NATURE AND SCOPE OF POLITICAL SCIENCE Politics o Science of civil government o Political affairs in a party sense o Art of governing

ng other people o Derived from Greek word Polis City state o Process by which groups of people make decisions o Consists of social relations involving authority or power o This study dates back to the ancient Greeks Political Science o Social science concerned chiefly with the description and analysis of political especially governmental institutions and processes o Evolved from the following fields: History Philosophy Law Economics o Recent development of study Trends of Politics o EARLY

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NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI separated politics & religion in the 15th century when the subject matter and methods of political science changed CHARLES DARWIN exerted powerful influence on political science through his Theory of Evolution where biology reinforced history in the study of political institutions

Middle Ages church dominated the state and its public policies Platonian political thinking based on values (philosophical) rather than facts (scientific) PLATO Father of Political Philosophy ARISTOTLE Father of Political Science man by nature is a political animal everyone is a politician Ethics and politics are closely linked A truly ethical life can be lived if one participates in politics One must involve in political interaction in the state to be able to attain the highest form of social life and maximize ones capabilities JEAN BODIN French lawyer and political philosopher Coined the term political science or science politique BARON DE MONTESQUIEU French philosopher and social commentator Said that functions of the govt can be achieved with the ff. categories: o Legislation o Execution o Adjudication (settling through judicial means) of the law

Modern Trends o Renaissance period where the interest in Greek and Roman political philosophies were revived and the power of the Church was overthrown o Influenced by the discoveries and theories of Isaac Newton Rene Descartes o Sociology prompted political scientists to give more attention to the impact on government of social forces

The Study Matter of Political Science o Political Philosophy Study of fundamental question about the state, govt, politics, property, liberty, rights, law, justice & enforcement of legal code by authority Every political act implies some underlying political value Values must stand or fall according to self-evidence 3 central concerns: Political economy property rights are defined & access to capital is regulated Demands of justice in distribution & punishment Evidence that determine judgments in law o Executive Process Holds instruments of war and peace Exercises sweeping control over nations economy Responsible for ranking and filing citizens Controls departments and agencies of govt o Judicial and Legal Process Covers study of constitutions, laws, rights and their implementation by other branches Development and application of the law o Legislative Politics Process of making law in terms of clash of interest in and out the legislative arena Power distribution and law-making Monitors operations of executive agencies and maintains political responsibility of administrators to rankand-file citizens through elected representatives o Administrative Organization and Behavior Study of administrators at all levels of the bureaucratic hierarchy Pattern of behavior that coincides w/a particular administrative role, responsibility and personality Affects all forms of social organization who are brought together for a collective purpose o Political Parties and Interest Groups Create policies and provide framework for opposition Creates leadership, membership, strategies and tactics for influencing the public o Voting and Public Opinion mind of public attitudes, opinions and beliefs of citizens Voters can be oriented more toward issues and personality of candidates Votes expressions of long standing loyalty to a certain party Public opinion has depended heavily on the sophistication of the science and art of survey research o Comparative Politics -

Political scientists are able to clarify generalizations about political systems because of comparisons to other political systems Understands and identifies characteristics that may be universal to the political process o International Politics Focuses on resources that help explain differences in distribution of international power Concerned more with output than input dimension of political system o Political Development Concerned with effects of urbanization and economic development on political organization and behavior All societies may be understood in the process of political development o Political Theory and Methodology A theory can be tested empirically and consists of propositions that are expressed hypothetically Development of new types of data has coincided w/popularization of new analytical techniques: Content analysis Factor analysis Regression analysis Systems theory and Structural Functionalism call attention to various ways in which all societies organize and carry out political processes Uses of Political Science o Enables people to understand society and how it works o Creates a more tolerant and nonjudgmental citizen mind o Leads to a whole range of jobs, opportunities and future investments o to be able to understand the Philippine context as it relates to the globe o to be a socially responsible citizen

Government: the state being an ideal person, intangible, invisible, and immutable, needs a government as its agent o Power of of the state (sovereignty): the supreme power of the state by virtue of which it can command and enforce obedience to its will from people within its jurisdiction and being supreme, is not subject to outside control Difference between state and government: permanence of the state over time o The personnel and institutions of the state fulfill their roles on a more permanent basis than the politicians who form the government of the day State: self-governing political entity o Can be used interchangeably with country Nation: culture o Tightly-knit group of people which share a common culture State : political :: nation : cultural Theories of the States origin The Divine Right Theory o The development of kingship of the ancient Hebrews, who were also military leaders, brought about the outlines of a formal State Characterized by absolute centralized authority Formalized hierarchy Specialization of tasks in performance of public duty Written instead of oral communication o In order to legitimize the kings rule, there was a need to construct a theory that merged politics with religious beliefs, divine will o Dominant up to the end of the Middle Ages o King: subject to judgement only by God and not by his subjects or any agency Social Contract Theory o Paved the way for democracy o

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THE STATE The State is a community of persons, more or less numerous, occupying a definite protion of territory independent of external control, and possessing an organized form of government to which the great body of inhabitants render habitual obedience. James Garner The State: elements in a composite definition (hall, 1994) o The state is a set of institutions, the most important of which are those concerned with violence and coercion o Its institutions are located within a geographically-bound territory o The state monopolizes rule-making within its territory The State is an umbrella term that covers all offices that make and enforce the collective decisions and rules of society Within the State, a whole range of offices can be identified: o Government ministers o Judiciary o Bureaucrats o Army o Police o Education o Local government Elements of the State: o People: governs and goverened o Territory: boundaries to limit power Terrestrial (land) Fluvial (water) Aerial (skies)

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Gained popularity in the 17th and 18th century The State was formed by means of a social contract of men and women who lived in a state of nature. State of nature: people lived together without any agency to establish peace and order to settle conflicts People possesd natural rights derived from the natural law. Thomas Hobbes State of nature and chaos (war of all against all) Development of a strong central government for the peace and defense of the people If the government no longer protects its citizens, the contract becomes void People in a state of nature surrender natural liberties to create sovereignty for a safe, organized civil society Social contract is a result of mans selfinterest and rational thinking To establish society by renouning rights against one another and to grant authority to persons to enforce the renunciation Morality and politics are only possible upon the establishment of an organized society John Locke State of nature is a state of liberty where one could lead the best life without interference from others and without harming others (Law of Nature) Political society where men give up their executive power to the public power of the government to punish those who go against the law of nature

Political authority must reflect the will of the people or the majority o Jean-Jacques Rousseau No one has a natural right to govern others; justified authority is derived from convenants Sovereignity is formed when free, equal persons come together to form one single body directed towards the common good (real foundation of society) One cannot transfer ones general will to another The force theory o The state came into existence out of con quest, force or coercion o There were always leaders who used violence or conquest o Using conquest, territories were made into empire-states o Roman Empire was established by force o In Germany, there was a school of thought which espoused the idea that force was the essence of the State o Only force rules. Force is the first law Adolf Hitler o Thrasymchus of Ancient Greece, Niccolo Machiavelli of the early 16th century and Thomas Hoobes of the early 17th century believed that effective power to rule can also legitimately claim to have the authority to rule o Power legitimizes itself no matter how wrong this power is in a democratic context. Natural theory o The State is a natural institution and not an abstract or artificial being. o It is a natural system that unifies its citizens o State is like a living organism because it has the capacity to grow, develop and attain a fully civilized life. o organic theory refers to the perspective of the Ancient Greeks that the State is man writ large. o The State is an evolving organism. o In Social evolution, each individual must become an organic part of a group to fulfill his/her interest and needs. Patriarchal Theory o Robert Lowie Origin of the State proposed that the State could be explained from a simple origin There was an institution that contained the seed which flowered into the State Institutions: associations which were developed from small communities. Instinctive Theory o The State was created because of natural inclination of men and women towards political associations. o man by nature is a political animal- Aristotle o Men and women interact with others for their security, self-preservation and economic wellbeing. o According to Aristotle and Edmund Burke: reason is an attribute that distinguishes man from animals the State is an evolving social organization the State is good because it develops mans rational being, intensifies mans political involvement and maximizes citizens participation in politics Economic Theory o The State developmed out of men and womens economic wants.

Man had to associate with other men to provide his personal needs through exchange of goods and services, which lead to societal existence. CLASSIFICATIONS, STRUCTURES AND SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO CONCENTRATION OF POWER Ruled by One Monarchy o A government that has a single person who is generally considered the ruler by the title or birthrite o Titles include Czar, King, Queen, Emperor and Caesar o Society is formed around feudal groups or triebes in which the ruling family delegates power and authority based upon the desires of a single individual o Absolute monarchy The monarch has absolute power Wields executive, legislative and judicial powers Power: taken through conquest or passed down without regard for ability or appropriateness o Limited/constitutional monarchy Power is delegated The legislative body, judicial power by the court and executive power by the King or Queen exercise legislative power Rules according to their constitution (a.k.a. charter) Ex. Great Britain, Belgium, Japan, Spain Dictatorship o People have little or no individual freedom o Rules by threat of force o People swear allegiance to the dictator first and the country second o Dictatorships: fascism, theocracies, monarchies and communism o Applicable during a period of chaos or discontent o Used by a leader to remain in office and maintain power o Benito Mussolini (fascist dictator of WW II) everything for the state, nothing outside the state and nothing against the state people must totally surrender to the state o authoritariansm kind of dictatorship where ruler isnt constrained political rights and freedoms of people are limited o totalitarianism ideology used to captivate peoples loyalty to the dictator ideology: set of ideas and principles that explain how society should work concerns itself with how to allocate power fits our needs and predispositions, reflecting what we want takes on a life of its own, guides our decisions ex. Marxism (Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels) o the Communist Manifesto-book o the workers should rise up and overthrow o

businesses and the government o classless society o everything shared and owned by all *workers-proletariats and petite-bourgeoisie dictator: absolute power use of coercion, violence and force centralized control by the government of the nations economy centralized control by the governments economy (every business enterprise is regulated and coordinated by the existing regime) all must conform and accept the policies of the dictator government controls all means of communication and propaganda, e.g. Soviet Union Nazism Adolf Hitler Fascism Benito Mussolini Chinese Communism Mao Tse Tung

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Ruled by Few Aristocracy o Aristo-best (Greek)

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kratia orkratos-rule (Greek) the best members of the community men of highest intelligence and integrity elite of the society social status, wealth, political power: inherited Wealthy few Not from nobility, unlike aristocrats Requisites to claim of power: Wealth Good social positions Education Oligarchs use their position for their personal benefit only They build economic empires for themselves and their family only

Ruled by Many Democracy o Demos-people (Greek)

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kratia orkratos-rule (Greek) constitution guarantees freedom of: speech association religion expression essential features: majority rule majority choose their leaders minority rights ensured so long as the minority openly attempts to win majority support for leaders and policies without loss of individual rights will work when the following interact: citizens play an important role in making democracy effective active participation: needed to prevent government abuses help balance power and authority of government should exercise freedom and rights within the bounds of constitution and the law suffrage/electoral process suffrage-right to vote

citizens must elect qualified people who can govern competently and responsibly political parties intertwined with democratic government group of officials or wouldbe officials objective: ensure that its officials attain or maintain power the partys nature provides an avenue by which one part may control or communicate with another versatile tool in modern politics interest groups goal: influence government policy based on their advocacies represent public opinion and have it heard by government o presidential executive power: exercised by a single president elected by popular vote president holds office for a specific period of time fixed by the constitution of the state as head of state, president appoints members of the cabinet executive, legislative and judicial branches are separate in order to check and balance the branches of government minority representation o parliamentary executive power belongs to the prime minister and his/her cabinet remain in office as long as they have the confidence and support of the parliamentary majority the PM and cabinet are removable by means of censure (agreement) and a no-confidence vote against the PM collective ministerial responsibility fusion of executive and legislative powers cabinet responsibility to the Parliament party discipline loyalty of the members to a party system minority representation CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO DISTRIBUTION OF POWERS Unitary o Central government holds all legitamate power o Central government may deputize other governmental structures on their behalf o Advantage: Clear hierarchical authority Simple in structure Decisive control No stalemates between center and periphery o Disadvantages: Overburdens the central government Restrains local initiative and interest in managing local government affairs Hyper-concentration of power Weak representation of diverstiy and minorities Federal o Local governmental authorities set-up by the constitution They are given certain political decisions over which they have legal monopoly of control

Government powers divided between central and local government o There is explicit sharing of power among governments o No level can dominate any other level o Coordination, not hierarchy o Advantages Central or local government is independent in its sphere of jurisdiction Generally well adapted to large countries Diversity represented Checks on centers power Unity created o Disadvantages Structure is complex Duplication of offices Heavy financial burden Conflicts over ultimate power Slow process, compromise Lack of uniformity Confederation o Union by compact or treaty between states, provinces or territories o Creates a central government with limited powers o Constituent entities retain supreme authority over all matters except those delegated to the central government o Power: distributed opposite of unitary o Local governments hold most of the power o Central government is weak o Advantages: Facilitation of cooperation Power retained by sub-units o Disadvantages: Conditional compliance Instability Limited power o

Sec. of Foreign Affairs Alberto Gatmaitan ROMULO Sec. of Health Enrique ONA, Dr. Sec. of Interior & Local Govt. Jesse ROBREDO Sec. of Justice Leila DE LIMA Sec. of Labor & Employment Rosalinda BALDOZ Sec. of National Defense Voltaire GAZMIN Sec. of Public Works & Highways Rogelio L. SINGSON Sec. of Science & Technology Mario MONTEJO Sec. of Social Welfare & Development Corazon SOLIMAN Sec. of Socioeconomic Planning Cayetano PADERANGA Sec. of Tourism Alberto LIM Sec. of Trade & Industry Gregory DOMINGO Sec. of Transportation & Communications Jose DE JESUS National Security Adviser Norberto GONZALES Governor, Central Bank Amando TETANGCO, Jr. Ambassador to the US Willy GAA Permanent Representative to the UN, New York Libran N. CABUTULAN Chief of the Philippine National Police Jesus VERSOZA Speaker of the House Feliciano BELMONTE, Jr. Presidential Spokesperson Edwin Lacierda Senate President Juan Ponce Enrile AFP Chief of Staff (highest position in armed forces) Ricardo DAVID

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court Renato CORONA Source: http://www.infoplease.com/world/leaders/philippines.html#axzz0zByT b9ts

TYPE OF GOVERNMENTS PER COUNTRY Japan and Thailand: Parliamentary Democracy with constitutional monarchy Malaysia: federal constitutional elective monarchy with parliamentary democracy Saudi arabia: islamic absolute monarchy China: peoples democratic dictatorship socialst state, single party communist state DPRK (North Korea): Socialist republic, single party communist state ROK (South Korea): Presidential republic India: federal republic and parliamentary democracy Iran: islamic republic Singapore: parliamentary democracy Philippines: unitary presidential democracy Myanmar: military junta PHILIPPINE GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS

Pres. Benigno AQUINO III Vice Pres. Jejomar Cabaiatam BINAY Executive Sec. Paquito OCHOA, Jr. Chief of Staff Julia ABAD Sec. of Agrarian Reform Virgilio DE LOS REYES Sec. of Agriculture Proceso ALCALA Sec. of the Budget & Management Florencio ABAD Sec. of Education, Culture, & Sports Armin LUISTRO, Rev. Sec. of Energy Jose Rene D. ALMENDRAS Sec. of Environment & Natural Resources Ramon PAJE Sec. of Finance Cesar PURISIMA