Ingles Tecnico

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CONTENIDO
IDENTIFICACION.................................................................................................................................2
PLANIFICACIONDELOSENCUENTROS.........................................................................................3
ORIENTACIONESMETODOLGICAS ..............................................................................................4
1.INTRODUCCIN .........................................................................................................................4
1.1OBJETIVOSGENERALES...................................................................................................5
1.2OBJETIVOSESPECFICOS................................................................................................5
2. DESARROLLO........................................................................................................................5
2.1NCLEOSTEMTICOS......................................................................................................5
PrimerEncuentro ....................................................................................................................5
SegundoEncuentro ................................................................................................................7
TercerEncuentro ....................................................................................................................8
CuartoEncuentro ....................................................................................................................9
MTODODE DEESTUDIO................................................................................................11
SUGERENCIASPARAELESTUDIOAUTODIDCTICO:.................................................11
2.2.Bibliografacomentada ......................................................................................................13
2.3.Materialexplicativo.............................................................................................................13
2.4.Ejemplificacin....................................................................................................................13
2.5.Mtodosautilizar ..............................................................................................................14
3.Conclusiones..............................................................................................................................14
TECHNICALENGLISHTEXTBOOK .................................................................................................15
INTRODUCTION............................................................................................................................16
INTRODUCEYOURSELF: ............................................................................................................16
LESSONONE.USINGVERBTOBE...........................................................................................18
READINGPRACTICE1............................................................................................................20
GRAMMARSECTION.EXPLANATIONOFVERBTOBE.....................................................21
LESSONTWO.VERBTOBEPASTTENSE...............................................................................30
GRAMMARSECTION.PASTTENSEVERBTOBE ..............................................................32
LESSONTHREE.PRESENTEANDPASTPROGRESSIVETENSE ........................................36
GRAMMARSECTION.PRESENTCONTINUOUSTENSE....................................................38
LESSONFOUR.USINGSIMPLEPRESENT ..............................................................................43
GRAMMARSECTION.SIMPLEPRESENT ............................................................................50
LESSONFIVE.USINGSIMPLEPAST.........................................................................................58
GRAMMARSECTION.SIMPLEPAST ....................................................................................62
LESSONSIX.USINGCOMPARATIVEANDSUPERLATIVEFORMS ......................................69
GRAMMARSECTION.COMPARATIVEANDSUPERLATIVEADJECTIVESAND
ADVERBS..................................................................................................................................71
CienciasyTecnologadelaInformacinInglesTcnico
LESSONSEVEN.USINGPRESENT PERFECT........................................................................77
GRAMMARSECTION. PresentPerfect..................................................................................78
LESSONEIGHT.USINGFUTURETENSE .................................................................................81
READINGPRACTICE5 ..........................................................................................................83
GRAMMARSECTION.SIMPLEFUTURE ............................................................................84
LESSONNINE.USINGMODALAUXILIARIES ...........................................................................88
READINGPRACTICE6 ..........................................................................................................89
LESSONTEN.USINGPASSIVEVOICE .....................................................................................94
GRAMMARSECTION.THEPASSIVEVOICE........................................................................96
I.FORMINGTHEPASSIVE(Formandolavozpasiva) ......................................................96
II.FORMOFTHEPASSIVE:BE+PASTPARTICIPLE......................................................96
ANEXO#1...............................................................................................................................101
ANEXO#2.NUMBERS..........................................................................................................105
ANEXO#3.WAYSOFSAYINGTHETIME.........................................................................106
ANEXO#4.DAYSOFTHEWEEK,MONTHSOFTHEYEARANDTHESEASONSOF
THEYEARS.............................................................................................................................107
ANEXO#5.PARTSOFTHEHUMANBODY .......................................................................108
ANEXO#6.CLOTHES...........................................................................................................109
IDENTIFICACION
ModalidaddeEstudios
CursosdeEncuentros
GestinAcadmica
Mdulo
Facultad
CienciasyTecnologasdelaInformacin
Docente
Lic.BeatrizPol
DadeEncuentro(Presencial)
Sbados
Hora
Aula
DadeTutora(Distancia)
Hora
Elaboradopor:Lic.BeatrizPol
PLANIFICACIONDELOSENCUENTROS
FECHASDEENCUENTROS
PRIMER
ENCUENTRO
UNIDADES
UnidadI
TEMAS
DE
UnidadII
AVANCE
UnidadIII
SEGUNDO
ENCUENTRO
TERCER
ENCUENTRO
CUARTO
ENCUENTRO
UnidadIV
UnidadVI
UnidadIX
UnidadV
UnidadVII
UnidadX
UnidadVIII
Evaluacin
Evaluacin
ORIENTACIONESMETODOLGICAS
1. INTRODUCCIN
Enlaeradelatecnologaydelaeconomaglobalizadaseprecisannuevascompetenciaspara
hacer frente como profesional a las demandas de ese mercado global, es por esto que cobra
cadadamayorimportanciaelconocimientodelenguasextranjeras,especialmenteelInglsque
se ha convertido en la lengua mundial. Por otra parte el rpido avance en el campo de las
ciencias, sobretodo en el campo de la tecnologa y la informacin, hace que nos veamos
inundados de informacin que porsupuesto saldr a la luz en el idioma Ingls y tardar algn
tiempo en ser traducido a las dems lenguas, esto nos demuestra que saber el Ingls nos
permite estar actualizados en nuestros campos profesionales. Para cuando un texto ha sido
terminado de traducir al espaol, pueden haber surgido otras teoras vigentes y quedar esta
informacin desfasada. Es un hecho innegable que el Ingls es la lengua de la comunicacin
internacionalyquese haconvertidoen elidioma dela tecnologaylas cienciaseconmicas y
polticas.
Por todo lo arriba mencionado, es responsabilidad de las universidades formar a sus futuros
profesionalesconlacompetenciadelusodeunalenguaextranjera,quecomohemosvisto,por
lasrazonesexpuestas arriba, estaeselIngls.
EnloscursosdeInglsTcnicodelaUniversidadPrivadaDomingoSaviosedandoscursosde
InglsTcnico.ElenfoquedeenseanzadelInglseselInglsconPropsitosEspecficosESP
(English for Specific Purposes) que se adaptaalascircunstancias deenseanzaporlacarga
horaria, las condiciones fsicas y el tipo de estudiantes, la necesidad principal de estos
estudiantes es poder estar actualizados en sus campos a travs del Internet o de libros y
revistasenInglsyparaelloprecisanentenderytraducirloqueleen.Porlotanto,elpropsitoes
interpretarytraducirtextosensucampoprofesionalyengeneral.
En la materia de Ingls Tcnico I los estudiantes conocern estructuras gramaticales
fundamentalesytraducirntextossimplesen ingls, aprendernlastcnicasyestrategiasparala
interpretacin y traduccin de textos, a la vez que enriquecern su vocabulario. Asimismo,
valorarn la importancia de saber leer en ingls como una herramienta til para su futuro
profesional.
1.1OBJETIVOSGENERALES
Alfinalizarelcursoelestudiantesercapazde:
1. Leereinterpretar textos,manuales, artculosen inglsutilizandotcnicas y estrategias
paralalecturacomprensivayparalainterpretacindetextos.
Este objetivo es la competencia principal o macro competencia que se desea lograr al
finalizarelcurso.
2. Valorar la importancia del uso del ingls para su desarrollo profesional, para sus
estudiosyparalacomunicacinengeneral.
EstesegundoobjetivolepermitiralestudiantecomprenderlaimportanciadelInglsennuestros
tiemposylo tilqueleserensucampoprofesional.
1.2 OBJETIVOSESPECFICOS
1. Reconocer las estructuras gramaticales bsicas del ingls para redactar y leer textos
simples.
2. Usartcnicasdelecturaeinterpretacindetextosparatraducirmaterialensucampode
estudio.
3. Aplicar tcnicas de traduccin para traducir manuales, revistas y textos bajados de
Internetparaestaractualizadoensucampodeestudio.
4. Utilizartcnicasparaelaprendizajedevocabularioymemorizacindeverbosirregulares.
5. Utilizar correctamente el diccionario y el programa Translator cuando traduce en la
computadora.
2.
DESARROLLO
2.1 NCLEOSTEMTICOS
PrimerEncuentro
Unidad1 VerboTOBEIntroducingyourself(PresentacinPersonal)
1.1 PresentesimpledelverboToBe(seroestar)
1.1.1. Oracionesafirmativas
1.1.2. Oracionesnegativas
1.1.3. Oracionesinterrogativas
1.1.4. PreguntasconpalabrasInterrogativas.
1.1.5. Yes/Noquestions(Preguntascerradasdeconfirmacin)
1.1.6. PronombresyPartesdelaOracin
1.1.7. Preposicionesdetiempoydelugar
1.1.8. Readingandtranslation: EnglishforInternationalCommunication
1.1.9Readingtechniquesandstrategies:anticipation,skimmingandscanning
Unidad2 VerboTOBE(PastTense)
2.1 PasadosimpledelverboToBe(seroestar)
2.1.1 Oracionesafirmativas
2.1.2. Oraciones negativas
2.1.3 OracionesInterrogativas
2.1.4 PreguntasconpalabrasInterrogativas
2.1.5 ReadingandTranslation: ASuccessfulBusinessMan
2.1.6
Readingtechniquesandstrategies:anticipation,skimmingandscanning
Unidad3 PresenteyPasadoProgresivo
3.1PresenteyPasadoProgresivo
3.1.1Formacindelpresenteprogresivo
3.1.2Ortografaparalaterminacin ING
3.1.3Formaafirmativa,negativaeinterrogativadelpresenteprogresivo
3.1.4PasadoprogresivoverboToBe:WASyWERE+verbo en ING
3.1.5ReadingandTranslation: OnCEOsandCompanies
3.1.6.Readingtechniquesandstrategies:anticipation,skimmingandscanning
Sntesis
En este primer encuentro, el estudiante aprender
estructuras bsicas para su
presentacinpersonalyestructurasdepreguntaspararecabarinformacinpersonaldeotras
personas.
Durantelasegundapartedelencuentroelestudianteaprenderotrasestructurasbsicasde
la gramtica inglesa, como el uso del verbo to be en presente y pasado y el presente
progresivoyelpasadoprogresivo.
Conjuntamenteconelaprendizajedelagramtica, elestudianteaprenderelusodetcnicas
de lectura e interpretacin de textos, tales como la anticipacin partiendo del ttulo y la
informacin grfica, el skimming o revisin general del material de lectura ,a travs de la
bsqueda decognados (palabras similaresal espaol), apareamientodepalabrasconsu
significadoy latcnicade scanning o bsqueda de informacin especfica para contestar
preguntasdecomprensinyluegolatraduccindetextossimples.
SegundoEncuentro
Unidad4 PresenteSimple
4.1UsoyConjugacindelpresentesimple
4.1.1.OracionesAfirmativas
4.1.2Ortografaparalaconjugacindetercerapersonasingular
4.1.3Oracionesnegativasconelauxiliar DONT y DOESNT
4.1.4OracionesInterrogativasiniciandoconelauxiliar DO/DOES
4.1.5Usodelosadverbiosdefrecuencia
4.1.6LecturayTraduccindeltexto.SusansDailyHabits
4.1.7Usodetcnicas yestrategiasdetraduccin:BasicFactorsinBusiness
Unidad5 PasadoSimple
5.1 ElPasadoSimple
5.1.1. Verbosregularesyortografaparalaterminacin ed.
5.1.2. Verbosirregulares
5.1.3. Oracionesnegativasusandoelauxiliar DIDNT
5.1.4. OracionesInterrogativasiniciandolapreguntaconDID.
5.1.5. Preguntasconpalabrasinterrogativas
5.1.6. Expresionesdetiempopasado
5.1.7.
LecturayTraduccindeltexto.BiografadelaPrincesaDianaThePrincess
ofHearts
5.1.8.
Readingstrategiesandtechniquestoreadtexts:DidyouKnowaboutthese
newtechnologies?
Sntesis. Durante este Segundo encuentro, el estudiante avanzar el presente simple

para expresarhbitos, rutinas diariasyhechosen general del presente, tanto enforma
afirmativa, negativacomointerrogativa y tambinaplicartcnicasy estrategias parala
interpretacinytraduccindetextosquellevanesasestructurasdelpresentesimple.
En la segunda arte del encuentro se practicar con estructuras en pasado simple,
distinguiendo los verbos regulares de los verbos irregulares. Igualmente se usarn
estructurasdelpasadoenunalecturadebiografasdelpasadodegentefamosaparaque
practiquen las tcnicas de interpretacin y traduccin.. Leern tambin material de
informacingeneralenlaqueaparecenverbosenpasadosimpleyenpresentesimple.
TercerEncuentro
Unidad6 FormasComparativasySuperlativas
6.1Adjetivosyadverbiocomparativosysuperlativos
6.1.1.Adjetivoscortos
6.1.2Adjetivosterminadosen Y
6.1.3Adjetivoslargos
6.1.4Adjetivosdedosslabasquefuncionandeambasformas
6.1.5Adjetivosirregulares
6.1.6Adverbiosterminadosen LY
6.1.7Adverbiosdecortos
6.1.8Adverbiosirregulares
6.1.9Traduccinusandolastcnicasyestrategiasaprendidas:PersonalComputers
Unidad7 PresentePerfecto
7.1Presenteperfectoyelpasadoparticipio
7.1.1Estructuradelpresenteperfecto:Sujeto+elauxiliarHAVEyHAS+verboenparticipio
pasado
7.1.2Usosdelpresenteperfecto
7.1.3Formaafirmativa
7.1.4FormaInterrogativa
7.1.5Formanegativa
7.1.6Traduccindeltexto:Computersusandolastcnicasyestrategiasaprendidas.
Unidad8 FuturosimpleyFuturoPrximo
8.1FuturoSimpleconWILL
8.1.1.Formaafirmativa
8.1.2Formanegativa:conelauxiliar WONT
8.1.3Formainterrogativainvirtiendoel WILL
8.1.4PreguntasconpalabrasInterrogativas
8.1.5Formaafirmativaconelfuturodebe+goingto
8.1.6Formainterrogativadelfuturobe+goingto
8.1.7.Formanegativaconelfuturoconbe+goingto
8.1.8Traduccindeltexto:ArtificialIntelligence
Sntesis: Enesteencuentro,losestudiantesaprendernformascomparativasdeadjetivosy
adverbios.Luego,elpresenteperfectocomparndoloconelpasadosimpleysusdiferentes
usos.
DurantelasegundapartedelencuentrorepasarnelfuturoutilizandoWILLYELFUTURO
PRXIMO.
Tambinaplicarntcnicasyestrategiasdeinterpretacinytraduccindetextoscontextos
quecontenganlasestructurasantesmencionadas.
CuartoEncuentro
Unidad9 VerbosAuxiliares
9.1VerbosAuxiliares
9.1.1Expresando capacidad: CanyCould
9.1.2Expresandopermiso:CanyMay
9.1.3Expresando sugerenciaoconsejo:Should,oughttoohadbetter
9.1.4Expresandonecesidadyobligacin:Mustohaveto
9.1.5Expresandoposibilidad:Mayymight
9.1.6Expresandoprobabilidad:Must
9.1.7Expresandoexpectativa:should
9.1.8Expresandocertezafutura:Will
9.1.9Traduccindeuntextoomanual:MainboardInstallation
Unidad10 Vozpasiva
10.1UsodelaVozpasivayVozactiva
10.1.1Estructuradelavozpasiva
10.1.2Vozpasivaenlosdiferentestiemposverbales
10.1.3Formaafirmativa
10.1.4Formanegativa
10.1.5Formainterrogativa
10.1.6Traduccindetextoconestructurasdevozpasiva:ElEMail
Sntesis. Enesteltimoencuentro,losestudiantesaprendernlosverbosauxiliaresysususosy
aprendernatraducirinstructivosdemanualesautnticos.
En la segunda parte de este encuentro, los estudiantes aprendern a usar la voz pasiva y a
reconocerlaen lostextostcnicos.
Traducirn textos tcnicos al espaol utilizando las tcnicas y estrategias de traduccin
aprendidasalolargodelcurso.
10
MTODODE DEESTUDIO
Estimadosestudiantes:
Primeramente, es un placer darles la bienvenida a estos cursos a distancia de la universidad
PrivadaDomingoSavioydesearlesmuchoxitoensusestudios.
Este texto ha sido diseado para llenar las necesidades de estudiantes que estudian el ingls
como unmedioparapoder estaral da enlos avances desucampoprofesionalatravs dela
lecturadematerialrelacionadoconsuprofesin yengeneral.
El presente texto pretende dar las bases de la gramtica del Ingls para interpretar textos y
traducirmanuales.
Losobjetivosdeestecursosonqueelalumnoalfinalizarel cursoseacapazde:
Usarlagramticabsicaparacomponereinterpretartextos
Utilizar vocabulario y expresiones bsicas del idioma como la introduccin a la
interpretacindetextos.
Leertextosdemedianacomplejidadparamantenerseinformadoensucampo.
Utilizarestrategiasytcnicasparatraducirtextosaunniveltcnicoparainvestigarensu
campoprofesional.
SUGERENCIASPARAELESTUDIOAUTODIDCTICO:
Este texto se impartir en dos niveles, en el nivel de Ingls tcnico I y el nivel de Ingls
tcnico II. Las primeras cinco unidades cubrirn el primer nivel y las siguientes cinco
unidadescubrirneltcnicoII.
Seaconsejaelaprendizajecontinuoporrazonespedaggicas,serecomiendadedicarunahora
diariaparairestudiandoyhaciendolosejerciciosdecadaunidad.
11
Lospasosparasuavancesonlossiguientes:
1. Empiece por leer la explicacin de la estructura presentada en los recuadros que est
dadaenespaol yhagalosejerciciosquesiguenacadaestructura.
2. Siencuentrapalabrasnuevas,busqueelsignificadoensudiccionarioquesiempredebe
teneramano.
3. Tratedeentenderlaspalabrasporcognados(porqueseparecenensuformaalespaol)
oporcontexto(loquevieneantesyloquevienedespusdelapalabra).
4. Evite traducir palabra por palabra, trate de entender lo que quiere decir la oracin
completa.
5. Tampoco trate de memorizar palabra por palabra, si desea recordarla posteriormente
hagaunanuevaoracindesucreacinenunnuevocontexto..
6. Laslecturas lesirvenparapracticarlatraduccineinterpretacindetextosdesdeel
inicio ya que le har practicar las tcnicas y estrategias para la lectura comprensiva y
paralatraduccin.
Llenar los ejercicios decada unidad y presentar sus dudas en cada encuentro para poder
ayudarle.
Alfinalizarcadaunidadestnlastareas(homework)queservirnparaevaluartrabajoprctico
deestamateria,aligualqueunalecturaparaquepractiquelastcnicasyestrategiasaprendidas,
estastareastambinlaspresentarhechasencadaencuentro.
Debe portar un diccionario pequeo a las clases tutoriales porque tendr controles sobre lo
avanzado ypodr hacerusodelmismo,tambinse leensearel usocorrecto deldiccionario
como ltimo recurso. (Se aconseja comprar el OXFORD Pocket Dictionary, ya que es el ms
completoyleservirparaamboscursos)
La forma de evaluacin ser a travs de los prcticos presentados, los controles durante los
encuentrosylosdosexmenesquesetomanduranteelperiodo,elprimerparcialyelexamen
final.
12
Duranteelprimerencuentrofijaremoslashorasde trabajoenplataforma.
Desendolesnuevamentemuchoxitoensusestudiosmedespidomuyatentamente,
Lic.BeatrizPol
email: bpol@upds.exchange
2.2.Bibliografacomentada
Elpresentetextohasidodiseadoconelpropsitodebrindarunmaterialinteresanteysencillo
paraqueelestudiante,alavezqueaprendelagramticabsica, puedaaprenderlastcnicasy
estrategiasdelainterpretacindetextos,yaquecomomencionantes,esteesuncursodeESP
(EnglishforanSpecificPurpose)esdecir,elInglsconunpropsitoespecficoqueeseldedar
unaherramientaalestudianteparacontribuirconsuformacinprofesionalyestemtodoledar
la posibilidad de aprender a leer e interpretar textos en Ingls, lo cual le servir mucho para
mantenerse actualizado en su campo profesional. Se han seguido las pautas de diseo de
materialqueplaneanHutchinsonandWaterssobreeldiseodematerialparaestetipodecursos
ensulibroESPsyllabusandmaterialsDesign.
La bibliografa investigada y de apoyo para la elaboracin de este texto son los libros de
gramtica bsica de Betty Schampfer Basic Grammar, de Raymond Murphy, Essential
GrammarinUse,deJohnThomasFrench,YoureinBusiness:buildingbetterreadingskillsy
de Richmond Publishing collection Nature and Environment, Technology and the Future y
manualesyrevistasautnticas.
2.3.Materialexplicativo
Presentacinde Diapositivas enpowerpointenlaplataformavirtual.
Materialdeapoyo:CDsdeEnseanzaypronunciacindelIngls.
2.4.Ejemplificacin
Unejemplodeestudioaudidcticodeestematerialesleerlasinstruccionesdelosrecuadrosque
estnenespaol,completarlosejercicios,leerlalecturadecadatextoutilizandosudiccionarioy
completar losejercicios antes deprocederalatraduccin del texto.Para complementar buscar
13
en Internet algn material en Ingls y tratar de traducirlo utilizando el translator (programa

TRADUCTOR. )
2.5.Mtodosautilizar
Mtodoparaelencuentropresencial:
En los encuentros presenciales, se utiliza la miniconferencia para explicar las estructuras
gramaticales y se les da las instrucciones para los trabajos de aplicacin. Se parte de las
preguntasdelosestudiantessobrelasdudasquetienendurantesuaprendizajeautodidcticoy
seleampliaconejerciciosnuevosenelaulaymsprcticadelectura.
Paralosencuentrosvirtuales.
Se les presenta ejercicios de complementacin para que practiquen las estructuras de las
unidadesypequeosejerciciosdetraduccin.Tienenoportunidaddepresentarsusdudasenel
foroyatravsdelrecibirexplicacindelasmismas.
3.Conclusiones
Finalmente las preguntas, cuestionarios y ejercicios de cada unidad estn en el mismo texto.
Igualmentelasinstruccionesparalostrabajos.
Instruccionesopautasparatrabajosdeinvestigacin:
1.DebenbajarunabiografaenInglesytraducirlaalespaolenclase,mostrandoelborradory
luegopulindoloencasa.
2. DebenhaceruncuadernillodeGlosariodetrminostcnicos:losestudiantesvancreandosu
propioglosariodeterminologatcnicaenelavancedesusunidades.
14
TECHNICALENGLISHTEXTBOOK
ByLic. BeatrizPoldeCspedes
STUDENT:______________________________________________
15
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCINGMYSELF:
MynameisBeatrizPol.IamfromSantaCruz, Bolivia.IammarriedandIhavefourchildren.Iam
a university teacher. I work at Domingo Savio University. Inmy freetime,I like toread andto
paint.
INTRODUCEYOURSELF:
Mynameis__________________________________________(fullname)
Iamfrom________________________________________(nationality)
Iam_____________________________________yearsold.(age)
Iam___________________________________(occupation)
Iam_______________________________(married/single)
Myaddressis_____________________________________________
Myphonenumberis________________________________________
Inmyfree time, Iliketo________________________________(hobby)
ASKINGYOURCLASSMATESPERSONALQUESTIONS:
Whatisyourname?_____________________________________________
Whereareyoufrom?____________________________________________
Howoldareyou?_______________________________________________
Areyoumarriedorsingle?________________________________________
Whatisyouroccupation?________________________________________
Whatisyouraddress?___________________________________________
Whatisyourphonenumber?_____________________________________
16
COMPLETETHEINFORMATION:
Name:_______________________________________
Age:_________________________________________
Nationality:___________________________________
Maritalstatus:________________________________
Occupation:__________________________________
Address:_____________________________________
Phonenumber:_______________________________
HOMEWORK: Write a shortbiographyofanimportantorfamousperson.
17
LESSONONE. USING VERBTOBE

I.
Predictingfromthetitle.(Prediccionesdelcontenidopartiendodelttulo)
Whatorwhoisitabout?__________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
(Escribasusprediccionesencastellano.)
II.
Nowreadthetextandunderlinecognates.
(Ahoraleaeltextoysubrayeloscognadosopalabrasqueseparecenalcastellanoenforma
ysignificado.)
PROFILEOFANIMPORTANTCHAIRMAN:BILLGATES
HisnameisWilliamH.Gates.HeisanarchitectandtheChairmanofMicrosoftCorporation,the
worldwide leader in software services and internet. He was born in Seattle and he lives in
Washington. He is 47 years old. He is married with Melinda French Gates. They have two
18
children: Jennifer and Rory John. He loves computers and he works with the companys
developmentteamturningnewideasintoinnovativesoftwareandservices.Hisfortuneisaround
U$10billion.Inhisfreetime,he likestoplaygolf.
III.
Circle words you do not understand by context and look them up in your
dictionary.
(Pongaenuncrculolaspalabrasquenoconoceynoentiendeniporelcontextooqueno
soncognadosybsquelasensudiccionario.)
Writethemeaningof thenewwordsyouhavefoundinyourdictionarybelowthe
unknownword.
(Escriba el significado de la palabra nueva que ha encontrado en el diccionario y antela
debajodelapalabra desconocida.)
IV.
Comprehensionquestions: (Preguntasdecomprensin)
1. What ishis name?______________________________________________
2. Howoldishe?_________________________________________________
3. Whereishefrom?______________________________________________
4. Whatishisoccupation?_________________________________________
5. Ishemarried?_________________________________________________
6. Whatdoeshedoinhisfreetime?__________________________________
V.
Nowtranslatethetext (Ahoratraduzcaeltextoalcastellano.)
19
READINGPRACTICE1
I.MAKEPREDICTIONSFROMTHETITLE:______________________
_____________________________________________________________
II.UNDERLINECOGNATES:
ENGLISHFORINTERNATIONALCOMMUNICATION
Why is English useful for international communication? English is an international language

becausemorethan600millionpeoplearoundtheworlduseit.Mostbooksandpapersindifferent
fields are in English. After some period of time they are translated to other languages. Most
specialists use English at conferences and meetings. Some scientific discoveries are first
publishedinEnglishandthenfortherestofthescientificcommunity.Ifwewanttobeupdatedin
ourprofessions,weneedtoreadinEnglish,atleast
WecansaythatEnglishistheworldlanguage.
III.COMPREHENSIONQUESTIONS:
20
1. WhyisEnglishconsideredaninternationallanguage?
1. HowmanypeoplearoundtheworldusetheEnglishlanguage?
2. Whatdoweneedtobeupdatedinourprofessions?
3. Whatlanguagedoweuseatinternationalconferencesandmeetings?Why?
IV.TRANSLATETHETEXT
GRAMMARSECTION. EXPLANATIONOFVERBTOBE
EXPLICACINDELUSODELVERBOTOBE:
Antesdepoderconjugarcualquierverboesimportanteconocerlospronombresconlosque
selosconjuga:
LospronombresenInglsson:
Pronombressingulares
I
You
(Yo)
(t)
He
(l)
She
(ella)
It
(l,ellaparaanimal, planta,objeto,idea,pensamientoosentimiento)
Pronombresplurales
We
(nosotros)
You
(ustedes)
They
(ellos)
*Enpluralnosehacediferenciaentrelohumanoynohumanoenlatercerapersona,
seusaigual they paraellosoellasyaseananimales,plantas,cosas,etc.
21
SIGNIFICADOSDELVERBOTOBE
Elverbo tobe significadosverbosdelcastellano: SEROESTAR.
I. Cuando selo usacomoelverbo SER la estructura dela oracin enpresentesimple es:

Sujeto+verbo+Nombre
Ejemplos:I
Subject
amBetty
VerbNoun
CUADRODECONJUGACINCONLOSPRONOMBRES:
SINGULAR
SUBJECT+BE+NOUN
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
SUBJECT+BE+NOUN
Forma de conjugacin del

verboTOBE: Am, is, are.
IamBetty
Iamateacher
Weareteachers
LucyandIareteachers
Los
pronombres
reemplazanalosnombres:
YouarePeter
Youarestudents
I (serefierealquehabla)
Youareastudent
Ronandyouarestudents
You(alquemedirijo)
Heisastudent
Theyaredoctors
Jimisastudent
BillandJoearedoctors
He (a una persona del sexo

masculino)
She(aunapersonadelsexo
femenino)
It ( a una cosa, animal ,
She isLucy
She isastudent
Theyareflowers
Rosesareflowers
planta,etc)
We (se refiere a ti y otra
Itisadog
persona)
Bobbyisadog
You ( a otras personas a las
22
quetedirijes)
They ( a otros y tu no ests
incluido)
EXERCISE1:Fillinthe blankswith:AM,ISandARE.
1. Mary__________ateacher.
2. He____________alawyer.
3. It___________aturtle.
4. We____________doctors.
5. She______________anurse.
6. They_____________engineers.
7. You(oneperson)______________anactor.
8. You(twoormorepersons)___________________pilots.
9. LucyandSusan________________friends.
10. They_________________books.
II. Tambin con susentidode SER puedeser Sujeto+verbo+adjetivo.

SINGULAR
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
Nota: Los adjetivos en Ingls
SUBJECT+BE+ adjective
Iam happy
SUBJECT+BE+adjective
Weare happy
no tienen gnero ni nmero,

es decir que no se los
pluraliza, ni existe su forma
femeninaomasculina.
Youare intelligent
Youare intelligent
Tampoco se puedecolocar la
a delante del nombre como
Heis tall
Theyare tall
lo hacamos en los nombres

comunesensingular.
Rosesare beautiful
Sheis beautiful
23
Bobbyis intelligent
EXERCISE2: Chooseoneadjectiveandfillintheblanks:
intelligentfattallroundhotsquarefunnybigprettysweet
1. Studentsare__________________________________.
2. Pigsare_____________________________________ .
3. Anelephantis_________________________________
4. ThePictureis_________________________________.
5. Thejokeis____________________________________.
6. Flowersare____________________________________.
7. Sugaris_______________________________________.
8. Iamshort.Mybrotheris________________________.
9. Thefireis_____________________________________.
10. The Earth is___________________________________.
III. Si selousacomoelverboESTAR,laestructuradelaoracinsera:Sujeto+verbo+
frasepreposicional.
SINGULAR
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
Nota: PP significa
SUBJECT+BE+PP
SUBJECT+BE+PP
Prepositional Phrase (frase

preposicional)
Iam onabus
Weareinclass
Aqu el verbo significa estar
Youareathome
Youareat theconcert
por lo tanto va acompaado

deunafrasedelugar.
Heisat work
Theyare inthecar
Peterisatschool.
24
Sheis inameeting
Rosesare inavase.
(Pedroestenelcolegio)
At school es la frase
Bobbyisinthepark
preposicional.
LaspreposicionesdelugarenInglssonbastantescomoenelcastellanopero
ahorausaremostresquesonlasmscomunesyestastressignificanlosmismo
en castellano, estas son IN, ON y AT, las tres significan EN pero depende
dondeestlapersonaoleobjeto.
INseutilizacunadola(s)persona(s),animal(es)ocosa(s)estoestndentro
deciertoslmites.
Ejemplo:Thebookisinthebox.
Thestudentsareintheclassroom.
Thedogisinthepark.
WeareinMiami.
ON seusacuandola(s) persona(s),animal (es)ocosa(s) estoestnsobre
unasuperficieosobrealgo.
Ejemplo:Thebooksareonthedesk.
Bettyisonthesecondfloor.
Theboyisonahorse.
AT indicaelnombredeunlugarolocalidadensentidogeneral.
(NoseusaeldeterminativoTHEconciertosnombrescomoporejemplo:atworkyno
attheworkastenemostambinathome,atschool,etc.)
Otras preposiciones: Busque el significado de estas preposiciones en su
diccionario.
Against
around
inbackofinside
inthebackof
outside
behind
infrontofnextto
25
beside
inthefrontofnear
between
inthemiddleof
under,etc.
EXERCISE3:Completelasoracionesusandounafrasepreposicional.
1. Sheis_______________________________thewindow.
2. Theyare______________________theclassroom.
3. Weare______________________________theteacher.
4. Iam__________________________drugs.
5. Bettyissitting___________________________Mary.
CONTRACTIONS(CONTRACCIONES)
SINGULAR
SUBJECT+BE+PP
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
SUBJECT+BE+PP
Nota: Cuandolagentehabla
tiende a contractar , es decir
une dos palabras en una, en
Imonabus
Wereinclass
Ingls esto se hace a

menudo.
Youreathome
Youreattheconcert
Las contracciones son del

sujetoconelverboodelverbo
Hesatwork
Shesinameeting
Theyreinthecar
con
Theyre onthetable.
veremosms adelante.
Para contractar se coloca un
Bobbysinthepark
la
negacin
como
apostrofe,as:
Hes/Youre/Theyre
EXERCISE4: Usecontraccionesenlossiguientesespaciosvacos:
1. Peterisinmyclass.______________myclassmate.
2. Susanisadoctor._______________mycolleague.
26
3. Weareattheuniversity._____________inthesecondsemester.
4. Thechildrenareinthegarden.______________playingsoccer.
5. Thecatissleeping.___________onthesofa.
NEGATIVEFORMWITHBE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
Nota: Cuando se niega con
SUBJECT+BE+PP
SUBJECT+BE+PP
el verbo TO BE se usa NOT

despusdelverbo.
ImNOTathome.
WeareNOTinclass
Tambin se puede contractar
YouareNOTathome
YouareNOTattheconcert as:
HeisNOTatwork
TheyareNOTinthecar
HesnotoHeisnt
She is NOT in a
They are NOT on the YourenotoYouarent
meeting
table.
TheyrenotoTheyarent
BobbyisNOTinthepark
EXERCISE5: Uselaformanegativaparallenarlosespaciosvacos:
1. I_______________inclassnow,Iamatwork.
2. She______________adoctor,sheisanurse.
3. We_____________engineers,wearelawyers.
4. He________________atechnician,heisacomputerprogrammer.
5. They_________________atwork,theyareathome.
EXERCISE6. Writeyourownsentencesinnegativeform:
Ex:I amnot abadstudent.Iamintelligent.
_______________________________________________
________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
27
________________________________________________
YES/NOQUESTIONSWITHBE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
Nota: La forma interrogativa
AmIhappy?
Yes,youare.
Arewehappy?
No, youarent.
Yes,youare.
No,youarent.
se forma poniendo por

delante el verbo y luego el
pronombre.
Cuando se dan respuestas
Areyouintelligent?
cortasdeltipoYES/NO nose
Yes,Iam.
No,Iamnot.
Areyouintelligent?
debehacerlacontraccincon
el sujeto sino con el verbo y
Ishetall?
Yes,weare.
No,wearent.
en la forma afirmativa no se
debe contractar, solo en la
Yes,heis.
No,heisnt.
negativa.
Aretheytall?
Yes,theyare.
Isshe beautiful?
Yes,sheis.
No,sheisnt.
No,theyarent.
Arerosesbeautiful?
Yes,theyare.
IsBobbyintelligent?
No,theyarent.
EXERCISE6:Hagapreguntaspartiendode lassiguientesrespuestas:
1. ___________________________________________
Yes,heis.(Heisadoctor)
2.____________________________________________
No,theyarent.(Theyarenotteachers)
3.____________________________________________
Yes,itis.(Itismynewcomputer)
4.__________________________________________
28
Nowearent.(Wearenotengineers.)
5._________________________________________
Yes,Iam.(Iammarried.)
QUESTIONSWITHBE:USINGINTERROGATIVEWORDS
SINGULAR
PLURAL
QUESTIONS
WHEREam I?
Athome.
Nota:
QUESTIONS
WHYarewe happy?
Becausewearelucky.
HOWareyou?
Las
palabras
interrogativasson:
WHAT(qu)
WHERE (dnde)
Fine,thanks.
HOWOLDis he?
EXPLICACIN
WHATTIMEareyou
class ?
At9:00.
20yearsold.
WHOarethey?
WHYisshe happy?
Becausesheishere.
Colleagues.
in WHEN(cundo)
WHATTIME(aquhora)
HOW(cmo)
WHY(porqu)
HOW OLD (cuntos aos o
quedad)
WHO (quien,quienes)
EXERCISE7:Usepalabrasinterrogativas:WHERE,WHEN,HOWOLD,WHO,WHATTIME,
etc.
4. ________________________________________________
Inclass.(Peterisinclass.)
2.___________________________________________________
Athome.(Imathome).
3.___________________________________________________
Peter.(Peterisinthebedroom)
4._________________________________________________
21.(Bettyis21yearsold.)
29
5._________________________________________________
Inthemornings.(Myclassesareinthemornings.)
LESSONTWO. VERBTOBEPASTTENSE
I. Anticipation: Read the title and make predictions about the content. (Lea el ttulo y haga
prediccionesdelcontenido.)_______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
ASUCCESSFULBUSINESSMAN
At15hewasashopassistant.At20hewastheownerofarepaircompany.Todayat40,heis
one oftherichestmenin the UnitedStates.
HisnameisJamesPeterson.HeisthechairmanofPetersonAppliancesCo.,thecompanysells
TVs,videorecorders,personalcomputersandhifisatpriceslowerthantheothercompaniesin
thesamefield.
ThiscompanyisbasedinNewYork,butitmanufacturesmostofitsproductsinJapan.The main
reasonforthesuccessofthecompanyisanexcellentmarketingteam.
30
Mr.Petersondoesnothaveanoffice,herunshiscompanyfromhome.Heisarichmanbuthe
doesnotliketoshowit.Helivesasamediumclassmaninabeautifulhousewithhiswifeand
twochildren.Inhisfreetimehelikestogocampingandtofish.
II.Comprehensionquestions:
1. WhatwasJamesPetersonwhenhewas15?
2. Whathasheat20?
3. Whatisheat40?
4. Whatishisoccupationnow?
5. Whatdoesthecompanysell?
6. Howarethepricesofthecompany?
7. Wheredoes thecompany manufactureitsproducts?
8. Whatisthemainreasonforthesuccessofthecompany?
9. Howdoeshelive?
10. Whatdoeshedoinhisfreetime?
III.Accordingtothetextwritetrueorfalseinthefollowingsentences:
(Segnloqueiceeltexto,escribaverdaderoofalsoenlassiguientesoraciones)
1. JamesPeterson isa rich man.___________________
2. JamesPetersonhasarepaircompanynow.________________
3. PetersonscompanyisbasedinJapan.________________
4. Jamesdoesnotliketoshowhismoney.______________________
5. ThecompanymanufacturesitsproductsinTaiwan.______________
IV.Matchthesewords
1.Televisionsettoproduce____________
2.Hifi
TV____________
3.ShopHighfidelity___________
4.TomanufactureStore____________
V.Translatethetext:
31
GRAMMARSECTION. PASTTENSEVERBTOBE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
SUBJECT+BE+NOUN
SUBJECT+BE+NOUN
verboTOBE INPASADO:
Present: Iam ateacher
Present: Weareteachers
I _______WAS HE
Past: I
Past:We wereteachers
SHE_______WASIT
Present: You aresingle.

Past: Youweresingle.
Present: Youarestudents
Past: Youwere students
WEYOU________WERE
THEY
Present: Heisastudent
Present: Theyaredoctors
Past: Jim was astudent
Past:Theyweredoctors
Present: SheisLucy
Past: She was astudent
Present: Theyareflowers
Past:Theywere flowers
was ateacher
Present: Itisadog
Past: Bobby was adog
Se usan expresiones de tiempo pasado con las oraciones en pasado para especificar cuando
sucedilaaccin.
EXPRESIONESDETIEMPOPASADO:
Yesterday
yesterdaymorning
yesterdayafternoon
yesterdayevening
32
Lastnight
Lastweek
Lastyear
I. EXERCISE: Fillentheblankswiththe correctformoftheverbinpasttense.
1. Iamauniversitystudent.Lastyear, I_____________aschoolstudent.
2. PeterisInUnitedStatesthisyear. He_______________inSantaCruzlastyear.
3. Thechildrenareintheparknow.They____________atthezooyesterday.
4. ThestudentsareinclassfromMondaytoFriday.They______________onholidaylast
week.
NEGATIVEFORMWITHBE
SINGULAR
SUBJECT+BE+PP
IwasNOTathome.
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
SUBJECT+BE+PP
Nota: Cuando se niega con

elverbo TOBE en pasado se
We were NOTinclass
aadealverboelnoto
as:
You wereNOTathome
You were NOTattheconcert

He wasnt
He wasNOTatwork
They were NOTinthecar

Youwerent
She was
NOT in a
meeting
They were NOT on the

table.
Theywerent
Bobby was NOTinthepark

II.Putthesesentencesinthenegativeform:
1. Iwasverybusylastweek.______________________________________
2. Shewasathomelastnight._____________________________________
3. TheywereatthepartylastSaturdaynight.
____________________________________________________________
33
4. Youwereabsentfromclassyesterday.____________________________
______________________________
5. Hewasinclassyesterdaymorning._______________________________
SINGULAR
WasI
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
SUBJECT+ BE+adjective

happy?
Yes,youwere
No,youwerent.
delante el verbo y luego el

Were wehappy?
Yes,youwere
No,youwerent.
Were you busy?

Yes,I was.
No,Iwas not.
Was hetall?
pronombre.
Were youbusy?

cortasdeltipoYES/NO enla
forma afirmativa no se debe
contractar,soloenlanegativa.
Yes,we were.
No,we werent.
Yes,he was.
No,he wasnt.
Wasshe beautiful?
Weretheyinteresting?
Yes,theywere.
No,theywerent.
Yes,she was.
No,she wasnt.
III.Writequestionsandgiveshortanswers:
1.________________________________________________________________
_____________________________(Thechildrenwerehappyatthepartyyesterday.)
2.________________________________________________________________
______________________________(Theclassroomwasemptyyesterday.)
3.______________________________________________________________
_______________________________(Iwasverybusyyesterday.)
4.________________________________________________________________
34
_________________________________(Wewereatthemeetingyesterdaymorning.)
5.________________________________________________________________
________________________________(Marywastiredlastnight.)
SINGULAR
PLURAL
QUESTIONS
WHERE was I?
Athome.
Nota:
QUESTIONS
WHYwereyou happy?
Becausewe were lucky.
HOW old were you last

year?
21.
HOWOLDwas he?
Las
palabras
interrogativasson:
WHAT(qu)
WHERE (dnde)
WHATTIMEwereyou
WHEN(cundo)
inclass?
At9:00.
WHATTIME(aquhora)
HOW(cmo)
WHO were they?
WHY(porqu)
20yearsold.
WHYwashehappy?
Because she was at
EXPLICACIN
Colleagues.
quedad)
WHO (quien,quienes)
home.
IV.Writequestionswithinterrogativewordsforthefollowinganswers:
1. ______________________________________________________
Marywasathome lastnight.
2,_______________________________________________________
Thestudentswereatthelibrary lastclass.
3.________________________________________________________
PeterwasntatthepartylastSaturday becausehewassick.
4.________________________________________________________
Themeetingwasontime yesterday
35
5._______________________________________________________
Thedatewas at5:00 yesterdayafternoon.
LESSONTHREE. PRESENTEANDPASTPROGRESSIVETENSE
I.
Readthetitleandmakepredictionsaboutthecontent:
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
ONCEOsANDCOMPANIES
I am at the airport with our companys chauffeur. We are here to meet the new CEO (Chief
ExecutiveOfficer)whoisarrivingfromEngland:Iamgoingtobehisassistantduringhisshortvisit
toourcountry.Heistheonewhomakesalltheimportantdecisions.
Our company is Latin Records, it produces and exports records, compact discs and videos all
over Latin Americaand is suffering now a bad management, so this man is trying to solve the
problems here. The CEO is a British man named James Sullivan, who is 45 years old. He is
workinghard,heisreengineeringthecompanytoobtainhigherbenefitsandpositionitbetterin
themarket.
36
We are working now. We are going to many places and having conferences with the local
managers.Heischeckingbudgets,askingforreportsand givingseminars totheemployees.
Challenges of a global market are demanding changes today and the competition is more
complexand hardevery day.
Ourcompanyisworkingtobecomeatopone.
I.
WriteMr. Sullivansprofile
Name:_________________________ Age:______________
Nationality______________________________
Company:______________________
Occupation:_______________________
II.
Comprehension questions:
1. Whoistheonewhotakesdecisionsinthatcompany?
2. What are Mr.Sullivansactivities duringhisvisit?
3. Whatishappeningwiththecompany?
4. WhatisMr. Sullivan goingtodo?
5. Wheredoes thecompanyoperates?
III.
Write true or false inthefallowingstatements:
1. Mr. Sullivan sarrivinginEngland____________

2. Mr.Sullivansassistantmakesthedecisions._________________
3. TheCEOisgivingseminarstotheemployees_______________
4. This reengineering is bringing higher benefits to the company in the
future.________________
5. Globalmarketdemandsarenotcomplexorcompetitive.___________
37
IV. Translate thetext:
GRAMMARSECTION. PRESENTCONTINUOUSTENSE
PRESENTCONTINUOUS
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SUBJECT+BE+INGVerb
am
I SUBJECT+BE+INGverb
explaining the lesson
now.
EXPLICACIN
presente progresivose usa el
We
arestudyingEnglish verbo TO BE: is y are + el
now.
verbodelaaccinterminando
en ING.
You arelisteningtothe You are learning English

teacherthisclass.
thissemester.
S+TOBE+VING
He
is
having classes They are
now.
practicing the Estetiempoindicaunaaccin
exercises now.
que esta sucediendo en el

momentoenque lapersona
They are writing on their habla y tiene un tiempo de

She is
lesson now.
copying the notebooks inthismoment.
duracin,
Ytambinseusaparahablar
It isworkingwell.
de algo que suceder en el

futuro, en este caso se le
aade un adverbio de tiempo
futuro:
Ex: Betty is going to Brazil
nextyear
EXERCISES:
1.Mary__________________________alettertoherboyfriend now. (write)
2.Peter_________________________thecomputer rightnow. (use)
3.We__________________________classes atthemoment.(have)
38
4.They_______________________socceratthestadium inthismoment.(play)
5.It________________________well now. (work).
SPELLINGOFING(Reglasparaescribirlaterminacinconing.)
ENDOFTHEVERB+INGFORM
EXPLANATION
Rule1:Consonant+E
Si el verbo termina en consonante ms E,

quitelaEantesdeaadir ing.
Ex:smilesmiling
Eraseerasing
Rule 2: Vowel+consonant
Dupliquelaconsonanteyaada
ing.
Ex:sitsitting
Stopstopping
ExceptoconW,X,Y
Ex:snow=snowing(nosnowwing)
Fix=fixing(nofixxing)
Rule3:twovowels+consonant
Soloaada ingsinduplicarlaconsonante
Ex:readreading
Stopstopping
Rule4:Twoconsonants
Aada ingsinduplicarlaconsonante.
Ex:standstanding
Pushpushing
EXERCISES:
ADDTHEINGFORMTOTHEFOLLOWINGVERBS:
1. Erase_____________________
2. count_____________________
3. Cut______________________
4. cry_________________________
39
5. sit_________________________
6. eat________________________
7. drink______________________
8. do________________________
9. study______________________
10. rain________________________
NEGATIVEFORMWITHBE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
Nota:
SUBJECT+BE+PP
SUBJECT+BE+PP
Cuando se niega en
presente progresivo se niega

conelauxiliar TOBE, seusa
ImNOTworkingnow.
You are NOT studying at
home.
We are NOT sitting

class.
in NOTdespusdelverbo.

You are NOT clapping at as:
theconcert
He is NOT playing the

pianonow.
Hes not having classes

They are NOT runningthe now.
marathon.
She is NOT
having a
party.
o
Heisnt havingclassesnow.
They are NOT having

classes.
Bobby is NOT eating
Youre notgoingtotheparty
now.
meat.
You arent going to the
partynow.
EXERCISE:Writethenegativeformofthefollowingsentences:
11. I_________________________tothemeeting.(go)
12. They_________________________totheparty.(come)
13. She_________________________aredblouseandjeans.(wear)
14. Peter_____________________Englishnow(study)
40
15. We____________________________atarestaurantnow.(eat)
SINGULAR
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
AmI playingwell?

delante el verbo auxiliar To
Yes,youare.
Arewe havingaparty?
bey luego el pronombre,
No,youarent.
Yes,youare.
despus el verbo terminado
No,youarent.
en ING.
Are you
English?
studying
Yes,Iam.
No,Iamnot.
Ishe
workingatyour
EJ: Is he wearingjeans?
Are you going to the La respuesta corta se da
meeting?
como en las respuestas del
Yes,weare.
No,wearent.
company?
Yes,heis
Yes,heis.
No,heisnt.
Are they attending to the o

conference?
Yes, Theyare.
Is she
verboTobe:
coming to the
No,theyarent.
party ?
Yes,sheis.
No,sheisnt.
IsBobby eatingwell?
No,he isnt.
Are the dogs eating the cortasdeltipoYES/NOnose

meat?
debehacerlacontraccincon
Yes,theyare.
No,theyarent.
el sujeto sino con el verbo y

en la forma afirmativa no se
Yes,itis.
debe contractar, solo en la
No,itisnt.
negativa.
EXERCISES:Completethesentencesmakingquestionsforthefollowinganswers:
1. ___________________________________________________
41
Yes,____________________(Imgoingtotheparty.)
2.____________________________________________________
No,_____________________(Theyarentcomingtotheparty)
3.____________________________________________________
Yes,_________________(Thestudentsaredoingtheexercises)
4._____________________________________________________
No,_________________(WearenotgoingtotheUniversitynow.)
SINGULAR
PLURAL
QUESTIONS
WHATamI doing?
Amistake.
Nota:
QUESTIONS
WHYare wesinging ?
Becauseweare happy.
HOWareyoucoming?
Bytaxi.
EXPLICACIN
Las
palabras
interrogativasson:
WHAT(qu)
WHERE (dnde)
WHAT TIME are you WHEN(cundo)

arriving
WHATTIME(aquhora)
WHATis he studying?
HOW(cmo)
SystemEngineering.
At9:00.
WHY(porqu)
WHYisshe crying?
WHOarethey visiting?
quedad)
Becauseshe ishomesick.
Somefriends.
WHO (quien,quienes)
Secolocandelantedelauxiliar
to be y luego el sujeto
seguido del verbo terminado
en ING.
EXERCISE.Giveanswerstothefollowingquestions:
1. Whereareyougoing?
_____________________________________________________
2. Whatisyourfrienddoing?
42
_____________________________________________________
3. Whatisyourclassmatewearingnow?
___________________________________________________
4. Whatareyoustudyingatthisuniversity?
__________________________________________________
5. Whereisyourfatherworking?
______________________________________________________
LESSONFOUR. USINGSIMPLEPRESENT
SUSANSDAILYHABITS
SusanSimonisafamousfashiondesigner.Shehasherownfashionbusinessandsheisa
verysuccessfuldesigner.Shegetsupatsixoclockeverymorningandshedrivestoworkfor
morethananhour.Shestartsworkingat8:00andshe finishesat 5:00p.m.
Whenshearrivesatwork,shecheckshermailforhalfanhourwhileshedrinkshercoffee.
Then, she has a meeting with her staff to give some new ideas about fashion tendencies.
After that, she calls some important clients to offer the new models she is going to launch
soon.At12:00,sheeatslunchatthecafeterianearheroffice.Intheafternoon,shereceives
some material suppliers andchecks the samples. Later, she shows her newdesigns to her
employeesandgivessomeorderstomanufacturethenewmodels.Sheleavesherofficeat
5:00p.mandgetshomeat6:30.Sheeatsdinnerwithherhusbandanddaughter.Theytalk
43
about their activities during the day. After that, she takes a shower and finallyshe goes to
sleep.
I.
COMPREHENSIONQUESTIONS:
1. WhatisSusansoccupation?
2. Whatdoesshedoatwork?
3. Howmanyhoursdoesshework?
4. Wheredoessheeatlunch?
5. Doesshehavealotofclients?
6. Issheasuccessfulprofessionalinherfield?
II.
TRANSLATETHETEXT:
44
HOMEWORK
Writeashortcompositionaboutyourdailyhabits.
READINGPRACTICE2
I.Readthetitleandpred icttheco ntent:
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
BASICFACTORSINBUSINESS
Business is the activity of producing and distributing goods and services. The four basic
factorsin business are:land,labor, capitaland entrepreneurship.Land refersnotonly to a
piece of real state, but it also means raw materials. Labor refers to the use of mental or
physical work to produce goods. Capital means not only money, but it also refers to the
equipment. And entrepreneurship is putting together land, labor and capital to make
somethingofvalue.
II.Compreh ensionquestions:
1.Whatdoesbusinessmean?
2.Whatarethebasicfactorsinbusiness?
45
3.Whatdoeslandmean?
4.Whatisentrepreneurship?
III.Fin dthedefinitionsinthetextforth efo llowing wo rds:
Land____________________________________________________
Labor___________________________________________________
Capital__________________________________________________
IV.Matchth ewordswith theSp anishd efin ition:
1.Labor
2.Business
a.dineroparacomprarmaquinariayherramientas
b.productos
3.land
c.loquelostrabajadoresproveen
4.goods
d.laactividaddeproducirbienes
5.capital
e.materiaprima
V.Translatethetext (trad uzcaeltexto)
Translatethefollowingmanualin stru ctions:

MAINBOARDINSTALL ATION
Toinstallthismainboardinasystem,pleasefollowtheseinstructionsinthischapter:
Identifythemainboardcomponents.
InstallaCPU.
Installoneormoresystemmemorymodules.
Makesurealljumpersandswitchesaresetcorrectly.
Installthismainboardinasystemchassis(case).
Connectanyextensionbracketsorcablestoconnectingheadersonthemainboard.
46
Install other devices and make sure the appropriate connections to the mainboard
connectingheaders.
I. READTHEFOLLOWINGJOBADVERTISINGANDTRANSLATEIT:
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION
Seeks an experienced DataEntry Clerk for a temporary position (approx. 5 months) in our
Santa Cruz office. Candidate must be proficient in oral and written English and Spanish,
have good interpersonal skills, be well organized and able to work flexible hours. Work
involves review and interpretation of technical manuals, forms and data entry into our
logistics database. Computerproficiencyisessential. Familiaritywith Microsoft OfficeSuite
ishighlydesired.Goodtypingskills(60wpm).
ApplicantsshouldsubmittheirresumesbyJune20,2007tothefollowingemailaddress:
poclavam@inlfl.state.gov
47
I.FIL LINTHISAPPLICATIONFORM
JOBAPPLICATIONFORM
Name:__________________________________________________
first
Middle
Last
IDNumber:________________________________Age:_____________
Nationality_______________________MaritalStatus:__________________
Numberofchildren:____________________________
Address:_____________________________Phonenumber:________________
Occupation:_________________ProfessionalDegree__________________
PresentPlaceofwork:_________________________________
Lastsalary:___________________Position:____________________
Workexperience:______________________Numberofyears:____________
CompanyorInstitution
Position
Year
___________________ ________________
__________________ ________________
______________
________________
_________________ _________________ ________________

Positionyouapplyinthiscompany:______________________________
Salaryexpectation:________________________________________
Availabletime:________________ ________________________
fulltime
Parttime
48
I.Complete thisletterandwriteyourownapplicationletterfollowingthismodel:
MaryJaneStone
2531,RedwoodStreet
Maryland,US
Mrs.ElizabethHarrison
Director
LatinRecordsCompany
1617MagnoliaStreet
California,US
July17th,2008
DearMrs.Harrison.
I am interested in the job of_____________________________ in your company. I

_________yearsold.. I________________in Maryland.At the moment I_________working asa
____________in______________company.
Ispeaktwolanguages:EnglishandSpanish.Icanalsouseawordprocessor.Icanworkfulltime.
Ilookforwardtohearingfromyou.
Yourssincerely,
_____________________
MaryJaneStones
49
GRAMMARSECTION. SIMPLEPRESENT
SINGULAR
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
SUBJECT+ verb+C
Se usa este tiempo para

expresar rutinas, hbitos o
I work hard
We workhard
hechos en general que

sucedenenelpresente.
You work hard
Youworkhard
SUBJECT+verb+C

verbo enpresentees:
They workhard
He workshard
I
You
She works hard
Wework
They
It works hard
He
SheworkS
It
La tercera persona singular
llevauna S o ES
FREQUENCYADVERBS:ALWAYS,USUALLY,OFTEN,RARELY,SELDOM,NEVER.
Losadverbiosdefrecuenciaacompaanaltiempopresentecuandosehabladerutinas,hbitos,
yaquemuestranlafrecuenciaenqueestasaccionesserepiten.
Always=100%(Siempre)
Usually=90%(Generalmente)
50
Often=80%(Confrecuenciaoamenudo)
Rarely=50%(raravez)
Seldom=30%(casinunca)
Never=0%(nunca)
Losadverbiossecolocanentreelsujetoyel verbo, as:
Peter usually arrivesearlyatwork.
Mary never arriveslateatwork.
Excepcin: Soloenelcasodelverbo tobe secolocaeladverbiodespusdelverbo,
As:
Peteris always busy
EXERCISES:Putthefrequencyadverbinthecorrectplace:
1. Peterishappy(always)____________________________
2. Maryislateforclass(often)___________________________
3. Ieatbreakfast(rarely)________________________________
4. Markisathomeatnight.(usually)______________________
5. MaryAnntakesthebustoschool.(seldom)________________
6. Thebusisontime.(never)_____________________________
7. Thomasisbusyinthemornings(often)____________________
8. Juliestaysathomeintheevenings(usually)________________
9. Itiscoldinwinter.(always)______________________________
10. ItsnowsinSantaCruz.(never)_____________________________
51
SPELLING O SIMPLE PRESENT THIRD PERSON SINGULAR (reglas de ortografa para

escribirlosverbosentercerapersonasingular)
RULES
EXPLANATION
Sielverboterminaen Y yleantecedeuna
Rule1:consonant+Y
consonante se cambia la Y por i y se
Ex:studyStudies
aade es .
Crycries
Vowel+ y
Si termina en Y precedida de vocal solo

seaade s
Ex.Playplays
Staystays
Rule 2: Si termina en : ss , sh , ch , or Seaadesiempre es .
X
Ex.Kisskisses
Pushpushes
Teachteaches
Fixfixes
Irregularverbs
Estos arbitrariamente llevan ES o

cambiandeformacomoeselcasodehave=
Havehas
has.
Go
goes
Dodoes
EXERCISES:
APPLYSPELLING RULESOF THIRDPERSONSINGULARTOTHESEVERBS.
1. Mary______________________________newshoeseverymonth(buy).
52
2. Jane_____________________Englishatanelementaryschool.(teach)
3. Peter____________________totheuniversityeveryday.(go)
4. Tim____________________histeethcarefully(brush)
5. Mary__________________Peterbecausesheloveshim(kiss)
6. Alex______________________cars,heisamechanic(fix)
7. Jim always_____________hishomework.(do)
8. Catherine________________jeanseveryday.(wear)
9. Johnisabartender,he_______________drinksinabar.(mix)
10. WhenMary_______________(do)exercises,she_________(stretch)herlegs.
NEGATIVEFORMWITHBE
SINGULAR
PLURAL
SUBJECT+neg.aux.+verb+C SUBJECT+neg.aux+verb+C
EXPLICACIN
Nota: Cuando se niega en
presenteseusaelauxiliarDO
NOToDOESNOTydespus
elverbo.
I DONOT work athome.
We DONOTworkathome.
I
You DO NOT work at

home
You
You DO NOT work at We DONOT
home.
They
He DOES NOT work at

home
They DO NOT work at He

home.
She DOES NOT work

athome.
ItDOESNOTworkwell.
SheDOESNOT
It
Sepuedencontractaras:
Do+not=Dont
Does+not=Doesnt
(Nota: Cuando se usa el
auxiliar de negacin el
verboentercerapersonaya
nolleva s )
53
YES/NOQUESTIONSWITHSIMPLEPRESENT
SINGULAR
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
DO+ SUBJECT+VERB+C
DOES

delanteelverboauxiliarDOo
DOyouworkhard?
DOES , luego el sujeto o
DO I workhard?
Yes,youdo.
pronombreyluegoelverboen
Yes, wedo.
su forma bsica ( sin
No, we dont
No,youdont.
aumentarle s a tercera
persona)
DOyouworkhard?

cortas del tipo YES/NO se
Yes, Ido.
No, Idont.
DOweworkhard?
Yes, youdo.
usa la contraccin en la
negativa.
No, youdont.
DOEShe workhard?
Yes,he does.
DOtheyworkhard?
No,hedoesnt.
Yes,they do.
DOESsheworkhard?
No,they dont
Yes,shedoes.
No,shedoesnt
54
QUESTIONSWITHINTERROGATIVEWORDS
SINGULAR
PLURAL
QUESTIONS
WHERE doI work?
Athome.
EXPLICACIN
Nota:
QUESTIONS
WHYdoyoualways win?
Las
palabras
interrogativas
se colocan
antesdelauxiliardoodoes
Becausewearelucky.
Ex: WHAT doyouwant?
HOWdoyoucome?
Bybus.
.
WHYdoesshecry?
Becausesheissad.
WHAT TIME do you go to Otras palabras interrogativas

class?
At9:00.
son:
WHERE (dnde)
WHOdothey meetatthe WHEN(cundo)
party?
WHATTIME(aquhora)
HOW(cmo)
MaryandSusan.
WHY(porqu)
WHO (quien,quienes)
Grammarexercises
1.Writetheanswer:
a.Whatdoyoudothisweekend?__________________________________
b.Wheredoyouwork?___________________________________________
c.Whatdoyoustudy?____________________________________________
d.Wheredoyoustudy?___________________________________________
2.Putthesesentencesinpresentten seusingth everbsinparen th eses:
a.Thestudents__________________(do)wellinthethisexamination.
b.thechildren______________(go)totheparkonSaturday.
c.I_____________(see)Peteratthepartytonight.
d.We______________(eat)hamburgersatTobbyonSunday.
e.Theteacher_____________(have)ashortvacationaftersixmonths.
55
HOMEWORK
I.COMPLETETHESENTENCESUSINGTHEVERBINPARENTHESES.
1.Martin__________9hours everyday.(sleep)
2.PeterandSusan__________lunchatthecafeteriaeveryday.(eat)
3.MaryandI_____________tochurcheverySunday.(go)
4.I__________myhomeworkinmyoffice.(do)
5.Peter______________hisreporteveryFriday.(write)
II.ANSWERTHEFOLL OWINGQUESTIONS:
1.Doyoulike coffee?_____________________________
2.DoesPeterworkhard?____________________________
3.DotheyhaveclassesonSundays?_____________________
4.DoesMary gototheuniversityeveryday?____________
5.DowehaveclassesonSundays?_____________________
III.WRITETHENEGATIVEFORMINTHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCES:
Use:don`t/d oesn`t+verb
1.Mary________________________atthisuniversity.(study,not)
2.HenryandMichelle____________________married.(get,not)
3.Jane___________________frenchfluently.(speak,not)
4.We____________________classesonMondays.(have,not)
5.I_______________________inthesamecompany.(work,not)
Vocabularyexercise1
I. Thetenadverbs intheliston the left commonlyoccur inreadings.Can youmatch them
withtheircorrectmeanings?
ADVERBS
1.currently
_______a)inthesameway
2.eventually
3.automatically
_______b)withouthumanintervention
________c)inreality
4.similarly
_________d)allthetime,withoutinterruption
5.actually
_________e)now,atthepresent
6.drastically
_________f)afteralongtime
7.continually
_________g)strongandviolently
56
8.fully
________H)inthebeginning
9.simultaneously
______i)atthesametime
10.originally
________j)completely
II.Traduzcaesosadverb ios,alg unossoncognados,esd ecir,palabrasqueseparecen
alcastellan oysignificanlomismo.
57
LESSONFIVE. USINGSIMPLEPAST
I. Readthe titleandmakepredictionsaboutthecontent:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
ThePrincessofHearts
HernameisDianaFrancesSpencer.ShewasborninAlthorpHall,countryatNorthampton,
England. She was born on July 1st., 1961. She studied at a private School in Kent and in
1978shefinishedhereducationinaprestigiousschoolinSwitzerland.
She was 19 years when the British Crown announced her engagement with Charles, the
PrinceofWales,andheiroftheBritishThrone.
ShegotmarriedwiththeprinceandshebecamethePrincessofWales.Shehadtwosons:
Williams and Henry. She was very loved by the British people and throughout the entire
world because she helped poor and sick people. She was against the war and she made
somecampaignsagainstit,walkingonminedfields.
58
She was not happy in her marriage and she got divorced at 33 years old. She died very
young,attheageof36.ShediedinParis,France,nexttotheEiffelTower.Theentireworld
criedforher.Shewascalled"ThePrincessofHearts".
II. Un derlin e cognates and circle th e unknown word s to look them up in yo ur
dictionary:
III.Comprehension question s:
1.Whatishername?
2.Wherewassheborn?
3.Wheredidshestudy?
4.HowoldwasshewhensheengagedwiththePrinceCharles?
5.Howmanychildrendidshehave?
IV. Translatethetext.
READINGPRACTICE3
I.READ THE TITLE AND MAKE PREDICTIONS ABOUT THE CONTENT:
__________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________
DIDYOUKNOWABOUTTHESENEWTECHNOLOGIES?
59
Until now, the PC was the only route to cyberspace. But, today from startups to electronic
giants, the hightech industry is moving into a new area in computing, in which digital
appliances will not be associated only with mainframes, minicomputers or PCs. Computing
willbedonewithawidevarietyofdevices.Theywillbeaimedatpracticallyeveryaspectof
ourdailylives,suchas:digitalcameras,technologiestolinkhomenetworkstohigh speed
phone lines, handheld computers, digital camcorders, cameras, TVs and other devices will
share into through home networks, minilaptop PCs, palm size scanners or even
appliancesforthekitchenthatsurftheweb.
I.Und erlinecogn ates(palab rassimilaresalcastellano)
II.Matchthemeaning withthewords:
(laspalabrasmarcadassonpalabrascompuestas)
1.Computadoraspersonalesminiporttiles a._____hightechindustry
2.Scannersdeltamaodelapalma b._____minilap topPCs
3.Telfonosdealtavelocidad c._____palmsizescanners
4.Industriadealtatecnologa d._____Highspeedphonelines
III.Comprehension question s:
1.Whereisthehightechindustrymovingto?
60
2.Whatkindofdeviceswillbeinvented?
3.Haveyoualreadyknowaboutthesenewtechnologies?Giveexamples.
IV.Tran slateth etext:
61
GRAMMARSECTION. SIMPLEPAST
SINGULAR
SUBJECT+verb+C
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
SUBJECT+verb+C
Se usa este tiempo para

expresar UNA ACCIN
PASADAYACABADA.
IworkEDhard
WeworkEDhard

verboenPASADO:
YouworkEDhard
YouworkEDhard
I
You
TheyworkEDhard
HeworkEDhard
WeworkED
They
SheworkEDhard
He
SheworkED
It
ItworkEDhard
En los verbos regulares se

aade ED a los verbos, en
los irregulares cambian de
formayhayqueaprenderlos
dememoria.
Ex.gowent
Exercises:
i. I_________________________(walk)intheparkforanhouryesterday.
ii. She___________________(visit)hermotherlastvacation.
iii. Peter_________________(arrive)lateatthemeetingyesterday.
iv. Alice_________________(study)EnglishattheCBAlastyear.
v. We__________________(attended)classeslastSaturday.
62
NEGATIVEFORM
SINGULAR
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
Nota: Cuando se niega en
SUBJECT+DIDNt +verb+C
SUBJECT+neg.aux+verb+C
presente se usa el auxiliar

DID NOT despus VIENE el
verbo.
I DID NOTworkathome We DID NOT work athome

YESTERDAY.
YESTERDAY.
I
You
You DID NOT work at
home LASTWEEK.
WeDIDNOT
YouDIDNOTworkathome They
LASTWEEK.
He DID NOT work at

home
MORNING.
She
YESTERDAY
DIDNOT
He
They DID NOT work at SheDID NOT
home LASTSATURDAY.
It
work
Sepuedecontractaras:
athome LASTNIGHT.
It DID NOT work well
YESTERDAY.
DIDnot= DIDNT
Todas las personas niegan
conDIDNT.
Exercises:
Writethesesentencesinthenegativeform:
1. Iworked hardlastmonth.____________________________________
2. JanestudiedEnglishatDomingoSavioUniversity._________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. John visitedMarylastnight.___________________________________
4. Lucylistenedtoyournewsongyesterday.________________________
______________________________________________________________
5.Theyclappedattheconcertyesterdayevening.___________________
_____________________________________________________________
63
YES/NOQUESTIONSWITHSIMPLEPAST
SINGULAR
DID+SUBJECT+VERB?
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
DID+SUBJECT+BE?

delante el verbo auxiliar DID
Did youworkhard?
luegoelsujetoopronombrey
luego el verbo en su forma
Yes,wedid.
bsica
No,wedidnt
DID Iworkhard?
Yes, you did.
No,youdidnt.
cortas del tipo YES/NO se
Didyouworkhard?
usa la contraccin en la
FORMAnegativa.
Yes,Idid
No,Ididnt.
Did weworkhard?
Yes,youdid.
DidyoustudyFrench?
No,youdidnt.
Yes,Idid.
No,Ididnt.
Didheworkhard?
Yes,hedid.
Did theyworkhard?
No,hedidnt.
Yes,theydid.
Didsheworkhard?
No,theydidnt
Yes,shedid.
No,shedidnt
Exercises
Answerwithshortanswersthefollowingquestions:
1. DidyoustudyEnglishlastsemester?__________________________
2. Didyourteacherexplainthelesson2lastclass?________________
3. DidYourparentsworkhard?_____________________________
4. Didyourclassesstartontimeyesterday?_____________________
5. Didthestudentsarriveontimelastclass?_____________________
Nowanswerthequestionswithfullanswers:
64
QUESTIONSWITHINTERROGATIVEWORDS
SINGULAR
PLURAL
QUESTIONS
Nota:
QUESTIONS
WHEREdidIwork?
EXPLICACIN
WHYdidyouwin?
Las
palabras
interrogativas se colocan
antesdelauxiliardid.
Athome.
Becausewe were lucky.
HOWdidyoucome?
Bybus.
.
Otras palabras interrogativas

WHATTIMEdid you go to son:
class?
At9:00.
WHYdidshecry?
Becauseshe was sad.
Ex: WHATdidyouwant?
WHERE (dnde)
WHEN(cundo)
WHOdidtheymeetatthe WHATTIME(aquhora)
party?
HOW(cmo)
WHY(porqu)
MaryandSusan.
WHO (quien,quienes)
Grammarexercises
1.Writetheanswer:
a.Whatdidyoubuyatthesupermarketyesterday______________________
b.Wheredidyoustudyyourcareer?_______________________________
c.Whatdidyouchooseforyourbirthday?_____________________________
d.WheredidShirleywork?_______________________________________
2.Putthesesentencesinpasttenseusin gtheverbsinparen theses:
a.Thestudents__________________(do)wellinthelastexamination.
b.thechildren______________(go)tothepark lastSaturday.
c.I_____________(see)Peteratthepartylastnight.
65
e.Theteacher_____________(have)ashortvacationlastsummer.
IRREGULARVERBS
PRESENT
PAST
EXPLICACIN
COME
CAME
Nota:
Los
verbos
DO
HAVE
DID
HAD
irregulares
cambian
en
de
pasado
forma
EAT
ATE
arbitrariamente o sea que
GO
SEE
WENT
SAW
uno debe aprenderlos de

memoriaatravsdeluso.
WRITE
WROTE
SIT
SAT
READ
READ
MAKE
LEAVE
MADE
LEFT
HOMEWORK
I.WRITETHESESENTENCESINPASTTENSE:
1.Mary_________________(go)toapartylastnight.
2.Thechildren___________(eat)hamburgersatthebirthdaypartyyesterday.
3. SusanandPeter____________(getmarried)twoyearsago.
4. They__________________(buy) a new computer and they_________(sell) the old
computer.
5.Mary________________(sleep)ninehoursyesterday.She__________(be)tired.
II. WritenegativesentencesinpasttenseNEGATIVEFORM.Usedidn`t+theverb .
1.They______________(go)tothepartylastnight.
2.Myteacher_____________(give)theexaminationslastclass.
3.They__________________(eat)atarestaurantyesterday.
4.We_________________(spend)alootofmoneyinourparty.
5.Mostofourfriends______________(come)tothepartylastnight.
III.A nswerth esequestion s.Giveshortanswers:Ex:Yes,Idid./No,Idin`t.
1.DidyoucometotheuniversitylastSaturday?__________________
2.Didyoustudyforthetestyesterday?_________________________
3.Didyouworkhardlastweek?______________________
66
4.Didyourteachergivetheexamslastclass?__________________
5.DidyourfriendstudyEnglishwithyou?_____________________
IV.WRITETHECORRECTFORMOFTHEVERBINPASTTENSE:
1.Theweatherwasbeautifulyesterday,sowe_________(go)totheswimmingpool.
2.WhenIwasachild,I_________________(want)tobeanactress.
3.Shakespeare___________________(write)manyplays.
4.Yesterday eveningI_____________(watch)afunnyfilmonT.V.
5.LastweekendI______________(stay)home,soI_____________(clean)thehouse.
V.WRITETHEPASTTENSEOFTHEFOLLOWINGVERBSandtheirmeanings:
1.Think_________________________________
2.Speak________________________________________
3.Give____________________________________________
4.Take_____________________________________________
5.Lose____________________________________________
6.Find__________________________________________
7.Know________________________________________
8.Hear_______________________________________
9.tell__________________________________________
10.buy______________________________________
PastContinuous
SINGULAR
PLURAL
EXPLICACIN
SUBJECT+BE+INGVerb I SUBJECT+BE+INGverb
presente progresivo se usa
WAS explaining the lesson We WERE studying elverboTOBE:wasywere

whentheyarrived.
English when the teacher + el verbo de la accin
postponed the date of the terminandoenING.
YouWERElisteningto test.
the teacher when the bell
You
WERE
learning S+TOBE+VING
67
rang.
English when they visited

you.
HeWAShavingclasses
whenshecalledhim.
Este tiempo indica una

accin
que
estaba
They WERE practicing the sucediendo en el momento

exercises when the bell en que otra accin tuvo
rang.
lugarenelpasado.
She WAS copying the

lesson when the lights TheyWEREwritingontheir
turnedoff.
notebookswhentheteacher
It WAS working well arrived.
whenhecheckedit
EXERCISES:
1.Mary__________________________alettertoherboyfriendwhenPeter came.(write)
2.Peter_________________________thecomputerwhenIsawhim(use)
3.We__________________________classeswhentheteacherhadtogoout.(have)
4.They_______________________socceratthestadiumwhenthelightsturnedoff..(play)
5.It________________________wellwhenIreceivedit(work).
68
LESSONSIX. USINGCOMPARATIVEANDSUPERLATIVEFORMS
PERSONALCOMPUTERS
Some personal computers are as small as pocket radios, the smallest class of fully
functional, selfcontained computers is the class called notebook computers. These are
designed for those users who require a portable machine and are widely used today by
students and people who work in different locations. Today's desktop personal computers
are morepowerful than thefirstPCsandcanperformfrom16to66millionoperationsper
second.Somecanevenperformmoreth an100million.Thesecomputersareusednotonly
forhouseholdmanagementand personalentertainment,butalso formostof the automated
tasks requiredbysmallbusinesses, including wordprocessing, generating mailing listsand
calculatingaccountinginformation.Todaycomputersarecheaperthaninthepast.
III.
Th e underlined wo rds are comparative and superlative

forms,writethemeaningofth eseexpressions:
IV.
Translatethetextusingallthestrategiesandtechniques.
69
READINGPRACTICE4
THEWEATHERISGETTINGCRAZY
Our planet is becoming hotter and hotter every year. Scientists said that it is due to a
phenomenoncalledthegreenhouseeffectcausedbyanincreaseintheamountofcarbondioxide
(CO2)intheatmospherewhichinturnproducesimportantchangesin theclimate.
Thegreenhouseeffectistheconsequenceofmensneglectedactions.Thebalanceofnaturehas
been disturbed by the excess of CO2 originated in power stations, factories and cars that burn
fossil fuels. Besides that,thedestructionof forestscausesthatlessCO2 can beconvertedinto
oxygenbyplants.ConsequentlytheCO2 intheatmosphereincreasescausingtheoverheatingof
theplanet.
Otherconsequencesduetotheoverheatingare:
Oceans arebecoming warmereveryyear.
Polaricecapsarestartingtomelt.
Theleveloftheseaisrising.
Theclimateischanging,for:USAhashottersummersandlessrainfall.
Mediterraneanregionsmaybecomedrier.
I. Underlinethecomparativeandsuperlativeadjectivesinthetext.
II.Translatethetextusingallthetechniquesandstrategies:
70
GRAMMARSECTION. COMPARATIVEANDSUPERLATIVEADJECTIVESANDADVERBS
1. Adjetivoscomparativoscortos
EnlosadjetivoscomparativoscortoslaformacomparativaseformacolocandoER alfinal
del adjetivo:
Ejemplo:
Adjetivocomparativo
Hot___________hotter
Fat___________fatter
long___________longer
old_____________older
Note que en los adjetivos que terminan en consonante y le antecede una vocal se ha
duplicado la consonante final antes de aadir ER. Se coloca el THAN despus del
adjetivo.
Ej:MaryisshorterthanLucy.
Exercises
1. Mysisteris__________________________Iam.(old)
2. Peteris____________ ________ hisbrother.(tall)
3.
Susanis____________young _________Jane.(young)
4. Johnis____________ __________ Peter.(fat)

Formasuperlativa
LaformasuperlativadelosadjetivoscortosseformaaadiendoESTaladjetivo.
Ejemplo: Adjetivo
superlativo
old______________oldest
young___________youngest
Rich_____________richest
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Secoloca THEpordelantedeladjetivo,Ej: The richest manintheworld.

Exercises
1. Thisis_______________________waytogothere.(long)
2. BillGatesis_____________________manintheworld.(rich)
3. Sheis____________________inherfamily(young)
4. Peteris_____________________ofallhisclassmates.(strong)
Adjetivosdedosslabasterminadoseny
Los adjetivos de dos slabas terminados en y tambin forman el comparativo como los
adjetivoscortos,esdecirselesaade eroest.
Ejemplo:
Pretty______________________prettier
happy______________________happier
Lazy_______________________lazier
Lossuperlativosseranas:
pretty_____________________theprettiest
happy____________________thehappiest
Lazy______________________thelaziest
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Adjetivosdedosslabasquepuedenusarsedelasdosformas:
Hayadjetivosdedosslabasquepuedenusarsededosformas,Unosaadiendoeroest y
tambincomparandocon more,o themost,comolosadjetivoslargos.
Estosson:
angryangriermoreangrytheangriestthemostangry
clever_________ __________________________________
cruel___________________________________________
friendly_____________________________________________
gentle_______________________________________________
angry________________________________________________
handsome_________________________________________________
narrow__________________________________________________
obscure____________________________________________________
polite____________________________________________________
quiet___________________________________________________
secure____________________________________________________
simple_______________________________________________________
.____________________________________________________
Adjetivoslargos
Losadjetivoslargosapartirdedosamsslabassecomparancon
more+adjetivo+thanylaformasuperlativaseformacon Themost+adjetivo.
Ejemplo:adjetivocomparativosuperlativo
famous___________morefamous_________themostfamous
interesting_______moreinteresting________themostinteresting
beautiful_________morebeautiful________themostbeautiful
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Exercise:
1. Loveis__________________________________thanmoney(important)
2. Thiscomputeris_______________________thanyours.(expensive)
3. Thisnovelis___________________________thnthatnovel.(interesting)
4. Thisis___________________________carofall.(expensive)
5. Peteris_________________________inhisclass.(intelligent)
Losadjetivosirregulares
Losadjetivosirregularesoquenosiguenlasreglasmencionadasson:
Good____________________betterthan__________thebest
Bad_____________________worsethan__________theworst
little_____________________lessthan___________theleast
Far______________________furtherthan_________thefurthest
Exercises.
1. Peteris_____________________studenthanCarlos.(good)
2. Marysgrades are______________thanlucysgrades (bad)
3. Catholicuniversityis_________________thanDomingoSaviouniversity
(far)
Adverbiosterminadosenly
Los adverbiosqueterminanenlysecomparanconmore than ysuformasuperlative es
themost.
Ejemplo:
AdverbiocomparativoSuperlativo
carefulllymorecarefullythemostcarefully
slowlymoreslowlythemostslowly
easilymoreeasilythemosteasily
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Exercises:
1. Idrive_________________________thanmysister)carefully)
2. MaryspeaksEnglish________________thanJane.(fluently)
3. StudentslearnMath_______________________thanEnglish(slowly)
4. Wedidthelastexercise________________thanthisone(easily)
Adverbiosdeunaslaba
Losadverbiosdeunaslabasecomparancomolosadjetivoscortos,esdecirconER y
EST.
Ejemplo:
Far
furtherthefurthest
HardhardertheHarvest
soonsoonerthesoonest
Closeclosertheclosest
Adverbiosirregulares
Losadverbiosirregularesseformancomolosadjetivosirregularesyson:
wellbetterthanthebest
badlyworsethantheworst
far
furtherthatthefurthest
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HOMEWORK
I.Writethecorrect formof thecomparative:
1.
2.
Iam________________studentthanCarlos.(Good)
Maryis______________tanJane.(fat)
3.
4.
Mysisteris______________thanIam(lazy)
Thisstudentis___________________thantheotherstudent.(intelligent)
5.
Thisbookis________________thanthatone.(boring)
II.Completethefollowingsentencesusingcomparativeadjectives:
1. Thiscomputeris_________________________thanthatcomputer(expensive)
2. Thisreddressis___________________thanthewhitedress.(pretty)
3. Mybrownshoesare_______________________thanmyblackshoes.(big)
4. Thismeetingis__________________________thanthelastmeeting.(important)
5. Boysareoften____________________activethan girls.(active)
III.Traduzcaestasfrases
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Agoodexampleisthebestsermon.
Debtistheworstpoverty.
Stolenpleasuresaresweetest.
Helaughsbestwholaughslast.
Thechainisnotstrongerthanitsweakest link.
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LESSON SEVEN. USINGPRESENTPERFECT
I.Readthetitleandmakepredictionsaboutthecontent:_____________
_______________________________________________________________
COMPUTERS
Iwilltellyouthehistoryofcomputers.Computersarenotnew.Thefirstcomputerwasthe
abacus. ItwasusedinChinaforhundredsofyears.But,whatisanabacus?Anabacusis
anancientcalculator.Youcandomanyeasyanddifficultcalculationswiththeabacus,butit
cannotworkbyitselfbecauseitisnotautomaticanditisnotelectronic.
Aftertheabacus, a man calledCharlesBabbagemade the first calculatornearly 170years
ago,in1822.itwasautomaticbutitwasnotelectronic.
Later,inthe1940s,someEnglishscientistsmadethe firstelectroniccomputerinEurope.It
wastoobigtocarryormoveanditusedalotofelectricity.
Since then, scientists all around the world havemade researches to make it better. They
had to make computers small enough to carry and move easily. They had to make all the
partssmaller.Asaresultoftheseresearches,computersh aveb eco mesmallerandsmaller.
Some small pocket calculators today can do more difficult calculations than this first big
electroniccomputer.
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Now, we haveverysophisticatedcomputers.Theycan dothings that wecouldnotimagine

inthepast!
II.TRANSLATETHETEXTUSINGALLTHETECHNIQUESANDSTRATEGIES.
GRAMMARSECTION. Presen tPerfect

El presente perfecto se usa en diferentes situaciones que explicar detalladamente a
continuacin:
1.Cuandohablamosdeuneventoenelpasadoperonoesimportanteespecificareltiempo
oelmomentoenqueocurrielevento,siespecificamoseltiempoentoncesdebemosusar
pasadosimple.
Ejemp lo :IhavevisitedUnitedStates.(?)No h ayespecificacindecuandosucedi.
En cambio: IvisitedUnitedStateslas tyear.(seesp ecificaald ecir" lastyear" )
2.Tambinseusacuandoalgonuncasucedi.
Ejemp lo :Ihaven everbeeninChina.
3.Otrasituacinenlaqueseusaestetiempoescuandolaaccinserepitevariasveces.
Ejemp lo :Ihavetakenthreetestsduringthissemester.(repeticindeun aaccin)
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4.Tambin seusa presente perfectocuandomencionamos elmomentoenque seinicila

accinperoesasituacinsiguevigentehastaelmomentoenquehablamos.
Ejemp lo :Ihavebeenheresince9:00.(Laperson asigueall.)
5.Finalmenteseusacuandodamoslacantid addetiempo qu edur laaccinycontinua
hastaelpresente.
Ejemp lo:Ihavebeenherefo rthreehou rs.(d uracinthelaacci n).
HOMEWORK
I.Fillinth eblanksusing presentperfectorpastten se:
1.Mary_____________________________(be)atthatworkformanyyears.
2.Peter______________________________(be)atthepartylastnight.
3.They____________________________(work)hard since he was elected president of the
company.
4.We_______________________(go)tothesameuniversity.
5.She_______________________(go)toBrazillastvacation.
II.Writethesesentencesinth eneg ativefo rm:
1.Wehave visitedalltheBolivianprincipalcities.
___________________________________________________________
2.Shehascometovisitusmanytimes.
______________________________________________________________
3.Hehasfailedtheentrancetesttwice.
______________________________________________________________
4.Thechildrenhavealready visitedthezoo.
_______________________________________________________________
5.Theyhavegonetothepartyverylate.
_______________________________________________________________
III.Translatethefo llowing senten ces:
1.LucyhastravelledtoMiamimanytimes.
2.Peterhasgonetothatuniversity fortwoyears.
3.TheyhaveeatenatthatChineserestaurantmanytimes.
4.Wehavenevervisitedthezoointhiscity.
5.Ihaveworkedinthiscompanysince1997.
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IV. USE SIMPLE PAST OR THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE ACCORDING TO THE
CONTEXT.(USE EL PASADO SIMPLE O EL PRESENTE PERFECTO SEGN EL
CONTEXTO)
1. I_________________ (move) to another
I_______________________(live)thereforthreemonths.
neighbourhood
in
March.
2.We__________________(live)inNewYorkfrom1998to1999.
3.SincePetercamehere,he_____________________(work)asataxidriver.
4.MyteacherwasMiss.Pol. I__________________(study)withherforonesemester.
5.JuanaChavezspeaksEnglishwellbecauseshe_______________(speak)Englishallher
life.
6.Henry,whoisnowinhospital,he________________(be)thereforseveralweeks.
7.WhenIsawher,Linda_______________(feel)well.
8.We______________(buy)thiscartwoyearsagoandI_____________(drive)
it5.000milessince then.
9.Upto thepresent,I______________________(Never,be)inOruro.
10. My present boss is Mr. Johnson, I____________________(work) with him for three
years.
80
LESSON EIGHT. USINGFUTURETENSE

I.Readthetitleandmakepredictionsaboutthecontent:______________
_____________________________________________________
HOWTODEVELOPANAWARENESSOFSOCIALPROBLEMS
Wemustliveascitizensofasociety.Anysocietythatweliveinwillhavesocialproblems.
Ascitizensweshouldbeawareofthesocialproblemsofoursociety.
By studying social problems you will develop a background knowledge and an awareness
that will continue to grow. Any mention of a social problem in the mass media or in public
conversation will quickly catch your attention. You will find that reading the newspaper or
watching anewsbroadcastontelevisionwillbecomeamoreimportantexperience.Asyour
awarenessoftheproblemsofthesocietycontinuestogrow,youwillbecomeabettercitizen
ofyourcommunity.
I.Match thewo rdswiththedefinition s:
Citizen
_____a.tobecomegreater,toincrease
To g row
_______b. Personwhobybirthorbychoiceisa
memberofastateornation
Broadcast
_______c. toknow,torealize
To b eaware
______d. tosendoutbyradio
II.Underlinemod alauxiliariesandsentencesinfu turetense.
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III.Translatethearticle(Traduzcaelartculo)
82
READINGPRACTICE5
I.Readthetitleandan ticipatetheconten t:__________________________
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Computers are also being used in games and in the area of artificial intelligence. In 1982
videogameswereatwobilliondollarindustryintheUnitedStates,andfigures,suchasPAC
MANhadbecomepartofthegeneralculture.
Artificial intelligence is a fastdeveloping field. Forexample: the Japanese fifthgeneration
computer project has as one of its goals the development of new machines and new
approaches to artificial intelligence. The purpose of artificial intelligence is to produce
computersystemswhichsolveproblemslikehumansdo.
Currently artificial intelligence researchers are busy developing programs which will allow
computerstoplaychessatamasterlevel,todiagnosediseaseslikeadoctor,andsoon.
Researchers are alsodevelopingnew kinds ofcomputercircuits (hardware) todo thisand
eventuallysomesoftwareto use thathardwarewill alsohave tobedeveloped and current
computerswillhavetobeimproved.
TRANSLATEth etextu singallthestrategiesandtechniques:
83
GRAMMARSECTION.SIMPLEFUTURE
SIMPLEFUTURE
Elfuturosimple delInglsseformautilizandoelauxiliar"WILL"yseguidamenteelverbode
laaccinquesedeseaexpresarenfuturo.
EJ:Iwillgotoyourpartytomorrowevening.
Sisedeseanegarseformalanegacinconwill+notysecontractawon t.
EJ.Hewillno tcometotheparty.
o Hewon tcometotheparty.
Enlaformainterrogativase colocael"WILL"pordelante.
Ej: Willyougototheparty?
Lasrespuestascortassedanas:
Willyougototheuniversitytomorrow?
Yes,Iwill/No,Iwon t.
FORMA NEGATIVA:La forma negativa se forma con will+not y se puede contractar as:
won t
Examples:Iwontgotoyourparty.
Hewon tstudyatthatuniversity.
Theywontvisitusnextsummervacation.
Laformain terrogativaseformaponien doelauxiliarp ordelante,as:
Yes/Noquestions:
Sho rtanswers:
Willyoucometotheparty?
Yes,Iwill/No,Iwont.
WillshegotoMiaminextmonth?
Yes,shewill/No,shewont.
Willtheybeathomenextweek?
Yes,theywill/No,theywont.
Para hacer preguntas con palabras interrogativas , se coloca la palabra interrogativa en

primerlugar,luegoelauxiliarwill,seguidamenteelsujetoyelverbo.
Example: Wherewillyougonextyear?
Comp leteanswer:
IwillgotoMiami.
Sh ortanswer:
ToMiami.
EXERCISES
I.ANSWERTHEFOLLOWINGQUESTIONS:
1.Willyouhave classesnextSaturday?
2.WillyoucometotheUniversitytomorrow?
84
3.Willyoufinishyourstudiesintwoyears?
4.Willyou haveanexaminationnextclass?
II.Writethesesentencesinfu turetense,usefuturetense expressions,like:Tomorro w,
next....in.....,etc.
Ex:Ig ototheuniversityeveryday._____Iwillgototheuniversityinoneyear.
1.Theycometothehouseeveryweek.
2.Peterstudiesengineeringthissemester.
3.Janeworksatabankthisyear.
4.Wehavelunchatarestauranttoday.
5.They buyacareveryyear.
III.Writenegativesentencesusing" Wont"
1.Hewillcometomyhousetonight.
2.Theywillvisitusnextvacation.
3.Iwillworkforthatcompanynextyear.
FUTUREUSINGBE+GOINGTO+VERB
El futuro prximo se forma utilizando el auxiliar to be ms la expresin going to ms el
verboqueexpresalaaccin,as:
ex:Iamg oingtogotothemeetingtomorrow
(be+goingto+v)
Sheisgoingto h aveapartytonight.
Theyarego ingtocometomyhouse.
CuandosequierenegarseniegausandoelauxiliaryTobe,as:
Iamn otgoingto g otothemeetingtomorrow.
Sheisntgoing tohaveapartytonight.
Theyaren tgoingtocometomyhouse.
LaformainterrogativaesinvirtiendoelverboTobe,as:
Areyou g oingtocometomyhouse?Yes,Iam.oNo,Iamnot.
Ishego ingto haveaparty?Yes,heis.oNo,heisnt.
AmIgo ingto p laytomorrow?Yes,youare.oNo,youarent.
85
FUTUREWITH BE+GOINGTO +VERB

Su bject+be+going to+verb
Exp lanation
Ex:Iamg oingto studyhard
Setraducecomo ira
(Yovoyaestudiarfuerte)
Iamgo ingtostud y
Yovo yaestud iar
Sheisgoingtopracticeballet.
Exp resa tiempo futuro , sirve para hablar
(Ellavaapracticarballet )
sob re algo que usted ha decidido o

planeado h acerconanticipacin.
Theyaregoingtohaveaparty.
(Ello svan aten erun afiesta.)
HOMEWORK
I.Translatethesesentences:
1.Youwillneverforgetme.______________________________________
2.Themeetingwillbeontime.__________________________________
3.TheywillgototheseminaraboutMarketing__________________________
4.Shewont studyinEurope,shewillgotoUnitedStates.____________
______________________________________________________________
5.WewonthaveclassesnextSummer,wewillhavevacation.
__________________________________
II.GIVESHORTANSWERSTOTHEFOLL OWINGQUESTIONS:
1.WillyougotoclassesnextSaturday?
2.Willtheycometovisittheirmothertomorrow?
3.Willyoursister finishher homeworkontime?
4.Willyou havegoodgradesnextsemester?
86
CHANGE THESESENTENCES INSIMPLE FUTURE TO THE FUTURE WITH BE+GOING

TO
1. IwillgooutwithPetertomorrow._____________________________
2. Theywillinviteyoutotheirparty._____________________________
3. Marywillgetmarriedtomorrow.______________________________
4. Theteacherwilltakeatestnextclass._________________________
5. Thestudentswillstudyforthetestthisweekend._________________
ANSWERTHEFOLLOWINGQUESTIONS.(SHORTANSWERS)
1. AreyougoingtostudyEnglish?___________________
2. Ishegoingtocometoclasstomorrow?______________
3. Arethestudentsgoingtogotothelibrarytomorrow?____
4. IsLucygoingtobeontimenextmeeting?_____________
5. Aretheygoingtoplaysoccerwithus?_________________
WRITEASHORTCOMPOSITIONTALKINGABOUTYOURPLANSFORTHE
FUTURE:
87
LESSONNINE. USINGMODALAUXILIARIES
EL ECTRONICMAIL
Electronic mail, or email, is a way of sending messages between computers. The

messagesmaycontaintext,pictures,graphics,photographs,soundsandvideoclips.
Youcan interchangemessageswithemailwithcomputersaroundtheworld,oftenatahigh
speed. For instance, an email message sent from a computerin the United States can
appearonacomputerscreeninBoliviawithinseconds.
Itsh ouldbethemostcommonwayofcommunicationinthefuture.
I.Match thewo rdswiththeirSp anishmeaning :
1.between _______a.velocidad
2.screen
_______b.entre
3.speed
_______c.pantalla
4.appear _______d.aparecer
II.Answerthesequestions.
1.Whatdothemessagescontain?
2.Whatcanyouinterchangewithemail?
3.Howlongdoesittaketo sendandreceiveamessage?
III.TRANSLATETHETEXTUSINGALLTHETECHNIQUESANDESTRATEGIES
88
READINGPRACTICE6
BUYINGACOMPUTER
When you buy a new PC (personal computer), it usually has some software already
installedonitsharddrive.OthersoftwarecomesonfloppydisksorCDROM`s,andyoucan
alsogetsoftwarefromtheinternet.ThereisonetypeofsoftwarethateveryPCmusthave:
an operating system such as Windows.Then there are many other types of programs that
you can buy, depending on what you want your computer to do. These different programs
arealsocalledapplications.
89
I.Match thefollowingwordswithth eirmean in g:

1.floppydisks
a.___________computadorapersonal
2.operatingsystem
b.__________discoduro
3.Personalcomputer(PC) c._________discoblando
4.harddrive
e.__________sistemaoperativo
II.Answerthefollo wingquestions:
1.Accordingtothearticle,whattypeofsoftwaremusteveryPChave?
2.Whatsortof softwarecanyouchooseaccording toyourneeds?
IIITranslatethetextusing allth etechn iquesandstrategies:
90
ELUSODEL AUXILIARCANYCOULD
El auxiliar can sirve para indicar que se posee una habilidad en tiempo presente o con
connotacionesdetiempofuturo.
EJ:
Icandancesalsa.(present)
Negative:Icantdancesalsa.
Icangotoyourhousetomorrow.(future)
ElauxiliarCOULDsirveparaexpresarunahabilidadquetenamosenelpasado.
EJ: Icou ldspeakPortuguesewhenIwasachild.(Past)
Negative:Icou ld ntspeakPortuguesewhenIwasachild.
Exercises
1.Fillintheblanksusingcanorco uld.
1.Peter_____________swimwhenhewasachild.(negative)
2. Christopher Reeve__________________walk now. He___________ ride a horse before
hisaccident.
3.I_________________speakFrench.(positive)
4.She__________________use the computer lastyear, but nowshe_________useitvery
well.(negativeandpositive)
GIVINGPERMISSION: CANANDMAY :
Para dar o pedir permiso se utiliza ms MAY para situaciones formales y CAN para
situacionesinformales.
EJ: Mom,canIgotothemovies?(informal)
Please,Sir,mayIopenthewindow?(formal)
Exercise
1.Hi,Susan!__________youcomewithmetotheparty?
2.Ineedtoprintthispage,__________Iuseyourcomputer,teacher?
3.Letsbegintheclass,______________youopenyourbooks,please?
4.Hey,Peter,_______________youlendmesomemoney?
5.Iamonadiet._____________Ieatthatsandwich?
6.Whenyoufinishthetest,you__________go.
7.You____________paythebillbymail.
8.Ifyoufinishyourhomework,you___________watchyourfavouriteprogramonT.V.
91
EXPRESSINGNECESSITY: MUSTandHAVETO
MUSTyHAVETOexpresannecesidad.AlgunasvecesMUSTexpresalanecesidadunpoco
msfuertequeelHAVETO,escomounaobligacin,undeber.
Exercises
1.Allapplicants__________________takeanentranceexam.
2.Michael______________beattheuniversityat7:00totakethetest.
3.Peteris25yearsoldandhegotmarriedsohe_________worktoearnhisliving.
4.Susanhasanothercaraccident.She__________havealifeinsurance.
5.You_________________haveapassporttotravelabroad.
Expressingadvisab ility:SHOULD
ElauxiliarSHOUL Dsirveparaexpresarsugerenciaoconsejo.
Sepuedeusarnegativamente:shouldnt(nodebera)
Ej: Youaregettingsomeweight,youshou ldbeonadiet.
Youaresmokingtoomuch,youshouldstopsmoking.
Exercises
Usesho uldorshouldn t
1.You_______________studyharderoryouwillfailthecourse.
2.You_______________leaveyourkeysinsidethecar.
3. He_____________cleanhisroom,itsverydirty.
4.I____________studytonightbutIhaveaparty.
5.We______________workhardthisweekorwewillnotfinishit.
EXPRESSINGPOSSIBILITY: MAYandMIGHT
MayyMigh t expresanposibilidad.Susignificadoescasielmismo,aunqueaveces might
indicamenosposibilidadesquemay.
Ej:Imaygototheparty,butIamnotsurebecauseIhavetofinishsomework.
Itmightrain,theskyisdark.
Exercises:
1.Ineedsomebooks,I____________gotothelibrarytoday.
2.Johnissick,he_________notgotoschool.
3.WhyisntMaryattheparty?She__________belate.
4.I amnotinterestedinthatconference,I__________stayhomeandwatchafilm.
5.WhereisPeter?.Idontknow,He____________beatwork.
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EXPRESSINGPROBABILTY:MUST
Se usa must para expresar probabilidad, es decir que hay ms pruebas para pensar que
seaciertoquecuandohablamosdeposibilidad.
Ej:IsawMarycoughingandrunningafeveryesterday,shemustbeverysicktoday.
Exercises
1.WhyisntJohninclass?
He____________be sick.Usually he is in class but when Isaw him last night, he wasnt
feelinggood.
2.Susan,you haveworkedveryhard,you____________feelverytired.
3.Hello!MayIspeaktoHenry?
Sorry,you____________havethewrongnumber.Thereisnobodyherewith
thatname.
4.Edwinboughtadiamondringforhiswife.He____________bearichman.
5.Ihavelivedhereformorethantwoyearswithoutvisitingmyfamily.
Oh,you__________________missthemverymuch!
93
LESSONTEN. USINGPASSIVEVOICE
I.
Readthetitle: Whatisthisreadinggoingtobeabout?
_______________________________________________________________
II.
Skimming:Readthetextquicklytogetageneralidea,underlinecognatesandcircle
theunknownwordstolookthemupinyourdictionaryafterfinishingthereading:
EMAIL
In the business world, postalmail and telephonecallsare nowbeingreplacedbyelectronic

mail messages that move across internet. Email and virtual private networks (VPNS) are
worldwideused.Theseservicesallowenduserstoreducecommunicationcostsandimprove
efficiency.
But,howdoesemailwork?
1. Amessagesenderusesmailsoftwaretocomposeadocument.
2. Themessageissenttoamailserverpreviouslychosenbythesender.
94
3. Internetmailaddressesareused.Routersreadthemessagetofindthedestinationand
placethemessageinthereceiversmailbox.
4. Thereceiverssoftwarecanthenopenthemessage.
III.
Comprehensionquestions:
1. Whathas replacedthepostalmailandthetelephonecalls?
2. Whatadvantagesgettheend userswiththe email andvirtual private networks?
IV.
Underline the sentences that are written in passive voice and change them to
theactivevoice:
V.
Translatethetext:
95
GRAMMARSECTION. THEPASSIVEVOICE
I.FORMINGTHEPASSIVE(Formandolavozpasiva)
EXAMPLES:
ACTIVE:Betty helpedthechildren.
SVO
PASSIVE: ThechildrenwerehelpedbyBetty.
SVO
__________________________________________________________________
EXPLANATION(Explicacin)
Enlavozpasivaelobjetodelavozactivapasaaserelsujeto,enelejemplodado thechildren
queera objetodelverboactivopasaaserelsujetodelverbopasivo.
Elsujetodelverboactivopasaaserobjetodelavozpasivaprecedidopor by. EJ:byBetty.
II.FORMOFTHEPASSIVE:BE+PASTPARTICIPLE
EXAMPLES:
ACTIVE
PASIVE
Bettyhelpsthechildren.ThechildrenarehelpedbyBetty.
:Bettyishelpingthechildren.Thechildrenarebeing helpedbyBetty.
Bettyhashelpedthechildren.ThechildrenhavebeenhelpedbyBetty.
96
BettyhelpedthechildrenThechildrenwerehelpedbyBetty.
:
Betty washelpingthechildren.ThechildrenwerebeinghelpedbyBetty.
Bettyhadhelpedthechildren.
Bettywillhelpthechildren.
ThechildrenhadbeenhelpedbyBetty.
ThechildrenwillbehelpedbyBetty.
Betty is going tohelp thechildren.
The childrenaregoingto behelped by
Bettywillhavehelpedthechildren.
ThechildrenwillhavebeenhelpedbyBetty.
Betty.
EXERCISES
I. Changetheactivetothepassive:
1. Peterpaintsthedoor.___________________________________________
2. Peterispaintingthedoor.________________________________________
3. Peterhaspaintedthedoor._______________________________________
4. Peterpaintedthedoor.__________________________________________
5. Peterwaspaintingthedoor.______________________________________
6. Peterhadpaintedthedoor._______________________________________
7. Peterisgoingtopaintthedoor.___________________________________
8. IsPeterpaintingthe door?_______________________________________
9. DidPeterpaintthedoor?________________________________________
II.Changethesesentencestopassive:
1. GarcaMarquezwrotethatbook.__________________________________
2. Theteacherisgoingtoexplainthelesson.
____________________________________________________________
3. Peteriswritingthereport.________________________________________
4. Johnhassuggestedanewidea.__________________________________
5. Ihavesenttheletter.____________________________________________
97
III. Usewordsfromthelisttocompletethepassivesentences:
Buildsurprise
Divide
invent
Expectoffer
Killsurround
Causereport
1. Anewbuilding__________________________________nextyearinthistown.
2. Anisland______________________________________bywater.
3. Yesterday, I___________________________________a job at an oil company, but I
didn`tacceptit.
4. Ireadthatahunter___________________byanotherhunteraccidentally.
5. Thefatalaccident_____________________________onT.Vyesterdayevening.
6. Thechildren_______________________________bytheirparentswiththenewtoys.
7. Theclass_____________________________ingroupsbytheteachertightnow.
8. Theplane___________________________tobeontime.
9. Thedamage______________________________bythefire.
10. Thetelephone____________________________byGrahamBell.
IV. Writethemissinginformation:
1.Paper________________________________(take)fromthepileofthetray.
2.Theprinter__________________________(use)toprintthetexts.
3.Thisoperatingsystem_____________________(design)byBellLaboratories.
4.Theplay_________________________(perform)bythebestactors.
V. Changethesesentencestotheactiveverbs:
1. ThisbookwaswrittenbyIsabelAllende.____________________________
2. ThenewbuildingwasbuiltbyJapaneseengineers.
_______________________________________________________________
3. ThesongwasrecordedonCDbyPeter.
98
_______________________________________________________________
4. Thereportisbeingfilledinbythedirector.
_______________________________________________________________
5. Thehomeworkhasbeenreviewedbytheteachers.
_______________________________________________________________
VI. WRITEYOUROWNSENTENCESINPASSIVEVOICE.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
HOMEWORK
I.
Changethesesentencestothepassive:
1. ShakespearewroteRomeoandJuliet
_______________________________________________________________
2. LeonardoDaVincipaintedthefamouspaintingMonaLisa
_______________________________________________________________
3. ThomasAlbaEdisoninventedtheelectricbulb.
______________________________________________________________
4. CharlesBabbagedesignedthefirstmoderncomputer.
_______________________________________________________________
5. TheFrenchscientistBlaisePascalinventedacalculatormadeofwheelsandcogs.
99
_______________________________________________________________
6. IBMintroducedthepersonalcomputer in1981.
______________________________________________________________
7. BellLaboratoriesdesignedtheoperatingsystemforminicomputers.
_______________________________________________________________
8. Professionalsknownascomputerprogrammerswrite software.
______________________________________________________________
9. Hackerscreatesoftwaretodestroyanothercomputers program.
_______________________________________________________________
10. Microsofthassoldalotofcreativesoftware.
______________________________________________________________
II.Changethesesentencestotheactiveverbs:
1. SomeflowersweresentbyPetertoMary.
___________________________________________________________
2. Themessageisopenedbythereceivers software.
____________________________________________________________
3. Thedocumentsweredeliveredbycourier.
____________________________________________________________
4. Oldtechnologyhasbeenreplacedbynewtechnology.
_____________________________________________________________
5. Virtualplatformareusedbytheteacherstohelptheirstudents.
_____________________________________________________________
100
ANEXO#1
COMMONLYUSEDIRREGULARVERBS
PRESENT
PAST
PASTPARTICIPLE SPANISH
1. Arise
Arose
Arisen
Levantarse
2. Awake
Awoke
Awaken
Despertarse
3. be
4. Bear
Was/were
Bore
Been
Borne
Ser/estar
Soportar/producir
5. Beat
6. Become
Beat
Became
Beaten
Become
Golpear
Convertirse
7. Begin
8. Bend
Began
Bent
Begun
Bent
Comenzar
Doblar
9. Bet
Bet
Bet
Apostar
|0.Bind
11. Bite
Bound
Bit
Bound
Bitten
Atar/Unir
Morder
12. Bleed
Bled
Bled
Sangrar
13. Blow
Blew
Blown
Soplar
14. Bring
Brought
Brought
Traer
15. Build
16. Burn
Built
Burnt
Built
Burnt
Construir
Quemar
17. Burst
18. Buy
Burst
Bought
Burst
Bought
Remendar
Comprar
19. Cast
Cast
Cast
Lanzar/echar
20. Catch
Caught
Caught
Coger/agarrar
21. Choose
Chose
Chosen
Elegir/escoger
22. Come
23. Cost
Came
Cost
Come
Cost
Venir
Costar
24. Creep
Crept
Crept
Gatear/arrastrarse
25. Cut
Cut
Cut
Cortar
26. Dare
Dared
Dared
Osar/atreverse
27. Deal
28. Dig
Dealt
Dug
Dealt
Dug
Negociar
Cavar
29. Do
30. Draw
Did
Drew
Done
Drawn
Hacer
Dibujar
101
31. Drink
Drank
Drunk
Beber
32. Drive
Drove
Driven
Conducir
33. Eat
Ate
Eaten
Comer
34. Fall
Fell
Fallen
Caer
35. Feed
36. Feel
Fed
Felt
Fed
Felt
Alimentar
Sentir
37. Fight
Fought
Fought
Pelear
38. Find
39. Fly
Found
Flew
Found
Flown
Encontrar
Volar
40. Forbide
Forbade
Forbidden
Prohibir
41. Forget
Forgot
Forgotten
Olvidar
42. Forgive
Forgave
43.
Freeze Froze
Forgiven
Frozen
Perdonar
congelar
44. Get
Got
Gotten
lograr/conseguir
45. Give
46. Go
Gave
Went
Given
Gone
dar
ir
47. Grind
Ground
Ground
moler
48. Grow(up)
Grew
Grown
cultivar/crecer
49. Hang
Hung
Hung
colgar
50. Have
Had
Had
tener
51. Hear
Heard
Heard
oir
52. Hide
53. Hit
Hid
Hit
Hidden
Hit
esconder
golpear
54. Hold
55. Hurt
Held
Hurt
Held
Hurt
abrazar/sostener
lastimar/herir
56. keep
Kept
Kept
guardar/mantener
57.Kneel
58. Know
Knelt
Knew
Knelt
Known
arrodillarse
saber/conocer
59. Lead
60. Lean
Led
Lent
Led
Leant
liderizar/guiar
apoyarse
61.Leave
Left
Left
salir/partir
62. Lend
Lent
Lent
prestar
63. Let
Let
Let
permitir
64. lie
Lay
Lain
echarse/yacer
102
65. Light
Lit
Lit
encender
66. Lose
Lost
Lost
perder
67. Make
Made
Made
hacer/cometer
68. Mean
Meant
Meant
significar
69. Meet
70. Owe
Met
Owed
Met
Owed
conocer/encontrarse
deber(algo)
71. Pay
Paid
Paid
pagar
72. Put
73. Quit
Put
Quit
Put
Quit
poner
dejar/abandonar
74. Read
Read
Read
leer
75. Ride
Rode
Ridden
montar/subir
76. Ring
77. Rise
Rang
Rose
Rung
Risen
tocar/sonar
levantarse/surgir
78. Run
Run
Run
correr/administrar
79. Say
80. See
Said
Saw
Said
Seen
decir
ver
81. Seek
Sought
Sought
buscar
82. Shake
83. Sell
Shook
Shaken
sacudir/temblar
Sold
Sold
vender
84. Send
85. Set
Sent
Sent
enviar
Set
Set
colocar/instalar
86. Shave
shaved
shone
Shaven
Shone
rasurarse
brillar
shot
showed
Shot
Shown
disparar
mostrar
shrank
Shrunk
encoger
shut
sang
Shut
Sung
cerrar
cantar
sank
sat
Sunk
Sat
hundirse
sentarse
95. Sleep
96. Slide
slept
Slept
dormir
slid
Slid
resbalar
97. Slit
slit
Slit
rajar
98. Speak
spoke
Spoken
hablar
87. Shine
88. Shoot
89. Show
90. Shrink
91. Shut
92. Sing
93. Sink
94. Sit
103
99. Speed
sped
Sped
acelerar
100.Spend
spent
Spent
pasar/gastar
101. Spin
spun
Spun
girar/darvueltas
102.Split
split
Split
desunir/rajar
103. Spread
104. Spring
spread
Spread
esparcir
105. Stand(up) sprang
Sprung
nacer/brotar
106. Steal
107. Stick
stood
stole
Stood
Stolen
pararse/aguantar
robar
108. Swear
stuck
Stuck
pegar/colar
109. Sweep
swore
Sworn
jurar
110. Swim
111. Swing
swept
swam
Swept
Swum
barrer
nadar
112. Take
swang
Swung
oscilar/columpiar
113. Teach
114. Tear
took
taught
Taken
Taught
tomar
ensear
115. Tell
tore
Torn
rasgar/despedazar
116. Think
told
Told
decir/contar
117. Throw
thought
Thought
pensar
118. Understand threw
Thrown
lanzar/tirar
119. Wake
understood
Understood
comprender
120. Wear
121. Weave
woke
wore
Waken
Worn
despertar
vestir/usar
122. Wed
123. Weep
wove
wed
Woven
Wed
tejer
casarse/unir
124. Wet
wept
Wept
llorar
125. Win
126. Wind
wet
won
Wet
Won
mojar/humedecer
ganar
127.Write
wound
wrote
Wound
Written
enrollar
escribir
104
ANEXO#2. NUMBERS
CARDINALORDINAL
1one1st.first
2two2nd.Second
3
three3rd.Third
4.four4th.Fourth
5five5th.Fifth
6six6th.Sixth
7seven7th.Seventh
8eight
8th.Eighth
9nine9th.Nine
10ten10th.Tenth
11eleven
11th.Eleventh
12twelve12th.Twelfth
13thirteen13th.Thirteenth
14.fourteen
14th.Fourteenth
15fifteen15th.Fifteenth
16sixteen16th.Sistennth
17seventeen
17th.Seventeenth
18eighteen18th.Eighteenth
19nineteen19th.Nineteenth
20twenty20th.Twentieth
21twentyone21th.Twentyfirst
22twentytwo
22th.Twentysecond
23twentythree23th.Twentythird
24twentyfour24th.Twentyfourth,etc.
30thirty
30th.Thirtieth
40forty40th.Fortieth
50fifty50th.Fiftieth
60sixty60th.Sistieth
70seventy70th.Seventieth
80eighty
80th Eightieth
105
90ninety90th.Nienetieth
100onehundred100th.Onehundredth
200twohundrd200th.Twohundredth
1000onethousand.
10.000tenthousand
100.000onehundredthousand
1.000.000onemillion
ANEXO#3. WAYSOFSAYINGTHETIME
8:00Itseightoclock
Itseight
8:05Itseight oh five
Itsfive(minutes)aftereight
8:10Itseightten
Itstenminutesaftereight
8::15Itseightfifteen
Itsaquarteraftereight
8:30Itseightthirty
Itshalfpasteight
8:45Itseightfortyfive
Itsaquarteraftertonine
8:50Itseightfifty
Itsten(minutes)ofnime.
EXERCISE:Drawaclock withthetime showedabove:
106
ANEXO # 4. DAYS OF THE WEEK, MONTHS OF THEYEAR AND THESEASONS OF THE

YEARS
DAYSOFTHEWEEK
Monday(Mon.)
Tuesday(Tues.)
Wednesday(Wed.)
Thursday(Thurs.)
Friday(Fri.)
Saturday(Sat.)
Sunday(Sun.)
MONTHSOFTHEYEARSEASONS
January(Jan.)Spring
February(Feb.)
Summer
March(Mar.)Fall
April(Apr.)Winter
May(May.)
June(June)
July(July)
107
August(Aug.)
September(Sept.)
October(Oct.)
November(Nov.)
December(Dec.)
USINGNUMBERSTOWRITETHEDATE
Month/Day/Year
4/7/07=April7th.,2007
WRITTENFORM
SPOKENFORM
January1st.Januaryfirst/ThefirstofJanuary
March2nd.Marchsecond/ThesecondofMarch
October10th.Octobertenth/ThetenthofOctober.
ANEXO#5. PARTSOFTHEHUMANBODY
1. Ankle(Tobillo)
2. Arm(brazo)
3. Back(espalda)
4. Body(cuerpo)
5. Bust(pecho)
6. Chest(pecho)
7. Chin(barbilla)
8. Ear(odo)
9. Elbow(codo)
10. Eye(ojo)
11. Face(cara)
108
12. Finger(dedo)
13. Foot(feeet=plural)(dedo)
14. Hair(cabello)
15. Hand(mano)
16. Head(cabeza)
17. Knee(rodilla)
18. Leg(pierna)
19. lip(labio)
20. Mouth(boca)
21. Neck(cuello)
22. Nose(nariz)
23. Shoulder(hombro)
24. Toe(dedodelpie).
25. Tooth(teeth=plural)(diente(s)
26. Tongue(lengua)
EXERCISE:
Drawahumanbodyandlabeltheparts.
ANEXO#6. CLOTHES
1.Dress(vestido)
2.Shirt(camisa)
3.TShirt(polera)
4.Skirt(falda)
5.Blouse(blusa)
109
6..Blazer(Saco)
7.Coat(Abrigo)
8.Suit(Terno)
9.Pants(Pantalones)
10.Jeans(Bluejeans)
11.Slippers(pantuflas)
12.Underwear(ropainterior)
13.Socks(calcetines)
14.Shoes(zapatos)
15.Sandals(sandalias)
16.Boots(botas)
17.Jacket(Chaquetaochamarra)
18.Tie(corbata)
19.Scarf(chalinaoecharpe)
20.Hat(sombrero)
21.Trousers(pantalones)
22.Bra(debrassiere,sosten)
23.Panties(calzones)
24.Gloves(guantes)
25.TennisshoesZapatosdetennis)
25.Sneakers(zapatosdeportivos)
26.Raincoat(impermeable)
27.Sweater(chompa)
28.Highheelshoes(zapatosdetacones)
29.Smoking(trajedefiestaparahombre)
30.Pajamasorpijamas(piyamas)
EXERCISE:Cut pictures with people and write the name of the clothes they are
wearing.
110

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www.upds.edu.

estructuras bsicas para su

Sntesis. Durante este Segundo encuentro, el estudiante avanzar el presente simple

en Internet algn material en Ingls y tratar de traducirlo utilizando el translator (programa

HOMEWORK: Write a shortbiographyofanimportantorfamousperson.

LESSONONE. USING VERBTOBE

Why is English useful for international communication? English is an international language

I. Cuando selo usacomoelverbo SER la estructura dela oracin enpresentesimple es:

Forma de conjugacin del

He (a una persona del sexo

You ( a otras personas a las

II. Tambin con susentidode SER puedeser Sujeto+verbo+adjetivo.

no tienen gnero ni nmero,

lo hacamos en los nombres

Prepositional Phrase (frase

por lo tanto va acompaado

Ingls esto se hace a

Las contracciones son del

el verbo TO BE se usa NOT

se forma poniendo por

Present: Iam ateacher

Present: You aresingle.

Past: Jim was astudent

Nota: Cuando se niega con

You were NOTattheconcert

They were NOTinthecar

They were NOT on the

Bobby was NOTinthepark

Nota: La forma interrogativa

delante el verbo y luego el

Were you busy?

Cuando se dan respuestas

HOW old were you last

WHO were they?

Write true or false inthefallowingstatements:

1. Mr. Sullivan sarrivinginEngland____________

IV. Translate thetext:

explaining the lesson

arestudyingEnglish verbo TO BE: is y are + el

You arelisteningtothe You are learning English

having classes They are

practicing the Estetiempoindicaunaaccin

que esta sucediendo en el

They are writing on their habla y tiene un tiempo de

copying the notebooks inthismoment.

de algo que suceder en el

Si el verbo termina en consonante ms E,

presente progresivo se niega

We are NOT sitting

Tambin se puede contractar

He is NOT playing the

Hes not having classes

They are NOT having

Bobby is NOT eating

se forma poniendo por

bey luego el pronombre,

despus el verbo terminado

Are they attending to the o

Are the dogs eating the cortasdeltipoYES/NOnose

el sujeto sino con el verbo y

debe contractar, solo en la

WHAT TIME are you WHEN(cundo)

V.Translatethetext (trad uzcaeltexto)

_________ _ ________

4. Johnis__ Peter.(fat)