Stateroent subcormittee

of Rachel

Carson Before

ttre organi.zations

oD Reoraganization of Coun-ittee

and rnternationar the @erations

on Goveitment

EM/IROIMEIMAIJ EAZINDS COIIIROI. OF PESTICIDES ArO qUIER CHEM.ICAL POTSONS ilune 4. 1963

Mr. with

Ctrairrian,

I appreeiate

ttre

op;rcrtunity of

to

discrrss hazards

you this control

morning

the problems

environnental

and the Ihe stances .trorld dreds of of

of pesticides. of ttre environment problens with harnfirl sub.,llhe tbe hunit

contalrination is air one of

the najor

of urodern life. not only

and erater of

and soi!. species of

supports anirnals

ttrouaands

and plants,

suPPorts ignore

man himself.' ttris fact.

rn the past

we lrave often

ehosen to that cycles

Now we are receiving acts enter

sharp reninders into tlre vast to

our heedless of the earth

and destnrctive and in

tLlae return

to bring

hazard is

ourselves. tmrEt

Ttre problem be solved in

you have chosen to I feel in ttris

explore that

one tlrat

our time. no!r, --

strongly session

a begrinni.ng rnust For this that problem you of

be'made on it reason

of Congress. !tr..Chairman, vast

I uras.delighted to hold pollution.

when I heard, hearings

were pl.anning environrnental

on the shole

Contanination tlre physical and vegetationment rrithin many sorrrces: and hospitals.

of various ttrat

kinds

tras non invaded us :that Irater, jJrterTtal It

al1 soi1,

of air,

environment It

suplrorts

lras even penecrated of animals lrastes

environ-

the bodies

and of men. from reactors,

cqneg from laboizttries

radioactive faLlcnt

from nuclear

explosions,

d@estic

wastes

-Z-

from

ci.ties

and-towrrsa

cliemical'

wastes

from factories,
t

detergents

from homes anct industries. ttre history of mankind in relation for to the that

When we revien earth history despoiling we cannot is for of

heJ.p f,eel.ing ttre most part

somewhat discouraged, that of ttre blind and all or

short-sighted of the

the soil,

forests,

naters

the rest skills

earthr s resoulces. undreamed of

We have acquired ago. by the ioo late,

technica1

on a scale things effects our

even a generation

We can d,o drarnatic time or danagilg side

and we can do theru quiclcly; are apparent actions. to it is often

irirpossible, but

to reverse rise

tlrese

are unpleasant situations

facts, that this

they have given

the disturbing

Conrmi.ttee has now under-

talcen to exasrine. I have pointecl problen tetct, into these of pesticldes as part the of the out before, and I shall .repeat nofu, that in consubstanees tlre

can be properly general. introduction

understood

only

of traqnf,ul and in or with

envirorulent.

In water trith

and soil., others,

our own bodies, radioactive and exanple,

chemicals

are rningled are ]-itt].e

substances. summations of

There effect.

understood

interactions for

No one fully residues

understands, stored in

-what..happerls interact indications drinking ttrat it with

rrhen pesicide dnrgs that repeatedly

our bodies are some in our tract so

talcen. r*hictr are

And there often of

detergients, may affect

presdtrE

vrater,

the lining

the digestive chenicals.

more readily to

absorbs assess

cancer-causing the rol.e of

In attempting often assume that

pesticides, introduced

people irtto

too a.

ttrese

ctrenicaLs

are being as in

si.rnple, easily mene. This,

controlled of course, in is this

environment,

a laboratoty

o<1leri-'.

f,ar from true. field of environmental and I pollution

I,ly own studies have been confined

largely

to peseicides

am glad,

-J-

Mr. Chairman, important It

that

you'have

chosen to begi.n arith this

highly

problem. seems 'to me that the most siginificant knorrrledge that up of far some

has developed evidence

within

the past year tras been the piling of, pesticide I should

about the wide dispersal of application. this

chernicals,

beyond the point

J-ike to cite

examples to illustrate To begin repeated to

spreading

contamination. as fact the often intention

on a small that

scale, it

vre accept

staternents

is not

the. deliberate

spray reservoirs. of Fisheries

Yet studies

by the Massachusetts the past year, covering

Division

and Game during that

to date 11 reservoirs show that with DDI. fish in

serrre as public

water

supplies,

ttrese

reserroirs

are heavi.l.y fish

contaminated fron regions all of, waters

lfhe average the Sudbury,

amount f,ound in the Assabet.

examj.ned in Eastern tion

and Concord

l4assactrusetts

was 35.4 p.p.rn.; aras found in a soulce out

the macimum concentraincluding water is nearly ror the a large

of 96.7 p.p.m.

tr,ro places,

Franringham Resenroir, area. It

of drinking that foods. this

roi.ght be pointed tolerance it for is not

14 tfunes

the 1egal

DUf in diffi.cult

Although

tb jmagine

the paths by which there are now

domestic \.rater supplies exarilPles of a different explanation. Wales Island and Wildlife fish in four Such, in for

become contaminated, sort that defy is

easy or

comforiable on Plince by the Fish. of

example,

the situation I am told

southeastern tliat its

Alaska. biologists

Service drainage its

have sampled resident island and have found DDT, There is The nearest no

systems on this

sometirnes with record town, aeray. of ottrer

rnetabolites,

in two of them. islandis

applications than small

of DDT on this native vi11ages,

more than 50 mj-les

-4An even more lemote tras been yielding Service for several region, not data is far bel'ow the Arctic circle,

extraordlinary years. This

to the

Fistr

and Wildlife regl.on Canada. from 'It on the is

tlre Yellowknife Territory wi1d, is of

UPPer Yul<on River, an irnportant settlenentsoccrrrred withi.n

in the Nortbhrest breedingi of area,

waterforl

remote

any hurnan .

No spraying several

i.:rsectieides miles. several This

known to have

hundred for

Yet DD{I and its years might botlr in the eggs of

roetabolites waterfor.rl e;qilained easily United follosednative tain

trave been found .andl in their fact young. that

alone

have been and could in the

by the

the r,raterforrl during

are rnigratory their sojourn could the

hate

piciced up ttre poison Transfer to the

States.

eggs and young for

then have fact that con-

But ttrere vegetation in

is no such explanation this same alea has ncr

been

f,ound to

residues. lfhe most disturbing of al.I of jl such reports, fish fish tiat live off howeverr far at concerns. sea. coasts and Asia. floor of the of

the. finding Such residues North IAe

of DDA in

the oit.

have been found as well as off include a fish fron

caught

both

Arnerica,

South Arnerica, tratribut of living

EuloPe, on the

species

concerned

,Pacific

Ocean, and tuna, to ]'arrd. OiI

the open ocean that marine

rarely

'qomes close contained All about

sone of these exceeding to ttrinlc

fish'have

Dxl1t in this

eoncentrations us reason these ttrem. wittr

3OO p.P:mand serlously ttre places that today, facts where

gives

deeply reaclr

ttre means by r*rictr

residues

rte are nqr discovering ansftrer ttris like to catrl question yorrr

I rmrst errphasize asurance kngyn

no one crn but that I should

complete to

attention

certain

do have

a bearing

on the problernpesticide residues three: may be translrorted by air, by water, and

the rrays by which over long distances

are basicall.y

-5in the bodies of J.iving organisas, either indirectly through

food clrains A rePort establislred of.the total

or d5.rectly. last the fact acreage year by the U.S. aerial, in Department of Agriqrltrrre about 22%

ttrat

spraying the U.S.

comprises Studies

sprayed

by Professor confirrn

George Woodwel.l of earlier used in soi1. 0.2 lb. studies forest

the

University

of Maine

(and whidr

by Canadian spraying, lb.

biologists) than half by the

show ttrat falls spray is

of ttre DIII to the

less r'eleased

directly plane

Of each 0.5 reaches its

approximately dis-

target,

The remainder in the atmosphere. of what

presumably These minute

trrersed as snall particles

crystals

are the

cqrq)onents every

\re knoer as "drift" who receives street,

--

the

phenomenon that inat,i-ng spray

plagiues from his

householder across miles reach the

contam-

.neighbor several the

or from his

Governmentt s spray beginning

planes

ar.ray. of ,,drift" 2, &D

We are now may be. could drift It as

to wonder hovr vast

was known a decade ago ttrat far tion. as 15 or 20 rniles The drift of is facts little in

the lrerbicide

quantities is

sufficient less readily

to darnage vegetaobserved, but

insecticides properly

when the matter some startling It

studied

I predict

we shall

discover

aPPears that

application movements. air

has been nade of Various factors

our

knowledge of the direction tion,

atmospheric

influence is convec-

and speed of florp

curretrts. which the

Among these takes airplace

or the uprrard

of air

when ttre this to

ground tenperature force could lift

exceeds that,of the very strong fine

Conceivably, materials

particles

of, spray winds could

an altitude play,

at which

horizontal f,or long

came into

effecting

transport other

distances. of

We know this the ?Joods EoIe of salt

happens trith Oceanograptric

materials.

Scientists

Institute

have studied

the betravior

--6nuclei, into the drawn frqn atrrosphere. -at least the surface These tiny as far transports spores, oceanic that of ttre ocean and lifted particJ.es are carried ,And we kn*r of high great that ll,ving -It
i

.d

distancE's ttre upper objects --

as 4O0 rniles.

atmosphere

a qrhole assemblage tiny spiders

seedsr pollen such transport a speclrlation

and insects

and through is therefore

isiands

are colonized. ttrat

should

be tested

the uPPer as of result

atrnosphere may be carrtring radioaetive such remote of debris, places of and that as those fallout. that

chemical the

particles

as ireli

pesticicte

contamination rnay bb the

i trave mentioned

a nesr kind Anottrer

factor the

may contribute

to

atlnospherie from

contamthe surface source by the estab,y'

j.nation of, water. of

is

tendency

of DDT to be evatrrrated spraying

fherefore pollution Senrice tbat runof,f

aerial. in tlre

may ngt be the various

sole

chenical lleal.th the

atmosphele.

studies

Public lished

over rains into is

a period washing poncls,

of yeals over

lrave cl.eir1y landls carry

fact

sprayed

pesticides.as

streams, transport

and rivers. jtto the

From here, sea'and into

rte may bssurne, there the atmosphere. litt1e of transport example of charged arseoic healthon several on a broader from heavily ditions distances. dramati.c that t]rought

further

seems to have been given Yet, Agril, on a snall when health dust scale,

to

the possibility

in dust.. this the last

we hadl a vivid 'olr -L'ong carrying Island

of,f,icials fields,

airborne

from potato residues, t}le

and other This dust

insecticidle

rrras a menace to public of a public school system. dust

hacl compelled because it it is only lands,

closing

occasions, scale, sprayed

clogged reasonable in

the ventilation to assume th'at

especially insecticides

some areas !'there confor exceedingly long

are right,

may carry

-t

Itre Dust Bowl of the demonstration of the

193Or s gave us our most range transpbrt of soil

long

Partieles, varying soil for

but degree.

this

is

a phenomenon tlrat

goes on regrularly insecticides

iln

When we .remember that varying tlpe

remain i.n

long periods, of this

from months to a decade or more, of dispersal is increased.

the probability A final transPortation directly

and especially is ttrat which

interesting occurs

means of pesticide anirnals, whether o.r.t from

in living

or indirectly. of miles,

Di.rect

transportation

may o".rrr heptachlor ant

many hundreds southern all

as when woodcock carry in the area cf fire

wintering

gfrounds

treatment provinces.

the way to breeding obvious but

areas

in the canadian important

rnaritime

A }ess

exceedingly is ttrat in

method of

transportation passes becoming

by living

organisms

which

occurs when a chemical food chain, usually

from one lird< concentrated

to another as it goes.

a natural

We now have a number of Several

irnpressive by

' demonstrations.of'this . biologists in California.

phenonenon.

have been studied

At Big Bear Lalce, for hydroiarbon, it was found up this \f,as applied that the

e:<ample, toxaphene,

a chlorinated 0.2 p.p.n. in the Later lake had of fish

at a dosage of only plankton

minute

organisms it

piclced

ctremical

and had concentrated contirued t]rrough

to a level

73..[r.p.mcontaining ing

T]rb buildup 20O p.p.m.

the foodchain, bird (a pelican)

with

and a fish-eating

contain-

11700 p.p.rn. collected

The story at the

does not end there. lake poisoned hatcheryr

plankton trout when fed to the

organisms to them. lake, fish

Ten.nonths were again re-stod<ed

after able with

ttre insecticide to live trout.

was appliedl

in these vraters.

The lake was from of.

accordingly the trout toxaphene. California for rough

Hohrever, when fillets contain

were analyzed, I night Division fish

they were found to this ocperience

3 p.p-m. the

add ttrat of Fish but

convinced is

and Game that the experiment

toxaphene did

unsuitable some very

control,

provide

- a.instructive The sane sort Clear I 1*", data on transfer of chemicals. tlrrougb out food in detail chains. at
I :/

of phenomenon has been rrcrked

California LiJte to add a vrord about There is nothing initial the concentrat.ion about or buildttri.s --

should

up of, the chemicals. especially Aquatic extract -trate about organisns minerals theur. the

surprising

concentration

by the plankton. ability to and concenFor that in

are weJ.l knc-rrrn to have marked 6,nd other substances from

the lrater

llarine

organisns of

in particular in rivers

can do this. is 500 tirnes

'example, the their water yet

ttre perceirtage

silica

sea, because marine shells.

diatons

withdlraw of coba1t

so much to construct are. extracted by various from sea-

Euge guantities and mussels, recover zinc It

by lobsters

and of nidcel elements about

nollusks,

human chemists concentrate

thesg

onl.y with

difficulty. ifr"t in

Oysters the

at a level should

1TOrOOOtirnes

surroundirrg

water.

come as no surprise; collecling

ttrerefore, andl concnto

to.find trating

some of the:e such chemicals oysters

marine

invertebrates As Sectetary J.evels.of

as DDT. exposed to

Udal1 Tepor$ed only one part per per

you recently, biJ.lion fheir dat for

one weel< then

c.ontained for

132,.OOO parts

bi11i9n who likes

in to A

tissues. oysters --

"The implications or other

ttre humqn being ].ife --

forms of marine

arq obvious. biologists

current contains of

publication this

by two Fish "In

and Wilcllife sea,..there

Service is of

statement: -re-cycling

the

the possfirility the more stable

a continuous

and concentration they pose a real

pesticidal welfare-

cornpounds until

threat

to man's own

A11 the foregoing to certain conclusions. should to

evidence, fhe first

it

seems !o me. leads is that aerial control

inevli.ably of

spraying

pesticides reduced

be brought

under

strict

and -sh-otqld be

's

the minirnrnn needed to Reduction would, of

accomplish coulse,

the most essentiql

objectives.

be opposed on the

-9grounds of econony and efficiency. the basic shall probleni of, environmental t6 count If we are ever t<i solve horrever, ate

contamination, costs

have to begin -and

the many hidden the gains

of what we

are doing,

weigh them against that

or advantages. is that a strong

The second conclusion and unremitting pesticides eliminate mendations strongly effort

seems apparent

ought

to be made to reduce

the use of, to

that, leave themThi:,

long-lasting'residues, you will

and ultfunately

remember, rdas one of Advisory for

the recomI

of the PresLdentr in this

s Scien:e

Committee.

consur

reeommendation, spreading

I can see no other I have des-

rtay to control cribed.

the rapidly

contamination

There are several suggest, bearing

other

reconunendations. specif,ic Tbese are aspects of

I would like the

to

on various -oroblem.

immensely

complex pesticl-de 1. tion

as follors: give of seribus. right consideraod th" of but

r hope this

conunittee wilJ. problem -that

to a nuch neglected to be securc applied

the

citizen poisons

in his

own homc ngainst

the intrusion as a lawyer feel

by ottrer

persons.

L speak not but I

as a biologist this is

and as a human being, be one of has Little letters the basic

strongly

that

or should that it

human righs.

I am afraid.

however,

or no existence in my files

in practice. describing injury situations or to the

I have countless in vhich

a person has been subject

to personal

loss of pets or valuable.horses poisons dents Iast their result. State frorn a neighborr

or other

domestic his

animals because Resi-

s spraying

invaded

property.

of Norfolk, winter that

Virginia, the State

have informed had the authority

me that to

they were told apply poisons might to

land but It is

assumed no responsibility a matter of record of that ttreir

for dairy

injury farmers

that

in New York

suffered

contamination

land by Federal-State

- 10.sprayirig milJ< later State for g11psy mottrs, w:itb the result tlrat their
._7

.inevitable

contained.

il-le$a1

residues

and was condenured by the

as unfit

f,or roarket. what is tlre citizen Court to do? You in

Under suclr circtmstances, may recall ttre case'in inJunction the opinion of

the United of tong

States

of Appeals sought an

vrtrictr a graup
a

Istand of for ttre

citizens spraying

to

prevent

a repetition Since no date

to which had didl in

they

hadl been srrbjec.tedl. been set ttre court

repeated

spraying but to i.nsert it

could ruling

Bot grant wtrictr

an injunction, like

rnake a significant record: ". for . . . it

I should

ttre

would

seem weJ.l to point coult, or faced with

out

the advisability concerning may cause 1957

..t

a district sprayi.ng

a clairn

aerial

any otlrer

program

which

inconvenience sPraying into the

and damage as widespread to travg caused, and safegiuards incidents nature assumiJrg, of here of the to 9f

as this

appears mettrods so ttrat

inquire

closely pro-

any proposed

cedures

seemingly

unnecessary

and rrnfortunate to a minimum, ' wiLl public . that

disclosed, course, to that

may be reduced the governrnent in the

trave,shorrnr jrrterest.

such a progran

be required

I have been the current

j-nfonlrpct by aff,ected gypsy $oth spraying

citizens

in-lrervr York State

has been done tith,ro people learned. of tJre

advance notice spraying quite

whatever. by chance

sqoe of ttrese taro or three

days before

ttre planes ttrat in rt is

b'eEan their this c1ear, lirnited

wotrk.

lfhey were

told. to tlle

by their courts of

attolrreys

tirne no appeal that in ttre

was possible.'

ttrerefore, tftwarted

intent

ttre court

as indicated'

above is

sucb cases.

_11 As a rnini.rmun protection, adequate spraying hearing gest citizen neighbor's advance notice ntp"r"*", of alI allbefore I

_ a legal state, involved is requirement or Federal mav receive done. I sugof

suggest conmunity, interests

sq. that

and consideration ttrat machinery

any spraying

f,urttrer

be established

so that

the private of his

inconvenienced

or damaged by the intrusion redress.

sprays may seek appropriate 2. In another area,

I hope this

Conunittee wilL

give

its in

support the field

to new prograns of pesticides. with of course

of medicar

research felt

and education that the medical was

f have long notable very

profession, inadeguately health advisors

individual important

ercceptions, environmental

informed rt

on this

hazard.

eras sobering view

to have the presidentr.s .,physicians

science

c-onfi.rm this

by saying,

are geaerally their toxLcity,

unarrare of and their found develop when this r am told

the wLde distribution possible effects lack of

of pesticides,

on hunan health." any federally pesticide chronic, schools the

The paner also researct-r to

a complete

sponsored poisoning,

methods of diagmosing takes that the form of in the medical

especially illness-

rather today,

than acute because

of the field at a

rnany subjects of toxicolog'y

to be taught, is greatly substances never before of

attention yet this

given

ttre shole

reduced.

is happening into

time when.toxic ment at a rate the plight pitifurrule

are being

i.ntroduced

the environ-

approached. affe.cted by these poisons letters. is As a

the person

llany case histories these people rndeed, can find

have come to me in no physician

who understands'their qurrent medical of the as

probremliterature patientt malathion

r r.prnember several

cases in

in which the physician, s exposure or to such relatively had never

even though told

conunon insecticides of the chemicar

lindane,

heard

and did

- L2 -.
not knosr the approprl.ate American cides tion }ledical treatilent. l:ad a6out a special ten years ago t.he on pestiinforma-

Association to time

conmittee

whidr

from'tine

publ.ished

authoritative

on the tox:icology for

of these years. if last

chemicals. I do-not it is, fa].I it

I have seen none of knorv whether is hard to the corn-

ttrese reports raittee is sti11

several

functioningr

see why the physitrot from

Arnerican cians

Medica]- Association

reconunended that patients fears,

seek inf,ormation scientific

to aLJ.ay their ii.terature, but

unbiased trade

from one of

the pesticide

organizations. I should like to eurphasize, however, and of interesti.ng that the many individual need for letters first I research receive

tr*rysicians in this

are aerare of, the hazard Sone of ttre most

fiel.d.

are from doctors. nition Medical tion of this

In what l.beJ.ieve

to be the organization, year

recog-

probl.em by a oedical oo t{arcb 17t}r of attention this

,the Xllinois resoluof I

society

approved.a

dlirecting

to delayedt and in'direct for a thorough study of

effects

pesticides shouLdl like record

and cal.ling to irtroduce point.

the problern. into ttre

a cop:f of this

resolution

at ttris

RESOLUIION

srnpy ANpE\rAruATIoN ot'

lgrlcTlrs

I$IERSAS the total consequences to rnan and his renewable and often resources from the present widespread substances of toxic unrestrained dissernination int,o the-environment are only vagruely known and some effects cannot yet even be surcmised; and of pesticides, WHEREAS the indirect and untovrard effects chemicals and kindred insecticides, rodenti.cides difficult to trace are f,requently long delayed' in air, and apparent safe miniroal acqumulations can in soil, rtater, tLberr. food and al.l tissues and levels; tirne accrue to ?ra.rmful or even lethal effect latent often have a profound WHEREASttrese toxicants for intended on flora and fauna not originally and or eradicatioo; suppression WIIEREAS these to:(icants are anong the most PoteDt ever' sul>' evaluated known and such new incornpletely andl stances are being developed annually;

-13
WIIEREASthese letlral agents can be purchased by anyone, to guard anlnrhere without adequate controls against their rnisuse; NCfl TEEREFORE, BE Il RESOLVED'that the Board of trustees of the Illinois state Medical Society go on record that eforts balances by to manipulate ecologic governmental private and indivlndustry agencies, iduals ttrrough the use of toxicants. and radiation needs urgent and conscientious study for the development of wise and ef-fective and controls; BE rT t"URIllER RESOLVED that in the opinion of the Eoard of Trustees of the l11inois State l,ledical Society the present state of knor,vledge dictates a policy of caution, of judgernent and inguiry, maturity statesmanship; and BE IT FURTHERRESOL\'ED ttrat ttre Director of the lllinois Departnent of Public Eealth through tbe Btrreau of, Bazardous Substances and Poison Control be requested to undertalce a study of al.l toxicants, . current and sold or used in lllinois, and'future distribution. for appropriate PrePare a report (Approved by Board of Tnrstees of the ll].inois Society on l[arch 17, L963 in Ctricagoi ll].inois.) 3. the least state should see legislation, State Medical

also

like the

to

possibly at

at

level,

restricting capabte

sale

and use of, pesticides the hazards and of

to'those

of understanding To rae .it is

following

directions.

can be bought deficient the sale

and applied

shoclcing that these chernicals : by illiterate and even by raentally rmrch more stringent least are not about restrictions on

persons. of drugs --

We place which at

sprayed

from porerful

machines!

_soneone

wrote

me recently fron

a man who was thought

to have contracted roaking the pertinent clremicals 'that

hepatitis

a spray he had been'using, that the nan could buy the had to

observation ill with

nade hin

no restrictions, to cure hirn.

but

have prescriptions 4. rnade a function Department I

to buy the drugs should of all like to

see ttre registration rather

of chemicals than of in the

agrencies concerned alone.

of Agricultrrre otrt

The deficiencf of

the Plesent Science

law has been pointed

in ttre leport

the Presidentts

'-14 Advis-oty uses of cheniicals, and garden It seems

comnittee.

Many of the miscellaneous fl.oor waxes, rel-ation that housetrold

as irr motbproofing. tr>esticides, not only

strrrays,

have d direct but

to human health. the Department in decisions

logieal

necessary should

of Health, regarding nany, in probably

Edueation the

and Welfare of

participate used.

registration

ctrenicals-,so

Sinilarly, same time

the najority that ltrey

of pesticides affect wild].if,e

are usedl at and conauercial of the

sucb a Danner fishery

and recreational

resourcesin the

The Departinent

Interior of

needs to have a voice

registration

and labeling trespassed

such chemicals. tine and patience, and

I have already I strall mention 5. It only

upon your

two more recotnmendations. our of it troubles chemical is quite are unnecessarily corDpounds in use lmpossible on the physical their ttrat facts for

seerns to me ttrat fantastic nuuber stand, of these

cornpounded by tne as pesticides. research into

As matters ttre effect on wi]-d].ife, and use. It of the

chemicals

environment, introduction the of 'I for

the

and on rBan to keep pace with is hard to escape the is

conclusion by the

great

proJ.iferatiin within to

new chemicals industry rather

dictated

competition sleould liJre

than

by actual will

need.

see thl

day when new pesticides chemica} or other

be approved do

use onl.y when no existing

job.

method will

6. to will research

fn

conclusion,

.I

hope you will control

'l

Eive

full

support

on new mettrods or entirely

of pest

in wtrich

chemicals

be rninimized

eliurinated. th.is lontrols species of pest for !,rcrk is. is ot

You have heard from One of .the outthey are specifi-

Secretary -standing caLly

Freeman whlt values to

some of

of biol.ogical a particular our problems not

that groups

adapted

of, species. .and solve

Therefore, varied,

since

control

are numerous ttrat r.ri]l

rre must search,

one super-vreapon

"l
_15_ all our problens, adJusted but to for its a g?eat tast. diversity of alrnarents, this eactr

precisely ingenuity, .gained

Ao accour;rlish but

end rgguires to be

persisteace,

and itedicatiq$,

ttre rerrards

are great.

//////

./