Causes and Consequences of Domestic Violence: A Study in Kaliganj Upazilla

This monograph has been submitted to the Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Dhaka to meet the partial fulfillment of the BSS Final Year Examination.

Submitted By:

Submitted To:
Assistant Professor & Chairman Department of Peace and Conflict Studies University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000

MD.TARIQUL ISLAM

BSS, Exam. Roll No: 5315 Reg. No. Ha-5937, 2007-2008 Department of Peace and Conflict Studies University of Dhaka, Dhaka

MD. RAFIQUL ISLAM

DEPARTMENTOFPEACEANDCONFLICTSTUDIES UNIVERSITYOFDHAKA

APRIL 2012

Letter of Transmittal
Md. Rafiqul Islam Assistant Professor & Chairman Department of Peace and Conflict Studies University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000

Subject: Research paper on Causes and Consequences of Domestic Violence: A Study in Kaliganj Upazilla.

Sir, This research paper has been prepared in compliance with course requirement of Causes and Consequences of Domestic Violnce: A Study in Kaliganj Upazilla undertaken by me. I would like to forward herewith the paper on the topic mentioned above. In this regard, I am obliged to mention here that your kind cooperation and guideline helped me immeasurably to solve this problem in preparing the papers. I hope you will find it in order.

Sincerely yours,

Md. Tariqul Islam Exam Roll No: 5315 Reg. No. Ha-5937 Session: 2007-2008 Department of Peace and Conflict Studies University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000

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To whom it may concern

This is to certify that research paper titled Causes and Consequences of Domestic Violence: A Study in Kaliganj Upazilla submitted as partial requirements for the award of the degree in BSS, Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Dhaka. In record, the research by Md. Tariqul Islam is carried out under my active supervision and guidance. And any part of this report has not been submitted for the award of any degree/diploma/fellowship or other similar titles or prizes and that the work has not been published in legal or popular magazine or journal.

I wish him all the success in life.

Supervisor

Md. Rafiqul Islam Assistant Professor & Chairman Department of Peace and Conflict Studies University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000

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Acknowledgement

I express my sincere gratitude to honorable course teacher Md. Rafiqul Islam, Assistant Professor & Chairman, Department of Peace and Conflict Studies, University of Dhaka. He extended his helping hand by providing guidance, offering valuable suggestions and giving encouragement in writing this report. I acknowledge my profound gratitude to him.

Md. Tariqul Islam Exam Roll No: 5315 Reg. No. Ha-5937 Session: 2007-2008 Department of Peace and Conflict Studies University of Dhaka Dhaka-1000

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Causes and Consequences of Domestic Violence: A Study in Kaliganj Upazilla

By

Md. Tariqul Islam

INDEX Subject Abstract Acronyms Chapter 1 Introductory Discussion Page vii Viii 1-4

Chapter 2 Literature Review

Chapter 3 Research Methodology and Strategy Chapter 4 Research Findings and Analysis Chapter 5 Conclusion and Recommendations

1.1 Introduction and Background of the Study 1.2 Significance of the Study 1.3 Statement of the Problem 1.4 Objectives of the Study 1.5 Study Area 1.6 Scope and Limitations of the Study 2.1 Review of Literature 2.1.1 Definition and Concepts 2.1.2 Factors Contributing Domestic Violence 2.2 Prior Research and Theories 2.2.1 Researches in Global Perspectives 2.2.2 Major Study of Domestic Violence in Bangladesh 2.3 Theories 2.3.1 Feminist Theory 2.3.2 Psychological Theories 2.3.3 Resource Theory 2.3.4 Social Stress Theory 2.3.5 Social Learning Theory 2.3.6 Cycle of Violence 2.3.7 Power and Control Wheel 2.4 Conceptual Framework 3.1 Sampling 3.2 Data Source 3.3 Data Collection 3.4 Data Analysis 4.1 Research Findings and Analysis

5-23

24-25

26-46

5.1 Conclusion 5.2 Recommendations

47-48

References Appendix (Questionnaire)

49-50 51-52

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Abstract
The study Causes and Consequences of Domestic Violence: A Study in Kaliganj Upazilla analyzes the socio-demographic characteristics of victim of domestic violence, types of domestic violence, causes of domestic violence, victim offender relationship, post traumatic stress disorder of domestic violence, reporting behavior to the police of domestic violence and police response to domestic violence. The study includes all over Kaliganj Upazilla by selected sample area Kola and BaroBazar Union Parishad. The sample respondents determined through Purposive Sampling (non-probability sampling). The study found that, in most of the cases (more than 27 percent) the victimizer/offender is both father and/or mother in law and husband followed by both father and/or mother in law and brother and/or sister in law (20 percent). The study shows that, in most of the offenses (50 percent) victims are wife. It also revealed that most of the domestic violence (more than 31 percent) occurs for dowry followed by intentionally created situation by the husband or his family members (about 19 percent).

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Acronyms
1) CPS . Criminology & Police Science. 2) MS. Excel Microsoft Excel. 3) NCVS .. National Crime Victimization Survey. 4) SES . Socio- Economic Status. 5) SPSS ... Statistical Package for Social Science. 6) GIS...Geographic Information System. 7) CAP .... Chicago Area Project. 8) NCA ... Neighborhood Characterization Areas. 9) UP ... Union Parishad 10) BBS...Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics. 11) SSC...Secondary School Certificate. 12) HSC..Higher Secondary Certificate. 13) BDT..Bangladesh Taka.

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CHAPTER-01
1.1 Introduction and Background of the Study In the present societies of globalized world, violence has been a part of the human experience. Violence pervades the lives of many people around the world. Each year, over 1.6 million people worldwide lose their lives due to violence. Family violence is one of the greatest threats to the life and health of women. Globally, at least one in three women and girls had been beaten or sexually abused in her lifetime. Family violence is sometimes called domestic violence. Family violence refers to an act by a member of a family against another member of the family that is intended to result in physical harm , bodily injury or assault; a threat that reasonably places the member in fear of imminent physical harm, bodily injury or assault. Family violence, however, includes a variety of forms of abuse, mistreatment or negligence that adult or children may experience with their intimate, kinship or dependent relationship. It basically signifies physical, emotional and economic mistreatment perpetrated by someone in an intimate relationship. As a matter of fact, family violence is a criminal act of assault, battery, sexual assault or other act that injures or kills a family or household member by another who is residing in the same dwelling unit.

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1.2 Significance of the Study The study gathered primary information about domestic violence altogether. This study discusses both crime and victimization of domestic violence. The study shows the current situation of domestic violence in Kaliganj Upazilla. The law enforcement agencies will be able to become closer to the community and therefore in a position to prevent and solve crimes through proactive approaches. Supports will be elicited from the media, international community and the political authority. It would also play vital role to enrich the national body of knowledge. Moreover, in our country, most of the people (about 70%) live in village. But there is no statistical review of domestic violence of village people. Most of the studies are urban oriented. So, this study may play significant role by comparing the statistics between urban and rural domestic crime victims.

1.3 Statement of the Problem Domestic violence is a serious and to some extent hidden social problem in Bangladesh. Violence and abuse within families and couples is especially serious, and has major ramifications for all those affected. Domestic violence is unacceptable, and every effort must be made to prevent and combat such actions. This study found the post victimization situation of victim through survey in Kaliganj Upazilla. This research will be studied to answer some specific question in a study area and describe the current situation. 1. What are socio-demographic characteristics of the victim? 2. What are the characteristics offenders of domestic violence? 3. Who are the victims of domestic violence? 4. What are different types of victimizations faced by the victim of domestic violence? 2|Page

5. What are the causes of domestic violence? 6. What are the effects of domestic violence? 7. What is the reporting behavior of the victim of domestic violence to the police?

1.4 Objectives of the Study Main Objective: 1. To assess the condition of the victims of domestic violence and how many of them get into the justice process. Specific Objectives: 1. To assess the socio-demographic characteristics of the victim of domestic violence. 2. To observe the types of offenders of domestic violence. 3. To identify the different victims of domestic violence. 4. To assess the different types of domestic violence. 5. To analyze different types of losses faced by the victim of domestic violence. 6. To assess the causes of domestic violence. 7. To identify the reporting behavior of the victim of domestic violence to the police.

1.5 Study Area The study area is the territory of Kaliganj Upazilla. The study includes the people of Kaliganj Upazilla as respondents who are primary or secondary victim of domestic violence. There are 11 UPs in Kaliganj upazilla where I have taken two of them as my study area. These are- Kola Union and BaroBazar Union. 3|Page

1.6 Scope and Limitation of the Study Scope: The study will help to related law making and policymaking. The study will help to make crime control strategy to the concerning authority. It will help to construct proper victim support system. Limitation: It is difficult to complete such a large work in a short time. Lack of budget also makes problem. The study in such a small area may not be able for proper generalization.

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CHAPTER-02
2.1. Review of Literature 2.1.1 Definition and Concepts Definition of Family: According to Richard T Schaefers book Sociology, Family is the most important primary group in society. It is the simplest and the most elementary forms. Family is a married couple with or without their unmarried children living together. According to Burgess and Locke, Family is a group of person united by ties of marriage, blood or adoption constituting a single household interacting and intercommunicating with each other in their respective roles of husband and wife, father and mother, son and daughter, brother and sister creating a common culture.

Definition of Domestic Violence: Domestic violence is a type of abuse. It involves injuring someone usually a spouse or partner, but it can also be a parent, child or other family member. Domestic Violence is also called: Battery, Partner abuse, Spousal abuse.

Victims of Domestic Violence: Domestic violence is a serious problem. It is the most common cause of injury to women ages 15 to 44. Victims may suffer physical injuries such as bruises or broken bones. They may suffer emotionally from depression, anxiety or social isolation. Victims of domestic abuse or domestic violence may be men or women, although women are more commonly victimized. This abuse happens among heterosexual couples and in same-sex partnerships. Except for the gender it difference, domestic abuse doesnt discriminate. It happens within all age ranges, ethnic backgrounds, and financial levels. The abuse may occur during a relationship, while the couple is

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breaking up, or after the relationship has ended. Despite what many people believe, domestic violence is not due to the abusers loss of control over his behavior. In fact, violence is a deliberate choice made by the abuser in order to take control over his wife or partner.

2.1.2 Factors Contributing Domestic Violence Family violence is a complex problem, in which many different factors (individual, relationship & societal) play a role. Most experts in family violence field believe that partner violence is interfaced with inequalities & power imbalances in the society & the abusers are in a position of power over their victims. There are many predisposing factors that precipitate family violence. Among them are lacks of education, alcohol abuse, poverty, cultural restriction that induce family members to commit crimes. (Empowerment: A Journal of Women for Women, 2006) Figure 01: Factors of Domestic Violence Individual Factors Young Relationship Factors Marital conflict Marital instability Male dominance in the family Economic stress Poor family functioning

Age Heavy drinking Depression Personality disorders

Community Factors Weak community sanctions against domestic violence Poverty Low social capital

Social Factors Traditional gender role

Social norms supportive of violence

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2.2 Prior Researches and Theories 2.2.1 Researches in Global Perspectives British Crime Survey (BCS) provides trend information on the number of incidents of domestic violence against women since 1981. The BCS estimates that there were 635,000 incidents of domestic violence in 2001/2 (514,000 against women and 122, 00 against men). The British Crime Survey provides some trend information on the number of incidents of domestic violence for England and Wales. Wife abuse by husband is the most common type of domestic violence. The estimates of all the forms of violence (i.e. physical, sexual violence and psychological) against wives are very high both in urban and rural area with greater percentage of women urban area reporting physical and emotional violence.

(Source: A multi country study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against Women in Bangladesh conducted by ICDDR.B & WHO, 2002). Table 01: Number of BCS incidents of domestic violence, 1997 to 2001/02: BCS interviews England and Wales. 1997 1999 2000 2001/02 interviews Domestic Violence (Source: Table 6.06 of 'Crime in England and Wales 2001/02.) However, the context of the face-to-face BCS interview means the estimates are certain to be underestimates of the true extent because some respondents may be unwilling to reveal experience of domestic violence to interviewers. Results from the 1996 BCS self-completion module on domestic violence were published in Home Office Research Study No.191. 826 787 514 635 BCS

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National Health Service of USA found that among women, risks of domestic violence do not differ significantly by ethnic origin: about 4% of women of all ethnic groups said that they had been a victim of domestic violence in 1995. In 2009/10, 148 homicide victims were killed by their partner or ex-partner (116 women and 32 men). Over the last 5 years for which figures are available 111 women were indicted for killing their partner/ex partner. In some of these cases, there may have been a history of abuse by that partner. In a 1995-1996 study conducted in the 50 States and the District of Columbia, nearly 25% of women and 7.6% of men were raped and/or physically assaulted by a current or former spouse, cohabiting partner, or dating partner/acquaintance at some time in their lifetime (based on survey of 16,000 participants, equally male and female). An intimate partner annually in the United States physically assaults approximately 1.3 million women and 835,000 men. Intimate partner violence made up 20% of all nonfatal violent crime experienced by women in 2009.

Intimate partners committed 3% of the nonfatal violence against men. In 2009, 1,247 women and 440 men were killed by an intimate partner. In recent years, an intimate partner killed approximately 33% of female murder victims and 4% of male murder victims.

Access to firearms yields a more than five-fold increase in risk of intimate partner homicide when considering other factors of abuse, according to a recent study, suggesting that abusers who possess guns tend to inflict the most severe abuse on their partners.

Source: Jacquelyn C. Campbell et al., Risk Factors For Homicide in Abusive Relationships: Results from A Multi-Site Case Control Study, 93 Am. J. of Public Health 1089, 1092(2010)

According to U.S. Dep't of Justice the number of females shot and killed by their husband or intimate partner was more than three times higher than the total number murdered by male strangers using all weapons combined in single victim/single 8|Page

offender incidents in 2002. (Callie Marie Rennison, U.S. Dep't of Just. NCJ 197838, Bureau of Justice Statistics Crime Data Brief: Intimate Partner Violence, 1993-2001, at 1 (2003). According to the U.S. Department of Justice, between 1998 and 2002:

Of the almost 3.5 million violent crimes committed against family members, 49% of these were crimes against spouses.

84% of spouse abuse victims were females, and 86% of victims of dating partner abuse at were female.

Males were 83% of spouse murderers and 75% of dating partner murderers 50% of offenders in state prison for spousal abuse had killed their victims. Wives were more likely than husbands to be killed by their spouses: wives were about half of all spouses in the population in 2002, but 81% of all persons killed by their spouse.

(Source: Matthew R. Durose et al.; Family Violence Statistics, NCJ 207846, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Dep't of Just; 2005.)

Patricia Tjaden & Nancy Thoennes, U.S. Dep't of Justice found that Women are more likely to be victims of sexual violence than men: 78% of the victims of rape and sexual assault are women and 22% are men. Most perpetrators of sexual violence are men. Among acts of sexual violence committed against women since the age of 18, 100% of rapes, men perpetrated 92% of physical assaults, and 97% of stalking acts. Sexual violence against men is also mainly male violence: men perpetrated 70% of rapes, 86% of physical assaults, and 65% of stalking acts. In 8 out of 10 rape cases, the victim knows the perpetrator. Of people who report sexual violence, 64% of women and 16% of men were raped, physically assaulted, or stalked by an intimate partner. (Patricia Tjaden & Nancy Thoennes, U.S. Dep't of Just., NCJ 183781, Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Intimate 9|Page

Partner Violence Against Women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey, at iv (2000),

National Women Study, Canada 2000: A three-year longitudinal study of a national probability sample of 4,008 adult women (2,008 of whom represent a cross section of all adult women and 2,000 of whom are an over sample of younger women between the ages of 18 and 34), found:

13% of adult women had been victims of completed rape during their lifetime Someone they had never seen before or did not know well assaulted 22% of rape victims.

Husbands or ex-husbands raped 9% of victims. Fathers or stepfathers raped 11%. Boyfriends or ex-boyfriends raped 10%. Other relatives raped 16%. Other non-relatives, such as friends and neighbors, raped 29%.

National Cost of Domestic Violence Native Americans described the offender as an acquaintance in 34% of rapes/sexual assaults, and as the health-related costs of rape, physical assault, stalking, and homicide by intimate partners exceed $5.8 billion each year. Of this total, nearly $4.1 billion is for victims requiring direct medical and mental health care service. Lost productivity and earnings due to intimate partner violence accounts for almost $1.8 billion each year. Intimate partner violence victims lose nearly 8.0 million days of paid work each year - the equivalent of more than 32,000 full-time jobs and nearly 5.6 million days of household productivity.

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2.2.2 Major Study of Domestic Violence in Bangladesh Around the world, women suffer from poverty and discrimination more than men. However, the issue of poverty, even though it results from a lack of power, resources, and freedom, as well as poor health. Thus, of the many studies conducted by the Poverty and Health Programmed over the last year, we are highlighting this issue here. In cases of gender based violence - sexual abuse, rape, acid burns, trafficking, abandonment of women, threatening women, psychological violations are the key factors. A study of rape in an urban and a rural area of Bangladesh reported that 84 percent of the victims suffered severe injuries, unconsciousness, mental illness or even death. Victims of domestic abuse or domestic violence may be men or women, although women are more commonly victimized. This abuse happens among heterosexual couples and in same-sex partnerships. Except for the gender difference, domestic abuse doesnt discriminate. It happens within all age ranges, ethnic backgrounds, and financial levels. World Health Organization (WHO) in pursuance of its global role of technical leadership in health has been providing technical assistance to Bangladesh, ever since its birth as a sovereign nation in WHO conducted some studies on Violence against

Women (VAW) in Bangladesh in the last biennium, which had a good contribution in this area. WHO in Bangladesh also played a vital role in the dissemination of World Report on Violence and Health'' to focus this issue. The Programmed recently conducted a study to explore the amount of violence women face and the different forms it takes. It also considered (1) the factors that increase or decrease the risk of violence, (2) the health consequences of violence, and (3) the coping strategies used by abused women. To do this, researchers analyzed data from a survey of 2,702 women of reproductive age from an urban and a rural area. They also reviewed 28 in-depth interviews with women who had been physically abused by their husbands. The study also looked at how willing women were to admit that they had experienced abuse and to seek help. (WHO, Bangladesh 2001) A study found that their husbands had physically assaulted many of the women surveyed: 40% in the urban area studied and 41% in the rural area studied. About 19% of the women in both areas had experienced severe physical violence, which was 11 | P a g e

defined as being hit with a fist or object, kicked or dragged, beaten up, choked, burnt, or threatened/injured with a weapon or object of some kind. In addition, 19% of the women surveyed in the urban area, and 16% of those in the rural area, stated that their husbands had physically abused them during the previous 12 months. Furthermore, a large percentage of these abused women had been attacked repeatedly over that period. Multi-level analysis was used to identify the factors that made abuse most likely to occur. This revealed that, in both the urban and the rural area, a husband was more likely to abuse his wife if his father had abused his mother or if dowry demands had been made (as these reflect the familys attitude towards the bride). It also showed that the risk of violence fell when there was better communication between husband and wife and when the husband had been educated beyond tenth grade. In the urban area specifically, women whose fathers had abused their mothers were more likely to be abused in turn by their husbands. The risk of violence also increased when women were younger, and when they took part in savings and credit groups. In the urban area, husbands educated beyond the sixth grade were less likely to physically abuse their wives. In the rural area, income-earning by a woman increased the risk of violence. With regard to help-seeking patterns and whether or not women could get help, the study found that the majority (66%) of abused women had never told anyone that they were suffering abuse. The main reasons for their silence were (1) the fact that violence in marriage is commonly accepted by society, (2) a fear of social stigma, and (3) the fear that their husbands would become more violent if they found out. The survey showed that 60% of the urban women, and 51% of the rural women surveyed had never received any help. And, only 2% had ever sought help from institutional sources (such as local leaders, doctors or health workers, or the police). In fact, women approached these sources only when they could no longer endure the violence, or when it threatened their lives or the health of their children. Clearly, therefore, it is not enough simply to set up services for abused womenthe barriers which prevent women from accessing such services also need to be broken down.

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Works of ICDDRB and Naripokkho The major findings of the study were that 47 per cent of the women were beaten by their husbands in their lifetime and the prevalence of current abuse of women was 19 per cent in 1994. A different study by Steele and colleagues found the rate to be 32 per cent in another rural area of Bangladesh. The study included women from all socioeconomic strata but explored factors associated with abuse of women by the husband and in laws. However, the time period for abuse was not explicitly specified in this study. They reported that 42 per cent of the violence was perpetrated by the husband or the in-laws. The survey observed the rate of violence to be 61 percent in the urban areas of Bangladesh. In the study by Bhuiya and colleagues a higher prevalence for verbal abuse than physical abuse against women was observed. The study reported that 66.8 percent of women in the survey were verbally abused by their husbands and 23.7 per cent by other members of the family. In verbal abuse demeaning words were used only against the women in 70.9 per cent of the cases, and in 17.9 percent of the cases the abusive words were used against only the parents of the women. About 6.8 percent of the women in the study area were abused verbally on a daily basis, and for 37.8 percent the abuse was occasional. In frequent verbal abuse was suffered by 16.8 per cent of the women. In addition, it was observed that, during pregnancy, 37.9 percent of the women endured verbal abuse from husbands and 11.6 per cent from other members of the family. (By Tanya Wahed and Abbas Bhuyan named Battered Body Shattered Mind: A Study of Violence against Women ICDDRB, in 2007.) Works of BRAC, Bangladesh The findings reveal that after the International conference on population and development in Cairo and Womens conference in Beijing, much emphasis has been placed on violence issues in Bangladesh, particularly by the government and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). However, domestic violence and its impact on womens health were not addressed as a discrete issue at policy level. More importantly, the National Health Policy did not state clearly how violence against women would be addressed not to mention womens domestic violence. However, in 13 | P a g e

recent years the one stop crisis centre operating under the Ministry of Women and Child affairs had been in place in two tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh. The centre offered medical treatment for the immediate problems caused by domestic violence and also arranged legal and social supports for abused women through NGOs, but, they did not have any programs for violence prevention. Their communications with local NGOs allowed them to receive cases from far villages. Yet, reaching a population of 140 million through two State run centers raised questions about its effectiveness. Many NGOs relied on each other for linkages and partnerships to assist abused and vulnerable women, however, critical gaps existed in overall integrated coordination. The common barriers in this sector are: absence of governments concrete policies to address domestic violence and womens health; lack of understanding or sensitivity to the issue of gender based violence and how it affects womens health; insufficient laws tackling domestic violence; donor driven project; inadequate safety and security of victims and workers; limited communications between government and nongovernment agencies; lack of shelter homes; inadequate support for counseling; and lack of training and awareness of health providers, police, lawyers and other staff. It is crucial to have comprehensive understanding of the policy makers and planners about how domestic violence affects womens health, how gender inequity causes domestic violence and why it is important to address domestic violence in health policy. This will lead to better policies and strategies to improve the situation of womens health affected by domestic violence and facilitate abused women to receive appropriate legal and social support in Bangladesh.( BRAC introduce a project Challenges and Gaps in Addressing Domestic Violence in Bangladesh in 2005.)

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2.3 Theories There are many different theories as to the causes of domestic violence. These include psychological theories that consider personality traits and mental characteristics of the offender, as well as social theories which consider external factors in the offender's environment, such as family structure, stress, social learning. As with many phenomena regarding human experience, no single approach appears to cover all cases.

2.3.1 Feminist Theory Feminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical, or philosophical discourse, it aims to understand the nature of gender inequality. It examines women's social roles and lived experience, and feminist politics in a variety of fields, such as anthropology and sociology, psychoanalysis, economics, literary criticism, and philosophy. Humiliation, harassment, torture and exploitation of women are as old as is the history of family life. In India, women are way ahead of women elsewhere in the matter of social legislation but the implementation of laws granting rights to women has been so slow, lopsided and haphazard that socially, economically and politically women lag far behind men. They are discriminated against at work and are denied their due in every field. At home, they are often even worse off, reduced to being slavish drudges and maltreated in a hundred different ways. (Ahuja, Ram; 2000) Feminist Theory are classified in to three philosophical aspects (i) (ii) (iii) Marxist Feminism Radical Feminism Liberal feminism

Marxist Feminism The first group of writers can be described as Marxist feminists, who view gender inequality as stemming from the unequal power of men and women in a capitalist society. They view gender inequality as a function of the exploitation of females by fathers and husbands; women are considered as a "commodity" worth possessing, like land or money. The origin of gender differences can be traced to the development of private property and male domination over the laws of inheritance.

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Marxist feminists link criminal behavior patterns to the gender conflict created by the economic and social struggles common in post Industrial societies. James Messerschmitt' has made important contributions to understanding the roots of gender conflict. In Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Crime Messerschmitt argues that capitalist society is marked by both patriarchy and class conflict. Capitalists control the labor of workers, while men control women both economically and biologically. "Double

marginality" explains why females in a capitalist society commit fewer crimes than males: They are isolated in the family and have fewer opportunities to engage in elite deviance (white-collar and economic crimes), and they are also denied access to maledominated street crimes. For example, powerful males will commit white-collar crimes, as will powerful females. Marxist feminists view gender inequality as a function of the exploitation of females by fathers and husbands; women are considered a "commodity" worth possessing, like land or money. The origin of gender differences can be traced to the development of private property and male domination over the lags of inheritance. The abuse of young girls leads them into a life of petty crime, prostitution, and drug abuse even the female crime rate is restricted because of the patriarchal nature of the capitalist system. Since capitalism renders women powerless, they are forced to commit less serious, nonviolent, self-destructive crimes, such as abusing drugs. Powerlessness also increases the likelihood that women will become the target of violent acts. (Ahuja, Ram; 2000) Radical Feminism In contrast, radical feminists view the, cause of female crime as originating with the onset of male supremacy (patriarchy), the subsequent subordination of women, male aggression, and the efforts of men to control females sexually. They focus on the social forces that shape women's lives and experiences to explain female criminality. For example, radical feminists attempt to show how the sexual victimization of girls is a function of male socialization because so many young males learn to be aggressive and exploitive of women. Males seek out same-sex peer groups for social support and, find within them encouragement for the exploitation and sexual abuse of women. On college campuses, peers encourage sexual violence against women defined as "teasers," "pickups," or -sluts"; a code of secrecy then protects the aggressors from retribution. Sexual and physical exploitation triggers a reaction among young girls. They may run 16 | P a g e

away or abuse substances, which is labeled deviant or delinquent behavior. In a sense, the female criminal is a victim herself. (Ahuja, Ram; 2000) Liberal Feminism Liberal feminism asserts the equality of men and women through political and legal reform. It is an individualistic form of feminism theory, which focuses on womens ability to show and maintain their equality through their own actions and choices. Liberal feminism looks at the personal interactions of men and women as the starting ground from which to transform society into a more gender-equitable place. Liberal feminism tends to have a neutral vision towards different gender; it requires women to mold themselves to fit a citizenship that it perceived to have already been constructed in the welfare of certain men. Frequent criticisms of liberal feminism that suggest it overemphasizes equality, causing it to fail as a response to development of womens citizenship. According to liberal feminists, all women are capable of asserting their ability to achieve equality; therefore it is possible for change to happen without altering the structure of society. Issues important to liberal feminists include reproductive rights and abortion access, sexual harassment, voting, education, fair compensation for work, affordable childcare, affordable health care, and bringing to light the frequency of sexual and domestic violence against women. Susan Wendell, who is not a liberal feminist herself, proclaimed that contemporary liberal feminism is "committed to major economic re-organization and considerable redistribution of wealth, since one of the modern political goals most closely associated with liberal feminism is equality of opportunity which would undoubtedly require and lead to both." (Ahuja, Ram; 2000) 2.3.2 Psychological Theories Psychological theories focus on personality traits and mental characteristics of the offender. Personality traits include sudden bursts of anger, poor impulse control, and poor self esteem. Various theories suggest that psychopathology and other personality disorders are factors, and that abuse experienced as a child leads some people to be more violent as adults. Studies have found high incidence of psychopathy among abusers. Dutton has suggested a psychological profile of men who abuse their wives, arguing that they have borderline personalities (between psychotics and neurotics), 17 | P a g e

which are developed early in life. Gelles suggests that psychological theories are limited, and points out those other researchers have found that only 10% (or less) fit this psychological profile. He argues that social factors are important, while personality traits, mental illness, or psychopath are lesser factors. (Adler, Freda; 2006) 2.3.3 Resource Theory Resource theory was suggested by William Goode (1971). He viewed those Women who are most dependent on the spouse for economic well being. Having children to take care of, should she leave the marriage, increases the financial burden and makes it all the more difficult for women to leave. Dependency means that women have fewer options and few resources to help them cope with or change their spouse's behavior. Couples that share power equally experience lower incidence of conflict, and when conflict does arise, are less likely to resort to violence. If one spouse desires control and power in the relationship, the spouse may resort to abuse. This may include coercion and threats, intimidation, emotional abuse, economic abuse, isolation, making light of the situation and blaming the spouse, using children (threatening to take them away), and behaving as "master of the castle". (Ahuja, Ram; 2000) 2.3.4 Social Stress Theory Stress may be increased when a person is living in a family situation, with increased pressures. Social stresses, due to inadequate finances or other such problems in a family may further increase tensions. Violence is not always caused by stress, but may be one way that some (but not all) people respond to stress. Families and couples in poverty may be more likely to experience domestic violence, due to increased stress and conflicts about finances and other aspects. Some speculate that poverty may hinder a man's ability to live up to his idea of "successful manhood", thus he fears losing honor and respect. Theory suggests that when he is unable to economically support his wife, and maintain control, he may turn to misogyny, substance abuse, and crime as ways to express masculinity. (Adler, Freda; 2006)

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2.3.5 Social Learning Theory Social learning theory suggests that people learn from observing and modeling after others' behavior. With positive reinforcement, the behavior continues. If one observes violent behavior, one is more likely to imitate it. If there are no negative consequences (e.g. victim accepts the violence, with submission), then the behavior will likely continue. Oftentimes, violence is transmitted from generation to generation in a cyclical manner. (Ahuja, Ram; 2000) 2.3.6 Cycle of Violence The cycle of violence is a cyclic pattern that is common to many men who are abusive in their relationships, and has definite stages that are easily recognizable. When the man identifies these stages, it is often the beginning of the stages by which the man starts to understand his abusive behavior and violent behavior and begins to take responsibility for his actions. Recognition of this cycle by the woman can also be the time that she begins to understand that his behavior follows a definite cycle that is not and cannot be influenced by anything she may do. Domestic abuse falls into a common pattern, or cycle of violence: Figure 02: Cycle of violence

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Abuse The abuser lashes out with aggressive or violent behavior. The abuse

is a power play designed to show the victim "who is boss."

Guilt After the abusive episode, the abuser feels guilt, but not over what he's

done to the victim. The guilt is over the possibility of being caught and facing consequences.

Rationalization or excuses The abuser rationalizes what he's done. He may

come up with a string of excuses or blame the victim for his own abusive behavioranything to shift responsibility from himself.

"Normal" behavior The abuser does everything he can to regain control

and keep the victim in the relationship. He may act as if nothing has happened, or he may turn on the charm. This peaceful honeymoon phase may give the victim hope that the abuser has really changed this time.

Fantasy and planning The abuser begins to fantasize about abusing his

victim again, spending a lot of time thinking about what she's done wrong and how he'll make her pay. Then he makes a plan for turning the fantasy of abuse into reality.

Set-up The abuser sets up the victim and puts his plan in motion, creating a

situation where he can justify abusing her.

Each of the stages has unpredictable lengths of time, with many variations in time and frequency.
Stage One: Build up

The man experiences a build up of tension, is preoccupied by his own view of the world, has an exaggerated sense of entitlement, avoids social and emotional circumstances, relies on others to meet his every need, blames others and circumstances, is full of righteous indignation with beliefs about how the world should, ought and must be, engages in self intoxicating thoughts and beliefs.

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This stage escalates regardless of external circumstances, and is independent of his partners behavior.
Stage Two: Explosion

This is the most dangerous stage and can involve criminal assault, terrorizing, verbal abuse, serious threats and property damage. The man feels enraged and believes he is out of control; the episode can be brief or escalate over hours. Most men describe this stage as being out of his control; however, the violence is often in a context that has strong elements of choice and control. When the abusive and/or violent episode is closely examined the man is likely to recognize that it takes place usually within the home and has in fact been controlled, evidenced sometimes, by the parts of his partners body that he targets.
Stage Three: Regret and remorse

At this stage in the cycle the man experiences and expresses feelings of remorse, helplessness or guilt, whilst often at the same time blaming his partner or circumstances as he looks for why this happened and who is at fault, he generally accepts no responsibility for his own behavior. The man has resolved nothing by his remorse. His language and behavior seem so unrelated to his violent behavior that it is confusing for his partner. She wants to believe that he has changed. The Woman may try to cover her distress and fear, accept his promises and forgive him in the hope that things will improve. Characteristically after a short time the man begins his own self-defeating thought processes and engages in tactics of abuse to maintain control moving back into build up stage and the escalation of his behavior. Some women leave their partner during the cycle of violence. It is possible to anticipate the way the man is likely to respond. Although the behaviors described may appear genuine, they are manipulative and intended to blame, obligate or frighten the Woman into doing what the man wants. This is a time of danger for women and also can be a time of confusion, as many women want to believe his promises of change.

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The man may respond to his partner leaving him, in one of three distinct sets of behaviors. It is possible for the man to engage in all three forms, it is also possible during one conversation for him to move through each pursuit. The main objective of his pursuit is to have others do something to reduce his own sense of desperation immediately. His behavior at this time is part of the pattern of violence and not a move out of his cycle of violence.
2.3.7 Power and control wheel

Questions of power and control are integral to the widely accepted Duluth Domestic Abuse Intervention Project. They developed "Power and Control Wheel" to illustrate this: it has power and control at the center, surrounded by spokes (techniques used), the titles of which include: 1. Coercion and threats 2. Intimidation 3. Emotional abuse 4. Isolation 5. Minimizing, denying and blaming 6. Using children 7. Economic abuse 8. Male privilege The model attempts to address abuse by one-sidedly challenging the misuse of power by the 'perpetrator'.

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2.4 Conceptual Framework Figure 03: Conceptual Model of the Study

Domestic Violence

Domestic violence (when punishable under law)

Causes

Effect

Family Factor Social Factor Individual Factor Psychological Factor

Physical Damage

Mental Sufferings

Social Degradation

Reporting Behavior

Report

Do not report

Charged

Acquitted

Convicted

Under trial

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CHAPTER-03

3.1 Sampling

As the population size is unknown here, sampling frame and unit is unknown. Thus the sample respondents determined through Purposive Sampling (non-probability sampling). Sample Size (n) of this work is 70. Thus it is an explorative descriptive study.

3.2 Data Source

To carry out the study primary and secondary data sources was used. Primary information was collected from inhabitant of Kola and BaroBazar UPs, local planners and experts. Secondary information was collected from reports, policy papers, database, project papers, and internet through literature review.

3.3 Data Collection Survey: The present study employs sample survey involving personal interviewing

mainly to collect primary data from the inhabitant of Kola and BaroBazar UPs of
Kaliganj Upazilla. Interview schedule was used face to face interview through

questionnaire for the survey. Report was built up to avoid bias and get objective and reliable information. For feasibility of the interview guide pre test was conducted through pilot survey.
Key Informant Interview: The present study got primary information from the

knowledgeable people from plain area and also from the local government and law enforcement agency.
Researcher Observation: Non-participant observation by the researcher will be used.

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3.4 Data Analysis:

The collected data was tabulated after cross checking by MS Excel. Then the data was codified and analyzed by using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science).The result presented through percentage and graphic forms.
Data Analysis Tools

Percentage, frequencies, bar charts, pie charts, histogram etc. are used as data analysis tools.

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CHAPTER-04
4.1 Research Findings and Analysis Major Findings of the Study are Interpreting Below:

The study reveals that, most of the respondents (30 percent) are of 16-20 age limits followed by 24 percent from 21-25 age limits. Because most of the victim carrying reproductive age limits. Sometimes women are victimizing in the pregnancy period. Younger ages are preferable to the victimizer of domestic violence. Physical and psychological immaturity is responsible for not protesting against violence.

Figure 04: Age group of the respondent

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The study found that, most of the respondents (more than 91 percent) are female. Although males are victimized in few numbers are mostly child. Male dominating

society is the main cause of domestic violence against women.

Figure 05: Sex of the Respondent (Percentage)

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The study shows that most of the respondents (more than 31 percent) either have no year of schooling or have primary education only followed by about 29 percent respondent have completed secondary level education. Poor education is another cause of domestic violence. Victims are not aware of victimizing because of poor education.

Table 02: Education Level of the Respondent

Frequency No year of schooling Primary Secondary Higher Secondary Graduation Total 22 22 20 2 4 70

Percent 31.4 31.4 28.6 2.9 5.7 100.0

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The study reveals that, most of the respondents (about 63 percent) income level is 02000 BDT. Poverty is one of the important causes of domestic violence. Poor people of our country often thought that dowry may be a source of income in time of marriage. But the maternal family of women cannot pay it because of poverty. Such situation makes family quarrels which makes violence.

Table 03: Income level of the Respondent

Frequency 0-2000 2001-4000 4001-6000 6001-8000 Above 8000 Total 44 6 4 11 5 70

Percent 62.9 8.6 5.7 15.7 7.1 100.0

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The study found that, most of the respondents (about 86 percent) are primary crime victim. Secondary victim refers who are not directly victimized by domestic violence but have negative psychological impact on the victim e.g. child, neighbors wife etc.

Figure 06: Type of Victimization Experienced by the Respondents (Percentage)

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The study shows that, mostly (more than 44 percent) domestic violence occurs in father in laws home (joint family) followed by about 26 percent domestic violence occurs in husbands home (nuclear family).Most of the time the family members of husband inspires him to behave violently with his wives. It also seems a sign of masculinity.

Figure 07: Place of Occurrence of Domestic Violence (Percentage)

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The study revealed that, most of the offense (more than 37 percent) occurs from 07 a.m. to 12 p.m. followed by more than 34 percent domestic violence occurs from 06 p.m. to 10 p.m. In those specific periods of time the male member of the family goes out for work or comes after finishing work. Here time is linearly associated with the cause and psychological state of victimizer. Poverty and other problems are usually discussed by the respondents in this time of period. So, it is considered vulnerable period of time for domestic violence to the victims.

Figure 08: Time of Occurrence of Domestic Violence (Percentage)

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The study found that, in most of the cases (more than 27 percent) the victimizer/offender is both father and/or mother in law and husband followed by both father and/or mother in law and brother and/or sister in law (20 percent). The offender of domestic violence most of the time gets the support of family members.

Figure 09: Type of Victimizer (Percentage)

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The study shows that, in most of the offenses (50 percent) victims are wife. Other member of the family may be a victim of domestic violence when other factor works like land disputes, family rivals, conspiracy, extra marital affairs etc.

Figure 10: Type of Victim (Percentage)

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The study revealed that, most of the domestic violence (more than 31 percent) occurs for dowry followed by intentionally created situation by the husband or his family members (about 19 percent). Sometimes domestic violence becomes a situational factor. Different causes are associated with domestic violence.

Figure 11: Cause of Victimization (Percentage)

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The study found that, most of the offense (more than 41 percent) are physical assault followed by more than 21 percent cases occur women and child trafficking or forced labor. Domestic violence is not treated as violence usually. A small amount of physical abuse is not treating as violence even to the victim. Mental torture and verbal abuse is most common happenings.

Figure 12: Type of Offense (Percentage)

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The study shows that, in most cases (about 36 percent) victim of domestic violence faces both physical and mental loss and injury after victimization followed by in more than 24 percent cases, victim face social loss. They also suffered in trauma and sometimes be frustrated to family life. This trend of violence goes to the next generation as a culture of traditional society. Society accepts the abuser but not the victims. It seems to be guilt of victim by assessing the rationality of choosing her unlike other wives. Most of the time divorce or separations are not treated as the right of wives. The victims of domestic violence are mostly suffering in fear of social degradation.

Table 04: Type of Loss Faced by Victim after Victimization

Type of loss faced by victim Physical Mental Both physical and mental Social Total

Frequency 13 15 25 17 70

Percent 18.6 21.4 35.7 24.3 100.0

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The study revealed that, most of the domestic violence (80 percent) is not reported. Because sometimes victims are irritating to report against family member or sometimes have fear for more victimization. They are also confused about the benefit of reporting.

Table 05: Reporting behavior of the respondent

Status of Reporting Reported Not reported Total

Frequency 14 56 70

Percent 20.0 80.0 100.0

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The study found that, most of the domestic violence (about 36 percent) is not reported because of fear followed by because of insolvency (more than 30 percent).So, it is necessary to take steps to avoid obstacles to reporting. Sometimes society does not help. Sometimes police considers the case fake or ignore the women issues. So, it is necessary to build women friendly legal and social authority to help the poor women to get them into justice.

Table 06: Cause of not Reporting to the Police

Cause of not reporting Because of fear Because of insolvency Because society did not help Police did not receive the case Total

Frequency 20 17 14 5 56

Percent 35.714 30.357 25 8.92 100.0

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The study shows that, in most of the reported domestic violence (more than 57 percent) police did not apprehend and prosecuted the offender. Those were negotiated by restorative justice. Corruption of police is the main cause injustice in case of domestic violence. Besides due process of justice system increases the cost which cant be maintained by the poor people.

Table 07: Police Apprehend and Prosecution against Offender after Reporting

Frequency Apprehended the offender and prosecuted Did not apprehend the offender (negotiated by restorative justice) Total 6 8 14

Percent 42.857 57.142 100.0

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The study revealed that, most of the respondents (about 46 percent) gave emphasis on strict law enforcement and legislative administration to reduce domestic violence followed by public awareness rising (30 percent). Poverty of women and male dominated mentality of the society is also responsible for domestic violence.

Figure 13: Suggestions to Reduce Domestic Violence (Percentage)

The study found that, low age group respondents i.e. age limit 11-15 years become victim of physical assault mostly (more than 57 percent) followed by age limit 16-20 years (more than 52 percent). More than 52 percent 30+ age limit respondents become victim of mental torture. Because younger people are weak in health condition and become an easier target of victimization. Table is on the next page41 | P a g e

Table 08: Type of Offense by Age Group of the Respondent Age group of the respondent

Type of Offense

Above 11-15 16-20 11 52.4% 0 21-25 6 35.3% 3 26-30 2 18.2% 6 30 2 28.6% 4 Total 29 41.4% 15

Physical Assault Mental Torture

Frequency Percentage Frequency

8 57.1% 2

Percentage

14.3%

.0%

17.6%

54.5%

57.1%

21.4%

Attempt to Murder

Frequency Percentage

3 21.4%

2 9.5%

0 .0%

0 .0%

0 .0%

5 7.1%

Burn

Frequency

Percentage Child abuse Frequency

.0% 1

19.0% 3

5.9% 2

.0% 2

.0% 0

7.1% 8

Percentage Women/ child trafficking Percentage Frequency

7.1% 0

14.3% 1

11.8% 5

18.2% 1

.0% 1

11.4% 8

.0%

4.8%

29.4%

9.1%

14.3%

11.4%

Total

Frequency

14

21

17

11

70

Percentage

100.0 %

100.0 %

100.0 %

100.0 %

100.0 %

100.0 %

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The study shows that, most of the female respondents of the study (90 percent) become primary victim of domestic violence.

Table 09: Sex of the Respondent by Type of Victimization Experienced by the Respondent

Type of Victimization experienced by the Respondent Percentage Primary Sex of the Respondent Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage Total Male Female Total 6 54 60 10 90 100 0 10 10 0 100 100 6 64 70 8.6 91.4 100 Secondary

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The study revealed that, in most of the reported domestic violence (more than 57 percent) police do not apprehend and prosecute the offender. In the case of domestic violence law enforcement is highly inactive.

Table 10: Police Apprehended and Prosecution by Reported Crime

Whether Police Apprehended and prosecuted the offender or not after reporting

Reported crime

Frequency Apprehended the offender and prosecuted Did not apprehend the offender Total 6 8 14

Percentage

42.9 57.1 100

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The study found that, in more than 83 percent case, the apprehended and prosecuted offender of domestic violence by Police is also charged by the court. Only serious cases are charged by the police. So, the apprehension and prosecution rate of police has a greater significance in case of justice to the victims of domestic violence.

Table 11: Rate of Charge in Court by Police Apprehend and Prosecution after Reporting against Offender

Apprehended the offender and prosecuted Whether offender was charged by the Court or not Frequency Charged Not charged Total 5 1 6 Percentage 83.3 16.7 100

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The study shows that, in most cases (60 percent) the domestic violence offender against whom charge formulated are not convicted by the court. Sometimes victims cannot afford the expenses and the offender may release. Our society always works in support of males, even for offenders. Family maintain the expenses to release the offender(male) but does not maintain the cost of judiciary to give justice to the victims(female).This type of approaches can never ensure legal or social justice to women.

Table 12: Rate of Convicted by Rate of Charged by the Court

Whether offender was charged by the Whether offender was convicted by the Court or not Court or not charged

Frequency Convicted Not convicted Total 2 3 5

Percentage 40 60 100

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CHAPTER-05
5.1 Conclusion

The study Causes and Consequences of Domestic Violence: A Study in Kaliganj

Upazilla analyzes the socio-demographic characteristics of victim of domestic

violence, types of domestic violence, causes of domestic violence, victim offender relationship, post traumatic stress disorder of domestic violence, reporting behavior to the police of domestic violence and police response to domestic violence. The study includes all over Kaliganj Upazilla by selected sample area Kola and BaroBazar Union Parishad. The study found that, most of the respondents (about 86 percent) are primary crime victim. The study shows that, mostly (more than 44 percent) domestic violence occurs in father in laws home (joint family) followed by about 26 percent domestic violence occurs in husbands home (nuclear family). The study revealed that, most of the offense (more than 37 percent) occurs from 07 a.m. to 12 p.m. followed by more than 34 percent domestic violence occurs from 06 p.m. to 10 p.m. The study found that, in most of the cases (more than 27 percent) the victimizer/offender is both father and/or mother in law and husband followed by both father and/or mother in law and brother and/or sister in law (20 percent). The study shows that, in most of the offenses (50 percent) victims are wife. The study revealed that, most of the domestic violence (more than 31 percent) occurs for dowry followed by intentionally created situation by the husband or his family members (about 19 percent). The study found that, most of the offense (more than 41 percent) are physical assault followed by more than 21 percent cases occur physical torture. The study shows that, in most cases (about 36 percent) victim of domestic violence faces both physical and mental loss and injury after victimization followed by in more than 24 percent cases, victim face social loss. The study revealed that, most of the domestic violence (80 percent) is not reported. The study found that, most of the domestic violence (about 29 percent) is not reported because of fear followed by because of insolvency (more than 24 percent). The study shows that, in most of the reported domestic violence (more than 11 percent) police did not apprehend and prosecuted the offender. Those were negotiated by restorative justice. The study revealed that, most of the respondents (about 46 percent) gave emphasis on strict law enforcement and legislative administration to reduce domestic violence followed by public awareness rising (30 percent). 47 | P a g e

5.2 Recommendations

There are many legislature relating to women rights. There are different tribunals called Nari Nirjaton Tribunal and Family Court. A new law introduced Domestic Violence Control Act, 2010 But to give proper justice to poorer women proper implementation of those laws are necessary. Women empowerment is also an important factor to reduce domestic violence. More employment of women can decrease poverty rate which might be an

encouraging factor of violence. Proper education of women can aware them about their rights. Education of parents is also important to understand the problem of marrying their children with the man of improper environment. Social environment has to have positive outlook to women .Therefore negligence towards women will be reduced. Family is the basic institution of the society. So, the issue of domestic violence cannot be ignored. Negotiation of family members can resolve the problem.

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References: Books and Journals:

1. A multi country study on Women's Health and Domestic Violence against

Women in Bangladesh conducted by ICDDR.B & WHO, 2002.

2. Adler, Freda; Criminology and the criminal justice system (5th edition); McGraw Hill publication; 2006. 3. Ahuja, Ram; Sociological Criminology, New Age Intl (P) Ltd Publishers, New Delhi, 2000. 4. Anastasia J. Gage and Paul L. Hutchinson; Archives of Sexual Behavior,
Power, Control and Intimate Partner Sexual Violence in Haiti; February

2006. 5. British Crime Survey, 2000. 6. Callie Marie Rennison; Crime Data Brief: Intimate Partner Violence, 19932001, U.S. Dep't of Justice, NCJ 197838, Bureau of Justice Statistics, at 1

(2003). 7. Challenges and Gaps in Addressing Domestic Violence in Bangladesh; BRAC; 2005. 8. Edward W. Gondolf and Oliver J Williams; Trauma, Violence and Abuse: A
Review Journal, University of Pennsylvania; 2001.

9. Jacquelyn C. Campbell et al., Risk Factors for Homicide in Abusive

Relationships: Results from A Multi-Site Case Control Study, 93 Am. J. of

Public Health 1089, 1092 (2003). 10. Matthew R. Durose et al.; Family Violence Statistics, NCJ 207846, Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Dep't of Just; 2005.
11. National Women Study, Canada; 2000.

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12. Patricia Tjaden & Nancy Thoennes, Stalking in America; U.S. Dep't of Justice, NCJ 169592,; National Violence against Women Survey (1998). 13. Patricia Tjaden & Nancy Thoennes, U.S. Dep't of Just., NCJ 183781, Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Intimate Partner
Violence Against Women: Findings from the National Violence Against Women Survey, at iv (2000).

14. Schaefer, Richard T; Sociology (11th edition), McGraw Hill publication; 2008. 15. Stalking and Domestic Violence: A Report to Congress (2001); Violence against Women Office, U.S. Dep't of Justice, NCJ 186157. 16. Tanya Wahed and Abbas Bhuyan; Battered Body Shattered Mind: A Study
of Violence against Women; ICDDRB in 2007.

17. Woman abuse: the construction of gender in women and mens narratives of
violence, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, 2007.

18. Women Health Issues; Findings: Angry Wives and Abusive Husbands:
Relationship between Domestic Violence and Psychological Variable in

2008.

Web Sources:

1. http://ncsmc.org.au/wsas/violence_and_abuse/definition_of_domestic_violence. htm 2. https://centre.icddrb.org/pub/publication.jsp?classificationID=46&pubID=7575 3. http://www.ceunit.com/ceus-PartnerAbuseAssessmentandIntervention 4. http://in.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20111016235202AAAq05H 5. http://www.americanbar.org/groups/domestic_violence/resources/statistics.html 6. http://www.scribd.com/doc/16173550/UNIT-1-SOCIAL-STRATIFICATION 7. http://www.sagepub.com/upm-data/2989_10TVA01.pdf 8. http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/hagemann/CulturallyFocusedBattererCounselingFo rAfricanAmericanMen.pdf

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APPENDIX: QUESTIONNAIRE

CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: A STUDY IN KALIGANJ UPAZILLA, BANGLADESH.

1. Sample no: 2. Age: 3. Age group: 4. Sex:

1.11-15 2.16-20 3.21-25 4.26-30 5.Above 30

1.Male 2.Female 0.No year of schooling 1.Primary 2.Secondary 3.Higher secondary

5. Education:

4.Graduation
6. Income: 7. Income level: 1.0-2000 2.2001-4000 3.4001-6000 4.6001-8000 5.Above 8000 8. Marital status:

1.Married 2.Unmarried 3.Divorced.

9. What was the place of occurrence? 1. Father in laws house 2.Husbands house

3. Outside of the home 3.Bus terminal \Railway station 5.Slum area

10. What was the time of occurrence?

1. 7 am 12 pm 2.1 pm-5pm

3.6 pm-10pm 4.After 10 pm-dawns.

11. Who was the victimizer? 1. Husband 2.Wife 3.Father\Mother in law 4.Brother \

Sister in law 5.Brother \Sister 6.Son \Daughter in law 7.Both husband and father or mother in law 8.Both father or mother in law and sister or brother in law.
12. Who was the victim?

1. Husband 2.Wife 3.Father\Mother in law

4.Brother \ Sister in law 5.Brother \Sister 6.Son \Daughter in law

13. What was the reason for victimizing in domestic violence? 1.In a sudden panic

situation 2.Intentionally created situation 3.For dowry 4.Victim for conspiracy 5. For land \property dispute 6.They are habitual or instinctive victimizers
14. What type offense was you victimized?

1. Rape 2.Physical assault

3. Mental torture 4.Attempt to murder 5.Burn 6.Child abuse 6.Women \child trafficking
15. If victim was raped, by whom she was raped?

1. Husband 2.Brother in

law 3.Father in law 4.Any other person or relatives.

16. If victim was burn, by which substances she was burn?1. Acid 2.Kerosine 3.Fire 17. What type of loss you faced after victimization?

1. Physical 2.Mental

3.Both physical and mental 4.Social 51 | P a g e

18. If physical loss, what was the tool used for torture?

1. By hand 2.By stick

\broom 3.By sharp weapon.

19.If mental loss, how long the mental loss last?

1.1-6 months 2.6

months-1 years 3.More than 1 year.

20. If social loss, how much social degradation you face?

1. Separated

from others 2.Could not get married 3.Can not go out because of abnormal face 4.Insulted by the family members.
21. Did you report about the incident to the police? 22. If no, why you did not report?

1. Yes 2.No

1. Because of fear 2.Because of

insolvency 3.Because of society did not help 4.Police did not receive the case.
23. If yes, did police apprehend the offender and send to the court?

0. Not

applicable 1.Yes 2.No.

24. Was the victimizer charged in the court? 25. Was the victimizer convicted by the court?

0N\A 1.Yes 2.No. 0N\A 1.Yes 2.No. 1.Strict law

26. Do you have any suggestion to reduce domestic violence?

enforcement 2.Legislative administration 3.Public awareness raising 4.Women empowerment.

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