Prope erties of Orthodonti Arch wires ic

Load and elongat tion

Fr rom Proffit et al. Contemporary Orthodontics

Stress, strain and elastic modulus d

Stress () = Force =F/A Area Strain ()= Change in len ngth = l/L Original length O i i l l gth / = E (Elastic Modulus when specimen s) tested in tension or co p ompression

L/E curve vs. S/S curve

L/E curve takes into conside eration the geometry of the specimen aka extrinsic stiffness S/S curve normalizes the ge eometry out aka intrinsic stiffness A homogenous material sho ould only have one elastic modulus, but materials of different dimension will f have different L/E curves

Description of poi ints on a L/E and S/S curve and ter rminology
Proportional limit Yield point Ultimate Strength Failure point F il i t Or rthodontic terms Sti iffness Sp g pringiness p Ra ange Re esilience Fo ormability y

L/E and S/S curve definition of curve.definition points

From Proffit et al. Contemp porary Orthodontics p y

Terminology
Stiffness: slope of linear portion of the L/E curve, = Elastic modulus in S/S curve Range: Distance a wire will bend elastically before permanent deformation will occur Strength = Stiffness x Range
From Proffit et al. Contemporary Orthodontics

Resilence, Resilence formab bility and toughness

Resilience: Area under the S/S curve out to the proportional limit Formability: Amount of permanent d f deformation a wire i i can withstand before failing

From Proffit et al. Contemporary Orthodontics

Ideal orthodontic wire

High strength Low stiffness High range High formability Hi h f bilit Capable of taking weld d/solder Measurements in 1/10 th of inch or mm 000 0.016 0 016 inch wire is a co ommon size

Archwire materials
Size Shape Composition

Size
Diameter

From Proffit e al. Contemporary Orthodontics et

Length
2 l 2x length = 8 th 8x i springin in i iness ( b ) (cube) N = 4x in range (s square) = strength by (look at Fig 10-13 in text)

Shape
Round
.014 up to .020

Rectangular ecta gu a
.016 x .016 (162) squar re .021 x .025 Dimension is in inches

Length of wire

Remember: Increased length = increased range and flexibility n

Type of metals/alloys es Preci ious: Gold (in the past)

Composition

Stain nless steel: 18-8, strength, springiness, corrosion resist tance. Can weld Cobal Ch C balt Chromium: Chair side heat treatments possible i Ch i id h ibl eg: E Elgiloy, available in different grades (not comm monly used today) Nick Titanium (aka NiTi): have shape memory and kel super relastic, no formability at RT. Cannot weld

Beta-Titanium (aka TMA): Intermediate between steel and N NiTi. Can weld Usua sequence in orthodontics al Roun Rect. NiTi nd, Roun SS nd Recta angular TMA and/or SS
From Proffit et al. Contemporary Orthodontics

Stress/Stra Curves ain

Stainless Steel

L Load/Stres ss

Beta-Titanium Nic ckel Titanium

Deflectio on/Strain

ML Swartz

To get optimimal forces to move teeth

Vary the Size, shape, Size shape composition of the wire
ML Swartz D-Rect NiTi

Start treatment with more flexible wires and end with stiffer wires e allowing for controlled tooth/root movements, and 3-D control

Shape, size are d described in text

Now add Pages 334 4-337 to reading Do not need to know if Stiffness Range w Stiffness, or Strength increase by what factor e But do need to know if they increase or w decrease

Videos from Ormco..Cu NiTi m

Manufacture of Stai inless Steel Blanks

Source: Ormco

NiTi manufacture

Sour Ormco rce:

Summary
Know the points, areas and significance of each on the L/E and S/S curves Extrinsic and intrinsic proper rties, normalizing for geometry Orthodontic wire materials, w which is most flexible (thus used initially) and most stiff (towards end of treatment) y Effect of diameter and length on flexibility (springiness) of h wire i

National Board Pa II Questions art

Loops and helices are used in arch wires e p primarily to y
align teeth increase force of the w wires increase flexibility of th wires he hold soft tissues away from orthodontic brackets

Questions o