Lect 10 - Wood and Composites

09/10/2011
Construction Materials
Lecture 10 Wood and Composites
Dr Rijun Shrestha j rijun.shrestha@eng.uts.edu.au 9514-9067 CB02.7063
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48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011
Contents
Wood Numerical problems Break Wood (contd.) Composites
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Wood and Composites (Part 1)
Wood
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Application of wood
Internal / External
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Application of wood (contd.)

Decorative / Structural
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Domestic Large-Span structures
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Commercial Bridges
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Advantages
Light weight High t Hi h strength to weight ratio th t i ht ti Aesthetic value Good insulation characteristic Environmental benefits Naturally produced material - renewable Untreated wood completely biodegradable Less energy to produce compared to steel, concrete, aluminium, plastics. Stores carbon
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Wood used in different forms

Sawn Timber Engineered Wood Products (EWPs) Plywood Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL) Glue Laminated Timber (Glulam) Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) Particle board Oriented Strand Board (OSB), etc
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Structure of wood - cell

Plant cell composed to three main chemicals Cellulose network of molecules fibrous Lignin a gel type substance - woody property Bonds various cells together Hemicellulose cross linking - binds cellulose into the cell
Spirally wound fibres

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Straight fibres
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Structure of wood cell structure

v e s s e ls fib r e s c e lls la te w o o d e a r ly w o o d rays
ra y s
h ard w o o d
s o ftw o o d
ray s
Vessels only in hardwoods distinguishing structural feature between hardwood and softwood Hardwood birch, maple, oak - flowering Softwood pine, spruce, fir non-flowering
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Structure of wood cell structure

Wood cells formed between bark b k and wood d d Inner side new cells added to Xylem (woody tissue transporting nutrients ad water) Outer side new cells added to Phloem (bark like tissue transporting food materials)
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Structure of wood
Sapwood and Heartwood H Heartwood t d Provides structural support Cells become blocked with deposits Difficult to impregnate with preservative Sapwood Younger outermost wood Conducts water and stores food More susceptible to fungal and insect attack due to presence of starches Easy to impregnate with preservatives
Structure of wood
Earlywood and Latewood Earlywood Produced in flush of growth springwood Large diameter, short length, thinner wall fibres Latewood Produced later in growing season summerwood Better strength characteristics
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Mechanical properties
Different properties in three different directions p p Orthotropic Longitudinal, Transverse, and Radial
Longitudinal
Radial
Tangential 09/10/2011 48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011 15
Strong parallel to grain & Stiff parallel to grain
Weak perpendicular to grain
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Mechanical properties
AS 4063.1 2010 Modulus of Rupture Modulus of Elasticity
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Mechanical properties (2)

Tensile strength parallel to the grain Tensile strength perpendicular to the grain
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Compressive strength parallel to the grain Compressive strength perpendicular to the grain
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Shear strength parallel to the grain Shear strength perpendicular to the grain
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Cleavage strength resistance to force acting perp. to grain and tending to split a member Impact strength energy needed to break a specimen Hardness resistance against wear and marking g
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Factors affecting mechanical properties

Species Age of tree Climatic conditions Density Brittleheart Rate of growth Late wood Position in tree Temperature Load duration Defects Moisture content
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Factors affecting mechanical properties (1) Density Denser species better mechanical properties Denser species - hard to dry Density within a species - affected by factors such as growth defects
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Factors affecting mechanical properties (2) Brittleheart wood near the heart of the tree - core d th h t f th t high compressive forces during early growth stages low impact or shock resistance
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Factors affecting mechanical properties (3) Rate of growth Species with medium rate of growth have better strength characteristics compared to slow and fast growth material
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Factors affecting mechanical properties (4) Percentage of latewood thicker walled cells in wood formed in late growing season denser and stronger than the ones formed in the early growing season
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Factors affecting mechanical properties (5) Position in tree Timber from bottom logs are sightly denser Therefore, stronger
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Factors affecting mechanical properties (6) Temperature Higher temperature lowers the strength properties Related to moisture content Temperature change affects the relative humidity - affects the moisture content Generally reversible Prolonged exposure above 90 degrees C, however, irreversible
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Factors affecting mechanical properties (7) Duration of load Ti b creeps under long duration load Timber d l d ti l d Incremental deformation under constant load Amount and rate of creep depends upon Moisture migration Ambient conditions (temperature, RH) Member size Creep deformation in green timber is more significant than seasoned timber under constant humidity
Factors affecting mechanical properties (8) Defects K t Knots Grain distortion Decay Insect attack Discussed later
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Moisture Content
M .C Weight of water in wood oven dry weight of wood
Expressed as % E d
Strength normally increases as wood dries Modulus of rupture and compressive strength parallel to grain - increase by 70100% at 12% m c m.c. However, M.C has reverse effect on impact resistance. Checks, splits and honeycombing
Moisture in Wood Cells

100% Growing tree
Unseasoned timber free water 25% Partially seasoned timber bound water
fibre saturation removed bound water

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Seasoned timber
15%
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Moisture content and Shrinkage

Moisture in two forms Bound water cell walls Free water cell cavities Fibre saturation point Level of moisture content when the cell walls are fully saturated and there is not moisture in the cell cavities Varies between 21 and 32% 30% for engineering calculations g g Shrinkage/swelling below FSP
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Shrinkage and Swelling

Change in moisture content beyond FSP has no effect on shrinkage and swelling Only when the moisture content is below FSP, wood shrinks/swells with change in moisture content Different rates in longitudinal, radial and tangential direction
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 Shrinkage/swelling rate % g
Tangential Radial
Longitudinal 5 10 15 20 25 30
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Numerical Problem
A wood sample weighing 412.5g was weighed and then oven dried at 103C till a constant weight was reached If the moisture reached. content was calculated to be 22.75%, find the weight of the oven dried sample. Answer 336.05 g
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Numerical Problem
A 300 mm wide radiata pine plank is cut out such that the width is in the tangential direction of the annual rings Calculate the rings. width of the plank if the moisture content changes from 35% to 15%. The tangential shrinkage/swelling rate for radiata pine is known to be 9% when its moisture content is varied from fibre saturation point to oven dried state. The fibre saturation point for radiate pine is 27%. (Answer = 288 mm)
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Production
Sawing Seasoning Surfacing Grading Preservative treatment
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Production (1)
Sawing Different types of saws can be used Circular Frame Band
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Production (2)
Seasoning-process to remove water from wood d Kiln drying Air drying Other Chemical, microwave
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Reason for drying

Dimensional stability in service condition Strength Drying facilitates preservative treatment Prevention from decaying and insects Reduced weight easier transportation
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Production (3)
Surfacing To achieve plain wood surface Better results when done after seasoning
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Production (4)
Grading Visual stress grading Machine stress grading Proof grading
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Production (5)
Preservative treatment Water-borne preservatives Light organic solvent-borne preservatives Oil-borne preservatives
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Defects in wood (1)

Knots remnants of branches captured by growing t i trunk k
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Defects in wood (2)

Grain distortion
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Defects in wood (3)

Shakes, Checks and splits
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Defects in wood (4)

Bark pocket
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Defects in wood (5)

Warp Bow Spring/Crook Cup Twist
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Other defects (6)

Wane/want missing pieces from cross-section Reaction wood Pitch/resin pocket
Resin pocket
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Reaction wood
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Defects in wood (7)

Organisms that degrade wood Fungal growth Oxygen Temperature Food Moisture Insects beetles, termites, borers Bacteria Prolonged contact with soil Marine organisms Marine boring organisms
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Wood and Composites (Part 2)
Composites
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What are Composites?

Two or more materials combined Property is a function of constituents Superior properties compared to constituents Stiffness Strength Density Corrosion resistance Fatigue life Insulation and thermal resistance
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Composites
Constituent materials have different properties Alloys not composites Similar properties for constituents Examples Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) Concrete Reinforced Concrete Engineered Wood Products
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Composites - examples
Fibre Reinforced Polymers (FRP) Fib Fibres Carbon Glass Aramid Nylon Silicone Polymer Epoxy Polyurethanes
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Concrete Cement Aggregate Sand Admixtures
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Reinforced Concrete Concrete Reinforcement Bars
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Engineered Wood Products Timber Glue Reinforcement
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Application FRP for strengthening
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Source: Taljsten (2003)
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Application - FRP for Strengthening
Strengthening of a reinforced masonry arch Source: International Institute for FRP in Construction
FRP Photo Competition '05: http://www.iifc-hq.org/photocompetition05/ 09/10/2011 48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011 59
Application - FRP Reinforcement
Laying Aslan 100 GFRP Rebar: Sierrita de la Cruz Creek Bridge near Amarillo Texas USA
Source: International Institute for FRP in Construction FRP Photo Competition '05: http://www.iifc-hq.org/photocompetition05/ 09/10/2011
Spreading concrete over a grid of carbon fibre reinforcing bars

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Application
- All FRP
FRP cable stayed bridge in Jiansu Province, China

The Johnson County, Kentucky Swinging Bridge, USA, is 128 m long. It is the longest FRP bridge superstructure in the world.
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Application - All FRP
The Clear Creek Bridge (Kentucky, h l k d ( k USA) is 18.3 m (60 ft) long and is the first bridge to use hybrid carbon/glass FRP pultruded beams.
First Highway-rated AllComposite Bridge in Missouri, USA (span = 9m)
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Application - All FRP
FRP handrails
60-foot RStandard(tm) Modular Composite Utility Pole

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Phases
Continuous Matrix Metal Polymer Discrete Fibres, Particles
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Matrix
Metal High strength Abrasion resistance High operating temperature Corrosion Weight
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Matrix
Polymer Low cost Low weight Corrosion resistant Sensitive to temperature UV light Low elastic modulus
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Composites - Classification
Microscopic fibres, particles m Fibre Reinforced Particle Reinforced Macroscopic larger size constituents e.g. aggregate, rebars
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Microscopic composites
Two phase Continuous matrix (polymer, metal) Dispersed fibres/particles Property governed by distributed phase Shape Size Distribution Orientation
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Fibre reinforced composites

Fibres dispersed phase Fibres main load carrying components Matrix binds fibres in place Fibre types Carbon Aramid Glass Nylon Silicone Superior properties due to fewer internal defects in fibres
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Important parameters
Fibre volume Type of fibre Type of resin Fibre orientation Quality control during manufacturing
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Tensile strength
Tension test set-up
Tensile failure of plate
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Particle reinforced composites

Particles dispersed through matrix Particle size 0.01 to 0.1 micron Matrix main load carrying components Particles prevents dislocation of matrix Particle size > 0.1 micron Load shared by particles and matrix Particles act as fillers
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Macroscopic composites
Concrete Cement paste p aggregate Reinforced concrete Cement paste Aggregate Reinforcement bars EWP Glue Wood Asphalt A h lt concrete t Bitumen Aggregate Filler
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Lect 10 - Wood and Composites

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Lect 10 - Wood and Composites

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09/10/2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

Wood and Composites (Part 1)

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

Application of wood (contd.)

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

Application of wood (contd.)

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

Application of wood (contd.)

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

Wood used in different forms

Structure of wood - cell

Spirally wound fibres

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

Structure of wood cell structure

Structure of wood cell structure

Tangential 09/10/2011 48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011 15

Strong parallel to grain & Stiff parallel to grain

Weak perpendicular to grain

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

Mechanical properties (2)

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

Mechanical properties (3)

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

Mechanical properties (4)

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

Mechanical properties (5)

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

Factors affecting mechanical properties

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

Moisture in Wood Cells

fibre saturation removed bound water

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

Moisture content and Shrinkage

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

Shrinkage and Swelling

Moisture Content % 48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

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Reason for drying

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48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011

Defects in wood (1)

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Defects in wood (2)

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011 Construction Materials Lecture 12

Defects in wood (3)

48352 L10 Spring Semester 2011 Construction Materials Lecture 12