1

1.0 AIM

In this experiment, heat transfer by forced convection to fluid, which flows through a
pipe, will be studied and heat transfer coefficients will be calculated. Heat transfer by
convection occurs by two ways; by free convection and forced convection. Free convection is
based on density differences of fluid and forced convection occur as a result of external
effects such as pump, agitator or pressure differences.

2

2.0 RESULTS
Table 1 Data Recorded During The Forced Convection Experiment

S
t
e
a
m

c
o
n
d
e
n
s
e
d

o
n

t
h
e

s
h
e
l
l

S
t
e
a
m

c
o
n
d
e
n
s
e
d

o
n

t
h
e

p
i
p
e


F
e
e
d

w
a
t
e
r

o
f

t
h
e

b
o
i
l
e
r
,

V
3
+
V
4

C
o
o
l
i
n
g

w
a
t
e
r

S
t
e
a
m

E
n
t
e
r
i
n
g

T
h
e

C
o
n
d
e
n
s
e
r

C
o
o
l
i
n
g

W
a
t
e
r

O
u
t
l
e
t

C
o
n
d
e
n
s
a
t
e

O
n

T
h
e

W
a
l
l

C
o
n
d
e
n
s
a
t
e

O
n

T
h
e

P
i
p
e

O
u
t
s
i
d
e

S
u
r
f
a
c
e

O
f

T
h
e

C
o
n
d
e
n
s
e
r

O
u
t
s
i
d
e

S
u
r
f
a
c
e

O
f

T
h
e

B
o
i
l
e
r

C
o
o
l
i
n
g

W
a
t
e
r

I
n
l
e
t

T
u
b
e

O
u
t
s
i
d
e

S
u
r
f
a
c
e

(
T
o
p
)

T
u
b
e

O
u
t
s
i
d
e

S
u
r
f
a
c
e

(
B
o
t
t
o
m
)

S
t
e
a
m

I
n

C
o
n
d
e
n
s
e
r

Time
(min)
V
3
V
4
V
1
V
2

T
1
T
2
T
3
T
4
T
5
T
6
T
7
T
8
T
9
T
10

0 22.5 2.5 25 62 121 61 59 99 80 89 41 110 62 81
5 21.6 2.4 24 62 121 62 59 101 80 88 42 109 60 82
10 21.6 2.4 24 62 120 61 59 99 80 88 42 110 61 81
Total
vol.
(mL)
65.7 7.3 73 186

Mean
Temp.(
o
C)

120.7 61.3 59 99.7 80 88.3 41.7 109.6 61 81.3


Heat Supply
Volt (V) R (ohm) Watt
220 150


Table 2. Calculated Values
m
2
, mass flow rate of cooling water 1.02*10
-3
[kg/s]
Q, heat flow rate of cooling water 83.6 [W]
h, heat transfer coefficient for waterside 76.36 [W/m
2
K]
G
i
, mass flux rate 3.346 [kg/m
2
s]
T
b
, mean bulk temperature 324.5 [K]
Re, Reynolds number 124.85
h, theoretical heat transfer coefficient 150.26 [W/m
2
K]
Q
loss
, heat loss to environment -4.89 [W]
















3.0 DISCUSSION
Heat transfer is carried out by forced convection in the experiment. The experimental
and theoretical heat transfer coefficients are found as 76.36 and 150.26 respectively. There is
considerable difference between these values. This difference may be resulted from the wrong
reading of temperatures; heat losses to the surroundings and assuming the system as ideal can
cause the difference.
Convection can be of two types: forced convection and natural convection. Forced
convection was used in this experiment. Forced convection was occured by an agitator in
vessel and when the fluid is moved by a driving force (by a pressure difference in the
direction of the fluid flow). This case is created by pressure differences in this system.
Since the measured surface temperature of the tube wall and calculated heat flow rate
are known inside tube temperature can easily be determined by the equation;
L D h
T T
Q
i i
i i w
t
1

=
To be able to reach turbulent regime in the system Reynolds number can be increased.
In order to increase the Reynolds number the flow rate and/or the diameter can be increased.
Height can be increased (to create pressure difference), temperature can be increased (for
decreasing viscosity). Installing buffles in the inside surface could be useful to create
turbulence or if an agitator or pump is used in the system, this also causes turbulence.
If the tube were horizontal under the existing available hydraulic head for maintaining
flow in the pipe, tube does not full with water so there is air-layer in the tube. The heat flow
rate is reduced because of the heat transfer coefficient of air is low. Also, to accumulate the
residue is occur difficult from horizontal pipe. Since it is installed vertical, the residue is
accumulated by gravitational force.
Excessive flow rate of cooling water may be caused some errors for forced convection
and natural convection. These are some kind of pressure difference and heat losses.
The insulation on the exit of the exit pipe from the boiler is insufficient. so there are
heat losses to surrounding This losses will decrease the temperature of the steam and it will
immediately condense in the pipe.To obtain the desired temperature superheated steam was


used. Superheated steam is obtained by keeping the top of the heater at a level slightly above
the free surface of the boiling water.
Finally, heat loss to the environment is found as 4,89 W. This value must not be
negative. This error can be occurred by reading the thermocouple temperatures or measuring
the volumetric flow rates wrongly.



4.0 NOMENCLATURE

C
p
specific heat [ J / kgK ]
D diameter [ m ]
G mass flux [ kg / m
2
s ]
H enthalpy [ J ]
h heat transfer coefficient [ W / m
2
K ]
k thermal conductivity [ W / mK ]
L length of pipe [ m ]
m mass flow rate [ kg / s ]
Nu Nusselt number
Pr Prandtl number
Q heat flow rate [ W ]
R thermal resistance [ K / W ]
Re Reynolds number
T temperature [ C, K ]
AT temperature driving force [C, K ]
V voltage [ V ]
V volumetric flow rate [ m
3
/ s ]
Greeks
latent heat of condensation [ J / kg ]
viscosity [ kg / ms ]
density [ kg / m
3
]
Subscript
b bulk
f film
i inside / inlet of pipe
o outside / outside of the pipe
ref reference
v vapor
w water / wall



5.0 REFERENCES

1. Frank P. Incropera, David P. Dewitt, Introduction to Heat Transfer, 3
th
edition, John
Wiley & Sons, New York
2. Robert C. Weast, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 58
th
edition, CRC, 1977-1978
3. McCabe; W.L., Smith, J.C., Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering, McGraw
Hill, Kogakusha Ltd., (1978)
4. Manual, for Chemical Engineering Laboratory-1, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Ege University, 2011-2012.




6.0 APPENDIX
6.1 CALCULATION OF EXPERIMENTAL WATER-SIDE HEAT TRANSFER
COEFFICIENT

a) Calculation of Mass flow rate of cooling water
s
s
kg
3 -
10 02 , 1 )
3
m
kg
(987 )
s
3
m
6
10 033 , (1 .
2
V
w
m
3
m
6
10 033 , 1
lt 1
3
m
3
10
ml 1000
lt 1
s 60
min 1
min 1
ml
62
2
V
3
kg/m 87 9 water for K 5 , 324 At
K 5 , 324 273 C 51,5 C 5 , 51
2
7 , 41 3 , 61
2
7
T
2
T
T
=

= =

=
=
= + =
+
=
+
=

b) Calculation of heat flow rate from vapor to the cooling water
W 6 , 83 0,0836kW K (61,-41,7) )
K . kg
kj
(4,182 )
s
kg
3 -
10 02 , (1 Q
K . kj/kg 182 , 4
p
C water for K 5 , 324 At
)
7
T
2
(T
w
p
C
w
m Q
= =
=
=

c) Temperature Driving Force

6 , 31
) 7 , 41 (61
) 3 , 61 (109,6
ln
) 7 , 41 (61 ) 3 , 61 (109,6
)
7
T
9
(T
)
2
T
8
(T
ln
)
7
T
9
(T )
2
T
8
(T
ln
T
B
)
i
T
wo
(T
T
)
i
T
wo
(T
ln
B
)
i
T
wo
(T
T
)
i
T
wo
(T
ln
T
=

=





d) Individual heat transfer coefficient for waterside

aliminium for W/mK 239 k 358,3 3 , 85
2
61 6 , 109
2
56 , 0
10 97 , 1
1
10
7 , 19
10 2 , 2
1
10
22
Al
2
3
2
3
9 8
= ~ =
+
=
+
=
=
= =
= =

K C
T T
T
m L
m
mm
m
mm D
m
mm
m
mm D
f
i
O


L
i
D
i
D
o
D
ln
kL 2.
1
Q
i
T
wo
T
1
i
h
(
(

=
( ) ( )
K m
~

(
(

=
(
(

=
2
W
36 , 76
(0,56) )
2
10 1,97 (
)
2
10 (1,97
)
2
10 (2,2
.ln
,56 0 239 2.
1
6 , 83
6 , 31
1
i
h
L
i
D
i
D
o
D
ln
kL 2.
1
Q
ln
T
1
i
h



6.2 CALCULATION OF THEORETICAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT
a) Calculation of mass flux rate (Gi)




b) Calculate the mean bulk temperature, Tb, of cooling water

K 3 273 5 C
2
41,7 61,3
2
T T
T
7 2
b
5 , 24 5 , 1 5 , 51 = + =
+
=
+
=

c) Calculate Reynolds number and flow regime
REGIME LAMINAR 2100 85 , 124 Re
85 , 124
10 528
10 97 , 1 346 , 3
Re
10 528 water for K 5 , 324 At
6
2 2
6
< =
= = =
=

kg/ms) x (
m) x s).( kg/m (

.D G
m.s / kg x
i i


d) Calculation of the theoretical heat transfer coefficient
kg/m.s x
W/mk , k
j/kgK c
K At

.
L
D
. . ). , (
k
.D h
Nu
pw
w
.
w
/
i i i
i
6
14 0
3 1
10 528
645 0
4182
42 , 3 Pr
5 , 324
1
Pr Re 86 1

=
=
=
=
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
(

= =

s kg/m 3,346
4
) .(19.7x10
1,02x10
4
.D
m
G
2
2 3
3
2
i
w
i
= = =

| |
K W/m 26 , 50 1 h
0,645
) .(19,7x10 h
4,6
6 , 4 1
0,56
) (1,97x10
3,42) (124,85).( (1.86). Nu
2
i
3
i
0.14
1/3
2
i
= =
=
(

6.3 CALCULATION OF HEAT LOSS TO ENVIRONMENT
| | | | | | | |
3
2
kg/m 982,6 K 3 , 34 3 273 61,3 T
4
m
3
m
1
m
loss
Q )
ref
T
2
(T
pw
C
2
m )
ref
T
4
(T
pw
C
4
m )
ref
T
3
(T
pw
C
3
m
)
ref
T
7
(T
pw
C
2
m 100)
1
(T
pv
C
1
m
1
m )
ref
T (100
pw
C
1
m
loss
Q
out water,
H
out , condensate
H
in water,
H
in steam,
H
loss
Q
out
water of enthalpy
out
condensate of Enthalpy
in
water of Enthalpy
in
steam of Enthaply
= = + =
+ =
+
(

+
(

+
=
(

+
(

+ +
+ + = +
+ + = +





kg/s 10 3,98
lt 1
m 10
ml 1000
lt 1
sec 60
min 1
m
kg
982,6
6min
2,43ml
m
kg/s 10 586 , 3
lt 1
m 10
ml 1000
lt 1
sec 60
min 1
m
kg
982,6
1min
21,9ml
m
V m
s / kg x10 98 . 3
lt 1
m 10
ml 1000
lt 1
sec 60
min 1
min 1
ml 24,3
m
kg
(982,6) .V m m m
5
3 3
3
4
4 -
3 3
3
3
3 3
4
3 3
3
condensate total 3 4 1

= =
= =
=
= = = + =

j/kgK 7 , 181 4 C K 293.85 273 5 C 20,85
2
0 41,7
2
T T
T
j/kgK 3,1 07 2 C K 383,35 273 35 , 10 1 C 35 , 110
2
100 120,7
2
100 T
T
kg / kj 2382,8 h
K j/kg 4181.2 C K 323 273 50 C 50
2
0 100
2
T 100
T
C 0 T
pw
ref 7
ave
pv
1
ave
fg
pw
ref
ave
ref
= = + =
+
=
+
=
= = + ~
+
=
+
=
= =
= = + =
+
=
+
=
=



j/kgK 4178,27 C K 65 , 03 3 273 65 , 0 3 C 65 , 0 3
2
0 61,3
2
T T
T
j/kgK 4181 C 322,85K 273 49,85 C 49,85
2
0 99,7
2
T T
T
j/kgK 4178,5 C 302,5K 273 29,5 C 29,5
2
0 59
2
T T
T
pw
ref 2
ave
pw
ref 4
ave
pw
ref 3
ave
= = + =
+
=
+
=
= ~ + ~
+
=
+
=
= ~ + =
+
=
+
=



[(3,98x10
-4
)(4181,2)(100-0) + (3,98x10
-4
)(2382,8x10
-3
) + (3,98x10
-4
)(2073,1)(120,7-100)] +
[(1,02x10
-3
) (4181,7) (41,7-0)] = [(
-4
10 586 , 3 )(4178,5)(59-0) + (3,98x10
-5
)(4181)(99,7-0)] +
[(1,02x10
-3
)(4178,27)(61,3-0)] + Q
loss
Q
loss
= -4,89 W (lost to the surroundings)






Table of Contents
1.0 AIM .................................................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 RESULTS ....................................................................................................................................... 2
3.0 DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................. 4
4.0 NOMENCLATURE ......................................................................................................................... 6
5.0 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................ 7
6.0 APPENDIX .................................................................................................................................... 8
6.1 CALCULATION OF EXPERIMENTAL WATER-SIDE HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT .................... 8
a) Calculation of Mass flow rate of cooling water ....................................................................... 8
b) Calculation of heat flow rate from vapor to the cooling water .............................................. 8
c) Temperature Driving Force ..................................................................................................... 8
d) Individual heat transfer coefficient for waterside................................................................... 9
6.2 CALCULATION OF THEORETICAL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT .......................................... 10
a) Calculation of mass flux rate (Gi) .......................................................................................... 10
b) Calculate the mean bulk temperature, Tb, of cooling water ................................................ 10
c) Calculate Reynolds number and flow regime ....................................................................... 10
d) Calculation of the theoretical heat transfer coefficient ........................................................ 10
6.3 CALCULATION OF HEAT LOSS TO ENVIRONMENT ................................................................. 12