Water Characterization

Water Properties Mineral Scales and Prediction occurrence Solubility, Super Saturation and Deposition Method to prevent and control Scaling Near Infrared Spectroscopy applied to Scaling Identification of field water problem and solutions

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Structure of the water molecule

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Some Physical Properties of Water

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Common Dissolved Constituents of water

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NaCl Ionization

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CaSO4 Precipitation at reduced pressure

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Precipitation of insoluble CaCO3

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Water Properties determine by Analysis

Acidity: Capacity of neutralize bases or alkaline materials. Usually caused by carbon dioxide, organic acids, mineral acids or hydrolysis of acid salts. Alkalinity Capacity to neutralize acids. Usually cause by bi-carbonate, carbonates and hydroxyl ions. pH A measure of the hydrogen ion activity.

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Harness Calculation

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pH Scale

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Concentration units for water constituents

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Examples of water Analysis

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Total Harness Calculation

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Water Characterization Stiffs method

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Solubility, Supersaturation and Deposition

Composition Typical Water Solubility (mg/l) Calcium Carbonate 1500-6000 Strontium Sulfate 300-600 Calcium Carbonate 10-80 Barium Sulfate 3-60

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Prediction of CaCO3 Scaling tendency

Prediction of Calcium Carbonate Scaling Tendency: pHs = (pK2 pK1) pCa++ - pAlk SI = pHactual pHs Or SI= pH (pCa + pAlk + K)

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K vs. Total Ionic Strength

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Sulfate Scales- General

Precipitation of Calcium, Barium and Strontium scales is usually caused by one or more of the following conditions: 1. Mixing incompatible waters ( High sulfate waters such as seawater with brines containing high concentration of calcium, barium or strontium) 2. Reduction of Pressure 3. Evaporation and Concentration of brines by gas evolution in wellbores ort by heating in surface equipment 4. Temperature change
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Determination of pCa and pAlk

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SEM of Sample after treatment

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SEM of the sample before treatment

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X-ray Diffraction before treatment

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X-Diffraction after treatment

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Scale Problem Field

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Scale Problem Field

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Field Scaling Example

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Triangular Diagram

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BaSO4 and Strontium Sulfate Osage Co, Oklahoma

Project Description: A field in Osage, Oklahoma, used a common tank for accumulation of waste brine before disposing of the mixture to the Arkansas River, deposits formed in the tank and surface pipes to a thickness of 2 in. or more in few month time. Approximately 2/3 of the brine handled daily was from Arbuckle lime and the remainder form the Bartlesville Sand. It become necessary, under State Law, to dispose of this waste brine to the subsurface. Clearly, a single well would not long serve the purpose if the water were mixed before injection. Examination of the sample showed that the scale were basically Barium Sulfate, with appreciable amount of Strontium Sulfate.

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Water Analysis for Osage, Oklahoma

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Osage, Oklahoma Case Solution

Problem: Incompatible water mixing. Solution: Barium Brine injected in one well and and Sulfate Brine injected into another wells. No input capacity has been observed in 13 years of operation.
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Gravity Separation
Most commonly used water treating equipment relies on the forces of gravity to separate between oil droplets and water continuous phase:
Vt =
2 (1.78)10 6 (S .G.)d m

Vt = ter min al settling velocity, ft / s dm = diameter of the droplet of water

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