SCIENCE PHYSICS You can detach this page You can detach this page

FORMULAE
You may find the following formulae useful. pressure = constant temperature (Kelvin) pressure volume = constant temperature (Kelvin) kinetic energy = electronic charge accelerating voltage work done = force distance moved in the direction of the force p1 p2 = T1 T2 p1 V1 p2 V2 = T1 T2 KE = e V W=Fs P= W t 1 T P A

power =

work done time taken

1 time period

frequency =

f =

Intensity =

power of incident radiation area

I=

You can detach this page

You can detach this page

FINAL EXAM P3

SCIENCE PHYSICS

BLANK PAGE

FINAL EXAM P3

SCIENCE PHYSICS
Surname Signature

Name

American Academy Larnaca Year5 Final Exam / Mock

Additional [Triple] Science

Physics

P3 Topics 5 and 6

Monday 30 April 2012 Time: 1 hour

Materials required for examination Calculator Items included with question papers Nil

Instructions to Candidates
In the boxes above, write your surname, name and signature. Check that you have the correct question paper. Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided in this question paper. Do not use pencil. Use blue or black ink. Some questions must be answered with a cross in a box ( ). If you change your mind about an answer, put a line through the box ( ) and then mark your new answer with a cross ( ). Show all stages in any calculations and state the units. Calculators may be used. Include diagrams in your answers where these are helpful.

Information for Candidates

The marks for individual questions and the parts of questions are shown in square brackets: e.g. [2 marks]. There are 8 questions in this question paper. The total mark for this paper is 60. There are 16 pages in this question paper. Any blank pages are indicated.

Advice to Candidates
You are reminded of the importance of clear English and careful presentation in your answers.

FINAL EXAM P3

Turn over

SCIENCE PHYSICS _______________________________________________________________________________________ 1. The pictures below are taken from a volley ball manual on a defensive technique called blocking. In this move the player jumps in front of the net to block the incoming strike.

1.6 m 0.7 m

The player has a weight of 750 N that acts at the centre of mass. The centre of mass moves from 0.7 m to 1.6 m during the jump. (a) Calculate the work done by the player during the jump.

Work done = J [2 marks] (b) It takes 0.8 sec for the player to complete his effort. Calculate the power of the player during the jump.

Power = W [1 mark] (c) The average power during Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) is 80 W. Explain why your answer in (b) is much larger.

[2 mark] [Total for Question 1: 5 marks] _______________________________________________________________________________________

FINAL EXAM P3

Turn over

SCIENCE PHYSICS _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Endoscopes are an important tool to diagnose diseases and performing operations. They use an external light source to illuminate organs. Light moves through optical fibres by total internal reflection.

optical fibres light source tissue

(a)

Complete the following sentences by putting a cross (

) in the correct box.

from a less dense material to a denser material In total internal reflection light moves from a denser material to a less dense material from one material to another of equal density (b) Which is the second condition for total internal reflection to occur?

[1 mark] (c) The optical fibre has an area of 4 105 (0.00004) m2. The light source gives a power of 0.2 W. Calculate the light intensity through the optical fibre.

Intensity = W/m2 [2 marks] [Total for Question 2: 4 marks] _______________________________________________________________________________________

FINAL EXAM P3

Turn over

SCIENCE PHYSICS _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Scientists use different types of radiations and particles. (a) Draw a line from each of the following descriptions to the radiation it describes. description particle alpha particle has the same mass and equal but opposite charge as an electron beta particle has equal and opposite charge as an electron but the mass of neutron positron has twice the charge of an electron and a much larger mass proton [3 marks] (b) Complete the following sentences by putting a cross ( ) in the correct box. alpha rays (i) The annihilation of a particle and an antiparticle produces beta rays gamma rays [1 mark] electron (ii) The antiparticle of positron is the proton antiproton [1 mark]

FINAL EXAM P3

Turn over

SCIENCE PHYSICS (c) PET scans use a positron emitter to detect areas of high glucose metabolism, like cancerous cells. The most common isotope used is Fluorine-18. It is injected into the patients body and it concentrates in areas of high activity. Fluorine-18 emits positrons. The patient is then placed in a PET scanner as shown in the diagram below.

(i)

Complete the following sentences by putting a cross ( electrons

) in the correct box.

Structures X on the diagram are detectors of

positrons gamma rays [1 mark]

(ii)

Explain briefly the main principles of how PET scans function.

[2 marks] [Total for Question 3: 8 marks] _______________________________________________________________________________________

FINAL EXAM P3

Turn over

SCIENCE PHYSICS _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Below you can see a diagram of an X-ray tube.

anode electrons

cathode

X-rays (a) Explain why the release of electrons is called thermionic emission.

[1 mark] (b) The X-ray tube is switched on for 8 sec. In this time interval 2.4 1018 electrons reach the anode. Calculate the current between the anode and the cathode. The charge of an electron is equal to e = 1.6 1019 C

Current = A [3 marks]

FINAL EXAM P3

Turn over

SCIENCE PHYSICS (c) The anode is kept at a high voltage. (i) The efficiency of X-ray production is about 1%. Describe one problem that this presents for the anode. Describe one way that is used to overcome the problem.

[2 marks] The X-rays that are produced have a range of energies. The graph below shows the energies that X-rays possess at two different anode voltages.

amount (intensity) of X-rays 3 kV 2 kV

energy of X-rays (ii) Explain why X-rays have a maximum energy that they cannot exceed.

[1 mark] (iii) Explain why this maximum energy is different for different anode voltages.

[1 mark] [Total for Question 4: 8 marks] _______________________________________________________________________________________

FINAL EXAM P3

Turn over

SCIENCE PHYSICS _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. The graph shows the number of neutrons plotted against the number of protons for the nuclei of stable isotopes.

neutron number, N

stability belt

proton number, Z (a) Mark with letter A on the graph the position of unstable isotopes that will undergo -decay. [1 mark] One of the unstable isotopes of Zinc can be described using the symbol
71 30 Zn

(b)

Zn-71 undergoes -decay which can be described by the equation below.

n p +

(i) (ii)

Mark the approximate position of this isotope on the graph with the letter X. [1 mark] Explain your choice in part (i)

[1 mark] Another unstable isotopes of Zinc can be described using the symbol
65 30 Zn

Zn-65 undergoes +-decay. (iii) Write an equation similar to that for Zn-71 to show what happens during +-decay.

[1 marks]

FINAL EXAM P3

Turn over

SCIENCE PHYSICS (iv) Name one fundamental particle that appears in any of the two equations above (either for the -decay or for the +-decay). Explain why you think its fundamental.

Particle: Reason: [2 marks] The decay of Zn-71 can be shown by the line below.
42 41 40 39

neutron number, N

38 37 36 35 34

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

atomic number, Z

(v)

Draw a similar line to show the decay of Zn-65. [1 mark]

(c)

Below is a table of particles that make up a proton and their electrical charge. u (i) 2 3 d 1 3

What do we call the particles that make up a proton?

[1 mark] (ii) Suggest what the composition of a proton is in terms of the particles u and d.

[1 mark] [Total for Question 5: 9 marks] _______________________________________________________________________________________ FINAL EXAM P3 9 Turn over

SCIENCE PHYSICS _______________________________________________________________________________________ 6. (a) Below you can see part of a typical electrocardiogram of an adult.
R 0.9 sec

T P

Q S Time (s)

(i)

Complete the following sentences by putting a cross ( part P

) in the correct box.

The part that represents ventricles contracting is

part QRS part T [1 mark]

(ii)

The peak-to-peak period of the heart beat is equal to 0.9 sec. Calculate the frequency of the heart in beats per minute.

Heart rate = beats / min [2 marks]

FINAL EXAM P3

10

Turn over

SCIENCE PHYSICS (iii) Below you see a regular electrocardiogram of an adult and a regular electrocardiogram of an infant. Electrocardiogram of an adult

Electrocardiogram of an infant

Describe two differences between the two cardiograms. 1. 2. [2 marks] (b) The graph shows the absorption characteristics of oxygenated and deoxygenated haemoglobin for red and infrared frequencies. We know that oxygenated haemoglobin absorbs more infrared radiation than red light. Deoxygenated haemoglobin absorbs more red light than infrared radiation.

absorption of light X Y wavelength (nm) (i) Identify which line X or Y represents oxygenated or deoxygenated haemoglobin. 11 Deoxygenated haemoglobin = [1 mark] Turn over

Oxygenated haemoglobin = FINAL EXAM P3

SCIENCE PHYSICS Below you can see a typical structure of an oximeter consisting of a photo-emitter (an LED), that sends red and infrared radiation through the finger, and a photo-sensor that detects red and infrared radiation.

photo-emitter emits red and infrared

photo-detector

Oximeters can be used to detect hypoxia in a patient. Hypoxia is a condition in which the body is deprived of adequate oxygen. (ii) Explain what frequency will the photo-sensor primarily detect if a person suffers from hypoxia?

[2 marks] (iii) Below you see a typical graph obtained from an oximeter.

absorption level

time Explain how you can tell that the graph shows a regular heart beat. [1 mark] [Total for Question 6: 9 marks] _______________________________________________________________________________________

FINAL EXAM P3

12

Turn over

SCIENCE PHYSICS _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Twice a day weather balloons are released simultaneously from 900 locations worldwide. They carry instruments that collect information about wind speeds, temperature, pressure etc. (a) As altitude increases the density of air in the atmosphere is lower. Explain whether the pressure at high altitudes is lower or higher than at sea level.

[3 marks] A weather balloon is released from sea level. It rises and expands collecting data about the weather. It is manufactured to burst at an altitude of about 25 km above the Earths surface. The instruments then drop gently onto the surface with a parachute. (b) The pressure at sea level is 100 kPa. The temperature at sea level is 23 C. The volume of the weather balloon when it is released is 0.8 m3. At 25 km high the pressure is 1.3 kPa and the temperature drops to 57 C. Calculate the volume of the balloon when it bursts.

Volume = m3 [3 marks] (c) Explain how the average kinetic energy of air particles at an altitude of 25 km compares to the average kinetic energy of air particles at sea level.

[2 marks] [Total for Question 7: 8 marks] _______________________________________________________________________________________

FINAL EXAM P3

13

Turn over

SCIENCE PHYSICS _______________________________________________________________________________________ 8. A cholescintigraphy scan is a 2-dimensional image that uses nuclear isotopes to evaluate the health and function of the gallbladder. A chemical containing a radioactive tracer is injected into the patients body. If the liver and gallbladder are functioning normally then the liver will remove the injected chemical and store it in the gallbladder. The procedure may last up to 4 hours.

liver gallbladder pancreas

small intestine

(a)

The radioactive tracer that is used must be a metal. Below you can see a table with possible candidates that can be used in the scan. Radioisotope Gallium-73 Indium-111 Technetium-99m Symbol
73

Type of decay

Half-life 5 hours 67 hours 6 hours

Ga In

111 99m

Tc

The procedure is used as a diagnostic measure. (i) Explain one reason why Gallium-73 is not suitable for this procedure.

[2 marks] (ii) Give one reason why Indium-111 is not suitable for this procedure.

[1 mark]

FINAL EXAM P3

14

Turn over

SCIENCE PHYSICS (b) If the liver and gallbladder are functioning normally, the injected chemical with the radioisotope will show up in the liver and gallbladder within 1 hour. In case of cholecystitis the chemical does not concentrate in the gallbladder but can circulate in the body even after 4 hours.

Choose from the scans above the one that corresponds to normal gallbladder functioning and the one that corresponds to cholecystitis. Normal functioning: Clolecystitis: [1 mark] (c) Tc-99m is artificially produced by bombarding Molybdenum-98 (Mo-98) with thermal neutrons. (i) Explain what thermal neutrons are.

[1 mark] Below you can see the chain of nuclear reactions that lead to the production of Tc-99. (ii) Complete the nuclear equations below, by filling in all the boxes.

n +
(iii) Identify the particle X.

98 42M o

Mo
[2 marks] [1 mark]

X =

FINAL EXAM P3

15

Turn over

SCIENCE PHYSICS (d) Cholescintigraphy is usually done only after an ultrasound scan gives inconclusive results. Give one advantage of the ultrasound compared to cholescintigraphy.

[1 mark] [Total for Question 8: 9 marks] _______________________________________________________________________________________ TOTAL FOR PAPER: 60 MARKS _______________________________________________________________________________________ END

FINAL EXAM P3

16

P3 MS MARK SCHEME p. 2 1. (a) (b) (c) h = 1.6 0.7 = 0.9 m [1 mark] ignore absence of unit Work = Weight h = 750 0.9 = 675 (J) [1 mark] Power = Work / time = 675 / 0.8 = 844 (W) [1 mark] Mark awarded for correct substitution even if final answer wrong. Reference to BMR being the minimum power / energy requirement for life [1 mark] Reference to player being active / exercising etc (or similar) [1 mark]

p. 3 2. (a) (b) (c) from a denser material to a less dense material [1 mark] Angle of incidence > Critical angle (or similar) [1 mark] I = P / A = 0.2 / (4 10 5) correct substitution [1 mark] I = 5 000 (W/m2) [1 mark]

p. 4 & 5 3. (a) description

has the same mass and equal but opposite charge as an electron has equal and opposite charge as an electron but the mass of neutron has twice the charge of an electron and a much larger mass

particle alpha particle beta particle positron proton

Every correct mapping [1 mark] (b) (i) (ii) (c) (i) (ii) gamma rays [1 mark] electron [1 mark] gamma rays [1 mark] Any two from [2 marks] e+s will collide / hit / contact with es Gamma rays emitted & detected Detectors form an image of high activity areas in the body

P3 MS

P3 MS p. 6 & 7 4. (a) Any one from [1 mark] The cathode / filament is heated The cathode / filament is at a high temperature es escape because of high temperature (or similar) I = Ne / t correct formula [1 mark] I = 2.4 1018 1.6 1019 / 8 correct substitution [1 mark] I = 0.048 = 0.05 (A) correct answer [1 mark] (i) Any one from [1 mark] A lot of heat is produced 99% of energy given out as heat in the anode The anode becomes hot / The anode temperature increases & Any one from [1 mark] The anode rotates (to give time to cool) is made of Tungsten / metal with high melting point is water-cooled Any one from [1 mark] An idea that uses conservation of energy es receive maximum energy from anode es cannot exceed a specific speed (depending on voltage) (or similar) Any one from [1 mark] As anode voltage => speed of es => accelerating force on es => kinetic energy of es (or any similar / valid)

(b)

(c)

(ii)

(iii)

p. 8 & 9 5. (a) A
neutron number, N stability belt

proton number, Z

Anywhere above & to the right of the stability belt [1 mark]

P3 MS

P3 MS p. 8 & 9 (cont) 5. (b) (i) A

neutron number, N stability belt

proton number, Z

Anywhere above the stability belt & lower than A [1 mark] (ii) Any one from [1 mark] Too many neutrons than protons Too few protons than neutrons Any reference to a large n/p ratio p n +

(iii) (iv)

+ [1 mark]

Any one from [1 mark] electron / e / positron / anti-electron / e+ / + & Any one from [1 mark] Not made of other particles Cannot be broken further (to other particles) (or similar)
42 41 40 39

(v)

neutron number, N

38 37 36 35 34

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

atomic number, Z

(c)

(i) (ii)

Quarks [1 mark] u u d / 2 u & 1 d etc [1 mark] 3

P3 MS

P3 MS p. 10, 11 & 12 6. (a) (i) (ii) (iii) part QRS [1 mark] f = 1/ T = 1 / 0.9 = 1.1 Hz correct substitution & answer [1 mark] ignore (absence of) unit 1.1 60 = 66 = 66.6 = 67 (beats /min) conversion to min [1 mark] 1. Anyone from [1 mark] Infant frequency higher / Adult frequency lower Infant has a faster heart beat / heart beats faster (or reverse reasoning) & 2. Anyone from [1 mark] Amplitude lower for infant / Amplitude higher for adult Infants heart beats with smaller force (or reverse reasoning) etc. Oxygenated blood = X Deoxygenated blood = Y [1 mark]

(b)

(i) (ii)

Mostly infrared / 910 nm [1 mark] & Any one from [1 mark] Deoxygenated haemoglobin will absorb mostly red Hypoxia means high level of deoxygenated blood / haemoglobin (or similar) Any one from [1 mark] Idea of a regular pattern / shape etc Constant f / T etc

(iii)

p. 13 7. (a) Pressure lower (at high altitudes) [1 mark] There are fewer air particles / molecules etc [1 mark] Fewer collisions with balloon (walls) (or similar) [1 mark] 23 + 273 = 296 K

(b)

P1 V1 P2 V2 = T1 T2
(c)

100 0.8 1.3 V2 = correct substitution [1 mark] 296 216

57 + 273 = 216 K

both conversions to K [1 mark]

V2 = (100 0.8 216) / (296 1.3) = 44.9 = 45 (m3) correct answer [1 mark] Average KE lower (at higher altitude) [1 mark] & Any one from [1 mark] KE is lower at lower temperature Speed of particles / molecules lower at lower temperature KE is (directly) proportional to (absolute) temperature

P3 MS

P3 MS p. 14, 15 & 16 8. (a) (i) -emitter [1 mark] & Any one from [1 mark] Too dangerous Very ionising (or similar) Any one of [1 mark] Long half-life => dangerous Will stay in body (long) after scan => dangerous Dangerous alone does not get mark w/o reasoning Cholecystitis = X [1 mark]

(ii)

(b) (c)

Normal functioning = Y (i)

Any one from [1 mark] Low (kinetic) energy / Slow neutron (Free) Neutron with KE similar to that of surrounding particles
1 0

(ii)

n +

98 42M o
42

99

Mo
1

[2 marks] Every 3 correct [1 mark] (iii) (d) X = electron [1 mark]

Any one from [1 mark] Non-invasive technique No danger of radioactivity / ionization / cancer etc

P3 MS