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Lecture 1 January 20 Lecture 13 February 24 Lecture 22 March 19 Astronomical Union: 150,000,000 km Earth-Sun distance Galileo: cool dude Mars

life, blah blah blah 1. A planet must orbit the Sun Lecture 2 January 23 Lecture 14 February 27 Lecture 23 March 21 2. Be large enough to be rounded Inverse square law of brightness Tycho: comets, Tychos supernova Asteroids. Landed on Eros, samples from by gravity st Kepler: Keplers 1 law: orbits are Itokawa. Meteor very small, asteroid very 3. Must have cleared its neighborhood where d = distance nd big. Meteorite if rock hit ground. Pluto is now only a dwarf planet. b = brightness, L = luminosity (wattage) eclipses. 2 law: planet sweeps same area in same time (planet moves faster Lecture 24 March 23 Lecture 34 April 25 Thermal radiation rd 2 4 close to sun, slower far away) 3 law: Kinetic energy Planet discovered around 51 Peg Where W/m /K 2 orbital period proportional to radius KE = mV /2 New planets discovered by seeing L = luminosity, Area = emitting area 2 3 Pyear = RAU m is mass in kg, V is velocity in m/s them pass in front of their star Stable temp when energy out = in 15 P is orbital period in years most asteroid ~5*10 kg, 30,000m/s Most stars have planets Tplanet = 260K / Sqrt(dAU)| C = K 273 12 R is orbital radius in AU most comet ~10 kg, 50,000m/s Lecture 35 April 27 Planet Density: Rock 3.3-5.5, Ice ~2 2 3 3 Newtons version: Pyear = RAU / MO Meteor Iron~8gm/cc Find stuff about new planets Gas 0.4-1.6, holey 0.4-1.5 gm/cm 12 Where MO is mass of star in solar masses 1 kiloton TNT = 4*10 J, Hiroshima = 15kt Craters: M,V,E,M,Mo,Mimas,Asteroid, ( ) Lecture 15 February 29 of TNT, Krakatoa = 100 Megatons of TNT, Comet. Rings: J, S, U, N. Atmosphere: ( ) Thermal light: all nuclear arsenals = 10 Gigatons of TNT V,E,M,Titan,Triton. Volcanoes: V,E,M, maxT = 0.0029 where T is temp in Lecture 25 March 26 Io, Enceladus, Triton Kelvins and max is wavelength of max Plate tectonics Lecture 3 January 25 G is gravity constant (see earlier) 4 L = AT where L is luminosity, A is surface1920: Continental drift, fossils, Atlantic fit Sky blue b/cuz blue light scatters most M is stars mass in Sun masses 2 area of object (4R for sphere!) T is temp1965: Add atlantic sea floor spreading Lecture 4 January 27 V is star velocity, P is orbit period -8 -2 -4 in Kelvin and is 5.67*10 Wm K Thorium 14by halflife, Uranium 4.5by Greek constellations come from Inverse-square law of brightness Potassium 1.2by. Percent heat 46, 37, 14 Mesopotamia, rest from Minoans is duration of ingress R is radius of orbit See lecture 2 1980: Add plates surrounded by stuff Stars shift whole zodiac every 2000 yr P is the orbits period Doppler shift 2012: Proven by measurement 2 Lecture 4 January 30 surface gravity = GMp/Rp wavelength shift/wavelength is equal to Volcanoes alone dont mean tectonics Sun rises east, sets west, high in summer, Mp is mass of planet, Rp is orbit radius velocity of source/speed of light Lecture 26 March 28 low in winter. | North hemisphere: sun 3 5 planet density = Mp/(4Rp /3) speed of light = 3*10 km/s Ozone protects against UV light rise SE set SW in winter. Equinox straight Escape vel, composition, see elsewhere Energy carried by light Montreal protocols limit CFCs east/west. Summer NE/NW. Jun 21 solHabitable zone: 0-100C E = hc/ where E is energy from photon, Lecture 27 March 30 stice most NE, Mar 21 Equi, Dec 21 solstiLecture 36 April 30 is wavelength of light, and hc is Basic global warming info. ce most SE. -16 Alien life could be very, very different 2*10 erg cm Lecture 28 April 2 Lecture 5 February 1 Lecture 37 May 2 Lecture 16 March 2 Dinosaurs killed by huge asteroid. Lecture 6 February 3 Drake Equation N = R*fpnefLfifcL Telescopes make images BRIGHTER and 1980: Iridium excess Stonehenge aligned with midsummer N # of intelligent communicating civ in magnify images. Refractors collect the 1990: Osmium excess, tektites, soot sunrise through heel stone. Poverty galaxy, R* rate of star formation, fp fra light at the bottom, but reflectors reflect found at K-T boundary point isnt aligned with anything. ction of stars with planets, ne number of it back to an eyepiece on the side. 1994: Shocked and doubly shocked Lecture 7 February 6 planets per star capable of having life, Lecture 17 March 5 quartz in K-T, smoking fun: Chicxulub Alignment intentional? fL fraction of these were life occurs, fi Look safely at sun with pinhole, aluminize crab in Yucatan peninsula Bighorn medicine wheel, caracol: no fraction of those where intelligence does, mylar, projection, solar filter, welder glassLecture 29 April 4 Chaco canyon/crab supernova: nope fc fraction of those that communicate Distance to Sun: 150,000,000 km = 1 AU Mass extinctions 12,900 years ago Sun dagger at Fajade Butte: Yes! 30 interstellarly, L lifetime of each civilization Mass of Sun: 2x10 kg The big freeze = younger dryas Lecture 8 February 8 Radius of Sun: 700,000km Killed huge animals, ended Clovis Man R is 10, fp is likely .5, nc is likely 2, fL ~1, Moon rises as crescent in east, goes high fi ~0.1, fc ~1, L between 50 and 10,000 Density of Sun: 1.4 gm/cc Evidence, but no smoking gun crater in sky and full, then to low on horizon 26 Lecture 38 May 4 Temperature of Sun: 4x10 watts Tunguska event: airburst 5 miles up again as crescent in west; one month Convincing evidence for aliens would be Composition: 74% H, 25% He Comet hits Jupiter in 1994 cycle. 38 1. Direct contact, 2. Radio signal that is 10 He atoms per second Asteroid: Metal, 5 gm/cc, 25 km/s Lecture 9 February 10 definitely intelligent, 3. Alien artifact Lecture 18 March 7 Hits ground, centuries notice Eclipselight red because red light bent Would take about 0.1 billion years to Sunspot counts COUNT = 10*G + F Asteroid: Rocky, 3 gm/cc, 25 km/s around Earth and falls on Moon colonize Milky Way. Milky Way is 10 G is # of groups, F is # of isolated spots Airburst, centuries notice Lecture 10 February 13 billion years old, 100,000 ly wide Carrington event 1 Sep 1859 11:18am Comet: Icy, 1 gm/cc, 50 km/s Newtons law of gravity Fermi Paradox: if it would be so quick Sunspot cycle period 11 years Airburst, weeks notice F is force of gravity, d is distance Maunder minimum 1643-1715 Tunguska 300 years, small comet/roid to colonize, and galaxy so old, where 2 2 N m /kg Lecture 19 March 12 50,000 years, Dinokiller 30 million years, are the aliens then? M mass of big, m mass of small Sun cycle has effect on Earth temperatureSterilize Earth billion years Spring tide: lunar and solar add But since 1975 temperature rise HUMAN 0.1, 1, 10, 100 km respectively -S, Mo, E in straight line Lecture 20 March 14 Lecture 30 April 16 Neap tide: lunar and solar cancel out Lecture 31 April 18 Escape velocity -S, Mo, E make right angle Jupiter 4 major moons, Io (volcano), Lecture 11 February 15 R is radius of planet, M is mass of planet, Europa (ocean), Ganymede, Callisto 2 2 Small angle formula Saturn 7 (Titan), volcano atmos rain lake G is N m /kg if is in radians Uranus 5 (Titania) Shakespeare ladies Lecture 21 March 16 Nepture 1 (Triton) volcano, atmosphere Icy rock far from sun if in arc-seconds Lecture 32 April 20 Iron-rich (~5.5 gm/cc) close to sun 2 radians = 360, 1 radian = 57 Comets have dust tail(rock), ion tail (gas) 1 = 0.035 radians, 1 = 3600 arc-seconds Silica-rich (~3.5 gm/cc) in the middle Oort cloud is cloud of far-out comets D is diameter of object, d is distance, is Planet radius = Kuiper belt are closer comets outside Nep angle Large Kuiper belt objects (KBO) similar to Where d is density, M is mass Lecture 12 February 17 2 Pluto made us question it as a planet Surface 1550 Ptolemy geocentric Copernicus heliocentric gravity = GM/R 2 2 Lecture 33 April 23 N m /kg 1620 Galileo Jup moons, Venus phases Where G is Pluto is no longer considered a planet. R is radius 1850 Abberation, parallax, Kepler/Newton It is simply the largest KBO. Kinetic Energy = Potential Energy laws, 2011 Radar and spacecraft 2 Official planet definition by International mV /2 = GMm/R

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