Aquino, Ramon Luis M.

HKD03 TUT1

Individual Sports : Archery Archery is the art, practice, or skill of propelling arrows with the use of a bow, from Latin arcus. Historically, archery has been used for hunting and combat, while in modern times, its main use is that of a recreational activity. A person who participates in archery is typically known as an "archer" or "bowman", and one who is fond of or an expert at archery can be referred to as a "toxophilite". Fencing

Fencing, which is also known as modern fencing to distinguish it from historical fencing,[1] is a family of combat sports using bladed weapons. It is also known as french sword fighting or french sword fencing. It is usually practised with the help of a sword or mini-blade. Fencing is one of four sports which have been featured at every one of the modern Olympic Games. The sport of fencing is divided into three weapons: Foila light thrusting weapon that targets the torso, including the back, but not the arms. Touches are scored only with the tip; hits with the side of the blade do not count, and do not halt the action. Touches that land outside of the target area (off-target) stop the action, and are not scored. Only a single hit can be scored by either fencer at one time. If both fencers hit at the same time, the referee uses the rules of right of way to determine which fencer gets the point. Sabrea light cutting and thrusting weapon that targets the entire body above the waist, excluding the off hand. Hits with the edges of the blade as well as the tip are valid. As in foil, touches which land outside of the target area are not scored. However, unlike foil, theseoff-target touches do not stop the action, and the fencing continues. In the case of both fencers landing a scoring touch, the referee determines which fencer receives the point for the action, again through the use of "right of way". pea heavier thrusting weapon that targets the entire body. All hits must be with the tip and not the sides of the blade. Touches hit by the side of the blade do not halt the action. Unlike foil and sabre, pe does not use right of way, and allows simultaneous hits by both fencers. However, if the score is tied at the last point and a double touch is scored, nobody is awarded the point.

Modern fencing originated in the 18th century, in the Italian school of fencing of the Renaissance, and, under their influence, was improved by the French school. The Spanish school didn't became prominent until the 19th century. Nowadays, these three schools are the most influential around the world. Darts Darts is a form of throwing game in which darts are thrown at a circular target (dartboard) fixed to a wall. Though various boards and rules have been used in the past, the term "darts" usually now refers to a standardised game involving a specific board design and set of rules. The dartboard may have its origins in the cross-section of a tree. An old name for a dartboard is "butt"; the word comes from the French word but, meaning "target".[4] In particular, the Yorkshire and Manchester Log End boards differ from the standard board in that they have no treble only double and bullseye, the Manchester board being of a smaller diameter, with a playing area of only 25 cm across with double and bull areas measuring just 4mm. The London Fives board is another variation. This has only 12 equal segments numbered 20, 5, 15, 10, 20, 5, 15, 10, 20, 5, 15, 10 with the doubles and triples being a quarter of an inch wide.

Golf Golf is a precision club and ball sport, in which competing players (or golfers) use many types of clubs to hit balls into a series of holes on a golf course using the fewest number of strokes. It is one of the few ball games that does not require a standardized playing area. Instead, the game is played on golf "courses", each of which features a unique design, although courses typically consist of either nine or 18 holes. Golf is defined, in the rules of golf, as "playing a ball with a club from the teeing ground into the hole by a stroke or successive strokes in accordance with the Rules." Golf competition is generally played for the lowest number of strokes by an individual, known simply as stroke play, or the lowest score on the most individual holes during a complete round by an individual or team, known as match play.

The modern game originated in Scotland, where the first written record of golf is James II's banning of the game in 1457, as an unwelcome distraction to learning archery. To many golfers, the Old Course at St Andrews, a links course dating to before 1574, is considered to be a site of pilgrimage. Golf is documented as being played on Musselburgh Links, East Lothian, Scotland as early as 2 March 1672, which is certified as the oldest golf course in the world by Guinness World Records. The

oldest surviving rules of golf were compiled in March 1744 for the Company of Gentlemen Golfers, later renamed The Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers, which was played at Leith, Scotland. The world's oldest golf tournament in existence, and golf's first major, is The Open Championship, which was first played on 17 October 1860 at Prestwick Golf Club, in Ayrshire, Scotland. Gymnastics Gymnastics is a sport involving the performance of exercises requiring physical strength, flexibility, agility, coordination, and balance. Internationally, all of the gymnastic sports are governed by the Fdration Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). Each country has its own national governing body affiliated to FIG. Competitive Artistic gymnastics is the best known of the gymnastic sports. It typically involves the women's events of uneven bars, balance beam, floor exercise, and vault. Men's events are floor exercise, pommel horse, still rings, vault,parallel bars, and high bar. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks, that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills. Other gymnastic sports include rhythmic gymnastics, the various trampolining sports, aerobic and acrobatic gymnastics. Participants can include children as young as two years old doing kindergym and children's gymnastics, recreational gymnasts of ages 5 and up, competitive gymnasts at varying levels of skill, and world class athletes.

TEAM SPORTS

Tennis Tennis is a sport usually played between two players (singles) or between two teams of two players each (doubles). Each player uses a racket that is strung to strike a hollow rubber ball covered with felt over a net into the opponent's court. Object of the game is to play the ball in such a way that the opponent is not able to play a good return. Tennis is an Olympic sport and is played at all levels of society at all ages. The sport can be played by anyone who can hold a racket, including people in wheelchairs. Rules and Regulation The players (or teams) start on opposite sides of the net. One player is designated the server, and the opposing player is the receiver. The choice to be server or receiver in the first game and the choice of ends is decided by a toss before the warm-up starts. Service alternates game by game between the two players (or teams.) For each point, the server starts behind their baseline, between the center mark and the sideline. The

receiver may start anywhere on their side of the net. When the receiver is ready, the server will serve, although the receiver must play to the pace of the server. In a legal service, the ball travels over the net (without touching it) and into the diagonally opposite service box. If the ball hits the net but lands in the service box, this is a let or net service, which is void, and the server gets to retake that serve. The player can serve any number of let services in a point and they are always treated as voids and not as faults. A fault is a serve that falls long or wide of the service box, or does not clear the net. There is also a "foot fault", which occurs when a player's foot touches the baseline or an extension of the center mark before the ball is hit. If the second service is also a fault, the server double faults, and the receiver wins the point. However, if the serve is in, it is considered a legal service. A legal service starts a rally, in which the players alternate hitting the ball across the net. A legal return consists of the player or team hitting the ball before it has bounced twice or hit any fixtures except the net, provided that it still falls in the server's court. A player or team cannot hit the ball twice in a row. The ball must travel past the net into the other players' court. A ball that hits the net during a rally is still considered a legal return. The first player or team to fail to make a legal return loses the point. The server then moves to the other side of the service line at the start of a new point. Officials The umpire has absolute authority to make factual determinations. The umpire may be assisted by line judges, who determine whether the ball has landed within the required part of the court and who also call foot faults. There also may be a net judge who determines whether the ball has touched the net during service. The umpire has the right to overrule a line judge or a net judge if the umpire is sure that a clear mistake has been made. The referee, who is usually located off the court, is the final authority about tennis rules. When called to the court by a player or team captain, the referee may overrule the umpire's decision if the tennis rules were violated (question of law) but may not change the umpire's decision on a question of fact. If, however, the referee is on the court during play, the referee may overrule the umpire's decision Tennis Court

Basic Skills : Tennis Forehand: The tennis forehand is the 'meat and potatoes', or the 'money shot' for the majority of tennis athletes. It is not necessarily the easiest stroke to learn, but it is the most natural. To visualize a tennis forehand, picture this for a moment. Tennis Backhand: The tennis backhand is executed from the side opposite of the forehand side. So if you are right-handed, your backhand is executed from the left side of your body and if you are left-handed, your backhand is executed from the right side of your body. Tennis Serve: The tennis serve initiates every point. The tennis player that is serving is termed the server and the other tennis player is termed the receiver. By rule, you can opt to serve anyway you see fit, it is your choice. Tennis Overhead: Similar to a serve, the overhead tennis technique is designed to earn points by striking the tennis ball as it floats in the air over the head to the forehand or backhand side of a tennis athlete's body.

Badminton Badminton is a racquet sport played by either two opposing players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles), who take positions on opposite halves of a rectangular court that is divided by a net. Players score points by striking a shuttlecock with their racquet so that it passes over the net and lands in their opponents' half of the court. Each side may only strike the shuttlecock once before it passes over the net. A rally ends once the shuttlecock has struck the floor. Rules and Regulations The modern badminton rules permit two different scoring formats: service and rally. In service play, a badminton game is won by scoring 15 points in doubles and men's singles, or 11 points in women's singles. In rally play, 21 points are needed to win a badminton game. In service play, only the serving team may score a point. If the rally is lost, service passes to the opponent in singles play. In doubles play, except for the first service of a game, each player on a team is permitted to serve at least once before service is lost. In rally play, a point can be awarded to either team, and in most cases, a point is awarded along with resumption of service, except when a rally point is lost by the first member of a serving doubles team. At the conclusion of each badminton game, players or teams must switch sides. If a third game is necessary during a match, sides are switched during that game when a player/team has reached eight points in doubles or men's singles, six points in women's singles, or 11 points in rally play. Badminton Serving Rules As in tennis, badminton service is always done diagonally, e.g. from the right service court to the opponent's left service court. The first serve is always taken from the right court, and subsequent serves are taken from alternating sides. Line shots in badminton service or rallies are considered in, though court bounds are different for singles and doubles play. The back line is the same for both, but singles badminton is played with the narrower of the two sidelines. A serve that strikes the net and lands in the opponent's court is a let serve and is retaken. During service, players must stand in their respective service courts. The receiving player is not permitted to move his/her feet until the badminton shuttlecock has been struck. The highest part of the serving player's badminton racquet must remain below his/her hand and waistline during service. In other words, only underhanded serves are permitted.

Officials The umpire has absolute authority to make factual determinations. The umpire may be assisted by line judges, who determine whether the ball has landed within the required part of the court and who also call foot faults. There also may be a net judge who determines whether the ball has touched the net during service. The umpire has the right to overrule a line judge or a net judge if the umpire is sure that a clear mistake has been made. The referee, who is usually located off the court, is the final authority about badminton rules. When called to the court by a player or team captain, the referee may overrule the umpire's decision if the badminton rules were violated (question of law) but may not change the umpire's decision on a question of fact. If, however, the referee is on the court during play, the referee may overrule the umpire's decision Badminton Court

Basic skills : Basic Serves

Two fundamental serves used are the low and high serve. The low serve is gently hit low over the net and designed to land at the front of the receiver's service court. This serve is used more in doubles play. The high serve is hit with a lot of force, high over the net so that it falls downward and vertically in the back of the opponent's service court. This serve is used more in singles play.

Basic Strokes

One of the most important fundamental strokes to learn is the clear. This shot can be hit with either the forehand or backhand. The underhand clear is used to return a low shuttle. The overhead clear is probably used more than any other stroke in badminton. With this stroke, the shuttle travels high and deep and keeps your opponent in the back of the court. Being able to hit a smash shot is also useful. This is when you hit the shuttle in a downward direction over the net in an attempt to end the point quickly. Football Association football, more commonly known as football (world-wide) or soccer (primarily United States and Canada), is asport played between two teams of eleven players with a spherical ball. At the turn of the 21st century, the game was played by over 250 million players in over 200 countries, making it the world's most popular sport.[1][2][3][4] The game is played on a rectangular field of grass or green artificial turf, with a goal in the middle of each of the short ends. The object of the game is to score by driving the ball into the opposing goal. In general play, the goalkeepers are the only players allowed to touch the ball with their hands or arms (unless the ball is carried out of play, where the field players are required to re-start by a throw-in of the game ball), while the field players typically use their feet to kick the ball into position, occasionally using their torso or head to intercept a ball in midair. The team that scores the most goals by the end of the match wins.

A brief description of the the Soccer Rules and Regulations. Law 1 : The Field of Play - This rule specifies the dimensions of all the following items: The Soccer Goal Area The Penalty Area The Height of the Flag Posts The Corner Arcs The Actual Goal - its position on the field and the size of it's posts, crossbar and opening. The Minimum and Maximum field size - Width & Depth, and the circumference of the Center Circle. If permitted under the applicable competition rules, matches may be played on a natural turf or artificial turf surface. In the case of artificial turf, the surface must meet the requisite quality standards (i.e. the FIFA Quality Concept for Artificial Turf or the International Artificial Turf Standard). Law 2 : The Ball - The Qualities and Measurements of the soccer ball. Law 3 : The Number of Players - The Minimums & Maximum number of players required to play a game. Substitution Procedures - How to deal with substitution of player before, during game. No more than six substitutions per team shall be permitted in friendly matches.

Law 4 : The Player's Equipment Safety First as mandated by the soccer rules. Law 5 : The Referee What the Referee's Authority Covers Powers and Duties of the Referee The Decision of the Referee is Final Law 6 : The Assistant Referee - The Duties of the Asst Referee. Law 7 : The Duration of the Match Periods of Play Half-time Allowance of Lost Time Penalty Kicks Extra Time. Law 8 : The Start and Restart of Play Pre-game - coin toss Kickoff Game Procedures Dropped Ball to Restart play. Law 9 : The Ball In and Out of Play - How a ball is determined whether it is In or Out of Play. Law 10 : The Method of Scoring How the ball is Scored Determining the Winning Team. With regard to the method for determining the winner of a match, the IFAB ruled in favour of extra-time, consisting of two periods of no more than 15 minutes each, followed by kicks from the penalty mark. As a result, matches will no longer be decided by golden goal or silver goal. Law 11 : Offsides Position - How to determining whether a Player is in an Offsides Position. The 3 exceptions to the Rule - Receive the ball from a Goalkick, Throw-in, or a Cornerkick. Law 12 : Fouls and Misconducts - How to award direct or indirect free kick or penalty during game. How to award card (yellow or red card) to the player. Any player removing his jersey after scoring a goal shall be cautioned for unsporting behaviour. Law 13 : Free Kicks Types of Free Kicks - Direct and Indirect Explanations of the Free Kicks. Law 14 : The Penalty Kick The Reason for a Penalty Kick Position of the Ball and Players The Referee Penalty Kick Procedures. Law 15 : The Throw-In The how and why a Throw-in is awarded Throw-in procedures. Law 16 : The Goal Kick The how and why a Goal Kick is awarded Goal Kick procedures. Law 17 : The Corner Kick - The how and why a Corner Kick is awarded and Corner Kick procedures.

Procedures to determine the winner of a match - Golden Goal in overtime, Kicks from the Penalty Mark The Technical Area - The Players area on the side of the field, the Coaches area on the side of the field Officials A referee presides over a game of association football. The referee has "full authority to enforce the Laws of the Game in connection with the match to which he has been appointed" (Law 5), and the referee's decisions regarding facts connected with play are final, so far as the result of the game is concerned. The referee is assisted by two assistant referees (formerly known as linesmen), and in some matches also by a fourth official. The match officials utilise a positioning system known as the diagonal system of control. Powers and duties Powers stopping, suspending or terminating the match at his discretion, for any infringements of the Laws; stopping, suspending or terminating the match because of outside interference of any kind; stopping the match if, in his opinion, a player is seriously injured and ensuring that he is removed from the field of play. An injured player may only return to the field of play after the match has restarted; allowing play to continue until the ball is out of play if a player is, in his opinion, only slightly injured; allowing play to continue when the team against which an offence has been committed will benefit from such an advantage and penalises the original offence if the anticipated advantage does not ensue at that time; taking disciplinary action against players guilty of cautionable and sending-off offences. He is not obliged to take this action immediately but must do so when the ball next goes out of play; taking action against team officials who fail to conduct themselves in a responsible manner and may, at his discretion, expel them from the field of play and its immediate surrounds. Duties enforcing the Laws of the Game; controlling the match in co-operation with the assistant referees and, where applicable, with the fourth official; ensuring that any ball used meets the requirements of Law 2; ensuring that the players' equipment meets the requirements of Law 4; acting as timekeeper and keeping a record of the match;

ensuring that any player bleeding from a wound leaves the field of play. The player may only return on receiving a signal from the referee, who must be satisfied that the bleeding has stopped; punishing the more serious offence when a player commits more than one offence at the same time; acting on the advice of the assistant referees regarding incidents that he has not seen; ensuring that no unauthorised persons enter the field of play; indicating the restart of the match after it has been stopped; providing the appropriate authorities with a match report, which includes information on any disciplinary action taken against players and/or team officials, substitutions and any other incidents that occurred before, during or after the match.

Football Field

Basic Skills : Dribbling Of all basic soccer skills, dribbling is probably the most fundamental. Dribbling involves keeping the ball moving between the players feet by kicking it from one foot to the other. Soccer players can dribble completely in place or can move slightly with the ball, focusing on keeping it under their feet entirely. Passing

Though it might make sense at first to be moving when it comes time to pass, soccer players should actually be stopped before passing. To do this, players should plant one foot on the ground, facing the direction they wish to pass. With the inside of the free foot, the athlete should connect with the ball and bring the leg through, giving the ball momentum and propelling it toward the target. Shooting Shooting a soccer ball for a goal takes concentration and much practice to be effective and accurate, but all soccer players can master this youth soccer skill with a few tips. To shoot the ball, players should plant their weak foot next to the ball. The foot should be pointing in the general direction that the ball will be kicked, but it does not have to be perfectly aligned, as the kicking foot will do the aiming.

Basketball Basketball is a team sport, the objective being to shoot a ball through a basket horizontally positioned to score points while following a set of rules. Usually, two teams of five players play on a marked rectangular court with a basket at each width end. Rules and regulation The object of the game is to outscore one's opponents by throwing the ball through the opponents' basket from above while preventing the opponents from doing so on their own. An attempt to score in this way is called a shot. A successful shot is worth two points, or three points if it is taken from beyond the three-point arc which is 6.25 metres (20 ft 6 in) from the basket in international games and 23 feet 9 inches (7.24 m) in NBA games. A one-point shot can be earned when shooting from the foul line after a foul is made. Playing regulations Games are played in four quarters of 10 (FIBA)[26] or 12 minutes (NBA). College games use two 20-minute halves, while high school varsity games use 8 minute quarters.15 minutes are allowed for a half-time break under FIBA, NBA, and NCAA rules and 10 minutes in high school.Overtime periods are five minutes in length except for high school which is four minutes in length.Teams exchange baskets for the second half. The time allowed is actual playing time; the clock is stopped while the play is not active. Therefore, games generally take much longer to complete than the allotted game time, typically about two hours. Five players from each team may be on the court at one time.Substitutions are unlimited but can only be done when play is stopped. Teams also have a coach, who oversees the development and strategies of the team, and other team personnel such as assistant coaches, managers, statisticians, doctors and trainers.

For both men's and women's teams, a standard uniform consists of a pair of shorts and a jersey with a clearly visible number, unique within the team, printed on both the front and back. Players wear high-top sneakers that provide extra ankle support. Typically, team names, players' names and, outside of North America, sponsors are printed on the uniforms. A limited number of time-outs, clock stoppages requested by a coach (or sometimes mandated in the NBA) for a short meeting with the players, are allowed. They generally last no longer than one minute (100 seconds in the NBA) unless, for televised games, a commercial break is needed. The game is controlled by the officials consisting of the referee (referred to as crew chief in the NBA), one or two umpires (referred to as referees in the NBA) and the table officials. For college, the NBA, and many high schools, there are a total of three referees on the court. The table officials are responsible for keeping track of each teams scoring, timekeeping, individual and team fouls, player substitutions, team possession arrow, and the shot clock. Officials In basketball, an official is a person who has the responsibility to enforce the rules and maintain the order of the game. The title of official also applies to the scorers and timekeepers, as well as other personnel that have an active task in maintaining the game. Basketball is regarded as among the most difficult sports to officiate, due to the speed of play and instantaneous judgement required. Officials are usually referred to as referees, however generally there is one lead referee and one or two umpires, depending on whether there is a two or three person crew. In the NBA, the lead official is called the crew chief and the other two officials are "referees". In FIBA-sanctioned play, two-man crews consist of a referee and an umpire, and three-man crews contain a referee and two umpires. Regardless, both classes of officials have equal rights to control almost all aspects of the game. In most cases, the lead official (In FIBA, the referee) performs the jump ball to begin the contest, though NFHS and NCAA recently has allowed the referee to designate which official (referee or umpire) shall perform the jump ball.

Basketball Court

Basic Skills : Dribbling Dribbling is an important skill for all basketball players. This skill will allow you to move up and down the court, maneuver past defenders and execute plays. Proper dribbling requires ball-handling skills and knowledge of how to spread your fingers for ball control. It is also best if you know how to dribble equally well with both hands. Shooting In order to score points in basketball, you need to shoot the ball into the hoop. This requires the ability to properly hold and throw the ball into the air toward the basket while avoiding defenders. A proper shot requires precise aiming, arm extension and lift from the legs. There are different types of shots you need to learn, including jump shots, layups and free throws. Passing Passing is another skill that when mastered can help you become a complete basketball player. Basketball is a team sport that involves finding a teammate who is open for a shot. The ability to pass the ball to this player can make the difference between scoring and not scoring. Really great passers are an important part of a basketball team and usually the ones who set up scoring plays.

Volleyball Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net. Each team tries to score points by grounding a ball on the other team's court under organized rules.[1] It has been a part of the official program of the Summer Olympic Games since 1964. Rules and Regulations : The complete rules are extensive. But simply, play proceeds as follows: A player on one of the teams begins a 'rally' by serving the ball (tossing or releasing it and then hitting it with a hand or arm), from behind the back boundary line of the court, over the net, and into the receiving team's court. The receiving team must not let the ball be grounded within their court. The team may touch the ball up to 3 times but individual players may not touch the ball twice consecutively. . Typically, the first two touches are used to set up for an attack, an attempt to direct the ball back over the net in such a way that the serving team is unable to prevent it from being grounded in their court. The rally continues, with each team allowed as many as three consecutive touches, until either (1): a team makes a kill, grounding the ball on the opponent's court and winning the rally; or (2): a team commits a fault and loses the rally. The team that wins the rally is awarded a point, and serves the ball to start the next rally. A few of the most common faults include: causing the ball to touch the ground outside the opponents' court or without first passing over the net; catching and throwing the ball; double hit: two consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same player; four consecutive contacts with the ball made by the same team. net foul: touching the net during play. foot fault: the foot crosses over the boundary line when serving

The ball is usually played with the hands or arms, but players can legally strike or push (short contact) the ball with any part of the body.

Basic skills : 1. Serving. This is where the game starts and is a necessary skill. There are two basic types of serves. One is overhand; where the player will throw the ball above their head, then hits it on the way down. The second is underhand, where the server cradles the ball in one hand and swings the opposite arm underneath the ball to hit it. Once the one of these basic serves is learned, a player can the practice variations of both of these. 2. Pass or reception. This is usually set up by a player called a "setter". It is used in order to take the ball and set the ball up to the other players on your own team. They will then have the ability to put the ball to the other side in a manner to win the point. 3. Tip. A tip is used as a way to trick the other team into thinking that the ball will go further than it will. The player will hit the ball lightly, making it barely go over the net but not too far into the opponent's area so that they can't hit it back.

4. Dig. This is a player's ability to keep the ball from striking the floor after it has been spiked. A player may often dive underneath the ball and extend his/her arms to make the save. 5. Rebound. This happens when the ball stays on one side (from a block), making the players "rebound", or take the ball back.