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Chapter12 Solutions Dr.Golden CHEM1B

Solution
Homogeneousmixtures
composition may vary from one sample to another appears to be one substance, though really contains multiple materials

Mosthomogeneousmaterialsweencounterare actuallysolutions
For example, air and sea water

Naturehasatendencytowardspontaneousmixing
Generally, uniform mixing is more energetically favorable

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Solutions
Solute isthedissolvedsubstance
seems to disappear takes on the state of the solvent When both solute and solvent have the same state, the solvent is the component present in the highest percentage Solutions in which the solvent is water are called aqueous solutions

Solvent isthesubstancethesolute dissolvesin

does not appear to change state

Seawater
Drinkingseawaterwilldehydrateyouandgiveyoudiarrhea. Thecellwallactsasabarriertosolutemoving. Theonlywayfortheseawaterandthecellsolutiontohave
uniformmixingisforwatertoflowoutofthecellsofyour intestineandintoyourdigestivetract.

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CommonTypesofSolution
Solution Phase gaseous solutions liquid solutions solid solutions Solute Phase gas gas liquid solid solid Solvent Phase gas liquid liquid liquid solid Example air (mostly N2 & O2) soda (CO2 in H2O) vodka (C2H5OH in H2O) seawater (NaCl in H2O) brass (Zn in Cu)

solutionsthatcontainHgandsomeothermetalare
calledamalgams solutionsthatcontainmetalsolutesandametal solventarecalledalloys
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Brass
Type Color % Cu % Zn Density g/cm3 5 10 12.5 15 20 30 33 40 8.86 8.80 8.78 8.75 8.67 8.47 8.42 8.39 MP C 1066 1043 1035 1027 999 954 940 904 Tensile Strength psi 50K 61K 66K 70K 74K 76K 70K 70K Uses

Gilding Commercial Jewelry Red Low Cartridge Common Muntz metal

redish bronze bronze golden deep yellow yellow yellow yellow

95 90 87.5 85 80 70 67 60

pre-83 pennies, munitions, plaques door knobs, grillwork costume jewelry electrical sockets, fasteners & eyelets musical instruments, clock dials car radiator cores lamp fixtures, bead chain nuts & bolts, brazing rods 6

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Solubility
Whenonesubstance(solute)dissolvesinanother (solvent)itissaidtobesoluble. salt is soluble in water bromine is soluble in methylene chloride Whenonesubstancedoesnotdissolveinanotheritis saidtobeinsoluble. oil is insoluble in water Thesolubilityofonesubstanceinanotherdependson twofactors: 1.naturestendencytowardsmixing 2.thetypesofintermolecularattractiveforces 7

SpontaneousMixing

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Solubility
Thereisusuallyalimittothesolubilityofone substanceinanother.
Gasesarealways solubleineachother Twoliquidsthataremutuallysolublearesaidtobe miscible
alcohol and water are miscible oil and water are immiscible

Themaximumamountofsolutethatcanbedissolved inagivenamountofsolventiscalledthesolubility. Thesolubilityofonesubstanceinanothervarieswith temperatureandpressure.

MixingandtheSolutionProcess:Entropy
Formationofasolutiondoesnotnecessarily
lowerthepotentialenergyofthesystem
The difference in attractive forces between atoms of two separate ideal gases vs two mixed ideal gases is negligible. Yet the gases mix spontaneously

Thegasesmixbecausetheenergyofthe
systemisloweredthroughthereleaseof entropy.

Entropy isthemeasureofenergydispersal
throughoutthesystem.
The randomness

Energyhasaspontaneous drivetospreadout
overaslargeavolumeasitisallowed.

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IntermolecularForcesandtheSolutionProcess: EnthalpyofSolution
Energychangesintheformationof
mostsolutionsalsoinvolve differencesinattractiveforces betweenparticles. attractiveforces.
Endothermic

Mustovercomesolutesolute Mustovercomesomeofthesolvent
solventattractiveforces.
Endothermic

Atleastsomeoftheenergytodo
Exothermic

thiscomesfrommakingnewsolute solventattractions.

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IntermolecularAttractions

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RelativeInteractionsandSolution Formation
SolutetoSolvent SolutetoSolvent SolutetoSolvent SolutetoSolute+ SolventtoSolvent SolutetoSolute+ = SolventtoSolvent SolutetoSolute+ < SolventtoSolvent > SolutionForms SolutionForms SolutionMayor MayNotForm

When the solute-to-solvent attractions are weaker than the sum of the solute-tosolute and solvent-to-solvent attractions, the solution will only form if the energy difference is small enough to be overcome by the entropy.

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WillItDissolve?
ChemistsRuleofThumb LikeDissolvesLike Achemicalwilldissolveinasolventifithasasimilar
structuretothesolvent.

Whenthesolventandsolutestructuresaresimilar,the
solventmoleculeswillattractthesoluteparticlesatleastas wellasthesoluteparticlestoeachother.

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ClassifyingSolvents
Solvent Water,H2O MethylAlcohol,CH3OH EthylAlcohol,C2H5OH Acetone,C3H6O Toluene,C7H8 Hexane,C6H14 DiethylEther,C4H10O CarbonTetrachloride Class polar polar polar polar nonpolar nonpolar nonpolar nonpolar Structural Feature OH OH OH C=O CC&CH CC&CH CC,CH&CO, (nonpolar>polar) CCl,butsymmetrical
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Example12.1a predictwhetherthefollowing vitaminissolubleinfatorwater

The 4 OH groups make the molecule highly polar, and it will also H-bond to water. Vitamin C is water soluble.

OH OH H2C C H H C C HO OH O C C O

VitaminC
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Example12.1b predictwhetherthefollowing vitaminissolubleinfatorwater


The 2 C=O groups are polar, but their geometric symmetry suggests their pulls will cancel and the molecule will be nonpolar. Vitamin K3 is fat soluble.

O H C HC HC C H C C C O C C CH CH3

VitaminK3
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EnergeticsofSolutionFormation
overcomeattractionsbetweenthesoluteparticles
endothermic overcomesomeattractionsbetweensolvent molecules endothermic fornewattractionsbetweensoluteparticlesand solventmolecules exothermic

TheoverallHdependsontherelativesizesoftheH forthese3processes. Hsoln =Hsolute +Hsolvent +Hmix

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