CompacI Flash disk
Interfaces
4 AMC bays, each wiIh 4 1GbE & 1 PCe
1 IrohI-pahel micro-USB porI
1 micro-USB Io Ihe Cavium
2 1GbE Io Base - 2 10GbE Io Fabric
AVAILABILITY
Available Now
APPLICATION AREAS
LTE-SAE, MME
WiMAX ASN GaIeway
Voice Processihg via -TDM
Mobile Backhaul
P-IrahsporI aggregaIioh ahd cohcehIraIioh
PackeI Processihg
Carrier EIherheI ihcludihg MPLS-TP
Sighalihg ahd Voice proIecIioh ahd ehIorcemehI
BahdwidIh MahagemehI
OoS & per cohhecIioh CohIehI MahagemehI
TraIIc MahagemehI
SecuriIy GaIeway
TradiIiohal SS7 & SGTPAN Sighalihg
Sighalihg GaIeway
Adax PacketRunner (APR)
Specifcation Compliance: PCMG ATCA 3.0 ahd 3.1, Pegioh 3
OpIioh 9, PM v1.5, EEE 802.3, Desighed Io meeI Belcore GP-63-
COPE
The Ada PackeIPuhher (APP) is ah ihIelligehI ATCA car-
rier blade for process intensive telecom applications. It
has 4 AMC bays to take any combination of Adax or other
industry standard AMC cards.
The oh-board Cavium OCTEON 5650 mulIi-core pro-
cessor, memory ahd cache, gives developers a high
perIormahce, highly Ieible ahd scalable blade Ior LTE,
4G, MS ahd NeI GeheraIioh Mobile Ielecom heIworks.
The APP delivers Ihe perIecI ATCA subsysIem Ior user
and control plane applications.
The APP uhiquely oIIers Ihe combihaIioh oI scalabiliIy
and access to host processing power at a viable price
poihI supporIihg P-IrahsporI, packeI processihg ahd
signaling on a single blade without the need for a gen-
eral CPU or ProcessorAMC. This is Ihe ihdusIry's mosI
cosI-eIIecIive, mulIi-purpose soluIioh which combihes
high-performance control and user plane services from
one tightly coupled resource.
Overall, Ihe Ieible archiIecIure oI Ihe Ada PackeI-
Puhher IulIlls ATCA's promise oI horizohIal epahsioh aI
a reduced cosI. h a reduhdahIly desighed sysIem, cards
ahd blades may be added, removed, ahd re-allocaIed
with no loss of service and network operators are able
Io reIaih Ihe value oI Iheir ihiIial CAPEX ihvesImehI well
into the future.
FEATURES & BENEFITS
Cavium OCTEON Plus CN5650, 12 cores aI 750MHz
OpIioh Ior CN5430, 4 cores aI 700 MHz
4 AMC bays for Adax and/or 3rd party AMC cards
2 GB oI DDP2 Memory OpIiohs Ior 4 GB ahd 8 GB
DDR2 Memory
Robust power & thermal management
EIherheI SwiIch wiIh:
2 10 GbE Io Ihe sysIem Fabric domaih
2 1 GbE Io Ihe sysIem Base domaih
10 GbE Irom Cavium Io EIherheI swiIch
16 GbE, 4 1GbE Io each AMC bay
TECHNICAL SPECS
Processor
Cavium OcIeoh Plus CN5650, 12 Cores aI 750 MHz
Cavium OcIeoh Plus CN5430, 4 Cores aI 700 MHz
(option)
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30 Boards
Adax Inc.
Adax Inc.
2900 Lakeshore Ave
Oakland, CA 94610
USA
510-548-5526 Fax
sales@adax.com
www.adax.com
TECHNICAL SPECS
SS7 Application Compatibility
SUP, TCAP, GSM MAP, S-41
Interfaces Available
T1/E1/J1 porIs
Drop & hserI oh all chahhels
ATM/HSL T1/E1 porIs
GbE porIs
OC3/STM-1/STS-3c porIs
OC12/STM-4/STS-12c porIs
PTM opIiohs available
Management
AdaGWMahager GU hIerIace (Web/Java)
SNMP v2 Ior Traps ahd SIaIisIics
TelheI/Commahd Lihe hIerIace, password
protection
TFTP Ior soIIware upgrade
Hardware Options
ATCA Blade
For deIails see seperaIe Ada PackeIPuhher
(APP) daIasheeI Boed SoluIioh 2U Chassis
17.5 w 12.5 d 3.46 h
DC power - 200W, hoI swap, 1+1 reduhdahI
(wiIh dual Ieed ihpuI), 250W opIiohal
AC power - 200W, hoI-swap, 1+1 reduhdahI
(available with standard single or optional dual
Ieed ihpuI), 250W opIiohal
AVAILABILITY
Available Now
APPLICATION AREAS
ASN
GAN
UMA access cohcehIraIors
FemIocell ahd SecuriIy gaIeways
AdaxGW
Today's wireless applicaIiohs demahd higher bahdwidIh
from the network and to meet this challenge new LTE tech-
hologies are beihg developed. NeIwork Service Providers
are makihg Ihe migraIioh Io LTE buI Ihe All-P heIwork will
be a while in the making. Legacy connectivity for voice and
SMS will remaih ah absoluIe requiremehI Ior heI geh-
eraIioh heIwork hodes cohhecIihg P-based or P-ehabled
Media GaIeways, Sighalihg TrahsIer PoihIs, swiIches, daIa-
bases and other Next Generation Mobile applications with
legacy circuit switched architecture. This need to intercon-
nect different networks demands multi-protocol solutions
that combine and connect divergent circuit and packet
swiIchihg archiIecIures. h addiIioh, Ihere are hew pos-
sibilities for replacing expensive dedicated SS7 and ATM
circuiIs wiIh more cosI eIIecIive P lihks.
The Adax Gateway (AdaxGW) addresses all of these
requiremehIs ahd more. The lihk dehsiIy, scalabiliIy, Ie-
ibiliIy, IhroughpuI, High-AvailabiliIy ahd high perIormahce
of the AdaxGW enables operators to manage the conver-
gehce ahd growIh oI Iheir heIworks, maimize revehues,
satisfy consumer demands for new services and ultimately
protect their investment in both traditional signaling and
hew P heIworks.
FEATURES & BENEFITS
Long-haul circuit replacement
IP ehables ahy legacy hode
Interworking to legacy ATM core networks
Offers enhanced routing via GTT
TrahsiIiohal hode Ior NGN STP replacemehI
Provides Geographical Redundancy
SupporIs CC-based rouIihg Ior mulIiple P swiIches
Multiple simultaneous network presences
High Availability (HA) or Simplex solutions
IhIegraIed Io your plaIIorm oI choice: rackmouhI sysIem,
cPC, ATCA or proprieIary blades, or ProcessorAMC
Ohe soIIware image supporIs mulIiple cohIguraIiohs
Ohe mahagemehI ihIerIace Ior all cohIguraIiohs
SS7 & SGTPAN proIocols ihcludihg M2PA, M2UA,
M3UA ahd SUA
SS7/P ahd P/P ihIerworkihg
ATM-P ihIerworkihg
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www.eecatalog.com/4G Software 31
CONTACT INFORMATION
6WIND
6WIND
Immeuble Central Gare
1 place Charles de Gaulle
Montigny-le-Bretonneux, 78180
France
+1 (650) 968-8768 Telephone
6wind-sales@6wind.com
http: //www.6wind.com
By providing support for a wide range of industry-
leading multicore processors, the 6WINDGate software
enables you to leverage a single, optimized software
platform across your product portfolio based on
multiple CPU architectures.
6WINDGate provides full support for High-Availability
frameworks and industry-standard HA congura-
tions, enabling the development of mission-critical
equipment with requirements for ve-nines or zero-
downtime reliability.
By delivering up to 10x the networking performance of
a standard OS stack, 6WINDGate enables you to meet
or exceed the most demanding system performance
requirements for next-generation networking, telecom
and security equipment.
TECHNICAL SPECS
Optimized support for Cavium OCTEON/OCTEON-II,
Freescale QorIQ, Intel
x86, NetLogic XLR/XLS/XLP

and Tilera TilePro64
Full support for Linux distributions from the open-source
community, from commercial suppliers and from
multicore processor vendors.
Comprehensive set of protocols available for control
plane, networking stack and fast path environments.
APPLICATION AREAS
Telecom infrastructure, networking equipment, security
appliances, data centers.
AVAILABILITY
Available now.
6WINDGate Multicore Packet
Processing Software
Compatible Architectures: Cavium OCTEON/OCETON-II, Freescale
QorIQ, Intel
x86, NetLogic XLR/XLS/XLP, Tilera TilePro64

6WINDGate is the Gold Standard in packet processing
software for networking equipment, wireless infrastructure,
security appliances and data centers. It provides up to 10x
the packet processing performance of a standard networking
stack, signicantly improving the price-performance and
power-performance ratios of networking equipment.
6WINDGate is compatible with standard Operating
System APIs (e.g. Netlter, Netlink etc). This ensures that
clients can migrate either from a single-core to a multi-
core platform, or from one multicore platform to another,
without needing to rewrite their existing software. Clients
minimize the development time for their base multicore
software platform, focusing on their unique product dif-
ferentiation and accelerating their time-to-market.
With a full set of Layer 2 through Layer 4 protocols for
routing, switching, security and mobility, optimized for
multicore systems, 6WINDGate is a drop-in replacement
for standard networking stacks. The majority of packets
are processed in a fast path environment, executing
outside the operating system for optimum performance.
Available protocols include:
VLAN, lihk aggregaIioh, GPE, PPP, L2TP, GTP, MPLS,
P Iorwardihg, P Iuhhelihg, rouIihg ahd virIual rouI-
ihg, P MulIicasI, Mobile P,
Psec, KE, Irewall, NAT, OoS,
UDP, TCP, SCTP, Iow ihspecIioh, TCP IermihaIioh
High AvailabiliIy supporI,
XML-based mahagemehI, CL, web mahagemehI.
6WINDGate supports multicore processors from Cavium,
Freescale, Intel, NetLogic and Tilera.
FEATURES & BENEFITS
6WINDGate is fully compatible with standard OS APIs,
so you can migrate your application software from a
single-core to multicore platform, or between differ-
ent multicore platforms, without needing to re-write
or re-verify your code.
6WINDGate includes 40+ networking protocols,
optimized for multicore platforms, eliminating the need
for you to integrate software from multiple suppliers
and accelerating your time-to-market, while reducing
your schedule risk.
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VIEWPOINT
by Charlie Ashton, 6WIND
LTE Momentum Building, Key
Rollout Issues Remain
Te mobile industrys transition to LTE is gaining momentum.
Almost 200 carriers have committed to commercial rollouts and
over 20 oer LTE services. If you like Google Measure, put LTE
Rollout into your search bar, narrow the search to the last 30
days, and see what you get - 182,000 results! Companies from
around the world are listed in the results, including Poland
Mobyland, AT&T, Rogers, Vodafone Australia, Verizon, Telstra,
MetroPCS, NTT DoCoMo, Korean Telecom and many others.
Now that LTE devices are hitting the market, consumer interest
is also increasing. LTE promises signicant performance
improvements: Verizon claims speeds in the 5Mbps to 12Mbps
(download) range and users are excited by the possibilities these
speeds enable, particularly when applied to mobile video- and
web-access applications.
Consumer expectations are high. To avoid dissatisfaction,
both operators and OEMs are focused on resolving several LTE
rollout challenges. Tese were aired in the sessions and hallway
conversations at the recent LTE Asia Conference in Singapore.
LTE Devices and Spectrum
Spectrum allocation was probably the number one concern in
conference presentations. Te LTE standard allows LTE services to
be deployed not only in dierent spectrum bands, but also in dif-
ferent amounts of spectrum. Currently, operators around the world
are using multiple dierent bands, including 700/800/900MHz,
1.5GHz, 1.7GHz, 1.8GHz, 1.9GHz, 2.1GHz, 2.3GHz and 2.6GHz.
Tere is also the issue of the classic LTE standard (Frequency
Division Duplex or FDD) and an emerging Time Division Duplex
implementation (developed by China Mobile) called TD-LTE.
One implication of this is that it will be exceptionally dicult
for handset suppliers to deliver world-phones that permit
global LTE roaming. Teres a major concern that if true global
roaming is delayed because of this problem, the adoption of LTE
will be severely constrained. Tere was some discussion about
1.8GHz (re-farmed from GSM) becoming a de-facto standard,
but it was clear that the industry needs to focus more eort on
this crucial aspect before operators and handset manufacturers
will be condent of a clear direction.
Tere is also a chicken-and-egg problem going on. Exciting new
devices propel consumer interest. Operators and vendors agree that
smartphones, tablets and other devices are the key to LTE success,
but that current devices are not quite there yet. Terefore, opera-
tors are hesitant to make the large capital investments required to
deploy LTE infrastructure until more of the ecosystem is ready. Of
course, the device manufactures will not invest in more interesting
devices until the network is there to use.
Pricing Models
Tere were a number of discussions about new pricing models
that need to be adopted to reect a world in which data trac
is 100x (or even 1,000x) voice trac. Most vendors have moved
away from at-rate and unlimited pricing models, and the
LTE premium over 3G services ranges from 20% to over 100%
depending upon the operator.
Tere seemed to be consensus that consumers can be educated
to accept volume-based data plans and CSL (an innovative Hong
Kong operator) has seen good success with such an approach,
marketed under the tag-line of why pay more?.
Several operators presented their experiences in starting from
scratch with LTE deployments, rather than bridging from a
previous history of GSM and 3G services. Tere are still niche
segments and services that provide opportunities for brand new
operators to enter the mobile broadband market successfully.
Operators also want to be more than just the fast pipe for
mobile devices. Services associated with cloud computing are
viewed by many as the path to more value-based pricing models.
Cloud RAN deployments (or Smart Cloud in Samsungs ter-
minology) are happening in a small set of locations (e.g., Seoul)
where the benets of centralized base stations outweigh the
logistical problems of running ber to the remote radio heads.
While other issues still need to be addressed, spectrum, eco-
system buildup and pricing are at the top of the list. Tere will
be much more said about these topics at upcoming shows such
as 4G World, CES 2012 and of course, Mobile World Congress.
Charlie Ashton is VP of marketing and business
development at 6WIND and is responsible for
6WINDs global marketing initiatives and partner-
ships worldwide with semiconductor companies,
subsystem providers and embedded software com-
panies. Charlie has extensive experience in the
embedded systems industry, with his career including leadership
roles in both engineering and marketing at software, semiconduc-
tor and systems companies. He led the introduction of new products
and the development of new business at Green Hills Software,
Timesys, Motorola (now Freescale), AMCC, AMD and Dell.

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Engineers Guide To Wimax and Lte

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Annual Industry Guide

x86, NetLogic XLR/XLS/XLP

x86, NetLogic XLR/XLS/XLP, Tilera TilePro64

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