APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

Rodrigo Ghiorzzi Donni, Paulo Smith Schneider and Ivoni Carlos Acunha Jr.

COB9721

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

OBJECTIVES

Apply the methodology of design of experiments in an experimental model of an evaporative condenser

built in small scale, keeping geometric similarity to real size equipments, distinguishing the parameters that actually influence the phenomena;

Artificial Neural Network (ANN) is used to simulate a condenser behavior on a more controlled base,
allowing for the statistical assessment by Design of Experiments (DoE).

COB9721
2 / 19

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

INTRODUCTION

Heat exchange efficiency can be increased by the aid of phase change processes;

Simultaneous heat and mass transfer in an evaporative heat exchanger, the process becomes more
complex in comparison to the conventional system;

It is difficult to determine objectively what parameters are important to be controlled or monitored;

In the experimental model, controlled parameters are only the volumetric flow of air and mass of sprayed
water . All experimental tests are conducted in steady state.
COB9721
3 / 19

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND VIRTUAL MODEL OF EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

COB9721
4 / 19

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS (DOE) PRINCIPLES
Experiment as a procedure in which intentional changes are made in the parameters of a system or
process in order to evaluate the possible changes experienced by the response variable and estimate their causes;

Statistical design of experiments refers to the process of planning the experiment allowing appropriate
data are collected and analyzed by statistical methods resulting in valid and objective conclusions;

Experimental design becomes indicated because it allows all the considered parameters to vary allowing
all possible combinations of parameters and levels are possible;

Reduces the experimental effort and allows for obtaining reliable conclusions; The DoE methodology allow us to implement a model of regression to fit the experimental data
considering the effects of interactions of the parameters.
COB9721
5 / 19

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS (DOE) MODEL OF THE PROCESS FLOW

Parameters (controlled) Response Inputs System Outputs

Variable (Uncontrolled)

COB9721
6 / 19

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN) PRINCIPLES
Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) are computational structures similar to those present in the brain and
applied to simulate the learning functions similar to the human nervous system;

An ANN is capable of learning from inputs, and from this point, produces different outputs from those used
in their training;

The process of training an ANN to simulate functions based on input and output data begins by adjusting
the weights and subsequent comparison between the value found and the actual value;

The weights are adjusted iteratively until the difference found between the simulated and actual response
is within an acceptable error value or until it reaches a maximum value of iterations.
COB9721
7 / 19

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK (ANN) MODEL OF THE NEURON PROCESS

X1
X2

W1 W2

Bias b

Activation Function

Input Data

Output Data

Xn

...

Wn

Weighs

...

Sum Function
COB9721
8 / 19

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

MAIN VARIABLES AND LEVELS USED IN ANN MODEL TO PREDICT OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN THE EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER Parameters Dry bulb temperature at the entry of the condenser Wet bulb temperature at the entry of the condenser Condensation temperature (of R22) Sprayed water temperature
Controlled

Levels
Low Tdb,e Twb,e Tr22,cds Tag,asp mag mar 19.7C 15.5C 28.0C 22.0C High 23.5C 19.3C 31.0C 25.5C

Experiemtnal Setup

Not controlled

Mass flow rate of water(*) Mass flow rate of air in the condenser(*)

0.075kg/s 0.115kg/s 0.105kg/s 0.185kg/s

COB9721
9 / 19

(*) Volumetric

flows measured and evaluated at air and water temperatures to get the mass flows.

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

SIMULATION OF DOE WITH ANN MODEL CONSIDERATIONS

Heat rejected in the evaporative condenser is the response used to obtained overall heat transfer
coefficient and determinate the performance of each combination of parameters;

Factorial project with 2 levels and 6 parameters;

Simulation of 64 combinations of all parameters and 1 central point (the mean value between high
and low levels).
COB9721
10 / 19

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

RESULTS ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK SIMULATION
Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (U)

Experimental data are used to training the

ANN model;

Actual overall heat transfer coefficient of

Experimental

evaporatiare calculated from experimental data and used in ANN training;

After training the ANN, we obtained a model

well fitted with the experimental data and capable to predict Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient to differents input parameters.

R = 98,8% RQME = 9,3W/mC ERM = 1,63%

COB9721
Simulated

11 / 19

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

RESULTS DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS (DOE)

Normal probability plot of standardized residual

Standardized Residuals

Percentual (%)

Observation Order

Standardized residual versus observation order

COB9721
Standardized Residuals

12 / 19

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

RESULTS PARETO CHART OF STANDARDIZED EFFECTS OVER OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U) WITH SIGNIFICANCE OF 5%

Parameters

Significance of 5%

COB9721
13 / 19

Standardized Effects

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

RESULTS GRAPH OF MAIN EFFECTS OF EACH PARAMETER OVER THE MEAN RESPONSE OF OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U)

Mean Response of U (W/m2C)

COB9721
14 / 19

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

RESULTS GRAPH OF INTERACTIONS EFFECTS OF EACH PAIR OF PARAMETER OVER THE MEAN RESPONSE OF OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U)

Mean Response of U (W/m2C)

COB9721
15 / 19

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

RESULTS SIMULATED VALUES (WITH DOE MODEL) VERSUS PREDICTED VALUES OF OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT (U)

Predicted Values

R = 98,8% RQME = 9,3W/mC ERM = 1,63%

COB9721
16 / 19
Observed Values

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

RESULTS OVERALL HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT CALCULATED WITH EXPERIMENTAL DATA AND CORRELATIONS Overall heat transfer coefficient (U) are
850 800 750
700

determinate with classical correlations for external heat transfer coefficient with internal heat transfer coefficient obtained with the correlation of Chato (1930).
Parker e Treybal (1961) Mizushina et al. (1967)
Leidenfrost e Korenic (1982)

Ucond calculated (W/m2 C)

650 600 550

500

Niitsu et al. (1967) Dreyer e Erens (1990) 450 400 350 300
250 Acunha Jr. (2010)

This Work Experimental Data

They have been developed only for determining the heat transfer coefficient between the film of water (around the tubes) and the external air flow.

COB9721
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35

200

17 / 19

Experimental Sample

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

CONCLUSIONS
It is possible to verify the efficiency of the use of simulation techniques to obtain an ANN from simulated
experimental data for application to design of experiments, allowing the testing in practice would be excessively complex and expensive;

It is noted that mass flow of water spray is a factor of great influence in the global coefficient of heat transfer. This
comes to agree with literature, confirming that the PE model adopted is correct;

The condensation temperature of the refrigerant inside the condenser wasn't directly influential in the global
coefficient of heat transfer, being removed from the model;

The methodology of experimental design enable simulated complex experiments could be performed simply and
with good accuracy with a EMR of 3,69% and maximum error of 8,89%;

The effects of nonlinearity were not significant, demonstrating that relationships are essentially linear;
Since there were no replication of the experiments was not possible to estimate the pure error, i.e. the error related
only to uncertainty of measurement. Only the error of fitting of the model was possible to determinate.
18 / 19

COB9721

APPLICATION OF DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF AN EVAPORATIVE CONDENSER

Rodrigo Ghiorzzi Donni, Paulo Smith Schneider and Ivoni Carlos Acunha Jr.

COB9721

Tdb,e Twb,e Tr22,cds Tag,asp Mag mar

COB9721
20 / Total