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John Adams o First president not to be re-elected o Adams & Jefferson didnt like to talk about their presidency (miserable time for them) o Harvard educated, but insecure & humble. o In first few months, Adams was very pretentious, believed himself to be royalty, kingly, didnt listen to council, and prone to anger. Poor management styles. Didnt get along with others. o Two events highlight his presidency: Best decision: XYZ Affair, Americans impressed (ships) by French Did well to not give into pressure to go to war Firm in reaching peaceful resolution Worst decision: Alien & Sedition Acts In response to verbal attacks and criticisms of his presidency, he passed Sedition Acts, which made it crime to criticize govt officials o Father of American Navy o Very bitter after losing re-election. Jefferson (R) Elected 1801 Serves two terms, pretty popular Election is controversial running mate is Aaron Burr o Alexander Hamilton gives his vote to Jefferson o Hammy hates Jefferson, but hated Aaron Burr even more o Burr became VP o Burr & Hammy liked to boink around, went to whorehouses. Most whores back then were refined, educated women They talkin smack about each other 12th Amendment: Separate ballot for President and Vice President Jefferson believes The lighter you are, the better you are o Eg. If youre Native American, youre better than black. o Jefferson and Sally Hemings lovers for 37 years, probably had 6 children. Jefferson as President Jefferson has idealized version of America believes we all should be farmers. Govt was a necessary evil. o Disliked Hammys desire to centralize govt & pro-Brit tude o Thought human beings basically selfish o Believed in democracy o Worried about being a debtor nation, hated banks Against entangling alliances Promises to pay off national debt, stimulated agriculture + commerce o Repealed Whiskey tax, & Alien & Sedition Acts o Cut military & navy expenditures to balance budgets o Had stag parties to get to know congressmen personally, not very formal, non-partisan o Didnt deliver State of the Union addresses Attack on the Judiciary o Jeffy hated kings, British system of govt o Judiciary Act of 1801 Repealed by Jeffy 6 new courts, presided over 16 fed judgest Federalists shamelessly appointed partisan politicians. Jeff pissed; held # of appointments for Justices of the Peace o Marbury v. Madison (1803) SC ruling that declared Judiciary Act of 1789 unconstitutional; gave SC power of judicial review, which means SC can declare any federal law (passed by Congress/Prez) unconsitutional

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This case resulted from a petition to the Supreme Court by William Marbury, who had been appointed as Justice of the Peace in the District of Columbia by President John Adams shortly before leaving office, but whose commission was not delivered as required by John Marshall, Adams' Secretary of State. When Thomas Jefferson assumed office, he ordered the new Secretary of State, James Madison, to withhold Marbury's and several other men's commissions. Being unable to assume the appointed offices without the commission documents, Marbury and three others petitioned the Court to force Madison to deliver the commission to Marbury. The Supreme Court denied Marbury's petition, holding that the statute upon which he based his claim was unconstitutional. Chief Justice John Marshall ruled:

By right, Marbury should have his commission Court cant require Sec. of State James Madison to give it to Marshall since request was based on unconstitutional clause of Judiciary Act. Gave court power to invalidate federal laws deemed unconstitutional Jefferson decided to press for impeachment of some of the more partisan federal judges Senate easily removed District Judge John Pickering Went after associate Supreme Court justice Samuel Chase who had been high handed in handling Sedition Act casesacquitted

Barbary Pirates o Treaty of Amiens (1802) temporarily ended hostilities b/w France & UK during French Revolutionary Wars o N. African Arabs kidnapped ships/crew for ransom o Europeans & American paid them annual protection o Pasha of Tripoli raised rates Jeff: F--- YOU Pasha: BRACE YOURSELVES WAR COMETH! Jeff: Come at me bro! Dispatched squadron. Pirates underwhelmed, USS Phil burned Payment of tribute continued to 1815, but Pasha later agreed to new treaty more favorable to US Louisiana Purchase (1803) o Treaty of San Ildefonso: Spain gave Louisiana to France Napoleon wanted Louisiana for West Indian sugar plantations o Jeff worried about Napoleons plans Shortys plans undermined by rebellion in St. Domingue (Haiti) led by Toussaint LOuverture St. Dom granted freedom in 1793, defeated French by 1801 o Jeff wanted to buy New Orleans Spanish (hadnt yet turned over New Orleans) revoked Americans right of deposit Monroe sent offer of $10 million for New Orleans After French force sent to Haiti gets owned by yellow fever, Napoleon re-strategizes esp. now intending to invade England Foreign Minister Tallyrand to sell all of Louisiana for $15 million The Federalists Discredited o West & South love Jeff for Purchase Some New Englanders form Essex Junto to create separate northern confederacy Wanted Aaron Burr for govna, lost. Hammy be hatin & dissin Burr during campaign. Duel ended Hammys life (1804) Lewis & Clark (1804-06) o Sent by Jeff to explore Louisiana Territory, establish relations with Indians o Started in St. Louis (1804) w/ 48 men headed toward Pacific Accompanied by Sacajawea & hubby By 1812, 75,000 people were in southern section of purchase, admitted as Louisiana

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Napoleon & the British o Napoleons warfare in Europe boosted American economy (shipbuilding) o Balance in Europe (1807) Brits controlled seas Nappy controlled continent o Commercial Warfare Berlin Decree (1806): Nappy prohibits trade with Great Britain Orders in Council: Britain blockades ports from foreign vessels unless they stop in England & pay duties Milan Degree: Nappy say any vessel submitted to Bri search was Brit property & subjected to seizure The Impressment Controversy o Impressment: Policy whereby Britain forced people to serve in its navy. Impressment of sailors on neutral vessels during Napoleonic Wars outraged Americans; major cause of War of 1812 o Brit Law: any able-bodied subject could be drafted by Royal Navy Could stop & impress Brit subjects Denied naturalization rights for Americans Once British, always British o British sailors prefer working with US merchant marine due to better conditions Some Royal Navy deserters o US govt says, You can impress your own, but not Americans of sailors removed from US ships (1803-12) were Americans Brits returned those who could prove citizenship The Embargo Act o 1803-07: Brits seized 500+ US ships; Napoleon seized 200+ o June 22, 07: USS Chesapeake stopped by HMS Leopard When refused to hand over 4 deserters, USS got fired one, 3 sailors killed Attack was violation of international law o Jeff orders Brit ships out of US waters, pass Embargo Act (1807) Prohibits all American exports Hoped negative effects on US economy would be offset by pressuring Britain & France (who were at war with each other) to moderate policies by withholding US goods o Huge losses for maritime industry Mass-owned ships stop earning $15+ million Exports fall ($108 Mil); Imports fall ($138 Mil) o Other effects: Prices of farm & manufactured goods react violently, seamen unemployed, merchants business flop o Attempts to circumvent: Smuggle goods to Canada, ship out to see before embargo in place Claim distress & having to land in foreign ports Juries failed to convict those charged with violating act o Non-Intercourse Act Forbade trade only with Britain & France, though POTUS can restart trade with either if country stopped violating American rights Jeffersonian Democracy o Fears of rule by Republicans will result in French style revolution calmed o Achieved prosperity without expense of personal liberties Order w/o discipline Security w/o military establishment Prosperity w/o regulatory legislation Freedom w/o license

Peaceful times, only few economic spats