GLOBAL STUDY GUIDE

JAPANESE MILITARISM; MILITARIST TAKE OVER The Great Depression of 1929 is blamed on the government, militarists gain support Militarists do not want to establish new government system like the fascists in Europe; instead they want more traditional control of the government. They also dont want a forceful leader like Mussolini or Hitler. Instead they make the Emperor the symbol of state power, which wins popular support for army leaders who rule in his name Extreme Nationalists; want to solve countrys problems through foreign expansion (problems: lack of raw materials, population boom, markets for its goods)

INVADING MANCHURIA Japanese business invested heavily in Manchuria 1931, Japanese army seizes Manchuria despite protest from the Japanese parliament The League of Nations protests, Japan withdraws in 1933

JAPAN INVADES CHINA Japanese are outnumbered but are superior in technology Beijing and Nanjing fall to Japan in1937 Tens of thousands of Chinese are killed

RAPE OF NANJING Terrible atrocities committed by the Japanese towards the Chinese Up to 300,000 killed People are tortured Women of all ages are raped

APPEASMENT; giving into an aggressor to keep peace HITLERS AGGRESSION; March 1935, Hitler defies Versailles Treaty by announcing that Germany would not obey military restrictions March 7, 1936, Germany invades the Rhineland (Versailles Treaty had forbidden German troops to enter a 30-mile-wide zone on either side of the Rhine River) League of Nations wants to avoid war, does nothing October 1936, forms Rome-Berlin axis (alliance with Italy) Month later, Japan joins AXIS POWERS; Japan, Italy, Germany

1937, announces plans to absorb Austria and Czechoslovakia into the German Empire 1938, invades Austria and annexes it 1938, Hitler demands that the Sudetenland be given to Germany The Czechs refuse and ask France for help Munich conference takes place, Germany gains the Sudetenland Six months later Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia

MUSSOLINIS AGGRESSION October 1935, invades Ethiopia Italian technology surpasses that of the Ethiopians Ethiopian leader Haile Selassie appealed to the League of Nations for help, but they do nothing

NON-AGGRESSION PACT; Hitler and Stalin form pact in 1939. Agree that Germany will take western half of Poland and that the Soviet Union will get the eastern half as well as the land lost in Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia MUNICH CONFERENCE; September 29, 1938; Mussolini proposes meeting between Germany, France, Britain, and Italy. The Czechs are not invited. Britain believes peace can be kept by giving in to Germanys demands to take over part of Czechoslovakia

TURNING POINTS;
INVASION OF POLAND;
Germany invades Poland in 1939. German war planes bomb the Polish capital France and Great Britain declare war Poland falls to Germany New military strategy is tested Blitzkrieg, lightning war

INVASION OF FRANCE;
1940, Hitler sweeps through the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg The Germans go through the Ardennes forest and slip between the Maginot Line and reach the coast in 10 days May 1940, Germans trap Allied forces Rescue at Dunkirk; Britain sends fleet to save soldiers that are trapped FRANCE FALLS; June 14, Germans take Paris. June 22, 1940, French leaders surrender

BATTLE OF BRITAIN;
Hitler has plans to knock out Britains Royal Air Force (RAF) 1940, Germanys air force Luftwaffe begins to bomb Great Britain

Despite destruction, the British do not waver Radar and the Enigma (German code-making machine smuggled in to Great Britain) help the British strike back Enigma helps British locate German planes Battle ends 1941, Hitler calls off attacks Allies see that Hitler can be stopped

IN VASION OF THE USSR

1941, invades the Soviet Union Soviet troops draw the Germans deeper within Russia. As the Russians retreated, they burned everything so that the Germans had no food or shelter Sept 8, Hitler sieges Leningrad in hopes to starve the inhabitants and cause the Soviets to surrender 1 million people die in the winter of 1941-42 from starvation, but the city does not fall Hitler then drives to Moscow Winter comes, the Germans are trapped in summer uniforms Soviets do not fall, 500,000 Germans die by 1943

US ENTRY INTO THE WAR

A. SURPRISE ATTACK ON PEARL HARBOR 1. BUILD UP October 1940, Americans cracked codes that Japanese were sending, became aware of plans to attack southeast Asia U.S. government sends aid to China to strengthen Chinese resistance When Japan overran French Indochina in July 1941, Roosevelt cut off oil shipment to Japan Japan continues in conquest in hopes to catch European colonial powers and the U.S. by surprise Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, Japans best naval strategist, calls for an attack on the U.S. fleet in Hawaii; a dagger pointed at Japans throat

2. DAY OF INFAMY December 7, 1941, Japanese bomb Pearl Harbor, Hawaii Within two hours, 19 ships were sunk or damaged, including 8 battleships 2,300 Americans were killed, 1,000 were wounded Congress quickly accepts Roosevelts request to declare war During this time, Japanese launched bombing raids on Hong Kong, Guam, and Wake Island

B. JAPANESE VICTORIES
Guam and Wake Island fall quickly to the Japanese January 1942, marched to Philippine capital Manila. British and American forces defend on the Bataan Peninsula Philippine government moved to the island of Corregidor After 3 months, the Japanese take the Bataan Peninsula in April After seizing Hong Kong, reach Singapore by February 1942 Japanese take the Dutch East Indies as well as Burma By the fall of Burma, Japan controlled over 1 million square miles of Asian land, 150 million people lived in this area After victory, treated conquered people with great cruelty Saved most brutal treatment for Allied prisoners of war Bataan Death March; forced march more than 50 miles up the peninsula. 54,000 of the 70,000 survived

C. THE ALLIES STRIKE BACK

1. THE ALLIES TURN THE TIDE May 1942, American fleet with Australian support intercepts Japanese strike force headed for Port Moresby in New Guinea Battle of the Coral Sea follows Both sides used new naval warfare in which airplanes taking off from huge aircraft carries attacked ships Allies face more losses than the Japanese, however Japanese advance was stopped

2. BATTLE OF MIDWAY Japan targets Midway Island, 1,500 miles off the coast of Hawaii Admiral Chester Nimitz knew of the large attack planned by the Japanese due to Allied code breakers June 4, Americans destroy 332 Japanese planes, all 4 aircraft carries, and one support ship. Japanese withdraw June 7, 1943, battle is over

C. AN ALLIED OFFENSIVE General Douglas MacArthur, commander of allied land forces in the pacific, solves problem of traveling long distances Used method of island hopping, seizing islands that were less well defended while getting closer to the Japanese

August 7, 1942, several thousand U.S. marines with Australian support land on the Guadalcanal and the neighboring island of Tulagi February 1943, the Battle of Guadalcanal ends after six months of fighting on land and sea 24,000 of 36,000 Japanese soldiers are lost. They abandon the island of death

IWO JIMA March 1945, Americans take Iwo Jima, an island only 760 miles away from Tokyo

OKINAWA One of the bloodiest battles; Japanese lose over 100,000 troops, Americans lose 12,000

KAMIKAZES; Japanese suicide pilots that crashed into Allied ships to sink them. ATOMIC BOMBS; First bomb dropped August 6, 1945 on Hiroshima. 70,000 die from the blast Japanese fail to surrender, a second bomb is dropped August 9- bomb dropped on Nagasaki. More than 70,000 killed immediately Radiation killed many people afterwards Japanese surrender on September 2, the war ends

ALLIED VICTORIES IN AFRICA AND THE MEDITERRANEAN 1940, Italians attack British-controlled Egypt in hopes of gaining access to the Suez Canal, which was key to reaching oil in the Middle East 1941, British sweep 500 miles across Northern Africa and take 130,000 prisoners Hitler has to step in to save Italy, sends General Erwin Rommel Late 1941, Rommels Afrika Korps (tank force) attacks, British forced back to Tobruk, Libya By January 1942, the British have pushed Rommel back June 1942, Rommel takes Tobruk, crushing the Allies

D-DAY INVASION 3 million troops under the command of Dwight D. Eisenhower, planned to strike on the coast of Normandy (northern France) Allies set up dummy army with headquarters and equipment, making it seem like the Allies were going to strike the French seaport of Calais June 6, 1944; British, American, French, and Canadian forces fight their way onto the coast

2,700 men die on the beaches that day Within a month, 1 million additional troops have laned July 25, Allies break through German defenses By September, France is liberated

BATTLE OF THE BULGE Hitler is forced into two-front war December 16, Germans take Allies by surprise Allies caught off guard, but eventually push the Germans back

V-E DAY May 9, 1945, unconditional surrender of Germany Allied powers celebrate Victory in Europe Day, ending a six year war

TERMS AND PEOPLE;

Mussolini; Leader of the Italian fascist regime Hitler; leader of the German fascist regime Stalin; leader of the Communist Soviet Union Chamberlain; British Prime Minister at the beginning of the war Churchill; British Prime Minister towards the end of the war Blitzkrieg; Lightning war in which the Germans used fast moving planes and tanks followed by massive infantry to quickly overwhelm enemy forces Royal Air Force; RAF, reason why Britain was not taken over by Germany. (used enigma and radar) Manhattan Project; produced the atomic bomb Axis powers; Germany, Japan, Austria, Italy, (USSR for part of the time) Allies; Britain, France, America, , USSR later, (+ Canada and some other countries we never hear about)

RESULTS OF WWI THE HOLOCAUST

Starts 1933 when discrimination against Jews starts (Jews stripped of citizenship, public burnings of all Jewish literature) 1934; Nuremberg Laws; anti-Jewish racial laws. Jews were not German citizens, could not marry Aryans, and could not fly the German flag 1936;Sachsenhausen concentration camp opens (one of the first ones) 1938; Kristallnacht (night of broken glass). 200 synagogues destroyed, 7,500 Jewish shops looted, 30,000 Jewish men sent to concentration camps. 1938; 1 billion mark fine on Jews for the destruction of Kristallnacht 1939; Jews in Poland forced to wear yellow star 1940; Auschwitz concentration camp established 1941; 34,000 Jews massacred at Babi Yar outside Kiev 1941; Chelmno concentration camp starts operations; 340,000 Jews, 20,000 Poles and Czechs murdered by April 1943 1942; extermination in Belzec begins, by the end of 1942 600,000 Jews murdered 1944; Death march in Budapest, 40,000 Jews die 1945; evacuation of Auschwitz, death march begins

*approximately 6 million Jews killed by the end of the war*

NUREMBERG TRIALS
1945-46, trials held in Nuremberg for the war criminals in Germany. 22 Nazi leaders charged with crimes against humanity and the murder of 11 million people

WARTIME DESTRUCTION
Land destroyed as well as cities Families are homeless and wandering People were starving

POST-WAR JAPAN; General MacArthur uses processes of demilitarization and democratization Japanese government becomes one similar to the constitutional monarchy of Britain

Creates law forcing estate owners to give land to the government which would in turn be sold at a fair price to lower classes

DIVISION OF EUROPE Yalta conference; divides Germany into zones of occupation controlled by the Allied military forces

THE CREATION OF THE U.N June 1945, 50 countries come together to form the United Nations. International organization intended to protect its members against aggression. Based in New York