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AMEC Earth & Environmental, a division of AMEC Americas Limited SHOTCRETE FOR AFRICA CONFERENCE Misty Hills Conference Centre South Africa 2-3 March, 2009
Subject of Presentation
General Introduction Standards and Codes Shotcrete Materials Requirements Cementing Materials Aggregates Mixing Water Chemical Admixtures Shotcrete Performance Requirements
Shotcrete Materials
Cementing Materials
Portland Cement: CSA Type GU Fly Ash: CSA Type F or CI Silica Fume: CSA Type SF
120 100
Percent Passing
80 60 40 20 0
0.08
0.16
0.315
0.63
1.25
2.5
10
14
Chemical Admixtures
Water Reducing Admixtures Set Retarding or Hydration Controlling Admixtures Air Entraining Admixtures Set Accelerators Added at Nozzle
Fibres
Steel Fibres: ASTM C1116 Type I and ASTM A 820 Synthetic Fibres: ASTM C1116 Type III
Property
Maximum water/cementing materials ratio Slump (at discharge into shotcrete pump) Temperature (at discharge into shotcrete pump) Air content as shot Minimum early age compressive strength before re-entry under shotcrete Minimum compressive strength of shotcrete cores 1 Day 7 Days 28 Days Maximum values of boiled absorption Maximum volume of permeable voids Minimum Joules energy at 40 mm deflection in round panel test
Performance Requirement
0.40 170 20 mm 10-30oC 2-5 % 2 MPa
Technical Report
Density [kg/m3]
3150 2200 2744 2649 1000 1000 1000 910 Yield (m3) =
Volume [m3]
0.1365 0.0205 0.1385 0.4945 0.1850 0.0025 0.0012 0.0066 0.0202 1.0105
ASTM C1550
Conclusions
Production of quality shotcrete in an underground environment requires:
Rigorous shotcrete specifications Implementation of a quality management plan (follow ISO 9000 approach) Pre-production qualification of all materials and shotcrete mixture design Implementation of a systematic quality control inspection and testing plan for the aggregates, mix water and plastic and hardened shotcrete Use of nozzlemen and shotcrete batching, supply and application crew properly trained and qualified