World Conflict and Human Rights Map 2001/2002 by PIOOM

Explanation of Symbols and Definitions

Map Features
Conflict Level, according to PIOOM 1. High-intensity conflict (conflict level 5 on the PIOOM scale: large-scale armed conflict that caused more than 1,000 deaths in period mid 2000 - mid 2001)
PK

Active Political and Peace Building Missions

since 1953 since 1982 since 1991 since 1992 since 1992 since 1992 since 1992 since 1993 since 1993 since 1993 since 1993 since 1993 since 1993 since 1993 since 1993 since 1994 since 1994 since 1994 since 1995 since 1995 since 1995 since 1995 since 1996 since 1996 since 1996 since 1996 27. Albania (OSCE Mission) 28. Albania (WEU: MAPE) 29. Comoros (OAU: OMIC) 30. Great Lakes Region (UN: OSRSG) 31. Israel/Palestine (Hebron) (TIPH2) 32. Kosovo (OSCE Mission) 33. Liberia (UN: UNOL) 35. Papua New Guinea (Bougainville) (BPMG) 36. Sierra Leone (CPDTF) 37. Angola (UN: UNOA) 38. Congo, Democratic Rep. (OAU: JMC) 39. Croatia (WEU: WEUDAM) 40. East Timor (INTERFET) 41. Guinea Bissau (UN: UNOGBIS) 42. Kosovo (NATO: KFOR) 43. Middle East (UN: UNSCO) 44. Central African Rep. (UN: BONUCA) 46. Haiti (UN: MICAH) 47. Solomon islands (IPMT) 48. Tajikistan (UN: UNTOP) 50. Macedonia (NATO: Operation Fox) since 1997 since 1997 since 1997 since 1997 since 1997 since 1997 since 1997 since 1998 since 1998 since 1999 since 1999 since 1999 since 1999 since 1999 since 1999 since 1999 since 2000 since 2000 since 2000 since 2000 since 2001

UN

Active United Nations Peacekeeping Operations

since 1948 since 1949 since 1964 since 1974 since 1978 since 1991 since 1991 since 1993 since 1995 since 1996 since 1999 since 1999 since 1999 since 1999 since 2000

Europe, Former Soviet Union, North America

Europe, Former Soviet Union, North America

North Africa, Middle East & Central Asia

Sub-Saharan Africa

Central and South America

1. North Korea/South Korea (NNSC) 2. Egypt (Sinai) (MFO) 3. Albania (EU: EUMM) 4. Macedonia (OSCE Mission) 5. Georgia (OSCE Mission) 6. Georgia (South Ossetia) (CIS: SOJF)
Low-intensity conflict (conflict level 4 on the PIOOM scale: armed conflict that caused 100 to 1,000 deaths in period mid 2000 - mid 2001)

1. Egypt/Israel (UNTSO) 2. India/Pakistan (UNMOGIP) 3. Cyprus (UNFICYP) 4. Syria (Golan Heights) (UNDOF) 5. Lebanon (UNIFIL) 6. Iraq/Kuwait (UNIKOM) 7. Morocco (W. Sahara) (MINURSO) 8. Georgia (UNOMIG) 9. Bosnia/Herzegovina (UNMIBH)
10. Croatia (Prevlaka) (UNMOP) 11. Kosovo (UNMIK) 12. Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) 13. East Timor (UNTAET) 14. Congo, Democratic Republic (MONUC) 15. Ethiopia/Eritrea (UNMEE)

High Human Development 0.939 Norway 0.936 Canada 0.936 Sweden 0.935 Belgium 0.934 United States 0.932 Iceland 0.931 Netherlands 0.925 Finland 0.924 France 0.924 Luxembourg
2 12 9

Medium Human Development 0.791 Latvia 0.782 Belarus 0.775 Russia ? ABC Chechnya c c ab
44

High Human Development 0.893 Israel ? Palest. Auth.

19

Medium Human Development 0.765 Mauritius 0.708 Cape Verde 0.702 South Africa 0.617 Gabon 0.610 Equat. Guinea 0.601 Namibia 0.583 Swaziland
27

High Human Development 0.864 Barbados 0.842 Argentina

37

ABc

10

ac

7. Moldova (Transdnistr) CIS: JCMPK) 8. Afghanistan (UN: UNSMA) 9. Burundi (UN: UNOB) 10. Burundi (OAU: OMIB) 11. Estonia (OSCE Mission) 12. Haiti (UN: MICIVIH) 13. Latvia (OSCE Mission) 14. Moldova (OSCE Mission) 15. Tajikistan (CIS: CPF) 16. Georgia (Abkhazia) (CIS: PFG) 17. Guatemala (UN: MINUGUA) 18. Tajikistan (OSCE Mission) 19. Azerbaijan (Nagorno-Karabakh) (PRC OSCE) 20. Bosnia/Herzegovina (OSCE Mission) 21. Chechnya (OSCE Mission) 22. Somalia (UN: UNPOS) 23. Bosnia/Herzegovia (NATO: SFOR) 24. Burundi (UN: UNAFPP) 25. Croatia (OSCE Mission) 26. Iraq (Operation Northern & Southern Watch

ABC

0.824 Bahrein 0.818 Kuwait 0.809 UA Emirates 0.801 Qatar

abc

0.828 Uruguay 0.825 Chile 0.821 Costa Rica 0.820 Bahamas

26

34. Papua New Guinea (Bougainville) (UN: UNPOB) since 1998

0.772 Bulgaria 0.772 Romania 0.766 Macedonia 0.745 Armenia

Violent political conflict (conflict level 3 on the PIOOM scale: armed conflict that caused less than 100 deaths in period mid 2000 - mid 2001)

Medium Human Development 0.770 Libya a

32

0.577 Botswana 0.554 Zimbabwe 0.542 Ghana

Medium Human Development 0.798 Trinidad and Tob. 0.790 Mexico 0.784 Panama
46 39

Political Terror Scale

(2000 situation, according to US State Department) 2. Scale Level 1: Countries live under a secure rule of law, people are not imprisoned for their views, and torture is rare or exceptional. Political murders are extremely rare. Scale Level 2: There is a limited amount of imprisonment for nonviolent political activity. However, few persons are affected, torture and beatings are exceptional. Political murder is rare. Scale Level 3: There is extensive political imprisonment, or a recent history of such imprisonment. Executions or political murders and brutality may be common. Unlimited detention, with or without trial, for political views is accepted. Scale Level 4: The practices of level 3 are expanded to larger numbers. Murders, disappearances, and torture are a common part of life. In spite of its generality, on this level violence affects primarily those who interest themselves in politics or ideas. Scale Level 5: The violence of level 4 has been extended to the whole population. The leaders of these societies place no limits on the means or thoroughness with which they pursue personal or ideological goals.

16

Ac

0.742 Georgia 0.742 Kazakhstan

bc

0.758 Lebanon a 0.754 Saudi Arabia 0.747 Oman c

Source: For more information on strength, costs and fatalities, see: United Nations (http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/cu_mission/body.htm)

45. Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone (ECOWAS: ECOMOG) since 2000

0.924 Switzerland 0.923 United Kingdom 0.921 Austria 0.921 Denmark 0.921 Germany 0.916 Ireland 0.909 Italy 0.899 Spain 0.881 Greece 0.877 Cyprus 0.874 Portugal

0.742 Ukraine Ac 0.738 Azerbaijan 0.735 Turkey 0.730 Turkmenistan 0.725 Albania 0.707 Kyrgyzstan 0.699 Moldova 0.698 Uzbekistan

0.541 Lesotho 0.514 Kenya 0.510 Comoros 0.506 Cameroon

0.776 Belize 0.765 Colombia 0.765 Venezuela 0.758 Surinam 0.750 Brazil
43 45

36

0.739 Maldives 0.735 Sri Lanka 0.714 Iran 0.714 Jordan 0.714 Tunesia 0.700 Syria 0.693 Algeria 0.635 Egypt
28

49. Macedonia (NATO: Operation Essential Harvest) since 2001

11

35

14

abc

0.502 Congo-Brazz.

Source: SIPRI Yearbook 2001: Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, pp. 128-148.

a c

13

Low Human Development 0.489 Togo 0.462 Madagascar c 0.455 Nigeria 0.447 Djibouti Ac 0.439 Sudan 0.437 Mauritania c
40

0.743 Peru 0.738 Jamaica 0.738 Paraguay 0.726 Ecuador 0.722 Dominican Rep. 0.704 Guyana 0.701 El Salvador 0.648 Bolivia 0.635 Nicaragua 0.634 Honduras 0.626 Guatemala

42

bc a
34

24

0.660 Tajikistan

15

Incomplete data ? ? Bosnia-Herz. Form.Yugoslavia Kosovo Liechtenstein

0.596 Morocco 0.571 India

41

3.

Armistice or Peace Accord, according to PIOOM Armistice or peace accord concluded (not necessarily observed)

0.874 Slovenia
Sweden Canada Norway Finland

48

0.866 Malta 0.844 Czech Republic 0.831 Slovakia

11 Estonia OB
22

18

? ?
44 44

Low Human Development 0.498 Pakistan 0.480 Nepal Abc

0.436 Tanzania 0.435 Uganda 0.429 Congo (Zaire) 0.427 Zambia 0.426 Ivory Coast 0.423 Senegal 0.422 Angola c

4.

PK PK

United Nations and other Multilateral Observer or Peacekeeping Operations United Nations Operation (PK = Peacekeeping Mission, OB = Observer Mission)

c
17

N. Ireland

40

0.829 Hungary
Russian Federation

Other Multilateral / Regional Operation (PK = Peacekeeping Mission, OB = Observer Mission)

U.K. Netherlands Belgium United States France

Denmark

OB Latvia 13
Lithuania
33

0.828 Poland 0.812 Estonia 0.803 Croatia

25

0.477 Bhutan 0.470 Bangladesh

5.

Reported Presence or Alleged Development of Weapons of Mass Destruction,

Germany
10

Poland

Belarus
45

0.468 Yemen

Low Human Development 0.476 Haiti

A a B b C c
6.

- States having a confirmed nuclear warfare capability - States that are on the threshold of a nuclear warfare capability (incl. states that removed their nuclear weapons or canceled their development programs) - States having a confirmed or a potential bacteriological warfare capability - States developing or potentially developing bacteriological warfare agents - States having a confirmed chemical warfare capability - States denying accusations of possessing or developing chemical weapons

Ukraine
25 48

0.803 Lithuania
43 6

OB OB Croatia 20 32 OB
Italy
39 34/35

Romania
49 4

OB 7 14 Moldova

16 PK 5 PK 8 OB OB
38 41 42/46/47

Incomplete Data
Kazakhstan Mongolia 1
148

0.420 Benin c aBC 0.416 Eritrea 0.398 Gambia 0.397 Guinea 0.397 Malawi Incomplete Data ? Antigua ? Cayman Islands ? Cuba ? Dominica ? Grenada ? St. Kitts & Nevis ? St. Lucia ? St. Vincent bc

? ?

Afghanistan Iraq

49

37

Portugal Spain
28

Corsica

Infestation with Land Mines Countries with substantial marked and/or unmarked areas containing land mines

7/9/10 OB 50 Bulgaria Serbia PK Bosnia-Herz. 11 PK Macedonia 23PK 32 42 32 OB 39 OB 9 27 28 Turkey Albania 3 Greece 38 36

Georgia

21 Chechnya 19 OB Azerbaijan OB
113 6 42

Uzbekistan
68

160 64

Kyrgyzstan N. Korea 1 OB
63 170

8 50

Turkmenistan

Tajikistan 48OB 67 15 PK 18OB 8 2 OB OB Afghanistan

0.395 Rwanda
Japan

Cyprus

Tunesia
7. Use of Child Soldiers by Conflict Parties Children under 18 actively participating on one or both sides of conflict dyad (as of end of 2000)

Mexico Morocco Algeria

PK 3
1

Syria PK Lebanon 26
49

41

Israel 16

50

Libya
8. Weapons Export Control Countries that under no circumstances should receive weapons

OB OB 2

OB31 Iraq 43 OB 5 4 48 Jordan

46

47

45

China

S. Korea

0.378 Mali 0.372 CA Republic 0.359 Chad

Iran
112 43

151 8 48/59 142/144/145 147 65 121 124/125/132/133/134/135/136 146 117 137 51 118/119/120 74/75/76 157 165 158 159

66 149/150/152

9 Cuba
16/17

114

111

6 OB Kuwait Bahrein

Pakistan
153/154

0.339 Guinea-Bissau
54/56/57/58/60 156

Bhutan

Western Sahara 12 46 OB 7 Dom. Rep.

2

106

Qatar
44

18 20

122/123 Nepal 129/143 61/62

0.323 Mozambique 0.321 Ethiopia

Taiwan

Egypt Saudi Arabia

55 138/139 52/53

OB

U.A.E Oman

0.320 Burkina Faso 0.309 Burundi

Far East and South East Asia

9.

Democracy Country Name (in black) = Electoral Democracy, according to Freedom House Country Name (in red) = Non- and Pseudo-Democracy Country Name (in italics) = Territory with contested Statehood Globalization Ranking Level of globalization in a country based on information on technological developments, personal contacts, finance, and goods and services

17 OB Guatemala El Salvador

Belize
15

Jamaica Honduras
4 5 3

India Mauritania
78 69/70 73/74/75

23 Chad
54

103

Mali

Niger
78/79/80/82

Yemen
56/95 115/116

126/130 127/128 131/140

Bangladesh

Myanmar
167/168/169

Hongkong
171/172 78 175

Laos Thailand

0.274 Niger 0.258 Sierra Leone

High Human Development 0.936 Australia 0.928 Japan

23

10.

14 18

Haiti Nicaragua

35 Senegal

Sudan
96/97/98

Eritrea
18 PK

Gambia Guinea-Bissau OB Barbados 41 12 Guinea 63 PK 36 45 15 PK 14 Sierra Leone Liberia 24 OB 33

61/62

15

Burkina Faso Benin Togo

19/20

21

58

Nigeria
28/29/31 30/33/34 53

52

Djibouti 4
12

88/90 85/86

141

77

Cambodia
155

Philippines

29

Somalia
17

Incomplete Data
79

Vietnam 7 Sri Lanka

166 174

0.913 New Zealand 0.880 Hong Kong 0.876 Singapore c 0.875 South Korea 0.857 Brunei

21

11.

Widespread Torture Countries in which torture has been common in recent years up to end of 2000, according to Amnesty International

Costa Rica Panama

Ghana

Ivory Coast

11 76/77/81/83/84 Cameroon 25/26/27/32

Centr. Afr. Rep.

PK

44
14/39/40

19

? Liberia ? Seychelles

Ethiopia
101/102/103/104

57/58 59 /60

16 87/89/91/92

19 1
12. Death Penalty still in Practice in 2000 Countries which retain the death penalty for ordinary crimes (excludes de facto abolitionists and countries which only use the death penalty for exceptional crimes), according to Amnesty International

29

Venezuela
30/31

Congo Eq. Guinea Guyana Surinam Fr. Guyana S. Tome & Pr. Gabon
13 51

15

22

Uganda

64/65/67

OB 22
36

Maldives 12

Malaysia Singapore 11
163 73 71

? Somalia ? Western Sahara

31

abc

10 13 11/12

Colombia
9 27

PK OB 14 38
2 Congo DR

105 10 13 OB 30 Rwanda

Kenya
21/22/23
66/68

13.

Freedom of Press Countries with high level of restriction or no freedom of press, according to Freedom House.

Ecuador

17 Burundi OB 100 9 10 24 Tanzania

Medium Human Development

38

Seychelles

69 70

0.774 Malaysia
Irian Jaya
72

20

Peru
14. Corruption Moderate to very high level of corruption, according to Transparency International

5 3

OB 29
55

Indonesia

162/164

PK 13 PK 40

0.757 Fiji
Papua New Guinea

23/24

0.757 Thailand
34 35 OB 47 OB 173 Solomon Islands

30

OB 37 Angola
Brazil
25/26 1 4 72

Zambia
107/108/109 110

Malawi

Mozambique

Comoros

0.749 Philippines 0.718 PR of China 0.701 West Samoa 0.682 Vietnam 0.677 Indonesia

33

47

71

Abc

15.

Important Drug Producers Countries producing heroin, cocaine, cannabis and/or ecstasy

Madagascar Mauritius

Bolivia
16. Money Laundering Countries failing to cooperate in the field of money-laundering

Namibia Botswana

Zimbabwe

c
38

94

Paul Flum Founder

8

Swaziland Paraguay
20/21/22 7 6

99

Australia Fiji
161

0.569 Mongolia 0.551 Burma (Myanmar) c 0.541 Cambodia 0.534 Pap. New Guinea

Lesotho South Africa

37 93

17.

Human Trafficking Countries failing to cooperate in the field of human trafficking

18.

Disaster Vulnerability Countries with more than one percent of the population killed and affected by disasters in the period 1991-2000

19.

Food Security Countries with ongoing food emergency, according to FAO as of June 2001

20.

Refugees and Internally Displaced People, by Country of Origin Less than 100,000 refugees and internally displaced

This map was made possible with a grant from the Goals for Americans Foundation, St. Louis, MO, USA. Focusing on long-range planning, Goals for Americans promotes addressing problems that lead to conflicts before they arise. For more information, visit our site at www.goalsforamericans.org

Argentina Uruguay Chile

Low Human Development 0.476 Laos c

Incomplete Data ? ? ? ? ? China (Tibet) Cook Islands East Timor Marshall Islands Micronesia Nauru Niue North Korea Solomon Islands Taiwan Tonga bc abc

Between 100,000 and 500,000 refugees and internally displaced

?
Between 500,000 and 1,000,000 refugees and internally displaced

?
1

High-Intensity Conflicts
Country Begin 19991998199119831978196419831989Parties (Chechnya: warlords, Wahhabists, mercenaries vs. Russian military) (Katanga, Kivu, Kasai: RCD, RCD-ML, RCD-G, LNR, Mai Mai, FDD, Interahamwe, Uganda, Rwanda vs. DSP, AFDL, Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe) (Malanje, Huila, Benguela, Bie, Uige, Lunda Norte, Moxico: UNITA, UNITA-R, ) armed gangs vs. govt. forces, Zimbabwe, Namibia) (South, Blue Nile, Upper Nile, Nuba Mountains, Bahr al Ghazal: SPLA,) SSIM/A, UDSF, NDA, NIF, BC, SSUA, SSDF-U, mercenaries vs. govt. forces, PDF (Takhar, Bamiyan, Samangan, Kakhan, Ghowr provinces: Taliban vs. Northern alliance of Tajik & Uzbek warlords, UIFSA, mercenaries) (Southern regions: guerrillas (SBCG, FARC), paramilitaries (ACCU, AUC), vs. 'autodefensas,' 'peace communities,' govt. forces) (Jaffna peninsula: Tamils (LTTE, PLOTE, TELO) vs. govt. forces) (Jammu & Kashmir: JKLF, HUA, aF, HM, JUM, HJI, Ikhwan, LiT, TeJ HuM, uMM, JeM, TuM, MeH, MJF, JKNF, UJC, HUJI, Al Badr, APHC, al Qaeda, PPSR, BC, MeK, LeK, JSQM, PML, mercenaries vs. BSF, govt. forces, village defense committees) (GIA, MIA, AIS, DwD, GSPC, mercenaries vs. govt. forces, Patriots, civil defense militias) (Gyesenyi, Ruhengeri: ALIR 1 & 2 vs. APR govt. forces) (Moluccas: Christians vs. Muslims, LJ) (Aceh: GAM vs. govt. forces, BRIMOB, KOPASSUS) (Orientale Province: Lendu vs. Hema, Uganda) (Kamakwei. Kailahun, Kono, Koidu: RSLMF, 'Kamajors', Nigeria, Guinea vs. AFRC, RUF, 'sobels,' civil defense militias, mercenaries) (Guekedou, Parrot's Beak: govt. forces vs. RFDG, RUF, LURD, ULIMO (Al Aqsa Intifada: IDF, Shin Beth, Mossad, CRS, Kach vs. HCFJNIO, Fatah, PLO, Tanzim, Hamas, Fatah Hawks, IJ, Hezbollah, Force 17, PSF, PFLP-GC, PFLP, al Qaeda) (Gusenyi: Hutu (FDD, CNDD, Palipehutu, FROLINA) vs. Tutsi (FRODEBU, UPRONA, militias) (Sindh: Mohajir (MQM, MQM-H, BACK) vs. Sindhi (JS) & Pashtun (SPP)) (Mindanao: MILF, MNLF vs. govt forces) (Punjab: SiS, LeJ (Sunni) vs. SiM, TeJ (Shi'ites) (North: Bauchi, Borno, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Kebbi, Katsina, Zamfara: Muslims vs. Christians) (Rwenzori Mountains: ADF, NULU/NALU vs. UPDF govt. forces) (Tibesti: MDJT, CMAP vs. govt. forces) Estimated number of 2000-2001 and Cumulative Deaths >25,000 >20,000 >20,000 >10,000 >10,000 >8,000 >5,000 >4,000 >45,000 1,5-2,500,000 >1,000,000 >2,000,000 1,500,000 50,000-300,000 65,000-80,000 34,000-80,000 Russian Fed. Congo, DR Angola Sudan Afghanistan Colombia Sri Lanka India-Pakistan

? ?
1

More than 1,000,000 refugees and internally displaced

1.

21.

Complex Emergency Situations identified as complex humanitarian emergencies in June 2001, receiving international relief funding, according to OCHA

2. 3. 4.

Low-Intensity Conflicts
27. Nigeria (Delta: PNDRM) 28. Nigeria (Gombe: Tula vs. Awak) 29. Nigeria (Imo: Law Enf. vs. Vigilantes) 30. Nigeria (Lagos: OPC vs. Hausa) 31. Nigeria (Nasarawa: Alagos, Egons vs. Tiv) 32. Nigeria (Ondo: Ijaw vs. Ilaye) 33. Nigeria (Osun: Ife vs. Modakeke) 34. Nigeria (Taraba: Tiv vs. Jukun) 35. Senegal (Casamance: MFDC) 36. Somalia (MJVA vs. SRRC) 37. South Africa (Kwazulu-Natal: IFP vs. ANC) 38. Tanzania (Zanzibar, Pemba: CUF vs. CCM) 39. Uganda (North: Acholi: LRA, UNRF) 40. Uganda (Karamojong) North Africa & Middle East (10) 41. Algeria (Kabylia: Berbers) 42. Iran-Iraq (Border: MeK) 43. Iran-Afghanistan (Khorasan, Farah) 44. Iran-Pakistan (Sistan, Baluchistan) 45. Iran (Traditionalists vs. Modernists) 46. Iraq vs. USA, UK (N. & S. No-Fly Zones) 47. Iraq (Kirkuk, Mosul: Kurds) 48. Iraq (South: SCIRI, INC, ICP) 49. Lebanon (Border Israel: Sheeba Farms) 50. Palestine (Inter-Palestinian Fighting) Central & South Asia (18) 51. Bangladesh (Kushtia: Communists) 52. India (Andhra Pradesh: PWG, CPI(ML) 53. India (Bihar: BJP, MLA, JMM, MCC, PWG) 54. India (Assam: ULFA, SULFA, DHD, BSF) (MULTA, PULF, SIMI, MVF, ILFA, IRASV, ISS) 55. India (Haryana: Brahmin vs. Dalits) 56. India (Madhya Pradesh: PWG) 57. India (Maharashtra: Hindus vs. Christians) 58. India (Nagaland: NSCN-IM, NSCN-K) 59. India (Punjab: Hindus vs. Christians) 60. India (Tripura: ATTF, NLTF, IPFT, UBLF, BNLF) 61. India (Uttar Pradesh: Hindus vs. Christians) 62. India (West Bengal: KPF, GNLF; MCP vs. TC) 63. India-Pakistan (Siachen Glacier) 64. Kyrgyzstan (Sokh Enclave: Islamists) 65. Nepal (Maoists: UPF) 66. Pakistan (NWFP: Intertribal) 67. Tajikistan (Kyurgan-Tyube: Warlords) 68. Uzbekistan (Ferghana Valley: IMU, HT) Far East & East Asia (11) 69. Indonesia (East Timor: ETDF vs. Militias) 70. Indonesia (Java: NU vs. Golkar) 71. Indonesia (Sulawesi: Christians vs. Muslims) 72. Indonesia (West Irian: OPM) 73. Indonesia (W. Kalimantan: Dayak vs. Madurese) 74. Myanmar (Border Thailand: KNA, DKBA, SSA) 75. Myanmar (Border China: Wa) 76. Myanmar (North: Shan) 77. Myanmar (Taninthayi: Karenni) 78. Philippines (Luzon: Communists: NPA) 79. Philippines (Jolo: ASG)

Violent Political Conflicts

29. Venezuela-Colombia (Catatumbo, Zulia) (Guerrillas vs. Vigilante Ranchers) 30. Venezuela (Yanomami vs. Garimpeiros) 31. Venezuela (Delta Amacuro, Orinoco River Delta) West, Central & East Europe (19) 32. Albania (Tropoje: Gang Warfare) 33. Belarus (Repression Charter '97) 34. Bosnia-Herzegovina ('Young Generals') 35. Croatia (East/West Slavonia, Krajina) 36. Cyprus (Greeks vs. Turks) 37. France (Corsica: FLNC) 38. Georgia (Abkhazia: Gali) 39. Montenegro (Spillover Kosovo) 40. Northern Ireland (Protestants vs. Catholics) (UFF, UDA, UVF, LVF vs. Real IRA, CIRA) 41. Russian Fed. (Daghestan: Spillover Chechnya) 42. Russian Fed. (Ingushetia) 43. Russian Fed. (Krasnodar: Cossacks) 44. Russian Fed. (Siberia: Krasnoyarsk: Gang Warfare) 45. Russian Fed. (Tatarstan: Spillover Chechnya) 46. Russian Fed. (Stavropol) 47. Russian Fed.-Georgia (Z. & N. Ossetia) 48. Serbia (Popular Uprising OTPOR, Overthrow Milosevic Govt.) 49. Spain (Basques: ETA, HAIKA) 50. Turkey (Extreme Left: TIKKO, DHKP/C) Sub-Sahara Africa (61) 51. Angola (Cabinda: FLEC) 52. Chad (Batha: Khouzam vs. Waled Rachid) 53. Chad (Doba Basin) 54. Chad (Lake Chad) 55. Comoros (Secession Nzwani Isl.) 56. Eritrea (Northwest: EIS) 57. Ethiopia (Al Ittihad) 58. Ethiopia (Awash Nat. Park: Intertribal) 59. Ethiopia-Somalia (Mugud Region) 60. Ethiopia (Student Uprising) 61. Guinea (Macenta: Toma vs. Manyam) 62. Guinea (Forest region: Christians vs. Muslims) 63. Guinea Bissau (Spillover Casamance) 64. Kenya (Garissa: Auhjilan vs. Abdwak) 65. Kenya (Isiolo: Somali Bandits) 66. Kenya (Nairobi: Muslims vs. Slum dwellers) 67. Kenya (Sambura Nat. Park: Samburu vs. Borana) 68. Kenya (Wajir: Gare vs. Adjuran) 69. Mali (Tuareg vs. Songha, Peul) 70. Mali (Gao, Kidal: Kunta vs. Arabs) 71. Mozambique (Maringue: RENAMO) 72. Namibia (spillover Angola: UNITA) 73. Niger (East, Northeast) 74. Niger (North: Tuareg) 75. Niger-Nigeria (Diffa & Borno) 76. Nigeria (Anambra: Aguleri vs. Umuleri) 77. Nigeria (Bayelsa: Ijaw vs. Urhobo) 78. Nigeria (Biafra: Igbo, MASSOB) 79. Nigeria (Niger: Kanberi vs. Hausa) 80. Nigeria (Ogun: Hausa vs. Yoruba) 81. Nigeria (Ondo: Chieftancy Dispute) 82. Nigeria (Oyo: Yoruba vs. Fulani) 83. Nigeria (Rivers: Zango Katefs vs. Hausa) 84. Nigeria (Rivers: Bille vs. Ke) 85. Somalia (Bay Region: Interclan) 86. Somalia (Beletwein: Interclan) 87. Somalia (Jubaland: Interclan) 88. Somalia (Puntland: Interclan) 89. Somalia (Shebelle Region: Interclan) 90. Somalia (Somaliland: Interclan) 91. Somalia (Bulo Falay: RRS vs RSA, DSA) 92. Somalia (Qoryoley: Garre vs. Jiddo) 93. South Africa (Cape, Transvaal, Free State) 94. South Africa (North & Mpumalange Prov. MAPOGO, PAGAD, UNW, Qibla) 95. Sudan-Eritrea (Border) 96. Sudan (Western Upper Nile: SPLA vs. SPDF) 97. Sudan (Omdurman: THG vs. Sunnis) 98. Sudan (West Darfur) 99. Swaziland (People's Revolt) 100. Tanzania (Ngongoro: Shiftas) 101. Uganda (JicMatheniko vs. Bokoru) 102. Uganda (MR10CG Massacre) 103. Uganda (Saliny vs. Bagisu) 104. Uganda (Salaf Tabliq) 105. Uganda (Southwest: Bakonjos) 106. W. Sahara (POLISARIO) 107. Zambia (Barotseland: Lozi) 108. Zambia (Chavuma: Lundas vs. Luvales) 109. Zambia (Kaputa: Spillover Angola) 110. Zimbabwe (Chinhoyi: ZANU-PF vs. MDC) North Africa & Middle East (6) 111. Egypt (Islamists: MB, IJ. IG, aGI) 112. Iran (Kurds: DPK/I) 113. Iran-Turkey (Pirinshahr) 114. Libya (Massacre African Immigrants) 115. Yemen (Sana'a, Marib, Shabwa, Lahj: Intertribal) 116. Yemen (GPC vs. Islah Party) Central & South Asia (39) 117. Bangladesh (Repression Opposition) (BNP vs. Awami League) 118. Bangladesh (CHT: Shanti Bahini) 119. Bangladesh (Islamists: JeI, ISF) 120. Bangladesh-Myanmar (Rohingyas) 121. Bhutan (Ngalong) 122. India (Andra Pradesh: Telengana, PWG) 123. India (Arunachal Pradesh: NSCN) 124. India (Assam: Kokrajhir: Bodos vs. Santhal) 125. India (Assam: Karbi-Anglong: KNV vs. UPDS) 126. India (Bombay: CD, CR) 127. India (Brahmin vs. Dalits) 128. India (Gujarat: Hindus vs. Christians) 129. India (Jharkhand: GRD, SJMM vs. MCC) 130. India (Karnataka: PWG, Veerappan) 131. India (Kerala) 132. India (Maharashtra: PWG) 133. India (Manipur: Pathei vs. Waife) 134. India (Manipur: Kuki vs. Zomi) 135. India (Meghalaya: GNF, HNLC, ANVC) 136. India (Mizoram: Reang, HRF) 137. India (Orissa: Hindus vs. Christians) 138. India (Rajasthan: Brahmin vs. Dalits) 139. India (Siliguri Darjeeling Hill: GNLF) 140. India (Tamil Nadu-Karnataka) 141. India (Tamil Nadu: TNLA, TNRT) 142. India (Uttaranchal: Gang Warfare) 143. India (Uttar Pradesh: Uttarkhand) 144. India (Uttar Pradesh: Muslims: JeM) 145. India (North Bengal: KLO, ULFA, ISI, GLO) 146. India-Bangladesh (Feni district) 147. India-Pakistan) (Balawaristan) 148. Kazakhstan (Djambul Region: Islamists) 149. Pakistan (Baluchistan: Intertribal) 150. Pakistan (Khaipur: Intertribal) 151. Pakistan (Ladakh: HM) 152. Pakistan (Punjab: Kalabagh Dam) 153. Pakistan (South Waziristan) 154. Pakistan (Sukkur: Intertribal) Far East & East Asia (21) 155. Cambodia (Coup Attempt, CFF) 156. China (Repression Falun Gong e.a.) 157. China (Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Yunnan: Gang Warfare) 158. China (Sichuan, Shandong, Chengdu, Jiangxi, Jilin: Collective Protest) 159. China (Tibet: Repression Tibetans) 160. China (Xinjiang: Uighurs) 161. Fiji (Fijians vs. Ethnic Indians) 162. Indonesia (Bali: Kuta) 163. Indonesia (Sumatra: Riau) 164. Indonesia (Sumba: Loli vs. Wewera) 165. Laos (North: Hmong: Chao Fa) 166. Malaysia (Penan, Kedah: Muslims vs. Indians) 167. Myanmar (Arakan: Muslims vs. Buddhists) 168. Myanmar (Upper Sagaing: ULFA, NSCN) 169. Myanmar (Shin state: CNF, NNC, RSO, ANO, GA, UUSA) 170. North/South Korea (Divided Country) 171. Philippines (Cordillera: Indigenous Peoples) 172. Philippines (People's Power II, Overthrow Estrada Govt.) 173. Solomon Islands (IFF vs. MEF) 174. Thailand (Yala: Muslim Separatists) 175. Vietnam (Central Highlands: FULRO) (Jarai, Ede, Bahnar)

? ?

North, Central & South America (31) Central & South America (5) 1. Colombia (Bolivar, Cauca: CF, ELN) 2. Dominican Republic (Gang Warfare) 3. Haiti (Aristide govt. vs. Convergence) 4. Honduras (Cortes: Gang Warfare) 5. Jamaica (JLP & PNP Gang Warfare) West, Central & Eastern Europe (5) 6. Azerbaijan/Armenia (Nagorno-Karabakh) 7. Macedonia (NLA, ANA vs. Govt Forces, Lions) 8. Turkey (Sirnak: PKK) 9. Yugoslavia (Kosovo: UCK, TMK) 10. Yugoslavia (Presevo Valley: UCPMB) Sub-Sahara Africa (30) 11. Cameroon (Chari & Logone Valleys) 12. CA Republic (MDD vs. RDC) 13. Congo, Brazzaville (Militias) 14. Congo, DR (Aru district) 15. Congo, DR (Equateur Prov.: MLC) 16. Ethiopia/Somalia (Ogaden: ONLF) 17. Ethiopia (Oromia: OLF) 18. Ethiopia-Eritrea (Border) 19. Ivory Coast (Kroumen vs. Burkinabe) 20. Ivory Coast (Paramilitary vs. Dioula) 21. Kenya (Kerio Valley: Pokot vs. Marakwet vs. Baringo) 22. Kenya (Rift Valley: Luos vs. Kisiis) 23. Kenya (Moyale-Marsabit, OLF) 24. Liberia (Lofa: LURD, LDF, ULIMO, ULIMO-K) 25. Nigeria (Cross River vs. Akwa Iban) 26. Nigeria (Delta: Urhobo vs. Itsekiri) 1. Bolivia (Chapar: Indigenous Peoples, Highland Peasants) 2. Bolivia (Oruro, Potosi: Qaqachaca vs. Laime) 3. Brazil (Acre, Rondonia, Mato Grosso do Sul, Pernambuco, Amazonas: Indigenous Peoples) 4. Brazil (Bahia, Alagoas: Police Strike) 5. Brazil (Para, Roraima, Amazonas: MST vs. Local Farm Owners, Garimpeiros) 6. Brazil (Urban Violence: Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo) 7. Brazil (Revolt PCC) 8. Chile (Bio Bio, Araucania: Mapuche vs. Timber Companies, Farm Owners) 9. Colombia (Anti-UP Violence) 10. Colombia (Pacific: Indian Reservations) 11. Ecuador (Guayas: Gang Warfare) 12. Ecuador (Indian Uprising, Overthrow Mahuad Govt.) 13. Ecuador-Colombia (Sucumbias Prov.) 14. El Salvador (Post-Conflict Violence) 15. Guatemala (Armed Gangs, Vigilantes) 16. Mexico (Chiapas: EZLN) 17. Mexico (Guerrero: ERP, FARP) 18. Nicaragua (North, Atl. Coast: FUAC, NF380) 19. Panama-Colombia (Darien) 20. Paraguay (Ciudad del Este) 21. Paraguay (Alto Parana, Canindeyu) 22. Paraguay (Brusiguayos) (Brazilian. Settlers vs. Landless Peasants) 23. Peru (Huallaga Valley: Gang Warfare) 24. Peru (MRTA) 25. Peru (Ayacucho: Sendero Luminoso) 26. Peru (Indian Uprising, Overthrow Fujimori Govt.) 27. Peru-Colombia (Border) 28. United States (Al Qaeda)

About PIOOM The Interdisciplinary Research Programme on Causes of Human Rights Violations (PIOOM) is an independent, nonpartisan research organization, established in 1988 with the help of Amnesty International (Dutch section). It supports the work of NGOs and IGOs in the field of Human Rights and Conflict Prevention. Dr. Albert J. Jongman acts currently as its interimcoordinator. He is a member of the Department of Political Science at Leiden University. PIOOM is entirely dependent on donations and contract research and can only continue its work with the publics support. Contributions to help support PIOOMs research can be made to its treasurer: J.G. Bom, Reg. Accountant, Nieuw Herlaer 35, 1083 BB Amsterdam, Postal Account # 431304, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Albert J. Jongman All rights on the World Conflict & Human Rights Map 2001 / 2002 and the explanatory text on the back page are reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from: Albert J. Jongman PIOOM, Leiden University, Wassenaarseweg 52, 2333 AK Leiden, The Netherlands phone: 31 71 5273849, fax: 31 71 5273815, E-mail: jongman@FSW.LeidenUniv.nl Order Information on how to obtain copies of this map: see PIOOMs Website: <http://www.fsw.leidenuniv.nl/www/w3_liswo/ pioom.htm> Map and graphics by Kasemir Publicity & Design, Groningen, The Netherlands.
5. 6. 7. 8.

Human Development Index (Data for 2000) 0.800 and above = High Human Development 0.500 to 0.799 = Medium Human Development below 0.500 = Low Human Development The Human Development Index is based on three indicators: longevity, as measured by life expectancy at birth; educational attainment, as measured by a combination of adult literacy (two-thirds weight) and combined primary, secondary and tertiary enrollment ratios (one-third weight); and standard of living, as measured by real Gross Domestic Product per capita (PPP$). Source: UNDP. Human Development Report 2001. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.

9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23.

Algeria Rwanda Indonesia Indonesia Congo, DR Sierra Leone Guinea Israel/Palestine Burundi Pakistan Philippines Pakistan Nigeria Uganda Chad

199019971999199019991991200019991993198619701985199719961998-

3-7,000 >2,000 >2,000 >1,500 >1,200 >1,000 >1,000 <1,000 >1,000 >1,000 >1,000 >1,000 >1,000 >1,000 >1,000

109,000-200,000 >2,000 5-10,000 >7,000 >7,000 50,000-600,000 >1,000 >3,300 201,000-250,000 >5,000 30-120,000 >1,000 >10,000 >1,000 >1,000

Mapping Dimensions of Contemporary Conflicts and Human Rights Violations by A.J. Jongman (PIOOM) ...todays human rights violations are the causes of tomorrows conflicts. - Mary Robinson, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Introduction Human rights violations are precursor events to violent conflicts and military hostilities. On the other hand, gross human rights violations and large-scale humanitarian catastrophes are a consequence of armed conflict. It makes sense, then, to map both human rights abuses and conflicts together. In the following, some background information on the Conflict & Human Rights Map is offered. The World Map provides a visualization of the global situation in mid-2001. For some years PIOOM - the Interdisciplinary Research Programme on Causes of Human Rights Violations - has been registering manifestations of political violence and armed conflict. We publish part of our findings in a map format, either as a concise A3 centerfold or as larger A1+-map. This is the fourth of our large maps, updating the World Conflict Map 2000. The present map covers the period mid-2000 to mid-2001, focusing chiefly on upper levels of violent and armed conflicts. Part of our information is from PIOOMs own databank; other facts and figures are derived from the scientific literature, international organizations, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), and governments. Our data are based on a comparison of diverse sources, partisan and nonpartisan, and usually reflect low estimates. As we review previous Conflict Map data, we only rarely find that we have to downsize previous estimates. In an attempt to compare our findings with the results of other armed conflict registrars, we have included information on how others have listed specific cases. As PIOOM casts it net wider than others, there are a number of differences. We register not only wars (collective, direct, manifest, personal, intentional, organized, institutionalized, instrumental, sanctioned, and sometimes ritualized and regulated, violence, according to the definition of J. v.d.Dennen) but also war-like conflicts (We label both phenomena High-Intensity Conflicts (HIC) when more than 1,000 conflict-related fatalities occur in a 12-month period). Our next category covers LICs -low-intensity-conflicts (between 100 and 1,000 fatalities in a 12-month period). The next lower category covers VPCs -violent political conflicts (less than 100 deaths in a 12-month period but usually more than 25 fatalities). While some registrars of war or major armed conflict include only those conflicts in which a government is one of the parties, we focus also on inter-communal conflicts. In other inventories of armed conflicts these are often not registered at all. We have made an effort to disaggregate these individual violent communal conflicts, listing them separately. Due to more thorough monitoring, based on a daily coding of multiple sources of information, including media reports, government reports, NGO accounts and academic literature, we are able to present what we believe to be the most comprehensive single concise overview of contemporary political conflict in the open literature. We do not, however, claim completeness for our coverage. As conflicts are less intense and therefore less visible, they can for quite some time escape the eye of the distant observer. The Conflict Map 2001/2002 does not depict more than 300 domestic political tension situations PIOOM came across during the past year. They are presented on the backside of the map. These hard-to-monitor sub-critical, mainly pre- and sometimes post-violent dispute and tension situations remain essentially unregistered by the academic research community despite much rhetoric about the need for Early Warning. The current map excludes massacres and campaigns of violence by criminal actors, except in those cases where these have clear political or terrorist overtones. Despite the care with which we have checked our data, many of our findings are only estimates of magnitudes rather than exact numbers. They will require correction once the full proportions of conflicts become visible when the fog of war and censorship has cleared. It is likely that a number of cases of political tension situations should have been placed in a higher category of conflict. However, PIOOM rather errs on the side of caution than engaging in exaggeration. Table 1: Stages of Conflict with Crisis Thresholds

The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks immediately triggered a worldwide debate on the effectiveness of counterterrorist measures. We like to refer the readers to the proceedings of an ISPAC conference held in 2000 in Italy and edited by former-PIOOM research coordinator Alex P. Schmid who now heads the Terrorism Prevention Branch of the United Nations (website: http:\\www.odccp.org). Countering Terrorism Through Enhanced International Cooperation. Proceedings of the International Conference on Countering Terrorism Through Enhanced International Cooperation, Courmayeur Mont Blanc, Italy, 22-24 September 2000. (Milan, ISPAC, 2001, 392p., e-mail: cnpds.ispac@iol.it) These proceedings include important background information on the problem of international terrorism and a discussion on political strategies for de-legitimizing the use of terrorism. Currently, much energy is placed on combating the violence, and not enough on countering the political propaganda and ideology of terrorists. The policy has already been described as shooting with a cannon at a flock of starlings or killing a few mosquitos and leaving the swamp. It is the propaganda that gets terrorist movements new recruits and keeps their constituencies committed to their cause. Counterterrorist measures should place more emphasis on psychological, educational and communicational ways of coping with terrorism, without neglecting judicial, economic and political approaches (see the toolbox of counterterrorist measures on the website of the Terrorism Prevention Branch). One of the lessons of the September 11 tragedy is that terrorists cannot be found if you dont know where to look for them. Good intelligence remains therefore a critical requirement for a successful counterterrorism policy. At the time of writing, intelligence sources indicate that America and its immediate military allies face an ongoing threat of multiple terrorist attacks. Following the first week of military operations against Afghanistan, al Qaeda renewed its threat to the US: Powell, and others in the US administration, know that if al Qaeda organization promises or threatens, it fulfills its promise or threat, God willing. Therefore, we tell him tomorrow is not far for he who waits for it. What will happen is what you are going to see and not what you hear. And the storms will not calm, especially the aircraft storm. These storms will not calm until you retreat in defeat from Afghanistan, stop your assistance to the Jews in Palestine, end the siege imposed on the Iraqi people, leave the Arabian peninsula, and stop your support for the Hindus against the Muslims in Kashmir. Success of the current military operation will largely depend on the fact whether the coalition can be held together and whether the US-led operation can gain the legitimacy of the United Nations. If the US expands the military operation to other countries, the coalition is expected to fall apart and will lose its popular support. At the time of writing the United States is showing first signs that it is willing to engage in nation-building in Afghanistan and cooperate with the United Nations. The absence of a viable alternative to the Taliban will have a critical impact upon the way the military campaign unfolds. Afghanistans crisis could turn into a humanitarian disaster on the same scale as Rwandas in the mid1990s. Up to seven million people are at risk in Afghanistan. There was little time to act before the winter set in and the hungriest and poorest Afghans are dying of hunger and cold at rates far higher than the aid agencies consider to be crisis levels. The World Food Program estimates that it must deliver the equivalent of 52,000 tons of food per month (or 500 trucks per week) to last through the winter season to avert massive starvation. It has also become clear that there is a strong link with the problems in the Middle East. As other conflict situations have illustrated, when a peace process breaks down, this is used by extremists as an excuse to engage in more violence because there is a vacuum. A major task for the international community is to fill this vacuum in the Middle East to prevent it from being exploited by extremists. A Comparison of Seven Major Data Projects At a June 2001 conference in Uppsala (Sweden) data collectors on armed conflict and political violence presented their most recent findings and discussed ways to improve their methodologies and increase the user-friendliness of their databases. The following table is based on several presentations which are still accessible at the website of the Department of Peace and Conflict Research in Uppsala (website: www.peace.uu.se). Here we use the current PIOOM conflict lists and indicate whether and how the cases on our lists are covered by the six other projects. The table lists all the HICs and LICs to indicate overlap and lacunae. VPCs and Tension Situations were included only if they were covered by at least one of the other six projects. The legend explains the acronyms used in the table.

# country 9. Yugoslavia (Kosovo: UCK, TMK) 10. Yugoslavia (Presevo: UCPMB) Sub-Saharan Africa 11. Cameroon (Chari & Logone) 12. CA Republic (MDD vs. RDC) 13. Congo, Brazzaville (Militias) 14. Congo, DR (Aru District) 15. Congo, DR (Equateur Prov.: MLC) 16. Ethiopia (Ogaden: ONLF) 17. Ethiopia (Oromo: OLF) 18. Ethiopia-Eritrea (Border) 19. Ivory Coast (Kroumen vs. Burkinabe) 20. Ivory Coast (Paramil. vs. Dioula) 21. Kenya (Kerio Valley) 22. Kenya (Rift Valley) 23. Kenya (Moyale-Marsabit, OLF) 24. Liberia (Lofa: LURD) 25. Nigeria (Cross Riv. vs. Akwa Iban) 26. Nigeria (Delta: Urhobo vs. Itsekiri) 27. Nigeria (Delta: PNDRM) 28. Nigeria (Gombe: Tula vs. Awak) 29. Nigeria (Imo: Vigilantes) 30. Nigeria (Lagos: OPC vs. Hausa) 31. Nigeria (Nasarawa: Alagos vs. Tiv) 32. Nigeria (Ondo: Ijaw vs. Ilaye) 33. Nigeria (Osun: Ife vs. Modakeke) 34. Nigeria (Taraba: Tiv vs. Jukun) 35. Senegal (Casamance: MFDC) 36. Somalia (MJVA vs. SRRC) 37. South Africa (Kwazulu-Natal) 38. Tanzania (Zanzibar, Pemba) 39. Uganda (North: LRA, UNRF) 40. Uganda (Karamojong) North Africa & Middle East 41. Algeria (Kabylia: Berbers) 42. Iran-Iraq (border: MeK) 43. Iran-Afghanistan (Khorasan, Farah) 44. Iran-Pakistan (Sistan, Baluchistan) 45. Iran (Traditionalists vs. Modernists) 46. Iraq vs. USA, UK 47. Iraq (Kirkuk, Mosul: Kurds) 48. Iraq (South: SCIRI, INC, ICP) 49. Lebanon (Sheeba Farms) 50. Palestine (Inter-Palest. Fighting)

PIOOM AKUF LIC LIC AC .

CIDCM E/M4/Susp .

DPCR . .

HIIK SCR .

SIPRI SOWAP . . . .

# country 18. Mauritania-Senegal (Senegal River) 19. Niger (North: Tuareg) 20. Western Sahara (POLISARIO) 21. Zambia (Kaputa: Spillover Angola) 22. Zimbabwe (ZANU-PF vs. MDC) Middle East 23. Egypt (Islamists) 24. Iraq (PUK vs. DPK) Central & South Asia 25. Bangladesh (BNP vs. Awami League) 26. Bangladesh-Myanmar (Rohingyas) 27. India (Manipur: Pathei vs. Waife) 28. India (Manipur: Kuki vs. Zomi) 29. India (Kokrajhir: Bodos) 30. India-Bangladesh (Feni dist.) Far East & Southeast Asia 31. Cambodia (Coup Attempt, CFF) 32. China (Tibet) 33. China (Xinjiang: Uighurs) 34. Papua New Guinea (Bougainville) 35. Fiji (Fijians vs. Indian Immigrants) 36. North/South Korea (Divided Country) 37. Philippines (Peoples Power II) 38. Solomon Islands (IFF vs. MEF)

PIOOM AKUF VPC VPC VPC VPC VPC . . . . .

CIDCM . E/M1/Susp . . .

DPCR . . . . .

HIIK CRI . CRI CRI CRI

SIPRI SOWAP . . . . . . . . . .

References As the world map concentrates on the worst situations, readers should consult the full sources related to the features covered on the map. The following listing provides the sources and indicates how decisions were made on certain thresholds or criteria for inclusion or exclusion. 1. Human Development Index The Human Development Index (HDI) is one of the most sophisticated indexes that has emerged in the 1990s from the United Nations. It is a composite index of equal weight based on measurements of life expectancy, educational attainment and a decent standard of living. The map presents the index per region according to the levels of high, medium and low development. Countries for which no index was available are listed with a question mark. Source: UNDP. Human Development Report 2001. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, 264p. http://www.undp.org 2. Democracy The presence or absence of formal democracy is indicated by the color of the name of a country. A country name printed in red indicates a non- or pseudo-democracy. A country name printed in black indicates a functioning electoral democracy. A country name in italics indicates a territory with a contested statehood. Source: Freedom in the World, 2000-2001. The Annual Survey of Political Rights and Civil Liberties, 2000-2001. New York: Freedom House. http://freedomhouse.org 3. Globalization Ranking The Globalization Index tries to indicate the level of globalization in a country by combining information on four factors: technological developments, personal contacts, finance, and goods and services. The index quantifies the level of personal contacts across national borders by combining data on international travel, international phone calls, and cross-border remittances and other transfers; it also assesses the growing number of worldwide web users, the number of Internet hosts and secure servers through which to communicate, find information and conduct business transactions. The index also tracks the movements of goods and services by examining the changing share of international trade in each country's economy, and it measures the permeability of national borders through the convergence of domestic and international prices. Finally the index tracks the movements of money by tabulating inward- and outward-directed foreign investment and portfolio capital flows, as well as income payments and receipts. The analysis includes 48 developed countries and key emerging markets. Source: The A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine. Globalization Index. Foreign Policy, January/February, 2001, pp.56-64. http://www.foreignpolicy.com 4. Weapons of Mass Destruction The symbol used on the world map 2001 indicates the presence or alleged development of weapons of mass destruction. The letters ABC refer to Atomic, Biological and Chemical. A capital letter refers to a confirmed warfare capability in the respective category. A small letter indicates a threshold situation in the respective category or a situation in which the knowledge of a previous capability is still available and can be reactivated. Sources: J.A. Larsen, G.J. Rattray (Eds.) Arms Control towards the 21st Century. Boulder: Rienner, 1996.; - E. Geissler et.al. (Eds.) Conversion of Former BTW Facilities. The Hague: Kluwer, 1998. ] - Protecting the Homeland. Report of the Defense Science Board. 2000 Summer Study. Executive Summary. February 2001. Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Acquisition, Technology, and Logistics. Washington, DC. - M.Leitenberg. An Assessment of the Biological Weapons Threat to the United States. A White Paper prepared for the Conference on Emerging Threats Assessment: Biological Terrorism, at the Institute for Security Technology Studies, Dartmouth College, July 7-9, 2000. 5. Landmines More than 100 million anti-personnel mines are buried around the world, the majority in Egypt, Iran, China, Iraq, Angola, Cambodia, Afghanistan and Vietnam. March 1, 2001, was the second anniversary of the entry into force of the Mine Ban Treaty, the 1997 global ban on antipersonnel landmines. While 139 countries have signed the Treaty and 110 have ratified it, 54 countries remain outside the community of nations dedicated to eradicating this indiscriminante killer. According to the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL), Russia, Burma, Sri Lanka, and Angola as well as rebel groups in a dozen conflicts, were actively laying landmines on the Treaty's anniversary. Source: International Campaign to Ban Landmines. Landmine Monitor Report 1999. New York: Human Rights Watch, 1071p. http://www.icbl.org 6. Child Soldiers More than 500,000 children are recruited by government forces and armed groups in more than 87 countries, and at least 300,000 children are actively fighting in 41 countries. Source: Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. Global Report on Child Soldiers 2001. http://www.child-soldiers.org 7. Weapons Export Control In connection with the EU Code of Conduct a guiding criterion has been developed to refuse or limit arms exports applications. The developed dual list consists of 40 countries (listed on the map with the symbol of an M16 with a red cross) where no kind of exports should be authorized and 75 countries to which an export license would only be granted after receiving a series of guarantees. A total of 60 countries legally export small arms. Four major exporters incl. Brazil, Germany, Russia and the USA export more than US $75 million annually. Another 18 countries are considered as mid-level exporters with exports between US $1 and US $75 million annually. Finally, 20 countries export less than $1 million annually. The export of a last group of 18 countries is unknown. Source: -UNESCO Chair on Peace and Human Rights, Escola de Cultura de Pau. 2001 Report: Criteria to Authorize or Refuse Arms Exports. Bellaterra: Universidad Autonoma de Barcelona, 2001, 33p. -Graduate Institute of International Studies. Small Arms Survey 2001. Profiling the Problem. Geneva: GIIS, 2001, 293p. http://www.smallarmssurvey.org 8. Torture In 2000, Amnesty International launched a concerted new effort to eradicate torture around the world. The new campaign is using the Internet to try to extend the protection of international scrutiny to an ever greater number of potential victims. The www.stoptorture.org website has led to individuals in 188 countries registering to get involved and add their voice to the clamor of justice and freedom from torture. At the start of the campaign AI published Take a Step to Stamp Out Torture, drawing on recent reports of torture and ill-treatment from more than 150 countries. Torture continues to be used as an instrument of political repression. However, the most common victims of torture and ill-treatment are convicted criminals and criminal suspects. Countries in which torture is still practiced are indicated on the world map 2001 with the symbol of a 'T.' Sources: US State Department. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. Washington, DC: US GPO, 2001. http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2000. - Amnesty International. Report 2001. London: Amnesty International Publications, 2001, 302p. http://www.amnesty.org 9. Death Penalty By the end of 2000, 75 countries and territories had abolished the death penalty for all crimes. A further 13 countries had abolished it for all but exceptional crimes such as wartime crimes. At least 20 countries were abolitionist in practice: they had not carried out any executions for the past 10 years or more and were believed to have an established practice of not carrying out executions. In 2000, at least 1,457 people were executed in 28 countries, according to Amnesty International. At least 3,058 people were sentenced to death in 65 countries. These figures include only cases known to Amnesty International. The true figures were certainly higher. The vast majority of executions worldwide are carried out in a tiny handful of countries. In 2000, 88 percent of all known executions took place in China, Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia and the USA. Countries that retain the death penalty receive a symbol of a noose. Source: Amnesty International. Report 2001. London: Amnesty International Publications, 2001, 302p. http://www.amnesty.org 10. Press Freedom Leonard Sussman reports annually on the situation of press freedom in the world. In his latest 2001 survey (reporting on the year 2000) he examined 186 countries. The world map 2001 indicates the countries with restricted press freedoms by the symbol of a pen with a cross. Sussman lists countries on a scale from 1 to 100. The countries cat-

egorized as 'not free' (scale values 61 to 100) receive a symbol of a pen with a red cross on the map. Source: Leonard R. Sussman. Press Freedom Survey 2001. New York: Freedom House. http://freedomhouse.org 11. Corruption Since 1995 Transparency International (TI) has published the Corruption Perceptions Index which draws upon numerous distinct surveys of experts as well as public opinion surveys to assess the extent of corruption in many countries around the world. TI holds that securing democracy, alleviating poverty and human suffering, and sustaining investment and commerce, are inextricably dependent upon curbing corruption. In its most recent 2001 survey 91 countries are covered. On the world map 2001 countries with moderate to high levels (scores 4 to 10 on a 10 point scale) of corruption are identified with the symbol of a bundle of bank notes. Source: Transparency International. Corruption Perceptions Index 2001 NRC Handelsblad. Profiel: Corruptie. 31 mei 2001. http://www.transparency.org 12. Drug Production UNDCP estimates 180 million people consume illicit drugs (annual prevalence in the late 1990s). This includes 144 million for cannabis, 29 million for ATS, 14 million for cocaine and 13.5 million for opiates (of which 9 million for heroin). Clandestine synthetic drugs are spreading rapidly as part of a mass youth culture. Clandestine synthetic drugs are very strong candidates for assuming an increasing share of worldwide drug markets. The ten-year trafficking trend (1990-1999) shows ATS growing at an annual average rate of 30%, compared to 6% for cannabis herb, 5% for heroin, 4% for cannabis resin and 3% for cocaine. The debates on the effectiveness of the 'war on drugs' and the legalization of certain kinds of drugs are continuing. A growing number of terrorist organizations are financing their activities with the profits made by trafficking drugs. As the call for cutting off the financial sources of terrorism has become stronger, counterterrorism policies will be linked to the fight against drug-trafficking. The world map indicates the drug-producing countries with the symbols of a marijuana leaf (for cannabis), a coca leaf (for cocaine), a poppy (for heroine) and two ecstasy tablets (for ATS). Sources: Annual Report of the US President to Congress on Major Illicit Drug-Producing or Drug-Transit Countries. Quoted by Dawn, November 3, 2000. UN World Drug Report 2000. NRC Handelsblad. Profiel: Drugs. 8 Maart 2001. http://odccp.org 13. Money-Laundering Combating money laundering is a dynamic process because criminals or terrorists who launder money are continually seeking new ways to achieve their illegal ends. To make the international financial system less vulnerable to money-laundering, governments must intensify their efforts to remove any detrimental rules and practices which obstruct international cooperation against money-laundering. The Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (FATF) has identified jurisdictions with serious systematic problems. It recommends that financial institutions should give special attention to business relations and transactions with persons, including companies and financial institutions, from these 'non-cooperative countries and territories.' It is expected that the current list will be extended by new jurisdictions as high priority is given to the struggle against international terrorist networks. On the world map the jurisdictions currently listed are indicated with the symbol of a briefcase with a dollar sign. Source: Financial Action Task Force (FATF) on Money Laundering. Review to Identify Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories: Increasing the Worldwide Effectiveness of Anti-Money-Laundering Measures. http://www.oecd.org/fatf 14. Human Trafficking Illegal migration is a growing problem and seen by a number of countries as a burden on welfare and a threat to national identities. The European Union estimates that 500,000 illegal migrants arrived during the year 2000, up from an estimated 40,000 as recently as 1993. Trafficking humans has become a profitable enterprise for organized crime. Many people borrow money to pay crime rings to move them to a European country. This is not without risk. It is estimated that more than 6,000 people have died during their journey since 1996. US reports indicate that there are 23 countries countries that fail to end the problem (tier three), while another 47 countries do not meet minimum standards but are trying to end the problem (tier two). Under legislation passed by the US Congress in 2000, countries have until 2003 to show that they are serious about ending the practice, otherwise Washington may impose sanctions against them. The EU is currently reviewing its immigration policy as estimates suggest that as many as 35 million immigrants may be needed by 2025 to offset an aging population. The world map 2001 indicates tier three countries with the symbol of a coaster with illegal migrants. Source: US State Department. Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act. Washington, DC: US State Department, 2001. Quoted by BBC, July 12, 2001. 15. Disaster Vulnerability Countries are listed on the world map (with the symbol of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies) if more than 1 percent of the population was killed and affected by disasters in the period 19912000. Disaster is defined as a situation or event that overwhelms local capacity and fulfills at least one of the following criteria: 10 or more people reported killed (people confirmed dead, or missing and presumed dead); 100 people reported affected (people requiring immediate assistance during a period of emergency, such as food, water, shelter, sanitation and immediate medical assistance); a call for international assistance; and/or the declaration of a state of emergency. Each year an estimated 211 million people on average are affected by disasters. A total of 256 million people were affected by disasters in 2000, with 20,000 deaths. Over the past decade 750,000 have died. Source: International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. World Disasters Report 2001. Geneva: IFRC/RCS, 2001, 248p. http://www.ifrc.org 16. Food Security A total of 33 countries are facing exceptional food emergencies, 17 in Africa, 12 in Asia, 2 in Latin America and 2 in Europe. Another 13 countries have unfavorable prospects for current crops. The countries with a food crisis receive a symbol of an empty plate on the world map 2001. Source: FAO/GIEWS-Foodcrops & Shortages, No. 3, June 2001. http://www.fao.org 17. AIDS Infection Rate The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) which causes AIDS has brought about a pandemic far more extensive than was predicted even a decade ago. UNAIDS and WHO now estimate that the number of people living with HIV and AIDS at the end of the year 2000 stands at 36.1 million. This is more than 50 percent higher than what WHO's Global Programme on AIDS projected in 1991 on the basis of the data then available. The challenges thrown up by HIV vary enormously from place to place, depending on how far and fast the virus is spreading and on whether those infected have started to fall ill or die in large numbers. In 2000, there were 5.3 million newly infected people with HIV. During the year a total of 3 million people died of AIDS. The total number of deaths of the AIDS pandemic stands at 21.8 million. The world map 2001 indicates the countries with HIV infection rates of more than 1 percent of the population with a symbol of a red ribbon. Source: UNAIDS. AIDS Epidemic Update: December 2000. Geneva: UNAIDS, WHO, 2000, 23p. http://www.unaids.org 18. Displacement The US Committee for Refugees provides annual statistics on refugees and other uprooted people. It provides these figures after careful scrutiny of every available reliable source, supplementing that information with first-hand investigations. As of December 31, 2000, it counted a total of 14,544,000 refugees worldwide. This is an increase of 400,000 in comparison to the previous year. New displacement occurred in Afghanistan, Angola, Burundi, Colombia, Congo DR, Guinea, Indonesia, Liberia, Philippines, Sierra Leone, Sri Lanka, Sudan and Uganda. On the world map 2001 the countries of origin are indicated with the symbol of a refugee (a mother and child). Source: US Committee for Refugees. World Refugee Survey 2001. Washington, DC: US Committee for Refugees, 2001, 306p. http://www.refugees.org 19. Complex Emergency Reliefweb provides humanitarian response information on current emergencies and countries of concern. In June 2001, the website listed 20 emergencies covering a total of 32 countries. They are indicated on the world map 2001 with the symbol of a broken star with an exclamation mark. Source: Reliefweb. http://www.reliefweb

List of Parties Involved in Political Violence Organizations that have been involved in political violence are listed per country in alphabetical order. The list is a selection and focuses on ongoing conflicts and is in no way comprehensive. Not all names listed here can be considered as terrorist or guerrilla organizations. Some of them are regular political parties or government agencies. Group names printed in bold are designated Foreign Terrorist Organizations (FTOs) by the American government. The designation carries legal consequences: 1) It is unlawful to provide funds or other material support to a designated FTO; 2) Representatives and certain members of a designated FTO can be denied visas or excluded from the United States; 3) US financial institutions must block funds of designated FTOs and their agents and must report the blockage to the US Department of the Treasury. AFGHANISTAN aQ -al Qaida aJ -al Jihad DiIiI -Invitation to Islamic Unity (Da'wati-Ittehadi-Islami) HiW -United Party (Hezb-i-Wahdat) HiI -Islamic Movement (Harakat-i-Islami) HiIiA -Party of Islamic Thunder (Hizb-i-Islami-iAfghanistan) IP/G -Islamic Party (Hizb-Islami Gulbuddin) IP/K -Islamic Party (Hizb-Islami-Kha'lis) IiI -Ittihad-i-Islami/Shura-i-Nazar Alliance JiI -Islamic Society (Jamiat-i-Islami) JiM -United Front (Jebh-i-Muttahed) NIMA -National Islamic Movement of Afghanistan (Jumbisch-i-Milli) NiI -Islamic Movement (Nahzat-i-Islami) NiI -Islamic Force (Niru-i-Islami) PiJiI -Guardians of Islamic Holy war (Pasdaran-iJihadi-i-Islami) SiN -Organization for Victory (Sazeman-i-Nasr) TM -The Seekers (Taliban Movement) UFA -United Front for Afghanistan (Northern Alliance) UIFSA -United Islamic Front for Salvation of Afghanistan ALGERIA AKAL AIS FIDA DwD FIJ GIA GSPC MEI MIA MIPJ MIS SCIAF SDG TwH

SPDC SSA SSNA SSLNO SSPA SSRC SURA UWSA

LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC

. . . . . . . WAR/C2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WAR/B2 WAR/E2 . . WAR/A2 .

. . E/M3/Susp . . . E/M1/Susp . . . . . . P/E/M4/Spor . . . . . . . . . . E/M1/Spor P/M5/Spor . . P/E/M1/Spor .

. . . . . MAC MAC WAR . . . . . MAC . . . . . . . . . . IAC . . . IAC .

. LCR CRI . . SCR . WAR . CRI . . . WAR . . . . . . . . . . CRI CRI LCR CRI SCR .

. . . . . . . WAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WAR . . . .

. . . . . WAR WAR WAR . . . . . WAR . . . . . . . . . . WAR WAR . . WAR .

-State Peace and Development Council -Shan State Army -Shan State National Army -Shan State Nationalities Liberation Organization -Shan State Progress Army -Shan State Restoration Council -Shan United Revolutionary Army -United Wa State Army

DJIBOUTI FRUD -Front for the Restoration of Unity and Democracy ECUADOR CONAIE -Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador FARE-DP -Revolutionary Armed Forces of EcuadorDefenders of the People EGYPT aJ AGI GIJ IJ MB NJ PNHS SoFP TWH VIT WM

VPC VPC

. .

P/M1/Repr .

. .

CRI CRI

. .

. .

VPC VPC VPC VPC VPC VPC

. . . . WAR/B2 .

. . . . . .

. . . MAC . .

CRI CRI . . . CRI

. . . . . .

. . . WAR . .

BURUNDI CNND -National Council for the Defense of Democracy FDD -Forces for the Defense of Democracy FLN -National Liberation Front PALIPEHUTU-Hutu People's Liberation Party PARENA -Party for National Redress CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC MDD -Movement for Democracy and Development RDC -Central African Democratic Rally CAMBODIA CFF -Cambodian Freedom Fighters KR -Khmer Rouge CHAD CALD CMAP DRF FARF FNTR MDD FANT MDJT

LeK LeS MCC MeI MeK MJC MJF MULTA NDFB NLFT NSCN PLA PULF PWG RS RSS SS SULFA TMMK TNLA TuM UBLF UJC ULFA UPDS VG VHP

VPC VPC VPC VPC VPC VPC VPC VPC

. . . . . . . WAR/B2

P/M2/Susp . E/M2/Repr E/M1/Susp . . . .

. . . . . . . .

LCR CRI LCR LCR SCR CRI . SCR

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

-al Jihad -Islamic Group (Al-Gama'a al Islamiyya) -Group of International Justice -Islamic Jihad -Moslem Brotherhood -New Jihad -Pioneers of the New Holy Struggle -Soldiers of the Friends of the Prophet -Takfir wa-e-Hidjra -Vanguard of Islamic Triumph -Withdrawal Movement (Al Tableegh Wal Daa'wa)

ERITREA EIS ELF ETHIOPIA GPDC IFLO OIU OLF ONLF OPLO TPLF UOLF UOPLF FRANCE AC ACN FLNC

-Eritrean Islamic Salvation Front -Eritrean Liberation Front

Tensions (TEN) # country West, Central & Eastern Europe 1. Greece, Turkey (Aegean islands) 2. Moldova (Transdnistr) Sub-Saharan Africa 3. Namibia (West Caprivi) Middle East 4. Iran-Iraq 5. Israel-Syria Far East & Southeast Asia 6. Taiwan-China PIOOM AKUF CIDCM DPCR HIIK SIPRI SOWAP

LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC

. WAR/A2 . . . WAR/C2 . . WAR/CE2 .

. . . . . . E/M1/Susp E/M3/Repr . .

. IAC . . . . . . . .

. CRI . . LCR SCR CRI CRI SCR .

. WAR . . . . . WAR . .

. . . . . WAR . . . .

TEN TEN

. .

. E/M1/Susp

. .

CRI LCR

. .

. .

-Action Committee for Freedom and Democracy -Coordination of Armed Political Movements of the Opposition -Democratic Revolutionary Front (Toubou) -Armed Forces for the Federal Republic -Renewed National Chadian Front -Movement for Development and Democracy -National Armed Forces of Chad -Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad

-Lashkar-e-Karbala -Lashkar-e-Sajjad -Maoist Communist Center -Mahaz-e-Islami -Mujahedin-e-Kashmir -Mutahida Jihad Council -Muslim Janbaz Force -Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam -National Democratic Front of Bongaion -National Liberation Front of Tripura -National Socialist Council of Nagalim (earlier Nagaland) -People's Liberation Army -People's United Liberation Front -People's War Group -Ranvir Sena -National Volunteer Corps -Shiv Sena (Army of Shivaji Party) -Surrendered United Liberation Front of Assam -Tamil Nadu Muslim Munnetra Kazagham -Tamil National Liberation Army -Tehrik-el-Mujahideen -United Bengali Liberation Front -United Jihad Council -United Liberation Front of Assam -United People's Democratic Solidarity -Veerappan Gang -Vishwa Hindu Parishad

-Gambella People's Democratic Congress -Islamic Front for the Liberation of Oromo -Ogaden Islamic Union -Oromo Liberation Front -Ogaden National Liberation Front -Oromo People's Liberation Organization -Tigray People's Liberation Front -United Oromo Liberation Front -United Oromo People's Liberation Front

TEN

CRI

TEN TEN

. .

. .

. .

CRI CRI

. .

. .

TEN

CRI

STAGE I: PEACEFUL STABLE SITUATION High Degree of Social Stability & Regime Legitimacy STAGE II: POLITICAL TENSION SITUATION Growing Levels of Systemic Strain and Increasing Social and Political Cleavages, often along Factional Lines **POLITICAL CRISIS** STAGE III: VIOLENT POLITICAL CONFLICT Erosion of the Governments Political Legitimacy and/or Rising Acceptance of Factional Politics STAGE IV: LOW-INTENSITY CONFLICT Open Hostility and Armed Conflict among Factional Groups/Regime Repression and Insurgency **HUMANITARIAN CRISIS ** STAGE V: HIGH-INTENSITY CONFLICT Organized Combat between Rival Groups/Massive Killings/Displacement of Sectors of the Civilian Population The New War Against International Terrorism In the final stage of the preparation of the conflict map the first shots were fired in Operation Enduring Freedom, the first big war of the new millennium. The United States and Great Britain attacked Afghanistan with cruise missiles and fighter bombers to gain air superiority necessary for ground operations. The attack was triggered by the September 11, 2001, multiple terrorist attacks on the most visible symbols of American power, the World Trade Center in New York and the Pentagon in Washington, by using hijacked civilian airplanes and crashing them into the targets. In the devastating attacks more than 3,000 people were killed, which makes it the most lethal international terrorist incident. As those responsible for the attacks have shown no moral restraints in killing innocent human beings, the risk of the future use of weapons of mass destruction has also increased. Intelligence information indicates that the perpetrator organization has been involved in attempts to acquire weapons of mass destruction. At the time of writing, the first anthrax death has been registered and the first evidence appeared of a bioterrorism attack by sending anthrax spores in letters to media targets. Experts believe the anthrax discovered at Capitol Hill is a strain produced by experts which makes the involvement of a state more likely. Many letters were discovered elsewhere in the world. Most of them were hoaxes as news media coverage of the anthrax scare triggered a cycle of copycat behavior. The US administration immediately expanded its anti-bioterrorism programs. Several European countries introduced new measures to tackle chemical or biological attack, while pointing out that they anticipate isolated cases at most. The EU decided to improve cooperation among the health services in the EU and candidate countries to compile information about stocks of vaccine, serums and antibiotics, and the availability of hospital beds for seriously injured victims of a terrorist attack. It also created a task force to set up a terrorism monitoring center. Recent research indicates that European surveillance systems for detecting, monitoring and controlling disease outbreaks are weak. Researchers found critical weaknesses in detection, coordination, funding and reporting. The American government holds the international terrorist network al Qaeda responsible for the September 11 attacks, immediately mobilized an international coalition to fight terrorism with a global reach. The attacks were also considered as an attack on NATO which means that NATO actively supports the United States in fighting its new war against international terrorism. The United States formulated a war plan that consists of three missions: prevent any further attacks against American assets by al Qaeda; kill Osama bin Laden and destroy al Qaeda and all of its linked organizations on a worldwide basis; and punish all countries that have supported al Qaeda, beginning with Afghanistan. The September 11, 2001, attacks and the military response set in motion a chain of events that might result in new wars and increased levels of insecurity in the world. The military operations may lead to changes in several governments including Afghanistan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and might destabilize many others like Indonesia, Algeria, Malaysia and the Philippines. The so-called jihad factor is present in many ongoing conflicts listed on the PIOOM map. Thirteen High-Intensity Conflicts and 23 Low-Intensity Conflicts have a jihadfactor. They cover at least 36 locations in the world including almost all regions of the world with the exception of Latin America. However, Islamic terrorist networks do have an important bridgehead in Latin America in Ciudad del Este which is now under close watch by intelligence services. It seems that there will be a complete overhaul of the international security regime. Regional defense organizations are likely to reorient themselves towards the struggle against international terrorism. A number of countries are using their engagement in the American-led coalition to strengthen and/or redefine their status in the worlds hierarchy of power. Immediately after the first attacks in Afghanistan, Osama bin Laden indicated in a video brief that the world is now split between believers and nonbelievers. The military operations will be the first critical test of what has been called asymmetrical warfare. The war against international terrorism will also have a strong impact on civil liberties and human rights. Several countries introduced new far-reaching anti-terrorism legislation. A number of countries will use the war against terrorism as an excuse to repress minorities and dissidents.

High-Intensity Conflicts (HIC) # country Central & South America 1. Colombia (FARC) West, Central & Eastern Europe 2. Russian Fed. (Chechnya) Sub-Saharan Africa 3. Angola (UNITA) 4. Burundi (FDD, FNL) 5. Chad (MDJT, CMAP) 6. Congo, DR (RCD, LNR, militias) 7. Congo, DR (Hema vs. Lendu) 8. Guinea (RDFG, RUF, LURD) 9. Nigeria (Musl. vs. Christ.) 10. Rwanda (ALIR 1 & 2) 11. Sierra Leone (RUF, WSB) 12. Sudan (SPLA e.a) 13. Uganda (ADF, NULU, NALU) North Africa & Middle East 14. Algeria (GIA e.a.) 15. Israel-Palestine (IDF vs. PLO) Central & Southeast Asia 16. Afghanistan (NA, UIFSA) 17. India-Pakistan (Kashmir) (17a.) India (Kashmir) 18. Pakistan (Punjab: SSP vs. TJP) 19. Pakistan (Sindh: MQM) 20. Sri Lanka (Jaffna: LTTE) Far East & East Asia 21. Indonesia (Aceh: GAM) 22. Indonesia (Moluccas: LJ) 23. Philippines (Mindanao: MILF) PIOOM AKUF CIDCM DPCR HIIK SIPRI SOWAP

HIC

WAR/A2

P/M4/Ongo

WAR

WAR

WAR

WAR

HIC

WAR/B2

E/M4/Ongo

WAR

WAR

WAR

WAR

HIC HIC HIC HIC HIC HIC HIC HIC HIC HIC HIC

WAR/A2 WAR/A2 AC WAR/AC1 AC WAR/A2 WAR/BE2 WAR/A2 WAR/A1 WAR/AB2 .

P/M6/Ongo E/M4/Ongo P/E/M6/Spor P/E/I/M5/Ongo . . C/M1/Ongo E/M3/Spor P/E/M3/Ongo E/M6/Ongo .

WAR WAR MAC WAR . . . IAC IAC WAR .

WAR WAR SCR WAR . WAR SCR SCR WAR WAR .

WAR WAR WAR WAR . . . WAR WAR WAR .

WAR WAR WAR WAR . WAR WAR WAR WAR WAR .

Central & South Asia 51. Bangladesh (Kushtia: Communists) LIC 52. India (Andhra Pradesh: PWG, e.a.) LIC 53. India (Bihar: MLA, JMM, MCC, PWG) LIC 54. India (Assam: ULFA, SULFA, e.a.) LIC 55. India (Haryana: Brahmin vs. Dalits) LIC 56. India (Madhya Pradesh: PWG) LIC 57. India (Maharashtra: Hind. vs. Christ.) LIC 58. India (Nagaland: NSCN-IM, NSCN-K) LIC 59. India (Punjab: Hind. vs. Christ.) LIC 60. India (Tripura: ATTF, NLTF, e.a.) LIC 61. India (Uttar Pradesh: Hd. vs. Chr.) LIC 62. India (West Bengal: KPF, GNLF, ea.) LIC 63. India-Pakistan (Siachen Glacier) LIC 64. Kyrgyzstan (Sokh Enclave) LIC 65. Nepal (Maoists: UPF) LIC 66. Pakistan (NWFP: Intertribal) LIC 67. Tajikistan (Kyurgan-Tyube) LIC 68. Uzbekistan (Ferghana Valley) LIC Far East & Southeast Asia 69. Indonesia (East Timor) 70. Indonesia (Java: NU vs. Golkar) 71. Indonesia (Sulawesi: Chr. vs. Musl.) 72. Indonesia (West Irian: OPM) 73. Indonesia (West Kalimantan) 74. Myanmar (Border Thailand) 75. Myanmar (Border China: Wa) 76. Myanmar (North: Shan) 77. Myanmar (Taninthayi: Karenni) 78. Philippines (Communists: NPA) 79. Philippines (Jolo: ASG)

. WAR/A2 . WAR/B2 . . . AC . WAR/B2 . . . . WAR/A2 . AC WAR/AE1

E/M2/Susp . . E/M2/Spor . . . . . . . . . . P/M1/Ongo . P/M3/Susp .

. MAC . IAC . . . . . MAC . . . . MAC . . MAC

. . . SCR . . . . . . . . . SCR SCR . CRI SCR

. . . WAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. WAR WAR . . . . . WAR . . . . WAR . . WAR Legend: PIOOM (Interdisciplinary Research Programme on Causes of Human Rights Violations, Leiden, Netherlands): HIC: HighIntensity Conflict; LIC: Low-Intensity Conflict ; VPC: Violent Political Conflict; TEN: Tension Situation. AKUF (Working Group on the Causes of War, Hamburg, Germany): WAR: War; AC: Armed Conflict. AKUF distinguishes the following types of war: A: Anti-regime war; B: War for autonomy or secessionist war; C: Interstate war; D: De-Colonization war; E: other intra-state war; 1: War with direct foreign intervention; 2: War without direct foreign intervention. CIDCM (Center for International Development and Conflict Management, Maryland, United States): CIDCM characterizes conflicts as follows: C: Communal; E: Ethnic; I: International; P: Political; CIDCM ranks the conflicts according to magnitude based on a scale for the number of deaths: M1-10: Magnitude of conflict on a scale from 1 (low damage and limited scope) to 10 (total destruction); CIDCM reports on the status of the conflict as of November 7, 2000: Ongo: Ongoing (active, coordinated military operations); Spor: Sporadic (occasional militant clashes or terrorist incidents, without evidence of sustained challenges); Repr: Repressed (sufficient armed force has been deployed to contain serious challenges by the opposition despite the fact that the underlying source of the conflict remains serious and unresolved); Susp: Suspended (conflict has been suspended for a substantial period, due to stalemate, cease-fire or peace settlement). DPCR (Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala, Sweden): DPCR identifies three categories of conflict: WAR: Major Armed Conflict; IAC: Intermediate armed conflict; and MAC: Minor Armed Conflict. HIIK (Heidelberg Institute for International Conflict Research, Heidelberg, Germany): HIIK four categories of conflict of which only the first two are violent: WAR: War; SCR: Serious Crisis; CRI: Crisis; LCR: Latent Crisis. SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden): SIPRI identifies only the major wars which largely coincide with DPCRs Major Armed Conflicts. WAR: War. SOWAP (State of War and Peace Atlas, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo, Norway): The Atlas lists armed conflict during the 1990-2000 period. The table lists the conflicts with an ongoing combat states during the year 2000. WAR: War.

-Alliance for a Free Kabylia -Islamic Salvation Army -Islamic Front for Armed Holy War -Appeal and Struggle (Da'wa wal Djihad) -Front of Islamic Jihad -Armed Islamic Group -Salafist Group for Predication & Combat -Movement of the Islamic State -Armed Islamic Movement -Islamic Movement for Spreading the Faith and Holy War -Movement for Islamic Society -Supreme Council of the Islamic Armed Forces -Self-Defense Groups (Patriots) -Takfir wa 'l Hijra

COLOMBIA AUC -United Self-Defense Groups of Colombia CONVIVIR -Civilian Rural Self-Defense Groups ELN -National Liberation Army EPL -People's Liberation Army ERP -Revolutionary People's Army FARC -Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia IFB -Integrated Forces of Bolivar ORP -Peoples Revolutionary Organization PCC -First Commando of the Capital PCC-ML -Communist Party of Colombia MarxistLeninist SBCG -National Guerrilla Coordination Simon Bolivar UP -Patriotic Union (Union Patriotica) COMOROS GIRMA -Group for the Recovery Initiative for the Anjouan Movement NUDC -National Union for Democracy in the Comoros CONGO C C FI FAR M MCDDI N NRMC Z

-Corsican Army (Armata Corsa) -A Cuncolta Naziunalista -National Liberation Front of Corsica

GEORGIA FB -Forest Brothers M -Mkhedrioni WL -White Legion GHANA NDC NPP GREECE ELA RO17N RC

INDONESIA ASNLF -Aceh/Sumatra National Liberation Front ASWJF -Ahlus Sunnah Wal Jama'ah Forum FPI -Front for the Defense of Islam GAM -Movement of a Free Aceh IILF -Indonesian Islamic Liberation Front IM -Ikhwanul Muslimin KJ -Kommando Jihad (Holy Struggle Commandos) LJ -Lashkar Jihad LJ -Lashkar Jundullah LJM -Lashkar Jesus Militia MYA -Muhamadi Yah Alliance NU -Nadhnatul Ulama OPM -Free Papua Movement PKB -National Awakening Party RHB -Communist Revolutionary Proletarian Army IRAN AeH DPK/I IFM PDF MeK IRAQ aQaS BASP DPK IIVNS IM IMIK INC INA ISM KDPI N PUK SCIRI

-National Democratic Congress -New Patriotic Party

-Ansar-e-Hezbollah -Democratic Party of Kurdistan/Iran -Iranian Freedom Movement -People's Democratic Front -Mujahedeen-e-Khalq Organization

-Revolutionary Popular Struggle -Revolutionary Organization of November 17 -Revolutionary Cells

GUATEMALA URNG -Guatemalan National Revolutionary Union GUINEA RFDG

HIC HIC

WAR/A2 WAR/B2

P/M4/Spor E/M1/Ongo

WAR IAC

SCR SCR

WAR WAR

WAR WAR

HIC HIC . HIC HIC HIC

WAR/A2 WAR/B1 AC . AC WAR/B2

E/M7/Ongo E/M3/Ongo . . E/M1/Repr E/M5/Ongo

WAR WAR IAC . . WAR

WAR SCR . . SCR WAR

WAR WAR WAR . . WAR

WAR WAR WAR . . WAR

LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC LIC

. . . . . AC . . . WAR/A2 .

E/M2/Susp . . . . E/M4/Ongo . . . P/M3/Spor .

. . . . . IAC . . . IAC .

CRI LCR . CRI CRI CRI . . . LCR .

. . . . . WAR . . . WAR .

. . . WAR . WAR . WAR WAR WAR .

ANGOLA FLEC -Liberation Front of the Cabinda Enclave FLEC-FAC -Liberation Front of the Cabinda EnclaveCabinda Armed Forces FLEC-R -Liberation Front of the Cabinda EnclaveRenewed UNITA -National Union for the Total Liberation of Angola BANGLADESH AL -Awami League BCL -Bangladesh Chhatra League BNP -Bangladesh National Party ISF -Islamic Student Front (Chhatra Shibir) IUA -Islamic Unity Alliance JCD -Jatiyatabadi Chhatra Dal JeIP -Jamaat-e-Islami Party UPDF -United People's Democratic Front BRAZIL MST

-Cobras -Cocoyes (Koy Koy) -Intervention Force (Force d'Intervention) -Resistance Self-Defense Forces -Mambas -Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integrated Development -Ninjas -National Resistance Movement of Congo -Zulus

-Rassemblement des Forces Democratique de Guinees

Violent Political Conflicts (VPC) # country PIOOM AKUF CIDCM DPCR HIIK SIPRI SOWAP References AKUF: Thomas Rabehl, Wolfgang Schreiber (Eds.) Das Kriegsgeschehen 2000. Daten und Tendenzen der kriege und bewaffneten Konflikte. Opladen: Leske+Budrich, 2001, 285p. http://www.sozialwiss.uni-hamburg.de/Ipw/Akuf/kriege00_txt.htm CIDCM: Ted Robert Gurr, Monty G. Marshall, Deepa Khosla. Peace and Conflict 2001. A Global Survey of Armed Conflicts, SelfDetermination Movements, and Democracy. University of Maryland, College Park, 2001, 33p. http://www.bsos.umd.edu/cidcm & http://members.aol.com/cspmgm/warlist.htm DPCR: Peter Wallensteen, Margareta Sollenberg. Armed Conflict, 1989-2000. Journal of Peace Research, 38(5), 2001. http://www.peace.uu.se HIIK: Konfliktbarometer 2000. Krisen, Kriege, Putsche, Verhandlungen, Vermittlung, Friedensschlsse. 9. Jhrliche Konfliktanalyse. Heidelberg: Heidelberger Institut fr Internationale Konfliktforschung e.V, 2001. http://www.HIIK.de SIPRI: SIPRI. SIPRI Yearbook 2001. Armaments, Disarmament and International Security. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001, 715p. http://www.sipri.se SOWAP: Dan Smith. Counting Wars: The Research Implications of Definitional Decisions. Paper presented at the Uppsala Conflict Data Conference, Department of Peace and Conflict Research, Uppsala, 8-9 June 2001, 17p. (The data presented in this paper will be published in the 2002 edition of the State of War and Peace Atlas.)

-Landless Rural Workers Movement

HIC HIC HIC

WAR/B2 . WAR/B2

E/M1/Spor E/M1/Ongo E/M3/Ongo

IAC . WAR

SCR SCR SCR

WAR . WAR

WAR WAR WAR

Central & South America 1. Guatemala (Armed Gangs, Vigilantes) 2. Mexico (Chiapas: EZLN) 3. Peru (Sendero Luminoso) 4. Peru (Overthrow Fujimori) West, Central & Eastern Europe 5. Albania (Tosks vs. Ghegs) 6. Bosnia-Herz. (Young generals) 7. Croatia (E/W. Slavonia, Krajina) 8. Cyprus (Greek vs. Turks) 9. France (Corsica: FLNC) 10. Georgia (Abkhazia: Gali) 11. Montenegro (Spillover Kosovo) 12. Northern Ireland (Prot. vs. Cath.) 13. Spain (Basques: ETA, HAIKA) Sub-Saharan Africa 14. Chad (Doba Basin: CSNPD) 15. Comoros (Secession Nzwani isl.) 16. Guinea Bissau 17. Lesotho (Army mutiny)

VPC VPC VPC VPC

. AC . .

P/E/M5/Susp . P/E/M3/Susp .

. . . .

. CRI LCR CRI

. . WAR .

. . . .

Low-Intensity Conflicts (LIC)

# country

PIOOM

AKUF

CIDCM

DPCR

HIIK

SIPRI SOWAP

Central & South America 1. Colombia (Bolivar: ELN) LIC 2. Dominican Republic (Gang Warfare)LIC 3. Haiti (Govt. vs. Convergence) LIC 4. Honduras (Gang Warfare) LIC 5. Jamaica (JLP & PNP Gang Warfare) LIC West, Central & Eastern Europe 6. Azerbaijan/Armenia (Nag.-Kar.) 7. Macedonia (UCK vs. Govt.) 8. Turkey (Sirnak: PKK)

WAR/A2 . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . .

WAR . . . .

. . . . .

. . . . .

VPC VPC VPC VPC VPC VPC VPC VPC VPC

. . . . . AC . . .

P/M2/Susp E/M6/Susp E/M3/Susp . . E/M1/Susp . . .

. . . . . . . . .

LCR CRI . CRI CRI CRI CRI CRI SCR

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

LIC LIC LIC

. . WAR/B2

E/M3/Susp . E/M3/Ongo

. . IAC

LCR . SCR

. . WAR

. . WAR

VPC VPC VPC VPC

. . . .

. P/M1/Spor P/M2/Susp P/M1/Susp

. . . .

CRI CRI CRI LCR

. . . .

. . WAR .

BURMA (MYANMAR) ABMU -All Burma Muslim Union ABSDF -All Students' Democratic Front AIA/AIO -Arakan Independence Organization/Army ARIF -Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front CNF/A -Chin National Force/Army DKBA -Democratic Karen Buddhist Army DKBO -Democratic Kayen Buddhist Organization IBRF -Indo-Burma Revolutionary Front KA -Karenni Army KDA -Kachin Democratic Army KNG -Kayen National Guard KIA -Kachin Independence Army KNLA -Karen National Liberation Army KNPLF -Karenni National People's Liberation Front KNLRC -Kayan New Land Revolutionary Council KSNLF -Karenni State Nationalities Liberation Front KPLO -Karenni People's Liberation Organization MLOB -Muslim Liberation Organization of Burma MTA -Mong Tai Army NCGUB -National Coalition Government of the Union of Burma NDA -New Democratic Army NLD -National League for Democracy

CONGO, DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC ADFL -Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Congo-Zaire CDC -Congolese Democratic Coalition CDR -Congolese Rally for Democracy CDRZ -Democratic Revolution Committee for Zaire CLA -Congolese Liberation Army CMDID -Congolese Movement for Democracy and Integral Development CPP -People's Powers Committees CRNL -Council of Resistance and National Liberation FAC -Congolese Armed Forces FMM-FAP -Forces Mayi Mayi-Forces d'Autodefense Populaires FRF -Forces Republicaines & Federalistes KT -Katanga Tigers LNR -Lummbirt National Resistance (Mayi-Mayi faction) MLC -Congolese Liberation Movement MMI -Maji Maji Ingilima MNC -Congolese National Movement MNCL -Lumumba National Congolese Movement NRCD -National Resistance Council for Democracy NRCK -National Resistance Council of Kivu PPC -People's Power Committees RCD -Congolese Movement for Democracy RMLZ -Revolutionary Movement for the Liberation of Zaire UCP -Union of Congolese for Peace UFERI -Party of the Union of Independent Republicans URNL -Union of Republican Nationalists for Liberation WL -White Legion

INDIA ABM AISSF ATTF AU BA BD BJP BJP-TC BK BLTF BPCF BTF CPI(ML) CSG CRG DeM DHD DK DMK GNF GNLF GT H HM HM HuJeI HuM IDF IuM JKLF JKMS JMM KCF KLO KNA KNA KNV KPF KPP KST KYKL LeJ

-Al Badar Mujahideen -All India Sikh Students' Federation -All Tripura Tiger Force -Al Umma, al Umar Mujahidin -Borok Army -Bajrang Dal -Bharatiya Janata Party -BJP-Trinamool Congress -Babbar Khalsa -Bodoland Liberation Tiger Forces -Black Panther Commander Force -Bengali Tiger Force -Communist Party of India-Marxist Leninist -Chhota Shakeel Gang -Chhota Rajan Gang -Daughters of the Nation -Dima Halim Daoga -Dhal Khalsa -Dravida Munetra Kazhagam -Garo National Front -Gurkha National Liberation Front -Green Tigers -Hizbollah -Hyrmiewtrep Movement -Hizbul Monimeen -Harkat-ul-Jehad-e-Islami -Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (Nasir-ul-Islam) -Islamic Defense Force -Ikhwan ul-Musilmoon -Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front -Janwadi Kisan Mazdoor Samiti -Jarkhand Liberation Front -Khalistan Commando Force -Kamatapur Liberation Organization -Khalistan National Army -Kuki National Army -Karbi National Volunteers -Karbi People's Front -Khamtapur People's Party -Kisan Security Tigers (Yadavs) -Manipur Army for Independence -Lashkar-e-Jabar

-Army to Liberate Jerusalem (Al Quds al Sharif) -Ba'ath Arab Socialist Party -Democratic Party of Kurdistan -Islamic Iraqi Vanguards for National Salvation -Islamic Movement -Islamic Movement of Iraqi Kurdistan -Iraqi National Congress -Iraqi National Accord (Wafaq) -Islamic Salvation Movement -Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq -Renaissance (Nahda) -Patriotic Union of Kurdistan -Supreme Council of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq

ISRAEL CRS K KC

-Committee for Road Safety -Kach -Kahane Chai

JAMAICA JNP -Jamaica National Party PNP -People's National Party JAPAN A JRA JORDAN IAF JM JIRS RJG KENYA IPK KPF M M SSV LAOS CV ELOL ULNLF

-Aleph (formerly Aum Supreme Truth) -Japanese Red Army

-Islamic Action Front -Jaish Muhammed -Jordan Islamic Resistance Struggle -Nobles of Jordan Group

-Islamic Party of Kenya -Kenya Patriotic Front -Munguki sect -Mwakenya -Sungu Sungu Vigilantes

-Sky Soldiers (Chao Va) -Ethnic Liberation Organization of Laos -United Lao National Liberation Front

LEBANON ARM -Arab Revolutionary Brigade-Foreign Section BR -Believers Resistance (al-Muqawamah al-Mu'minah) IA -Islamic Amal

IA IR IUM JI LAF LRB HAMAS H SLA TwH LIBERIA LDF LUDF LURD NPLF-W ULIMO ULIMO-J ULIMO-K

-Islamic Association (Jammat al-Islamiyya) -Islamic Resistance -Islamic Unification Movement (Tawheed) -Jihad Islami -Lebanese Armed Forces -Lebanese Resistance Brigades -Islamic Resistance Movement -Hezbollah (Party of God) -South Lebanon Army -Takfir wal Hijra

ALF ANO AQC BSO DFLP Fatah FH Force 17 FRC HCFINIO IDQB IIB INSP INRB IRLP MCLSF PFLP PFLP-GC

-Lofa Defense Force -Liberian United Defense Forces -Liberians United for Reconciliation and Democracy -National Patriotic Front of Liberia-Woewiyu -United Liberation Movement for Democracy -United Liberation Movement for Democracy-J -United Liberation Movement for Democracy-Krahn

MACEDONIA MD -Macedonian Dawn ML -Macedonian Lions MP2000 -Macedonian Paramilitary 2000 NLA -National Liberation Army MNF -Macedonian National Front MALAYSIA aM -Brotherhood of Inner Power (Al Ma'unah) KMM -Kumpulan Mujahideen Malaysia MEXICO EPR ERPI EZLN FARP PRD PRI RIMZ TAGIN

PFLP-SC PIJ PLF PLF PLNA PLO PPSF T

-Arab Liberation Front -Abu Nidal Organization -Al Quds Committee -Black September Organization -Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine -Conquest (Fatah) -Fataw Hawks -Force 17 -Fatah Revolutionary Council -High Committee Follow-up Intifada of Nationalist Islamic Organizations (697) -Izz-el-Deen al-Qassam Brigades -International Islamic Brigade -Islamic National Salvation Party -Islamic and National Resistance Brigades -Islamic Revolution for the Liberation of Palestine -Mobility Company for the Liberation of Shebaa Farms -Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine -Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine- General Command -Popular Front for the Liberation of PalestineSecurity Council -Palestine Islamic Jihad -Palestinian Liberation Front-Abu Abbas Faction -Palestinian Liberation Front -Palestine National Liberation Army -Palestine Liberation Organization -Palestinian Popular Struggle Front -Tanzim

NPA

-New People's Army JVP LTTE MULF PLOTE TELO TULF SUDAN AM aSaM BC NDA NIF SAF SPDF SPLA SSDF SSIA SSIM/A SSUA TWH UDSF

RUSSIAN FEDERATION CPNC -Confederation of the Peoples of the North Caucasus DLA -Dagestan Liberation Army IAK -Islamic Army of the Caucasus ICA -International Cherkess Association JAD -Jihad Army of Dagestan RANU -Russian All National Union RNU -Russian National Unity UoC -Union of Cossacks WS -Wahhabis Sect RWANDA ALIR1 ALIR2 CDR FRI I RPA

Students -Janetha Vimukhti Peramuna -Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam -Muslim United Liberation Front -People's Liberation Organization of Tamil Eelam -Tamil Eelam Liberation Organization -Tamil United Liberation Front

Survey of Tension Situations The world map shows the three upper levels of conflict (HICs, LICs and VPCs). PIOOM monitors a fourth category called Political Tension Situations. These situations are the result of growing levels of systematic strain and increasing social and political cleavages along factional lines. They can escalate to violence if conflict prevention measures fail. Some of the situations listed already have resulted in incidental violence. Many cases emphasize the negative impact of modernization and development on the way of life of indigenous peoples. PIOOM presents this list to show the large variety in situations and the regional distribution. The list indicates that tensions can be found in all regions of the world and underlines the potential for future conflict. In a number of these situations mediation efforts have already had results and agreements now have to be implemented.

-Army for the Liberation of Rwanda 1 -Army for the Liberation of Rwanda 2 -Coalition for the Defense of the Republic -Front of Internal Resistance -Interahamwe (Those Who Stand Together) -Rwanda Patriotic Army

SAUDI ARABIA CPG -Combatant Partisans of God JAP -Jihad in the Arabian Peninsula IMC -Islamic Movement for Change OIRAP -Organization of Islamic Revolution in the Arab Peninsula PGH -Party of God in Hijaz SH -Saudi Hezbollah SENEGAL MFDC -Movement of the Democratic Forces of Casamance MWM -Men and Women who fight for the Truth FORMER YUGOSLAVIA (incl. KOSOVO) AKSh -National Albanian Army FARK -Forces of the Republic of Kosovo LDK -Democratic League of Kosovo LKCK -National Movement for the Liberation of Kosovo M -Mujahedin OTPOR -Resistance SLA -Serbian Liberation Army SVG -Serb Voluntary Guard (Arkan Tigers) UCK -Kosovo Liberation Army UCPMB -Liberation Army of Presevo, Medvedja, and Bujanovac SIERRA LEONE CDF -Civil Defense Force KM -Kamajor Militia MDC -Movement for Democratic Change NAFORD -National Front for the Restoration of Democracy RSLMF -Revolutionary Sierra Leone Military Forces RUF -Revolutionary Unified Front WSB -West Side Boyz SOLOMON ISLANDS IFF -Isatabu Freedom Fighters MEF -Malaita Eagle Force SOMALIA AF AIAI JVA DFSS DSA MJVA RRA SDA SDM SNA SNF SNM SPF SPM SRRC SSDF SSF USC USC-PM

-Al Musulman -Al Sunna al-Mohammediyya -Beja Congress -National Democratic Alliance -National Islamic Front -Sudan Alliance Forces -Sudan People's Defense Forces -Sudanese People's Liberation Army -Southern Sudan Defense Force -South Sudan Independent Army -Southern Sudan Independence Movement -Southern Sudan United Army -Takfir Wa Hijra -United Democratic Salvation Front

TAJIKISTAN IMT -Islamic Movement of Tajikistan UTO -United Tajik Opposition TANZANIA CCM -Party of the Revolution Mapinduzi) CUF -Civic United Front

World Conflict & Human Rights Map 2001 / 2002

With a grant from: Prepared by:
PIOOM - Interdisciplinary Research Programme on Causes of Human Rights Violations Interim Coordinator: Dr. Albert J. Jongman Department of Political Science Leiden University Wassenaarseweg 52 2333 AK Leiden The Netherlands Phone: +31 71 5273849 (w), 5156957 (p) Fax: +31 71 527 3815 E-mail: PIOOM@FSW.LeidenUniv.NL Website: http://www.fsw.leidenuniv.nl/www/w3_liswo/pioom.htm A.J. Jongman

(Chama cha

-Revolutionary People's Army -Revolutionary Army of the Insurgent People -Zapatista National Liberation Army -Revolutionary Armed Forces of the People -Democratic Revolutionary Party -Institutional Revolutionary Party -Revolutionary Indigenous Movement against the Zapatistas -National Indigenous Guerrilla Triple Alliance

PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC of CHINA ETLT -East Turkistan Liberation Tigers FG -Falun Gong (also Falun Dafa) NURF -National United Revolutionary Front UNRFET -United National Revolutionary Front of East Turkestan PAKISTAN ABM AJ APHC BLA BNF BNM CT DeM DUH HaJaI HuA HuM Mujahedin) HuM IJT ISL JKDLP JKI JSQM JSSF JiI KeNYF KFM LeT LiJ MDUI MQM MJC MJK PAT PML-N SeM SeS SiM SPP TiK TIO TeJ TiT TJI TJP TNSM TNFJ PERU MRTA SL

THAILAND BERSATU -United NPULO -New Pattani United Liberation Organization TURKEY AFIS DHKP/C DS GW H IBDA/C IMO KH MHP MLAPU PKK TIJ TIKKO TKP/ML TRB UGANDA ADF HSMB K LRA MR10CG NALU

MOROCCO aAwI -Justice and Good Will (Al-Adl wal-Ishane) IA -Forward (Ila'l-Aman) IJG -Islamic Jihad Group IYM -Islamic Youth Movement JCS -Justice and Charity Society TaI -Unity and Reform (Tawhid al-Islah) MOZAMBIQUE RENAMO -Mozambique National Resistance NEPAL CPN CPN-M CPN-UML NLMN UPFN

-al Badar Mujahedeen -Al Jihad -All Parties Hurriyat Conference -Baluch Liberation Army -Balawarian National Front -Balochistan National Movement -Christian Taleban -Daughters of the Communities (Dukhtaran eMillat) -Darul Uloom Haqqani -Harkat-al-Jamaat al-Islami -Harakat ul-Ansar -Movement of Holy Warriors (Harkat-ul-Hizb-ul-Mujaheddin -Islamic Jamiat-i-Tulaba -Islamic Students League -Jammu Kashmir Democratic Liberation Party -Jammu and Kashmir Ikhwan -Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz -Jeay Sindh Students Federation -Jamiat-i-Islami -Finality of Prophethood Youth Force -Kashmir Freedom Movement -Soldiers of the Holy Places (Lashkar-e-Toiba, Lashkar-e-Tayyabba) -Force of Jhangvi(Lashkar-i-Jhangvi) -Markat Dawat-Ual Irshad -Mujahir Qaumi Movement -United Jihad Council (Mutihadda Jihad Council) -Mujahedeen Jammu & Kashmir -Pakistan Awami Tehrik -Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz -Defenders of the Messiah (Sipah-e-Masiyah) -Guardians of the Companions of the Prophet (Sipa-e-Suhaba) -Sipah-i-Mohammed -Sindhi Peoples Party -Taliban-i-Kashmir -Tanzeem Islam Organization -Tehrik-e-Jihad -Tehrik-i-Tulaba, Tehrik Taleban Movement -Tajdid Jihad Islamiya -Tehrik-i-Jafaria Pakistan -Tanzim-i-Nifaz-i-Shariat-i-Mohammadi -Tehrik Nifaze Figh-ei-Jafriya

-Anatolian Federal Islamic State -Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front -Revolutionary Left (Devrimci Sol) -Grey Wolves -Hezbollah -Islamic Great Eastern Raiders Front -Islamic Movement Organization -Kurdish Hezbollah -Turkish National Action Party -Marxist-Leninist Armed propaganda Unit -Kurdistan Workers' Party -Turkish Islamic Jihad -Turkish Workers' and Peasants Liberation Army -Turkish Communist Party/Marxist Leninist -Turkish Revenge Brigades

-Communist Party of Nepal -Communist Party of Nepal-Maoist -Communist Party of Nepal-United Marxist Leninist -Nationalities Liberation Movement of Nepal -United People's Front of Nepal

NICARAGUA FROC -Recompas of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Front FUAC -Andres Castro United Front MADNA -National Armed Self-Defense Movement NF 3-80 -Northern Front 3-80 NIGERIA AVS FNDIC IYC MOSOP NDVF OLO OPC OVS PNDRM SETF SOMIFON ZSVS

-Anambra Vigilante Service -Federated Niger Delta Ijaw Communities -Ijaw Youth Council -Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People -Niger Delta Volunteer Force -Ogoni Liberation Organization -Oodua People's Congress -Onitsha Vigilante Service -Pan Niger Delta Resistance Movement -Sharia Enforcement Task Force -Southern Minorities Front of Nigeria -Zamfara State Vigilante Service

-Aidid's Faction -Islamic Unity (Al Ittihad al-Islamiyya) -Jubba Valley Alliance -Democratic Front for the Salvation of Somalia -Digil Salvation Army -Middle Juba Valley Alliance -Rahanwein Resistance Army -Somali Democratic Association -Somali Democratic Movement -Somali National Alliance -Somali National Front -Somali National Movement -Somali Patriotic Front -Somali Patriotic Movement -Somali Reconciliation and Reconstruction Council -Somali Salvation and Democratic Front -Somali Salvation Front -United Somali Congress -United Somali Congress-Patriotic Movement

NULU UDCA UNFL UNRF UNLF WNBF

-Armed Democratic Forces -Holy Spirit Mobile Forces -Karimojong -Lord's Resistance Army -Movement for the Restoration of the 10 Commandments of God -National Alliance for the Liberation of Uganda -National Union for the Liberation of Uganda -Uganda Democratic Christian Army -Uganda National Liberation Front -Ugandan National Rescue Front II -United National Liberation Front -West Nile Border Front

UNITED KINGDOM ALF -Animal Liberation Front C18 -Combat 18 ELF -Earth Liberation Front UNITED STATES ALF -Animal Liberation Front CIM -Christian Identity Movement EF -Earth First! ELF -Earth Liberation Front MM -Militia Movement UZBEKISTAN HuT -Islamic Party of the Liberation (Hezb ut Tahrir) IMU -Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan VIETNAM FULRO -United Front for the Liberation of the Oppressed Races YEMEN IAA YSP YUF

Prepared for:
ECCP-European Centre for Conflict Prevention Director: Paul van Tongeren P.O.Box 14069 3508 SC Utrecht The Netherlands Phone: +31 30 253 7528 Fax: +31 30 253 7529 E-mail: euconflict@euconflict.org Website: http://www.euconflict.org

North, Central & South America 1. Argentina (Worker Protests) 2. Argentina (Rio Negro, Chubut: Mapuche) 3. Bahamas (Haitians) 4. Belize-Guatemala (Dispute) 5. Belize (Macal River Dam Protest) 6. Bolivia (Cochabamba Water Project: CdA) 7. Brazil (Death Squad Activity in: Bahia, Rio Grande do Norte, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Amazonas, Para, Paraiba, Ceara, Espirito Santo, Acre) 8. Brazil (Indigenous Groups (Corebaju, Puinave, Guaviare, EmberaKatio, Embera-dobida,Paez, Amaer-Katio, Guayabero, Tule, Uwa) vs. Logging & Mining Industry, Agriculture; Protest against Avanca Brasil Project) 9. Brazil (Neo-Nazi Groups vs. Blacks, Poor) 10. Brazil (Uraba: Discrimination Black Population) 11. Canada (Biker War) 12. Canada (Mi'kmaq: Lobster Dispute) 13. Canada (Inuit) 14. Canada (Quebec) 15. Colombia (San Andres Islands: Natives vs. Mainland Newcomers) 16. Cuba-US (Dispute) 17. Ecuador (Border Peru: FARE-DP) 18. Guatemala (Tax Protests) 19. Guyana (Indo-Guyanese vs. Afro-Guyanese) 20. Guyana-Surinam (Border Dispute) 21. Honduras (Copan Ruinas Park Occupied) 22. Honduras (Chorti) 23. Mexico (PRI vs. PRD) 24. Mexico (Jalisco: Gang Warfare) 25. Mexico (Oaxaca: Gang Warfare) 26. Mexico (Sinaloa: Gang Warfare) 27. Mexico (Tabasco: Gang Warfare) 28. Mexico (Tijuana: Gang Warfare) 29. Mexico (Veracruz: Gang Warfare) 30. Nicaragua-Costa Rica (San Jose River Dispute) 31. Nicaragua-Honduras (Border Dispute: Gulf of Fonseca) 32. Nicaragua (RAAN, RAAS: Miskito, Sumo, Garifuna, Rama) 33. Panama (Embera-Wounan, Ngobe-Bugl vs. Settlers, Loggers, Immigrants; Protest Tabasara River Dam Projects) 34. Paraguay (Chaco: Indigenous Peoples: 19AIM, 11OM) 35. Paraguay (Cuaguazu: Indigenous Peoples (Mbya Guarani) vs. Landless Peasants, Logging Companies) 36. Paraguay (Maka Indians) 37. Peru (Central Forest: Ashaninka vs. SL, Oil Industry) 38. Peru (Amazon Basin: Indigenous Population vs. Oil Industry) 39. Surinam (Coppename: Matawai Marrons) 40. Surinam (Amerindians) 41. Surinam (Impending Trial of Desi Bouterse) 42. Trinidad & Tobago (Drug Cartels) 43. Trinidad (Street vendors Chaguanas vs. Govt.) 44. United States (Militia & Christian Identity Movement) 45. United States (ELF, ALF) 46. United States-China (Hackers War) 47. United States-Mexico (Border) 48. United States (Nevada: Cattle Ranchers vs. Govt.: Grazing Fees) 49. United States (Puerto Rico: Vieques) 50. Uruguay (Neo-Nazis) 51. Venezuela (Imataca Watershed Area: Indigenous Population vs. Mining Industry) 52. Venezuela (Bolivar: Pemon vs. Export Electricity through Canaima National Park) 53. Venezuela (Orinoco Delta: Warao vs. Petroleum Exploitation) 54. Venezuela (Portuguesa: Death Squad Activity) 55. Venezuela (Yanomami vs. Gold Miners) West, Central & Eastern Europe 56. Albania (Tosks vs. Ghegs; Contested Election) 57. Austria (Extreme Right) 58. Belgium (Extreme Right) 59. Croatia (Extreme Right) 60. Croatia (Danubian Region: Ethnic Serbs vs. Croats) 61. Croatia (Police protest) 62. Croatia-Slovakia (Border Demarcation, Krsko Nuclear Plant) 63. Czech Republic (Extreme Right vs. Roma) 64. Czech Republic (Temelin Nuclear Plant Protests) 65. Denmark (Extreme Right) 66. Denmark-Far Or Islands (Dispute) 67. France (Brittany: BRA) 68. France (Farmers Protest) 69. France (New Caledonia (Kanaku): FLMKS vs. RPCR) 70. France (Spillover 2nd Intifada) 71. France (Urban Violence: Paris, Marseilles, Strasbourg) 72. France (Worker Protests: Toxin in River) 73. France (Crackdown on Cults & Sects) 74. Georgia (Javakheti: Armenians) 75. Georgia (Mingrelia) 76. Georgia (Kakethi Region) 77. Germany (Anti-nuclear Industry Protests) 78. Germany (Extreme Left) 79. Germany (Extreme Right) 80. Germany (Farmers Protests)

81. Greece (Extreme Left: Nov-17, ELA, Anarchists) 82. Greece (Chameria: UCK) 83. Greece (Florina Province: Macedonians) 84. Greece (Roma) 85. Guadeloupe (Riots) 86. Hungary (Roma) 87. Hungary (Neo-Nazis vs. Anti-fascists) 88. Hungary (Skinheads vs. Jews) 89. Hungary-Ukraine (Border: Transit Drugs, Human Smuggling) 90. Italy (Extreme right) 91. Italy (Mafia) 92. Italy (Northern League) 93. Italy (Worker Protests) 94. Macedonia (Roma) 95. Moldova (Transdnistr) 96. Netherlands (Spillover 2nd intifada: Moroccan Youths vs. Jews) 97. Netherlands (Spillover Moluccas) 98. Netherlands (Spillover Kurdish Problem) 99. Netherlands (Extreme Right) 100. Netherlands (Farmers Protests) 101. Norway (Sami) 102. Norway (Extreme Right) 103. Poland-Belarus (Border) 104. Poland (Jews) 105. Poland (Roma) 106. Romania (Roma) 107. Romania (Jiu Valley Miners) 108. Russia-Japan (Fishing Dispute) 109. Russian Fed. (Extreme Right: RNSP, BKF, SNU) 110. Russian Fed. (Kabardino-Balkaria) 111. Russian Fed. (Kaliningrad) 112. Russian Fed. (Karachaevo-Cherkessia) 113. Russian Fed. (Mayak Nuclear Processing Plant) 114. Russian Fed. (Yekatarinburg: Ural Mash Mob) 115. Russian Fed. (Caspian Sea: Caviar War) 116. Russia-Kazakhstan-Azerbaijan-Turkmenistan (Caspian Sea: Oil & Gas) 117. Spain (Water Project Protest) 118. Serbia (Sandzak: Spillover Kosovo) 119. Serbia (Vojvodina: Spillover Kosovo) 120. Serbia (DSS vs. DOS: Prosecution War Criminals, Fight against Crime & Corruption) 121. Slovakia (Roma) 122. Slovakia (Hungarian Minority) 123. Slovenia (Roma) 124. Spain (Roma) 125. Spain (Rightwing Extremists) 126. Sweden (Extreme Right) 127. Turkey (Islamists: Justice & Development Party) 128. Ukraine (Ukraine without Kuchma Movement) 129. Ukraine (Transcarpathia: Roma) 130. Ukraine (Tatars) 131. Ukraine (Ruthenians) 132. United Kingdom (BNF, NF, C18 vs. Eth. Gangs) 133. United Kingdom (Animal Rights Groups: SHAC, ELF, ALF) 134. United Kingdom (Fuel protests) 135. United Kingdom (Scotland: SNLA) Sub-Sahara Africa 136. Botswana (Kalahari Desert: San) 137. Burkina Faso (Anti-government Protest) 138. CA Republic (Muslims: Mbororo) 139. Cameroon (Trad. Kingdoms) 140. Cameroon-Nigeria (Bakassi Isl.) 141. Cameroon- CAR (East Prov.: Incursions into Cameroon) 142. Cameroon (Chad-Cameroon oil pipeline: Bugyli) 143. Cameroon (North: Fulani vs. Kirdi) 144. Chad (South: CALD) 145. Congo, DR (Kahuzi-Biega National Park: Twa, Mbuti) 146. Djibouti (Coup Attempt, Afar: FRUD) 147. Equatorial Guinea (Fang vs. Bubi) 148. Ethiopia (Gambela: Nuer vs. Anuak; GPDF vs. GPDC; 149. Ethiopia (Gambela: Majanger(Ojang) vs. Settlers) 150. Ethiopia (Power Struggle EPLF vs. TPLF) 151. Ethiopia-Sudan (Border) 152. Gabon (Bateke vs. Fang) 153. Gambia (Student Riots) 154. Gambia (Spillover Senegal) 155. Gambia (APRC vs. UDP) 156. Ghana (NDC vs. NPP) 157. Ghana (Chieftancy Dispute: Upper East: Mamprusi vs. Kusasi) 158. Ghana (Chieftancy Dispute: Taurang vs. Puli) 159. Ghana (Weija: Chieftancy Dispute) 160. Ghana (Elmina: Fishermen vs. Pirates) 161. Guinea (Malinke vs. Gerze) 162. Guinea (Tassin) 163. Guinea (Muslim Torma Manian vs. Christian Torma: Land dispute) 164. Guinea Bissau (Coup Attempt) 165. Kenya (School Violence) 166. Kenya (Student Protest) 167. Kenya (Farmers Protest) 168. Kenya (Nairobi: Muslims vs. Local Traders) 169. Kenya (Coastal Area: Bajuni, Mijikanda, Digo) 170. Kenya (Kikuyu: Mungiki) 171. Lesotho (Chinese vs. Busotho) 172. Lesotho (Army Mutiny) 173. Liberia (Nimba: Mandingo vs. Mano, Gio) 174. Madagaskar (Banditism) 175. Madagascar (Coastal vs. Highland Population) 176. Malawi (Flood Victims: Land Dispute) 177. Malawi (North: Contested Election) 178. Maili (Kayes: Fulani vs. Sarakole) 179. Mali-Mauritania (Ijafene) 180. Mautitania (Halpulaar, Soninke, Wolof vs. White/Black Moors) 181. Mauritania-Senegal (Senegal River) 182. Mauritius (Hindus vs. Creoles) 183. Namibia-South Africa (Orange River Dispute) 184. Namibia (Kavango: Mafwe, Kxoe) 185. Namibia (Kunene River Dam: Himba)

186. Niger (Coup d'Etat) 187. Niger (Firgi, Maradi: Militant Islam) 188. Niger (Lake Chad region: Toubou) 189. Niger (Tillaberi: Sedentary Farmers vs. Herders) 190. Niger (Zinder: 'Sultangate') 191. Nigeria (Ondo: Owo) 192. Nigeria (Delta: Ogoni) 193. Nigeria (Ibadan) 194. Nigeria (Kafanchan) 195. Nigeria (Karim-Lamido) 196. Nigeria-Chad (Tetewa Isl.) 197. Rwanda (Twa) 198. Seychelles (Mahe Island) 199. Somalia (Galgadud: Habr Gedr vs. Galjeel) 200. Somalia (Gedo, Lower Juba: Al Ittihad) 201. Somalia (Mugud: Abgal Wa'aysle Subclan vs. Habr Gedr Ayer) 202. Somalia (Hiran: Dir subclans) 203. Somalia (Hiran: Hawadle vs. Galjeel) 204. Somalia (Kurtun Waarey: Jiido vs. Garre) 205. Somalia (Lower Juba: Mohamed Zuber vs. Aulihyan) 206. Somalia (Lower Shebelle: Islamic Militias vs. RRA) 207. Somalia (Lower Shebelle: Galjeel vs. Birmal) 208. South Africa (White Landowners vs. Black Landless (PAC)) 209. South Africa (Cape Town: Khoi-San claim First Nation Status) 210. South Africa-Mozambique (Border) 211. South Africa (Taxi War) 212. Sudan (East: Beja Congress) 213. Sudan (Eastern Equatoria: Dinkas vs. Didingas) 214. Sudan (East Bank: Dinka, Nuer, Murle Clans) 215. Sudan-Uganda (Border) 216. Tanzania (Mererani: Sonje vs. Masai) 217. Tanzania (Secular vs. Fundamentalist Muslims) 218. Tanzania (Hunter Gatherers (Hadzabe, Ndorobo) vs. Pastoralists (Barbaig, Masai) 219. Togo (Kabye vs. Ewe, Mina) 220. Togo (Repression CfR Opposition) 221. Uganda (Mount Elgon) 222. Zambia (Election Violence: MMD vs. UNIP) North Africa & Middle East 223. Bahrein-Qatar (Dispute) 224. Egypt (Copts vs. Muslims) 225. Iran (Dispute Abu Musa, Greater & Lesser Tumb) 226. Iran (Baha'i) 227. Iran (Azeris) 228. Iraq (North: Assyrian Christians) 229. Israel (Orthodox vs. non-Orthodox Jews) 230. Israel (Israeli Arabs) 231. Jordan (Palestinians) 232. Jordan (Islamists) 233. Kuwait (Islamists) 234. Lebanon (North: Sunnis vs. LAF, FPM) 235. Kuwait-Saudi Arabia (Dispute) 236. Kuwait ('Bidoon') 237. Libya (East: Islamists) 238. Morocco (Islamists) 239. Morocco (Berber) 240. Saudi Arabia-Iraq (Iraqi Incursion) 241. Saudi Arabia-Yemen (Al Duwaima) 242. Syria (Kurds) 243. Syria (Shi'as) 244. Syria (Muslim Brotherhood) 245. Syria (Suwayda: Bedouin Shepherds vs. Druze Residents) 246. Turkey-Syria (Border) 247. Tunesia (Islamists: An Nahda) 248. Yemen (al A'Amar region: Al Hadda: Land Dispute) 249. Yemen (Marib: Khowlan vs. Government) 250. Yemen-Saudi Arabia (Dispute) 251. Yemen (Shabwa, Al Baida: Ba Haider, Nehm, Al Haymah) Central & South Asia 252. Armenia (Struggle for Power) 253. Armenia (Yezidi) 254. Azerbaijan (Islamic Revival) 255. Bangladesh-India (Border) 256. Bangladesh (Muslims vs. Ahmadiya) 257. Bangladesh (Modhupur District (Moulvibazar Forest Ecopark): Garos, Khasi) 258. India (Gujarat: Narmada Dam Dispute) 259. India (Himachal Pradesh) 260. India (Jharkhand: Protest Koel Karo Dam) 261. India (Jharkhand: Protest Chandil Dam) 262. India (Jharkhand: VFPC vs. Forest Mafia) 263. India (Karnataka: Ecodevelopment Project: Traditional Inhabitants vs. Forest Department) 264. India (Kashmir: Muslims vs. Hindu Pandits) 265. India (Madhya Pradesh: Chhattisgarh) 266. India (Madhya Pradesh: Indigenous Peoples vs. Police) 267. India (Orissa: Indigenous Peoples (AMS) vs. Aluminum Companies) 268. India (Sikkim) 269. India (Tamil Nadu: Adivasi (ATTM, TPMS, TPMI) 270. India (Uttar Pradesh: Harit Pradesh) 271. India (VHP: Ayodha temple reconstruction) 272. Kyrgyzstan (Kyrghyz vs. non-Kyrghyz Population) 273. Nepal-India (Rassiyal-Kharda Lautan Dam Protest) 274. Pakistan (Repression Ahmadis) 275. Pakistan (Repression Christians) 276. Pakistan (Bonded Labor vs. Landlords) 277. Pakistan (Serakis) 278. Sri Lanka (Buddhists vs. Christians) 279. Sri Lanka (Tamils vs. Muslims) 280. Sri Lanka (Tamils vs. Buddhists) 281. Tajikistan (Ethnic Uzbek) Far East & East Asia 282. Australia (Aboriginals) 283. Australia (Vigilantes vs. Illegal Immigrants) 284. China (South China Sea: Scarborough Shoal)

285. China (Strike Hard Anti-crime Campaign) 286. China (Crackdown on Religion (Protestants & Catholics)) 287. China (Gansu, Ningxia, Shaanxi: Hui (Muslims) vs. Han Chinese) 288. China (Repression Democratic Opposition CDP) 289. China (Jiangsu-Shandong Provincial Boundary Dispute (Forestry, Lake Resources) 290. China (Guangdong-Hunan Provincial Boundary Dispute (Natural Resources, Tourist Site) 291. China (Qinghai-Tibet Provincial Border Dispute (Land) 292. China (Gansu-Qinghai Provincial Border Dispute) 293. China (Jilin Prov.: Teachers vs. Police) 294. China (Jiangsu Prov.: Police vs. Protesters) 295. China-Philippines (Spratly Isl.) 296. China (Shenyang: Criminal Underworld run by CP & Police) 297. Cambodia (among Branches of Islam) 298. Cambodia (Ethnic Vietnamese) 299. East Timor (Roman Catholics vs. Protestants) 300. East Timor (Makasai-speaking vs. Tetum-speaking East Timorese) 301. Indonesia (Java: 'Dukun Santet' Killings) 302. Indonesia (North Sumatra: Christians vs. Muslims) 303. Indonesia (Borneo: Tanjung Puting National Park: Illegal logging and mining by feudal warlords) 304. Japan (Aleph) 305. Japan (Ariake Sea: Fishermen Protest) 306. Japan (Discrimination Burakumin) 307. Japan (Hokkaido: Ainu) 308. Japan (Okinawa: Ryukyu) 309. Japan-Russia (Kuril Islands) 310. Korea, North (Repression) 311. Laos (Savannakhet: Repression Christians) 312. Malaysia (Bakun Dam Protest) 313. Malaysia (Sarawak: Logging Industry vs. Iban, Penan) 314. Malaysia (Pahang: Orang Asli) 315. Myanmar (SPDC vs. NLD) 316. Myanmar (Kayah: KNPP) 317. Myanmar (Burmans vs. Non-indigenous Populations (Indians, Chinese) 318. New Zealand (Maori) 319. Papua New Guinea (Bougainville) 320. Philippines (Landowners vs. Higanon) 321. Philippines (Mindoro: Indigenous people vs. Nickel Mining Company) 322. Philippines (Cordillera: Agno River: San Roque Dam Protest) 323. Philippines (Palawan: Indigenous People vs. Nickel Mining Company) 324. South Korea (Farmers Protest) 325. South Korea (Workers Protest) 326. South Korea (Christians vs. Buddhists) 327. Thailand (Pak Moon Dam Protest) 328. Thailand-Malaysia (Pipeline Protest) 329. Thailand (Exclusion of 'Highlanders') 330. Vietnam (Thanh Hoa Prov.) 331. Vietnam (Quang Ngai Prov.: Repression Buddhists) General 332. Worldwide anti-globalization protests by a coalition of more than 700 groups and organizations: Gothenburg, Prague, Seattle, Salzburg, Davos, Genoa, Rio de Janeiro, Zurich, Nice, Frankfurt, Rome) (1st shooting in Gothenburg, 1st death in Genoa, military tactics planned for next summit) 333. Fortress Europa (illegal migration to the European Union: >6.000 deaths since 1996) 334. Displacement by dam projects ('Development Cleansing': 40-80 mil lion people worldwide) The European Center for Conflict Prevention (ECCP) The European Center for Conflict Prevention is an independent non-governmental organization based in the Netherlands. Its mission is to contribute to prevention and resolution of violent conflicts in the world. The Centre acts as the secretariat of the European Platform for Conflict Prevention and Transformation (EPCPT) and initiates, coordinates and implements the activities of the Platform. Apart from that, the Centre has specific networking and awareness-raising objectives focused on the Netherlands. The EPCPT has three main objectives: 1. To raise awareness of the importance and possibilities of conflict prevention and resolution, through publications and media productions for a broad audience, and lobby activities aimed at governments and the European Union. 2. To increase knowledge of, and insight into, conflicts by producing surveys which describe the background and dynamics of conflicts, and provide an overview per conflict of organizations active in the field of conflict prevention and resolution, and their activities. 3. To facilitate contact, networking and information exchange between organizations active in the field of conflict prevention and resolution in Europe and other parts of the world (information clearinghouse). The EU, the United Nations and the G8 have all voiced their belief in the need to do more to reduce the potential for violence and to support mechanisms to ensure lasting peace. In practice, this means that at the policy and strategic level a great step forward has been taken. International Governmental Organizations (UN, World Bank), regional intergovernmental bodies (EU, OSCE, OAU) and sub-regional organizations (ECOWAS and SADC) created small units to analyze early-warning signals in order to arrive at policy options for preventive (re-)action. More and more international NGOs have become active in the field of conflict prevention and peace-building, and their role is increasingly acknowledged and appreciated. Several research institutions analyze conflict dynamics and study the lessons to be learned from earlier experiences. It is widely acknowledged that the field of conflict prevention and peacebuilding is in need of greater coherence and that it lacks an integrated body of knowledge. To meet this need, several publications have recently been issued, which draw on years of experience. Currently there is a movement from pioneering into a more reflective stage of increased professionalism. In an attempt to capitalize on this and stimulate the development of a more coherent analytical frame, the European Platform for Conflict Prevention and Transformation (EPCPT) and Kontakt der Kontinenten (KdK) took the initiative to organize the conference Towards Better Peace Building Practice. Issues -Building Blocks- Lessons Learned which was held in

October 2001. Four main issues were formulated which were covered by some fifteen working groups, including the impact of peace building, development aid and conflict - some options, best practices and lessons learned, and advocacy for a more integrated multi-actor approach. This conference was part of a Lessons Learned on Peace Building-project, initiated by the ECCP. This project started with the organization of a meeting in Northern Ireland in early 2001, where some 35 experts came together to discuss the issue. From May till September 2001, several regional seminars were organized in conflict zones together with local NGOs. A document will be published integrating different experiences and comments from these conferences and regional seminars. The final publication will be available through the European Platforms website. This website has become an important tool for peace-building and conflict prevention organizations, as reflected in the increase from an average of 20,000 hits per month in 1998 to an average of 100,000 hits per month during 2000. The website provides visitors with regularly updated background information on conflicts and peace-building activities; details of organizations around the world engaged in the area of conflict prevention; other websites and databases containing useful information; other networks in the field; new literature (bibliographic information or a link to the full-text of a report on the Internet); and conferences and other events in the world. The Forum on Early Warning and Early Response (FEWER) FEWER is an international network of NGOs and academic research institutes active in the field of early warning and early response. Below its main member organizations are listed and the conflict areas in which they are active. On the FEWER website readers can find policy briefs and background information on FEWER projects and activities. In its most recent quarterly member update FEWER describes activities in Chechnya, Daghestan, Kyrgyzstan and West Africa. In early 2001, FEWER held the conference Issues, Lessons Learned and Opportunities for Lessons Learned for Early Warning and Early Response. The proceedings of this conference are available on request from the FEWER secretariat. In the summer of 2001, roundtables were held on post-conflict reconstruction in Chechnya and on the escalating situation in the Ferghana Valley (Central Asia). By the end of 2001 the Chechnya Peace Reconstruction Plan will be finalized. The Ferghana Valley roundtable formulated possible regional emergency/crisis scenarios, drawing on locally available knowledge and internationally recognized expertise. FEWER developed consequential humanitarian crisis scenarios. FEWER also hosted a training of trainers workshop for the Mano River Union (West Africa) countries with the aim to prepare a conflict mapping and a regional toolbox. For details readers should consult the FEWER website: http://fewer.org The Forum consists of the groups: Africa * The African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes ACCORD (South Africa), * Africa Peace Forum (Kenya) * Conseil National des ONG pour le developpment (Democratic Republic of Congo) * InterAfrica Group (Ethiopia) * Nairobi Peace Initiative (Kenya) * West Africa Network for Peace-Building (Ghana) Asia * Gaston Z. Ortigas Peace Institute (Philippines) * South Asia Forum for Human Rights (Nepal) Canada and the United States * Center for Strategic and International Studies (USA) * Council on Foreign Relations (USA) * Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland (USA) * Centre for Refugee Studies, York University (Canada) * Norman Patterson School of International Affairs, Carleton University (Canada) * Policy Research Institute, University of Kansas (USA) Central America * Centro de Estudios Internacionales (Nicaragua) * Instituto de Enseanza para el Desarollo Sostenible - IEPADES (Guatemala) Europe * Caucasian Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development (Georgia) * Netherlands Institute of International Relations - Clingendael (The Netherlands) * Life and Peace Institute (Sweden) * Peace Mission in the North Caucasus (Russian Federation) * PIOOM - Interdisciplinary Research Programme on the Root Causes of Human Rights Violations, Leiden University (The Netherlands) * Russian Academy of Sciences/Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology (Russian Federation) * Saferworld (UK) * Swiss Peace Foundation (Switzerland) FEWER Associate or Supporting Organizations * Consiglio Italiano per le Scienze Sociali (Italy) * Human Rights Center of Azerbaijan (Azerbaijan) * International Alert (UK) * International Labour Organization (Switzerland) * United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs * United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees FEWER has identified hotspots for potential conflict areas, or areas where escalation of violence may be seen in the following (sub-)regions: Caucasus, Central Asia, Great Lakes and Horn of Africa, West Africa, Southern Africa, Central America and Southeast Asia. Hot issues are also listed where relevant. The list does not provide an overview of ongoing conflicts, although some disputes where escalation is likely are listed. The information on hot spots has been provided by the Russian Academy of Sciences/EAWARN (Moscow), Caucasian Institute for Peace, Democracy and Development (Tbilisi), Africa Peace Forum (Nairobi), West Africa Network for Peace Building (Accra), African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (Durban), Centro de Estudios Internacionales (Managua), IEPADES (Guatemala City) and Gaston Z. Ortigas Peace Institute (Quezon City). Caucasus A. Chechnya (guerrilla fighting, potential for continuing violence and spillover to Ingushetia and Daghestan) B. Karachay-Cherkess (present stability can deteriorate unless structural measures are implemented to prevent further economic and political in-

equality amongst elites) C. Georgia (poor relations with Russia, border disputes) D. Georgia (Javakheti) E. Georgia (Abkhazia and South and North Ossetia regions with post-war resurgence of violence) Central Asia A. Ferghana Valley (land and water issues, political tensions, religious extremism and border issues) B. South Kazakhstan (Uzbek diaspora and border issues) C. Tajikistan (economic obstacles to the realization of the peace-building plan, drugs/weapons trafficking, border insecurity with Afghanistan) South-East Asia A. Cambodia (Khmer Rouge legacy, democratization, landmines) B. East Timor (Post-conflict reconstruction, prosecution war criminals) C. Indonesia (independence in Aceh region, Papua movement in Irian Jaya region, indigenous peoples, ethnic and religion tensions in Ambon, Java, Sumatra, West Kilimantan) D. Malaysia (peace and democratic transition, political tensions) E. Myanmar (ethnic tensions, armed opposition to military dictatorship) F. Philippines (separatist movement in Mindanao, Muslim insurgencies, communist insurgency) Central/Latin America A. Nicaragua (army takes on security tasks in the North) B. Nicaragua and Honduras (tensions) C. Guatemala (peace accords need bolstering in different areas) Horn of Africa A. Ethiopia (confrontations with Eritrea, Border dispute with Kenya) B. Sudan (religion and state, autonomy or succession of Southern Sudan) C. Somalia (light weapons, acceptability of transitional government by clans and their militias) Great Lakes / Central Africa A. Kenya (Northeastern Kenya, Garisa district; Kenya/Uganda border, Pokot and Samburu tribes; low level conflict in the Rift Valley (Molo, Njoro, Burnt Forest), low-level conflict among Naivasha, Kikuyu and Masai tribes; low level conflict in Isiolo (Eastern Kenya), Meru and Borana tribes; Coast Province, conflicts between local communities and investors) B. Regional (Kisangani, Rwanda and Uganda confrontations) C. Burundi (Bujumbura, extremism as a result of peace process, other groups, CNDD and FNL not engaging in peace process) D. Uganda (Northern and Western Uganda, Karamoja region & Lords Resistance Army (LRA); South-western Uganda - Alliance of Democratic Forces (ADF) Uganda/Sudan, Uganda/Democratic Republic of Congo, change in leadership in DRC and Ugandan elections) E. Tanzania (Zanzibar, political instability. Kigoma, refugee camps) F. Rwanda (potential conflict from land occupation and returnees) G. Democratic Republic of Congo (revival and implementation of Lusaka Agreement, deployment of UN Peace-keeping and enforcement troops, security concern with Uganda and Rwanda) H. Chad (Doba Basin) Southern Africa A. Zimbabwe (land issues, disputes with Zanu-PF) B. Central African Republic (Authoritarian Government) C. Swaziland (feudal monarchy) D. Angola (escalating tensions) E. Mozambique (resurgence of ethnicity between Shangaan and Ndau, political tensions) West Africa A. Guinea Conakry and Manor River Basin B. Casamance (disputes between Senegal, Gambia and Guinea Bissau) C. Sierra Leone (RUF - Kamajors) D. Guinea-Bissau (Power struggle) E. Nigeria (Religious tensions, instability in Delta, Zamfara, Kaduna and Sokoto regions) F. Regional (refugees, increase in light weapons, child soldiers) Six Key Publications on Lessons Learned in Peace Building * Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management (Germany) has developed a manual for publication on the internet: Berghof Handbook for Conflict Transformation. This handbook provides practitioners with an orientation guide, illustrating state-of-the-art approaches in the field of conflict resolution and transformation, with special emphasis on peace-building in crisis regions. Available: www.berghofcenter.org/handbook/index.html * In the series of the Carnegie Commission on Preventing Deadly Conflict, Bruce Jentleson edited Opportunities Missed, Opportunities Seized, a publication that assesses the feasibility of preventive diplomacy. It includes not only cases in which preventive diplomacy failed, but also ones in which it largely succeeded. Available: www.ccpdc.org * Accord: An International Review of Peace Initiatives is a series of publications by Conciliation Resources (UK). Provides detailed narrative and rigorous analysis of specific war and peace processes, combining readability with practical relevance. Available: www.c-r.org/accord/index.htm * The Conflict Prevention Network (based in Brussels, Belgium) published a manual with an overview and an evaluation of specific means of intervention of the EU: Peace-building & Conflict Prevention in Developing Countries: A Practical Guide. It lists approximately 130 measures or tools, like awareness raising; capacity building; strengthening the role of political institutions; political dialogue; demobilization and reintegration. Available: www.swp-berlin.org/cpn * The Conflict Prevention Networks Yearbook 1999/2000 The Impact of Conflict Prevention Policy; Cases, Measures and Assessments takes up the subject of how to measure the impact that specific polices have on the ground. Edited by Michael Lund and Guenola Rasamoelina. It centers on the question of what is effective in conflict prevention. Available: www.swp-berlin.org/cpn * The Belgian-based NGO Field Diplomacy Initiative has published Peace-Building: a Field Guide, 2001, Lynne Rienner Publishers Inc., edited by Luc Reychler and Thania Paffenholz. With contributions from over 50 international experts, and sections on: preparing for the field; working in the field; and surviving in the field. Information: info@fdi.ngonet.ber

NORTHERN IRELAND (UNITED KINGDOM) ACC -Army Continuity Council CCD -Citizens Against Crime and Drugs DAAD -Direct Action Against Drugs INLA -Irish National Liberation Army IPLO -Irish People's Liberation Organization IV -Irish Volunteers (Oglaigh na hEireann) LVF -Loyalist Volunteer Force NIFC -National Irish Freedom Committee OV -Orange Volunteers PIRA -Provisional Irish Republican Army REAL IRA -Real Irish Republican Army RHD -Red Hand Defenders RDC -Red Hand Commandos UDA -Ulster Defense Association UDF -Ulster Defence Force UFF -Ulster Freedom Fighters UVF -Ulster Volunteer Force 32 CSM -32 County Sovereignty Movement PALESTINE AUTHORITY AABoIJ -Al Aqsa Brigade of the Islamic Jihad

-Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement -Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)

PHILIPPINES ABB -Alex Boncayao Brigade ASG -Abu Sayyaf Group BMA -Bangsa Moro Army BMIAF -Bangsa Moro Islamic Armed Forces BMLO -Bangsa Moro Liberation Organization CAFGU's -Citizen's Armed Forces Geographical Units CPP -Communist Party of the Philippines MCUC -Mindanao Christian Unified Command MILF -Moro Islamic Liberation Front MNLF -Moro National Liberation Front NCDA -New Christian Democratic Army NDF -National Democratic Front of the Philippines

SOUTH AFRICA ANC -African National Congress DAAD -Direct Action Against Drugs IFP -Inkatha Freedom Party IUC -Islamic Unity Convention MAGO -Muslims against Global Oppression MAPOGO -Colours of the Leopard (Mapogo-aMathamaga) PAC -Pan African Congress PAGAD -Gangsterism against Drugs Q -Qibla (Direction Mecca) UWS -Umkhonto We Sizwe SPAIN ETA GRAPO

-Islamic Army of Aden-Abyan -Yemen Socialist Party -Yemite Union for Reform (Islah)

-Basque Fatherland and Liberty -First of October Antifascist Resistance Group

WESTERN SAHARA (MOROCCO) POLISARIO -Popular Front for the Liberation of Sakiet el Hamra y Rio de Oro ZIMBABWE MDC -Movement for Democratic Change NLWVO -National Liberation War Veterans Organization ZANU (PF) -Zimbabwe African National Union (Patriotic Front)

Goals for Americans Foundation President: Paul Flum 11100 Linpage Place, St. Louis, MO 63132 United States of America Phone: +1-314-423-9777 Fax:+1-314-423-1244 E-mail: info@goalsforamericans.org Website: http://www.goalsforamericans.org

FEWER-Forum on Early Warning and Early Response Director: David Nyheim The Old Truman Brewery, 91-95 Bricklane London E1 6QN United Kingdom Phone: +44 20 7247 7022 Fax: +44 20 7247 5290 E-mail: secretariat@fewer.org Website: http://fewer.org

SRILANKA EPRLF -Eelam People's Revolutionary Liberation Front EROS -Ealam Revolutionary Organization of