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CHAPTER-I INTRODUCING GODS OWN COUNTRY KERALA INTRODUCTION

Kerala is truly the undiscovered India. It is God's own country and an enchantingly beautiful, emerald-green sliver of land. It is a tropical paradise far from the tourist trial at the southwestern peninsular tip, sandwiched between the tall mountains and the deep sea. Kerala is a long stretch of enchanting greenery. The tall exotic coconut palm dominates the landscape. Kerala is a 560-km long narrow stretch of land. At the widest, Kerala is a mere 120-km from the sea to the mountains. Gracing one side of Kerala, are the lofty mountains ranging high to kiss the sky. And on the other side the land is washed by the blue Arabian Sea waters. The land is covered with dense tropical forest, fertile plains, beautiful beaches, cliffs, rocky coasts, an intricate maze of backwaters, still bays and an astounding 44 glimmering rivers. Kerala's exotic spices have lured foreigners to her coast from time immemorial.

ETYMOLOGY
The name Kerala has an uncertain etymology. Keralam may stem from the Classical Tamil chera-alam ("declivity of a hill or a mountain slope") or chera alam ("Land of the Cheras"). Kerala may represent an imperfect Malayalam portmanteau fusing kera ("coconut palm tree") and alam ("land" or "location"). Natives of Kerala , known as Malayalis or Keralites , refer to their land as Keralam

HISTORY Ancient History

Keralas history dates back to the Puranic era. Traditional Keralite Legends say that Parsurama, an avatara of Mahavishnu threw his battle axe into the sea and as a result of which the land Kerala arose. The state derives its name from the word Kerala which means Land of Coconuts in Malayalam.

2 As per the first recorded history of Kerala, the land was under the indirect rule of Mauryan Empire. In the inscriptions of Ashoka (269-232 b. c.), it is mentioned that there were four independent kingdoms that lay to the south of his empire. These were kingdoms of the Cholas, the Pandyas, the Keralaputras and the Satiyaputras. The kingdom of Keralaputras or the Cheras were controlling over Malabar, Cochin and North Travancore all are parts of present day Kerala. They entertained their freedom as they were having good terms with the Mauryan Empire. During 7th and 8th century AD the development and revival of Hinduism began to emerge due to the involvement of the great theologian and social reformer Adi Shankaracharya. He was born in Kalady, located 25 kilometres northeast of Cochin. He traveled the whole country in length and breadth and carried out the reformation movement of Hinduism over Buddhism. He was a great organizer who established four mathas at four corners of the country. These religious shrines are located at Sringeri in Karnataka, Dwarka in Gujarat, Puri in Orissa and Badrinath in Uttaranchal. He died at the young age of 32. The subsequent reign of Kerala was under the control of Chera kings and Venad rulers until the land was acquired by the European traders. During medieval period (16th century onwards) Calicut emerged as a major sea port and attracted Portuguese, Dutch and British traders to establish their posts here.

Colonial Era
Arabians had the first to control over the trade of spices in Kerala. It was Vasco da Gama who arrived in Kerala in 1498 to break the determination of Arabs control over trade of spices grown in Kerala. He established the first Portuguese fortress in Cochin, by taking the advantage of the rivalry between the royal families of Calicut and Cochin. The conflict between Calicut and Cochin helped Dutch to establish their trade settlements in Kerala and they finally expelled the Roman Catholic Portuguese from this land. The Dutch, however, were unable to continue here beyond 18th century due to the fight between the rulers of Mysore. Then, came the British who were the most successful

3 colonial power in India. Tipu Sultan, the successor of Hyder Ali had conflict with the British, and the four Anglo-Mysore wars were fought across southern India in the latter half of the 18th century. Tipu Sultan ceded Malabar District to the British in 1792, and South Kanara, which included present-day Kasargod District, in 1799. The British ended their treaties of subsidiary alliance with the rulers of Cochin (1791) and Travancore (1795), and they became princely states of British India, maintaining local autonomy in return for a fixed annual tribute tothe British. Malabar and South Kanara districts were part of British India's Madras Presidency. The uprising of Indian freedom movement was also felt in Kerala. The non-violence and Satyagraha were instrumental in almost all parts of the state. Mass protests were also held at various places to eradicate various social evils like untouchability and caste feelings. After India got her independence in 1947, the state ofKerala was created on November 1, 1956 when Malabar District was merged with Tranvancore-Cochin state and Kasargod taluk of South Kanara District to form the State ofKerala, based on the recommendations of the State Reorganisation Commission set up by the Government of India.

Modern Period
Kerala emerged as a separate state in the Indian Union on November 1, 1956. The first election in the state was held in 1957 and resulted the formation of a Communist-led Government under the leadership of E.M.S. Namboodiripad. He brought radical changes in the lives of farmers and labourers. Till todayKerala is considered as a Communist dominated state.

GEOGRAPHY
Kerala is located on the Malabar Coast, in the southwest of India. It shares its borders with Tamil Nadu to the east and Karnataka to northeast. There is the Arabian Sea to the west and the Indian Ocean to its south. It is bounded by the Western Ghats in the east. Total area of Kerala is about 38,863 square kilometers. It is situated within the humid equatorial tropics. Kerala's coast is about 580km in length. The state comprises of 14 districts. Geography of Kerala is characterized by three climatically distinct regions.

4 They are the eastern highlands having cool and rugged mountainous terrain, the western lowlands, which includes coastal plains, and the central midlands consisting of rolling hills. The major features of the geography of Kerala are the golden seashores, zigzag rocky terrain of the Western Ghats, abundant coconut trees, the beautiful rivers and gushing cascades, along with straggling plantations and paddy fields and fascinating flora and fauna. Of course, without the mention of languid backwaters, no account of the geography of Kerala can be complete.

CLIMATE
The coastal state of Kerala is known as the tropical paradise of India. This wonderful land with stunning beauty has a humid tropical climate, offering a pleasant atmosphere throughout the year. The climate is humid and hot during April to June, which is the period through which summer extends itself. During this period, the temperature reaches up to 33 degree centigrade. The southwest monsoon starts from June and continues till September. Kerala gets most of its rains from seasonal monsoons. The temperature drops with the arrival of winter. The winter lasts from November to January/February and is a pleasant time in Kerala. The mildly cold and pleasant weather can be experienced at its best in December and January.

RIVERS, LAKES AND BACKWATERS

Kerala is known as the land of water bodies due to its numerous waterfalls and backwaters. There are 34 lakes with sparkling, emerald waters, and 49 rivers with several tributaries. Out of them, 46 rivers flow to the west and remaining three rivers flow to the east. They originate in the Western Ghats and flow towards the west, into the Arabian Sea. Several lakes form excellent destinations for the backwater tours in Kerala. Some of the popular lakes are Vembanad Lake, Pookot Lake, Ashtamudi Lake, Sasthamkotta Lake and Akkulam Lake.

CHAPTER-II CULTURE
"Gods own Country" has a unique culture. One of the top ten Asian destinations, God's own country or Kerala takes the pride of place for its repertoire of rich cultural heritage. Kerala holds a place of honour for its contribution to the cultural heritage.Kerala's culture is in fact, an integral part of Indian culture. The culture of Kerala is also a composite and cosmopolitan culture to which several people and races have made their significant contributions. Kerala's population comprises of a large number of people originally belonging to the Dravidian clan, who also inhibit most of the southern part of . Hinduism is the principal religion with considerable percentages of Muslims and Christians. The gradual evolution of a cosmopolitan culture led to the emergence of a spirit of tolerance and catholicity of outlook, which still persist among the people of Kerala.The tradition and culture of the native people is especially charming in Kerala.

CUISINE

The Cuisine of Kerala is mildly flavored and gently cooked, and characterized by the use of coconut. Kerala cuisine encompasses an interesting combination of vegetables, meats and seafood flavored with a variety of spices, and cooked mostly in coconut milk. The juice of the tender coconut is a favorite drink in every part of Kerala, and it leaves you thoroughly refreshed. A typical Kerala feast, referred to as sadya, is spread out temptingly on a clean green banana leaf. And the food is to be eaten with the fingers. Even the dessert, payasam, that tastes like rice pudding, is served on the leafy plate. The culinary efforts of the

6 different communities of Kerala come out in distinctly different dishes of great variety. While Hindus specialise in delicious vegetarian food such as sambar, rasam, olan, kaalan, pachadi, kichadi, aviyal, thoran and so on. The Muslims and Christians excel in non vegetarian cuisine. The pathiri, a sort of pancake made of rice flour, and biriyani which is a mouthwatering dish of rice cooked along with meat, onions, chillies and other spices are Muslim culinary delights. Christians have interesting recipes to make an array of fish dishes such as meen pollichathu, fish molee and so on. Christian cookery specially caters to people with a sweet tooth crunchy kozhalappam, achappam, cheeda, churuttu etc. A typical Kerala breakfast may be puttu, which is rice powder and grated coconut steam cooked together, idiappam (string hoppers), or the most delicious of them all, the appam. Appam is a kind of pan cake made of rice flour fermented with a small amount of toddy (fermented sap of the coconut palm) which is circular in shape, rather like a flying saucer, edged with a crisp lacy frill. It is eaten with chicken or vegetable stew. Kanji (rice gruel) and payaru (green gram), kappa (casava) and fish curry are traditional favourites of Keralites. Almost every dish prepared in Kerala has coconut and spices added to it spices such as cinnamon, cardamom, ginger, cloves, garlic, cumin, coriander, turmeric etc. Spices are used in Kerala to tone up the system the way wines aid the digestion of western cuisine. The juice of tender coconut worlds safest natural soft drink is a refreshing nutritious thirst quencher. The staple food of the masses is rice. Kerala cuisine also has a medley of pickles and chutneys. And the crunchy papadams, banana chips and jack chips can give french fries a run for their money any day.

FESTIVALS
Kerala is a land of colourful festivals, which have a long history and tradition behind them. Kerala's innumerable festivals however stand out because of their uniqueness.

Onam

Onam is one of the most significant harvest festivals of Kerala and is an attraction for thousands of people outside and within the state. All the activities during this season are centered on worshipping, music, dance, sports, boat races and good food. This festival is celebrated in the Malayalam month Chingam (ending of August and beginning of September). Onam is a harvest festival and celebrates the reward of nature after a year of hard work. The merry making of the festival includes an elaborate procession of Trichur and amusing boat races on River Pampa. Women dress up in heavy jewelry and new saris and make complx and detailed designs of rangolis and pookkalam(with flowers) in front of their homes. Onam is celebrated in the memory of King Mahabali. It was said that King Mahabali ruled Kerala a long time ago and looked after the welfare of the people. Thus Onam shows the blissful rule of the King and the freedom, which the people enjoyed under his rule. The people also believe that during Onam, the King returns to Kerala to pay a visit to his people. The people in Kerala arrange for this festival by cleaning up their houses and decorating them. On the occasion of Onam, everybody in the family wears new clothes. Delicious sweets and dishes are prepared and served on the banana leaves. Pookalam a flower mat is visible outside every house. This mat is a symbol of welcoming King Mahabali. On the eve of Onam, traditional rituals are performed and the people celebrate the occasion with a grand feast. Payasam a sweet and tempting porridge is one of the favorite dessert served on onam.

8 Vallamkali or a great boat race is an attractive feature of this festival. In this game hundreds of men row the boats to the beat of drums and cymbals. An interesting thing to note is that above each boat there is a scarlet silk umbrella and gold coins are hung from the umbrella. This event is extremely popular with various boats competing with each other in order to win the race. Onam is celebrated not only by Hindus but also by Christians and Muslims. It is one such festival that unites all the people regardless of race and religion.

Vishu
Vishu is the New Year Day of the Keralites all over the world. When the sun crosses the equator it is the Astronomical New Year Day for the people of Kerala, and it happens on the first day of Malayalam month Medam. This day is celebrated as New Year Day in Kerala. The Festival is called Vishu, and usually it falls on April 14th. The traditional people of Kerala practice a lot of colorful rituals and customs on this auspicious day.

It is believed that at the dawn of the auspicious day of Vishu, one should see the Vishukkani, set in a circular metal vessel called Uruli. Malayalis believe that the fortunes for the year depend on the kind of the objects one sees first in the morning of Vishu Day. The Vishukkani is arranged with the auspicious items such as cereals, coconut, gold ornament, new cloth, betel leaves, arecanut, fruits, vegetables like cucumber, mangoes, and jackfruit, along with the flowers of Konna tree (cassia fistula). Behind the uruli, a mirror and the garlanded deity of Lord Krishna are also kept. A metal lamp called Nilavilakku is lighted near it.

The lady of the house keeps the Vishukkani ready in the previous night itself, so that when she opens her eyes in the early morning she sees these auspicious items first. This sight is called Kani kanal. Then she wakes up the master of the house, and the other elders if any, to see Vishukkani. The children are brought blind folded from their rooms to watch Vishukkani, and they are given small amount of cash on the Vishu Day, which is called Vishukaineetam. It is a belief that Vishukaineetam ensures prosperity for children. Vishukaineetam is also given to the workers wishing them prosperity. Special pujas are held in temples such as Guruvayur, Ambalapuzha and Sabarimala where the people go to worship and pray for a prosperous New Year. The male members and the children engage in bursting crackers to celebrate Vishu, the women folk start cooking a variety of vegetarian delicacies for the day's lunch, called Sadya. Later, the whole family sits down to enjoy the Vishu lunch together. Evening is spent on visiting friends and relatives.

Thissur Pooram

Thissur pooram is the most spectacular temple festival of Kerala. The word 'Pooram' literally means 'a group or a meeting' This festival was introduced by Sakthan Thampuran, the Maharaja of erstwhile Kochi state, in the late eighteenth century. It was he who made the sprawling Thekkinkadu Maidan, encircling the Vadakumnathan temple, as the major venue for Thrissur Pooram. This dazzling festival is celebrated in the Malayalam month of Medam, which falls in April-May. The main attractions of the Pooram are the many richly caparisoned

10 elephants and the exchange of parasols (locally known as 'kudamattam'). Besides these, the hours-long dazzling fireworks are a feast to the eyes and ears. The magical effect of Panchavadyam, a combination of five percussions and wind instruments is an integral part of Thrissur Pooram. This two-century old festival of spectacular processions of caparisoned elephants and enthralling percussion performances amidst the magical effect of Panchavadyam, is conducted by two rival groups displaying their artistic prowess . They represent the two divisions of Thrissur, Paramekkavu and Thiruvambadi temples. The best elephants of the state from other temples in Kerala are sent to Thrissur to participate in this festival. They bring the deities from the respective temples to Vadakkumnatha temple, located in the heart of the city. These deities are brought to pay obeisance to Lord Vadakunnathan, (Lord Siva) the deity of Vadakkumnatha temple. The processions go through the western gate and come out through the southern gate. Both these teams field face to face arrays of richly caparisoned elephants, followed by 'Kudamattam', a competition in the swift and rhythmic changing of brightly coloured and sequinned parasols, by the people atop the elephants. There are eight other suburban temples also who participate in the Pooram. It is a feast to the eyes to watch the whole event taking place in rhythm with the traditional orchestra 'Pandimelam'. This glorious festival commences in the early hours of the morning, and ends at the break of dawn, the next day with dazzling fireworks. This Pooram is regarded as Pooram of all Temple Poorams. A unique feature of this colorful event is its secular nature. Though it is a Hindu temple festival it is organised and actively participated by people of all the religions and castes. This festival, one of the most vibrant and exciting festivals of Kerala, attracts large masses of people to this beautiful land, every year.

Attukal Pongala
Attukall Pongala is an extremely popular, essentially womens festival celebrated in ancient Bhagavathy temple (Mudippura) at Attukal in the Kaladi ward of the

11 Thiruvananthapuram district. It is a ten-day-long event which commences from the Bharani day (Karthika star) of the Malayalam month of Makaram-Kumbham (February-March) and comes to an end with the sacrificial offering known as Kuruthitharpanam at night.

Ninth day is the biggest day of the festival when the famous Attukal Pongala Mahotsavam takes place. Every year more than a million women from different parts of India and world gather at the temple premises and in the temple vicinity to offer Pongala to Attukal Amma. Devotees who gather to offer Pongala to Attukal devi increases in numbers every year. Pongala festival has found a place in the Guinness Book of World Records for the highest attendance of women on February 23, 1997. 1.5 million women had participated in that years Pongala.

Significance of the Festival

Goddess Attukalamma is believed to be incarnation of Kannaki, the heroine of Silappathikaram written by Tamil poet Illango in 2nd century A.D. Attukal is the place where Kannaki took rest on her northward journey from Madurai to Kodungallur. Pongala means to boil over. It refers to the customary offering of things which please the deity. It consists of porridge of rice, sweet brown molasses, coconut gratings, nuts and raisins.

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COSTUME
The traditional dress forms are the 'Mundu and Neriathu' (a white piece of cloth with golden zari border symbolising royalty) for men; and 'sari' (a 5-6 metres long piece of cloth embroidered with golden border) with jacket for women. With the changing trends in fashion and designing, the dress codes have changed. A multitude of colours and designs are available today. Men and women today are clad in a variety of dresses. The people have now taken to the northern style of dressing up though the western dresses have also found a lot of acceptance among the masses.

Mens Attire Womens Attire

: Mundu - A White Piece of Cloth with Golden Jerried Border. : Saree and Blouse.

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CHAPTER-III PERFORMING ART FORMS

For ages, the rich and vibrant culture of Kerala has intrigued people worldwide. The songs and dances of the people, their ballads, their rituals and their intellectual pursuits. Truly, the real treasures of Kerala lay in the cultural heritage of its people. Kerala has its own typical art forms which reflect the life and outlook of the people. From the renowned Kathakali, considered to be the complete art form as it synthesizes all that is best in the fields of drama, music and dance, to the folk dances which are reflection of the rhythmic impulses of a sensitive people. Recently, the UNESCO brought to light, a less known art form - Koodiyattom - and declared it as one among the 'Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. It is for the first time in the history of UNESCO that select art forms across the world have been given this recognition as part of its effort to safeguard expressions of oral heritage and traditional culture which are in danger of disappearing due to the effects of globalization. Given here are the descriptions of various classical folk and martial art forms of Kerala.

CLASSICAL ART FORMS Kathakali

Kathakali is the most popular sacred dance-drama of Kerela. Kathakali evolved across the last 400 years. This classical dance of Kerela requires lengthy and rigorous training to attain complete control of the body and a sensitivity to emotion so as to be able to render all its nuances through facial expressions and hand gestures.

14 Presented in the temple precincts after dusk falls Kathakali is heralded by the Kelikottu or the beating of drums in accompaniment of the Chengila (gong). The riches of a happy blending of colour, expressions, music, drama and dance is unparallelled in any other art form.

Mohiniyattam

Literally meaning the dance of the celestial enchantress, this sensual dance form of Kerela, contains elements of Bharathanatyam as well as the classical and folk dances of Kerela. Mohiniyattam is usually performed as a solo dance and is very lyrical in its rendering. Slow, graceful, swaying movements of the body and limbs and highly emotive eye and hand gestures are unique to this dance form. The simple, elegant gold-filigreed dress, in pure white or ivory, is akin to the traditional attire of the women of Kerala. The origin of Mohiniyattom is rooted in Hindu mythology. Once the ocean of milk was churned by the gods and demons to extract the elixir of life and immortality. The demons made away with this divine brew. Lord Vishnu came to the rescue of the panicky gods and assumed the female form of an amorous celestial dame Mohini. Captivating the demons with her charms, Mohini stole the elixir from them and restored it to the gods. This dance was adopted by the Devadasi or temple dancers, hence also the name 'Dasiattam' which was very popular during the Chera reign from 9th to 12th century.

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Thullal

Thullal is a classical solo dance form, of Kerela, which comes closer to contemporary life, and is marked for its simplicity, wit and humour. Staged during temple festivals, the performer explicates the verses through expressive gestures. The themes are based on mythology. This satiric art form was introduced in the18th century by the renowned poet Kunchan Nambiar. The Thullal dancer is supported by a singer who repeats the verses and is accompanied by an orchestra of mridangam or thoppi maddalam (percussions) and cymbals. There are three related forms of Thullal - Ottanthullal , Seethankanthullal and Parayanthullal of which the first is the most popular. The three are distinguished by the costumes worn and the metre of the verses. Thullal is usually performed in the premises of temples during festivals and provides for thought and entertainment to the thousands of people who gather at these events.

Koodiyattam
Koodiyattam is a dance traditionally enacted in temples. Koodiyattam is Kathakali's 2000 year old predecessor and is offered as a votive offering to the deity. Kootiyattam literally means "acting together". This is the earliest classical dramatic art form of Kerala. Based on Sage Bharatha's 'Natyasasthra' who lived in the second century, Kootiyattam evolved in the 9th century AD.

16 Kootiyattam is enacted inside the temple theatre, there are two or more characters on stage at the same time, with the Chakkiars providing the male cast and the Nangiars playing the female roles. The Nangiars beat the cymbals and recite verses in Sanskrit, while in the background Nambiars play the Mizhavu, a large copper drum.

Vidushaka or the wise man, a figure parallel to the Fool in Shakespearean plays, enacts his role with the liberty to criticise anyone without fear. The costume of the jester sets him apart from the rest. The Kootiyattam performance lasts for several days ranging from 6 to 20 days. Themes are based on mythology. The Koodal Manickyam temple at Irinjalakkuda and the Vadakkumnatha temple at Thrissur are the main centres where Kootiyattam is still performed annually. Ammannoor Madhava Chakkiar is an unrivalled maestro of this rare art.

Krishanattom
A spectacle for both the scholar and the simple rustic. The visual effect is enhanced by varied and colourful facial make-up with larger-than-life-masks, made of light wood and cloth padding, for certain characters. The characters who do not wear masks have specific facial colours applied within the frame of a white chutti. The predominant colours used are dark green, flesh tint and deep rose. Most of the characters wear red vests and flowing 'Uthariyams'. The characters of Krishna, Arjuna and Garuda wear dark blue vests. The traditional performance lasts for eight days and covers the whole span of Krishna's life from his birth to 'Swargarohanam' or ascension to the heavens. Orchestral accompaniments are Maddalam, Ilathalam and Chengila. Krishnanattom, though boasting of a unique choreography, assumes more the nature of a Morality Play,

17 seldom presuming to lay claim to the theatrical sophistry so integral to Kathakali and Kootiyattam

FOLK ART FORM Thiruvathirakali

Thiruvathirakali is a dance performed by women, in order to attain everlasting marital bliss, on Thiruvathira day in the Malayalam month of Dhanu (December- January). The dance is a celebration of marital fidelity and the female energy, for this is what brought Kamadeva (the god of love) back to life after he was reduced to ashes by the ire of Lord Siva. The sinuous movements executed by a group of dancers around a nilavilakku, embody 'lasya' or the amorous charm and grace of the feminine. The dance follows a circular, pirouetting pattern accompanied by clapping of the hands and singing. Today, Thiruvathirakali has become a popular dance form for all seasons.

Oppana

A dance form essential to the wedding entertainment and festivities of the Malabar Muslims. Maidens and young female relatives sing and dance around the bride, clapping their hands. The songs of Mappilappattu, are first sung by the leader and are

18 repeated by the chorus. The themes are often teasing comments and innuendoes about the bride's anticipated nuptial bliss. Oppana is often presented as a stage item today.

Kolkkali

A folk art mainly of the agrarian classes, Kolkkali is a highly rhythmic dance with the dancers wielding short sticks. The rhythm of this dance is set by a harmonious synchronisation of the tapping of the feet to the striking of sticks. The movement is circular and the artists sing as they dance and strike the sticks in unison. Though the dancers break away to form different patterns, they never miss a beat. In Malabar, Kolkkali is more popular among Muslim men.

Theyyam

A ritual dance form of Kerela, glorifying the goddess. Themes revolve around the triumph of the goddess over the demon Daruka and other evil characters. Always performed by men, they also enact female roles wearing exotic make up and colorful costumes. Theyyam also known as Kaaliyattam, it is a ritual dance popular in north Kerala or the erstwhile Kolathunadu. Theyyam incorporates dance, mime and music and enshrines

19 the rudiments of ancient tribal cultures which attached great importance to the worship of heroes and the spirits of ancestors. Of the over 400 Theyyams performed, the most spectacular ones are those of Raktha Chamundi, Kari Chamundi, Muchilottu Bhagavathi, Wayanadu Kulaveni, Gulikan and Pottan. These are performed in front of shrines, sans stage or curtains, by persons belonging to the Vannan, Malayan and other related castes. 'Thudangal' (the beginning) and 'Thottam' (the invocation) are the introductory rituals of the Theyyam or the Thira, as it is known in south Malabar. The headgear and other ornamental decorations are spectacular in sheer size and appearance. Karivalloor, Nileswaram, Kurumathoor, Parassini, Cherukunnu, Ezhom and Kunnathoorpadi in north Malabar are places where Theyyams are performed annually from December to April.

Patayani

Patayani is a week- long ritual dance, held in Kaali temples on the banks of the Pamba river during the Malayalam months of Meenam and Medam (March - April). The choice theme of the dancers is the slaying of the demon Daarikan by the goddess Kaali. The steps and movements of the dance vary according to each Kolam or character. Thappu is the major percussion instrument accompanied by a few Chendas. Patayani masks are made with the fresh spathe of arecanut palms. Bhairavi (Bhadrakaali), Yakshi, Pakshi (bird) and Kaalari (Siva) are the main characters. Various communities targetted for criticism are represented by jestures. Kadammanitta, Kadalimangalam and Othara in Pathanamthitta district are famous for annual Patayani performances.

Poothanumthirayum

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This ritual offering to Goddess Kaali is performed in many places of South Malabar. A troupe of dancers dress up as Kaali (the Thira) and the accompanying spirits (the Poothams) who were created along with the goddess for the destruction of the evil demon, Daarikan. The Thira wear masks while the spirits don semi-circular wooden crowns. The dance is performed from house to house and on the premises of village shrines between November and May every year.

Mudiyettu

Mudiyettu is a ritual dance performed in some Kaali temples of Ernakulam and Kottayam districts (central Kerala). The dance celebrates the goddess's triumph over the demon Daarikan. Mudiyettu is performed by the Kuruppu or Marar who belong to the temple bound communities of Kerala. The Kalamezhuthu, a ritual drawing of the goddess Kaali is made on the floor with dyed powders, before the performance. Then the chorus sings hymns in praise of the goddess. Before the actual performance, the dancer erases the Kalam with tender palm fronds. The performer in the role of Kaali is aided by 'Koimpata Nayar', the local guide and Kooli, the attendant. Legends say that Daarikan, the epitome of evil, challenged Kaali to a duel. Kaali slayed Daarikan, with the blessings and grace of Lord Siva. The

21 performers of Mudiyettu are all heavily made up and wear gorgeous attire with conventional facial paintings, tall headgears etc, to give a touch of the supernatural. The wooden headgear has a mask of Kaali. An ornamental red vest and a long white cloth around the waist complete the attire.

Koothu

Koothu is a socio-religious art performed in the Koothambalam or the Koothuthara of temples, either independently or as part of Kootiyattam. It is a solo narrative performance interspersed with mime and comic interludes. The Chakkiar dons the role of ' Vidushaka' or the wise jester. Through his inimitable narration of stories from the epics ( The Ramayana and The Mahabharatha), the Chakkiar satirises the manners and customs of the time. No one is above the butt of his ridicule. His wit ranges from innocent mockery to veiled innuendoes, barbed pun and pungent invectives. Koothu is intermittently accompanied by the percussion instrument Mizhavu. The Nangyar Koothu is a variation of the Koothu performed by the Nangiars or the female members of the Chakkiar community. This is a solo dance drama mainly centred on the legends of Sree Krishna. Verses are sung and interpreted through mime and dance. The mudras, though the same as in Kootiyattam, are even more elaborate. The art form is still performed in temples like Vadakkumnatha temple at Thrissur , Sri Krishna temple at Ambalappuzha , Koodal Manikyam temple at Irinjalakkuda and Kumaranalloor temple at Kottayam.

Arjuna Nritham

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Arjuna nritham (the dance of Arjuna) is a ritual art performed by men and is prevalent in the Bhagavathy temples of Kerala. Arjuna, the most valiant of the five heroic brothers - the Pandavas - of the epic Mahabharatha, was also a renowned singer and dancer and is said to have propitiated goddess Bhadrakaali by a devotional presentation. Arjuna nritham is also called Mayilppeeli nritham as the costume includes a characteristic garment made of mayilppeeli (peacock feathers). This garment is worn around the waist in a similar fashion as the uduthukettu of Kathakali . The performers have their faces painted green and wear distinctive headgears. The all night performance of the dance form is usually presented solo or in pairs. The songs which are strictly rhythm based are called Kavithangal and deal with various themes of the Puranas (ancient Hindu scriptures). Each Kavitham is composed to suit a specific rhythm. Before each song the dancers explain the intricacies of the particular rhythm about to be employed and how this rhythm is translated into dance movements.

Kannyarkali
Kannyarkali, also known as Desathukali, is a folk art exclusively practised by the Nair community of the Palakkad area. It owes its origin to the pursuit of martial arts in this region which was under constant threat of attack from neighbouring Konganadu. Kannyarkali was born when dance and comedy were pitched in to add vigour and colour to the martial training sessions. The art form combines the agile movements of martial arts with the rhythmic grace of folk dance performed around a nilavilakku.

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Performed during March-April in temples as well as in places called the ' Thara', a venue for informal gatherings, this art form is accompanied by devotional folk songs and the loud beat of percussion instruments. The orchestra includes ilathalam or cymbal and percussion instruments like chenda, maddalam, edakka and udukku. A team of Kannyarkali dancers varies from six to twenty in number and a performances usually lasts for four days. Each day's performance is known by a different name: Iravakali, Anadikoothu, Vallon and Malama. The last day's performance is presented by hill tribes, in which women also participate.

Margom Kali

Margomkali is a ritual folk art of the Syrian Christians of Kottayam and Thrissur districts. A dozen dancers sing and dance around a lighted wick lamp (Nilavilakku), clad in the simple traditional white dhoti and sporting a peacock feather on the turban to add a touch of colour. This is an allegorical enactment with the lamp representing Christ and the performers his disciples. The performance is usually held in two parts and begins with songs and dances narrating the life of St.Thomas, the apostle. It then takes a striking turn with a martial play of artificial swords and shields.

24 The narration is stark without musical accompaniments. The songs date back to a period much before the Portuguese invasion. Today, Margomkali is only performed as a stage item by women.

Theeyattu

Theeyattu is a solo dance-drama performed in front of the Kalam or Dhooli Chitram (ritual drawing with coloured powders). It is enacted in some Bhagavathy temples of Thiruvalla, Kottayam, Thripunithura and neighbouring areas. The ritual starts with the invocation of Lord Ganapathy, Lord Siva and goddess Saraswathy, after which the performer dons a crown smaller but similar to the one used in Mudiyettu. The most popular story narrated through a Theeyattu performance is that of the duel between goddess Kaali and the demon Daarikan. The dance form is usually performed by a small group of temple bound communities called the Unni. Theeyattu is still a ritual offering made every Friday at the Pallippurathu Kaavu temple near Kottayam town.

Matrial Arts
Martial arts of Kerala are inherited heritage that are handed down to one generation from other. Martial arts are not only physical training but mental training also. If a child starts his martial art training at a very tender age than it is for sure that the child would be well equipped to face any situation of contingency in life. The entire Kerala state is dotted with numerous martial arts training centres which resembles to the Gurukul of ancient time. Parents send their children at a very young age to these training centres. Beside rigorous physical training, Yoga,a thorough knowledge of human anatomy, Ayurveda and herbal healing, are also integral parts of martial art. A intense

25 philosophical, usually religious doctrine is deep-rooted in the people who are engage in martial art. This give them the mind direction and focus.

Kalaripayattu

It is the most practiced martial art of Kerala. Kalaripayattu is an ancient form of martial art that originally evolved at Kondotty, 26 km from Malappurram, around 12th century during the reign of Chera rulers. This martial art form was used by the Chera fighters against the Chola warriors. In Malayalam, Kalari means gymnasium, payattu means 'the fighting art'. It is said that, this fighting art is the oldest martial art of world and has great influence over the other form of eastern martial arts. Kalaripayattu, not only teaches how to fight but also with other aspects of physical well being. It also provides complete mental and emotional strength to a person. Kalaripayattu is spread over three stages such as Meippayatt (exercise to control the body), Kolthari (fighting with sticks). Ankathari (felicity in using metal weapons like daggers and swords). There are three styles of Kalaripayattu that are popular in Kerala are Thekan (southern style), Vadakkan(northern style) and Kathinayoga style(Yogic style). Apart from bare hands, some times weapons like stick of long, medium, short and curved, flexible sword, mace, knife, machete, shield and spear.

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Velakali
This spectacular martial dance is performed by men in some of the temples of southern Kerala. The dancers, clad in the traditional clothes and colourful headgear of the medieval Nair soldiers, engage in vigorous movements and dexterous sword play, to the accompaniment of an orchestra comprising the maddalam, ilathalam, kombu and kuzhal. Velakali originated in Ambalappuzha where Mathoor Panicker, chief of the Chempakasserri army, promoted it to boost the martial spirit of the people. The dance form is a regular feature of the annual festivities at the Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna temple in Alappuzha district.

MUSIC
Kerala has a place of its own in carnatic music field, created by Swathi Thirunal, the erstwhile ruler of Travancore.Swathi Thirunal was a musician-cum-composer of high caliber.His period of reign was Augustan Age of Kerala Music. The immortal tharattu (lullaby), Omanathinkal kidavo was composed by one of his close associates, Irayimman Thampi.Shadkala Govinda Marar, the renowned singer, had enjoyed the patronage of the Swathi Thirunal. Keralas contribution to the development of folk music is also commendable. Vadakkan pattukal (northern ballads) celebrating the exploits of heroes like Thacholi Othenan, Mappila pattukal (sung by the Mappilas of Malabar), vanchipattukal (boat songs) and vathil thurapattu (song requesting the bride to open the door) are few among them.

Sopana Sangeetham
This sangeetham (music) is sung in front of sopana (steps in front of the sanctum sanctorum).It has a distinct style.Sopana sangeetham was influenced by the Bhakti movement in Kerala.Most of the asthapathi (lyrics) are based on Jayadevas (thirteenth century poet) immortal work, Geetha Govinda.The song varies depending upon the time of performance and the type of deity. Musicians always stand on the left side of the sopana and the singing ceases when the shrine opens.The percussion instruments used are edakka and chengila.

Panchavadyam

27 Five instruments used in Panchavadyam are suddha-manddalam, komb, edakka, elathalam and timila.Sankh (conch) is also used as an ancillary instrument.There are different types of panchavadyam depending on the number of instruments.The minimum requirement is three thimilas, one suddha-maddalam, two elathalams, two kombs, one edakka, and one sankh.The positioning of the artists is also important and mandatory.The timila and suddha-maddalam artists face each other, elathalam artists stand behind timila artists and komb artists stand behind suddha-maddalam artists.Edakka drummers and the sankh blower stand in front, next to them.Blowing of sankh signals the start of panchavadyam.The famous thrissur pooram gives an opportunity to witness the playing of a full complement of Panchavadyam, numbering more than 200.

Pancharimelam
Chenda, komb, kuzhal and elathalam are the main instruments used. 33 veekuchendas, 33 elathalams and 11 each of komb. kuzhal and muttuchenda are required for a complete peformance of medium range.

Pandimelam
Though the instruments used are the same as used in panchavadyam the method of their use slightly differs.For the beating of chenda in pancharimelam two sticks are used, whereas in pandimelam only one stick is used.Another difference is in the blowing of kuzhal. In pandimelam it is done in Bhairav Raaga, whereas in Pancharimela it is done in some other Raaga.Pandimelam can be enjoyed in full splendour during Thrissur Pooram.

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CHAPTER-IV TOURIST DESTINATION

The state of Kerala is divided into fourteen districts. Most of the districts offers all the tourism products typical of the state.

Thiruvananthapuram District
Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, South India is a thriving center of tourism in Kerala, South India. Thiruvananthapuram derives its name from the name of the sacred serpent "Anantha" on whom the Hindu deity Lord Vishnu rests. Though the culture and traditions of Kerala, South India are still alive in the temples of Kerala and in the everyday life of the Keralalites, Thiruvananthapuram in Kerala, South India is a bustling and urbanized city with all the contemporary facilities that one may conceive of. The tourism sector in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, South India is developing very fast. Being the capital city of Kerala, South India, Thiruvananthapuram attracts a lot of business visitors besides tourists who come from all over the world to marvel at the Thiruvananthapuram temples, known for their exquisitely beautiful architecture, the naturally green and captivating picnic spots, especially in the woods on the Western Ghats and a host of other tourist attractions. Among the most bewitching tourist attractions in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, South India the Thiruvananthapuram backwaters are the most charming and picturesque.

PLACES TO VISIT Padmanabha Swamy Temple

Padmanabhaswamy Temple, Trivandrum is an architectural wonder and a magnificent temple that is sure to amaze you. Situated in the heart of the city, the massive structure has a staggering 100 feet high "Gopuram", the main temple tower. Sri Padmanabhaswamy temple of Kerala is dedicated to Lord Vishnu, one of the Gods of the Hindu trinity of Brahma, Shiva and Vishnu. The massive idol of the deity measures 18 feet in length and is covered with gold and other precious stones.

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The idol is viewed through three different doors. The head and torso is visible through the first opening. The midriff and hands are visible through the second door and the feet are visible through the third door. The massive idol is seen resting gracefully on the Serpent Lord, Anantha. The temple is made beautifully with an amalgamation of Hindu and Kerala architecture. The temple is spread over a vast area and is an important worship of Hindus in Kerala. The temple is quite strict and allows entry only to Hindus. The temple is famous for its Arattu festival, which is till date headed by the royal family of Travancore. The procession is worth seeing as it is a grand spectacle of beautifully decorated elephants and musicians chanting Lord's name. The whole temple is beautifully decorated and the city of Trivandrum comes alive during the temple procession. People from all over come here to take part and cheer during the festival. Grand feasts are prepared in the temple and the food never seems to go out of stock. It is a beautiful temple and should be visited if you happen to travel to Trivandrum.

Napier Museum
Named after the governor general of Madras, John Napier, the Trivandrum Napier museum is located in the heart of the city. The museum is equipped with natural air conditioning and provides a glance of the rich historical legacy of Kerala. Napier museum and art gallery of Kerala are located in the same compound and the museum has a good collection of ancient archaeological artifacts. This museum was built in the 19th century.

30 The architecture of the museum building is a unique blend of traditional Kerala, Chinese, Mughal and Italian styles. Tourists are attracted to the Sri Chitra Art gallery, which showcases some of the best works of Raja Ravi Varma and Roerich amongst other noted artists. One can find paintings belonging to Rajput, Mughal and the very famous Tanjore School of Art. As they say, art knows no boundaries and we find a true example of this in the art gallery. One can find paintings from Tibet, Japan and China, thus honoring the various art forms of those countries.

Sri Chitra Art Gallery

It is located near the Napier museum, the Sri Chitra Art Gallery of Trivandrum is an art lover's paradise. Only a true admirer of art will know the joy of visiting this beautiful art gallery that has some of the best paintings of famous painters of India. A very famous landmark in Kerala, Sri Chitra Art Gallery of Thiruvananthapuram has a vast collection of paintings not just from India, but also countries like Japan, China and Indonesia. The section that attracts all visitors alike is the one that is dedicated to Raja Ravi Varma. This famous painter has carved a separate niche for himself in the world of art. His paintings look so real that it seems as if they speak. Raja Ravi Varma was fondly called as "Prince among painters and painter among princes". Apart from his paintings, one can find the works of Rabindranath Tagore, Jamini Roy and K.K. Hebar. Apart from the works of these famous painters, one can find the famous Tanjore paintings here. These dazzling works of art never fail to amuse and enthrall onlookers. The paintings are encrusted with minute semi precious stones that lend an extraordinary look to the painting. Apart from this, the gallery has a collection of painting miniatures belonging to the Rajput and Mughal eras.

Kovalam Beach

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One of the most popular beaches in Trivandrum, Kovalam beach is situated at a distance of 16 kilometers to the south of Trivandrum city. The natural beauty of this beautiful beach is what attracts people from far and wide to come here. It takes an hour from Trivandrum to reach this scenic beach, which is famous for its beach resorts. The Kovalam beach in Kerala offers the best of facilities to its visitors like sunbathing, swimming, Ayurvedic massages and plenty of other options. Check out the Thiruvananthapuram Kovalam beach and come here to recharge your energy levels and feel refreshed once again. One of the most famous and popular of all the beaches in South India, the Kovalam beach has many beach resorts lined up to cater to different tourists and their varied demands. The Kovalam beach is divided into two main beaches besides the many other private beaches. They are known as Eve's beach and Lighthouse beach. The Eve's beach is a semi circular beach and is a secluded spot lined with palm trees. The Lighthouse beach has a famous lighthouse that has been fighting the tempests since the British rule. The beach offers many facilities for keeping tourists amused. Apart from sunbathing and swimming, the beach is ideal to take long walks and watch the magical sunset while the warm water softly laps at your feet. The fishermen in the beach offer to take you out in the sea while they go out to claim their catch for the day. Sail with them during sunrise and come back as the sun sets, painting the horizon a beautiful shade of ochre.

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Padmanabhapuram Palace

Padmanabhapuram Palace is located in a small village called Padmanabhapuram, at a distance of 65 kilometers from Trivandrum, Padmanabhapuram Palace is a magnificent palace that speaks volumes about the ancient architecture of Kerala. Padmanabhapuram palace is a place that should not be missed at any cost. The palace walls are adorned with ancient murals that date back to the 17th century. The ancient relics include royal seats with Chinese engravings, musical bow in mahogany, colored windows, beautifully painted and carved rosewood ceilings etc. The interiors of the palace are magnificent and give an idea of the royal life that one must have led in the palace. A big hall called the Durbar hall has shiny black flooring. It may seem like a granite floor at a glance but in reality, the floor is made of a combination of jaggery, lime, burnt coconut, charcoal and river sand. This floor could not be duplicated again in any construction. The palace also has a secret underground escape route (now blocked), open air swimming pool, dance hall, massive paintings and idols of Indian Gods and Goddesses, carved figurines carrying lamps, etc. There is also a unique stonewall that is held together till date without the use of mortar.

KOLLAM DISTRICT
Kollam is located at a distance of around 70 kilometers from the capital city of Kerala, Trivandrum. A very important port in Kerala, Kollam is known to be a renowned center of international spice trade. The famous Ashtamudi Lake occupies almost 30% of the total area of this town and is famous for its beautiful backwaters. Known as the gateway

33 of the backwaters of Kerala, your travel to Kollam is incomplete if you miss a houseboat ride on the backwaters. It is one experience that must not be missed, come what may. So read on our related sections and know more about Kollam tourism. The place is historically significant and has many ruins of palaces and forts that are worth visiting. The scenic beaches of Kollam are a treat to those tired eyes and mind. But what truly makes this destination a paradise is the 900-kilometer stretch of the meandering backwaters of the Ashtamudi Lake. The place is known for its cashew industry and is an important center of trade. Though industrialized, the place hasn't lost its natural beauty and is a visual treat for anyone seeking a peaceful vacation. So come to Kollam and see for yourself the best of God's own country.

PLACES TO VISIT Lighthouse

The Dutch Quilon as it was called, used to be a British Enclave. The place is also popular as Thangasseri. The lighthouse built at Quilon by the British in the year 1902 is visible as far as 13 miles in the sea. The lighthouse stands to an amazing height of 144 feet. The picturesque view of the sea from the place where the lighthouse stands is breathtaking. In the vicinity lies the Portuguese Fort. The fort was built in the year 1517 and at present only a wall of the fort has escaped the assaults made by Time.

Ashtamudi Lake
The serene Ashtamudi Lake is a great place to hanker for in the Kollam district. The house boat trips here are great pleasures and so is the boat cruise. The boat cruise to Munroe Islands is a wonderful experience. The popular cruises one can avail at the place are Kayal Pradakshina Cruise and Sayanthanam Sunset Cruise.

Chavara
Chavara is one of the important industrialized zones in the state of Kerala. There are large mineral deposits located in the Chavara region. The place supports four major industrial establishments which includes Indian Rare Earths, The Kerala Premo Pipe factory, Kerala Mineral and Metal factory and Titanium Complex.

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Thangasseri
This seaside village of historic importance has the ruins of an old Portuguese fort and churches built in the 18th century. The Thangasseri Lighthouse is open to visitors from 3:30 pm to 5:30 pm. There are buses at 15 minute intervals from Kollam town.

RameshwaraTemple

This temple which shows Pandyan influence in its design has inscriptions in Tamil, dating from the 12th to the 16th century. The Vyala monster sculptures in this temple are carvings which give one the impression that the creatures are animate and are actually climbing upstairs with their outstretched paws.

Mayyanad
Mayyanad is noted for its shrines and temples. The most important of the nine temples here is the Subramanya temple at Umayanallor. This shrine is said to have been consecrated by the great Hindu philosopher Sree Sankaracharya. There are frequent buses from Kollam to Mayyanad.

Sasthamkotta
The vast fresh water lake here is the largest of its kind in Kerala. The ancient Sastha temple which lends its name to the town, is an important pilgrim centre. There are frequent bus services from Kollam. Accommodation is available at the PWD Rest House.

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Ochira
The unique feature of this famous pilgrim centre is that there is no deity or idol at the famous Parabrahma temple dedicated to universal consciousness. Ochira Kali in mid June and the twelve day Panthrandu Vilakku in November/December are the two main annual festivals. Ochira Kali is a mock fight enacted between groups of men dressed as warriors on the padanilam (fighting spot). They perform a martial dance standing in knee-deep water, brandishing swords and shields and splashing water in every direction. There are frequent buses from Kollam and Alappuzha.

Kulathupuzha
Situated on a forest range on the Thiruvananthapuram - Shenkottai road, Kulathupuzha is known for the Sastha temple. The Vishu Mahotsavam in April/May is the most important festival. There are frequent buses from Kollam to Kulathupuzha. The Thenmala railway station is just 10 km from here.

Paravoor
Paravoor, 20 kilometres from Kollam, is a narrow skirt of land stretching in between the backwaters and the sea. A beach resort by KTDC and a major water sports complex by Kollam DTPC will adorn this place very soon. The famous Varkala beach is a mere 15 kilometres drive from here. Paravoor is well connected by road and rail.

Thenmala
The area is covered by dense forest, rubber and tea plantations. An Eco Tourism Development Project is under implementation here. Thenmala is also a dam site.

Thenmala Deer Park

The other attraction of Thenmala is the Deer Park. Thenmala Rocks are about 5000 years old, which are worth seeing.

Thirumullavaram Beach
This secluded beach is a beautiful picnic centre and has frequent bus connections to the town.

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Kottarakkara Kathakali Museum

KottarakkaraThamburanKathakaliMuseum is the memorial of Kottarakkara Thamburan (King), the father of the Kathakali. Exhibited here are various models of Kathakali, Kathakali costumes and ornaments, rare musical instruments, sculptures, models of mohiniyattam and other classical dances, 108 natya Kiranangal (Dance Songs) etc.

Thevalli Palace
This is a beautiful and historically renowned palace situated on the banks of Ashtamudi Kayal (backwater),Sasthamkotta, 26 Km. north-east of Kollam city. Sasthamkotta is situated on the banks of Kallada river. There is a temple dedicated to Lord Sastha. The place is also known for the Sasthamkotta fresh water lake. This natural gift is set amidst scenic surroundings covered by hills on the three sides.

Ariankavu
Situated on the Kollam - Shenkottai road, Ariankavu is famous for the shrine dedicated to Lord Sastha. Mandala Pooja and Tirukalyanam celebrated in the month of December are the main festivals here.

Palaruvi Waterfalls
Palaruvi which means "milky stream" makes its `milky way down the rocks, falling from a height of 300 feet. The Palaruvi woods is a beautiful picnic spot. There are frequent buses to Ariankavu from Kollam. The PWD Inspection Bungalow and the KTDC Motel offer comfortable accommodation.

Matha Amrithanandamayi Ashram, Vallikavu

The residence and the headquarters of Matha Amrithanandamayi Devi, one of Indias female gurus, is situated at Amrithapuri near Vallikavu. The ashram is accessible both by road and boat.

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Picnic Village
This village located at Ashramam, along the backwater front, is the main centre of recreational activities in Kollam. The 200 year old Government Guest House, an AdventurePark, the Tourist Boat Club, the Childrens TrafficPark and the Yatrinivas are situated in this vast tourist complex.

Kottukal RockCut CaveTemple

This temple situated on the Thiruvananthapuram-Kottayam MC Road is an idyllic example of rock cut temple architecture.

Jatayupara
A huge rock at Chadayamangalam takes its name from the mythical bird `Jatayu in the epic Ramayana, who is believed to have collapsed on the rock after failing in his attempts to thwart Ravanas kidnapping of Sita.

PATHANAMTHITTA DISTRICT
Pathanamthitta, a hilly terrain of pristine beauty is popular as the headquarters of pilgrim worship in Kerala. World famous Lord Ayyappa temple at Sabarimala is in Pathanamthitta. More than fifty per cent of the total area of this land of temples, rivers, mountain ranges and coconut groves is covered by forests. The district is frequented by visitors from India and abroad often for its water fiestas, religious shrines and the cultural training center. Pathanamthitta is bordered by the Western Ghats on the east, Kollam district on the south, Alappuzha district on the west and Kottayam and Pathanamthitta districts on the north.

PLACES TO VISIT Pandalam

Lord Ayappa reincarnated in human form as the son of Raja Pandalam and he was the one who created this temple in his name. This is known as Pandalam and the people drop in here before visiting the Sabrimala Temple.

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Peruthenaruvi Waterfalls
Cascading from a height of 60- 110 feet these waterfalls are a must watch for the tourists.

Maramon Convention
Atttended by Christians from all over the world, the Maramon Convention is attended by Christians from all over the world. On the banks of River Pamba, this is one of the largest Christian gathering in Pamba. A tour to Pathanamthitta is incomplete without these tourist attractions and these are a must watch.

Mannadi (Folk Art Centre)

This is where Veluthampi Dalawa, the renowned freedom fighter of Travancore, spent his last days. The ancient Bhagavathy Temple here contains some interesting stone sculptures. Mannadi is also the venue of the Kerala Institute of Folklore and Folk Arts.

Aranmula
The Parthasarathi Temple, dedicated to Sree Krishna, on the banks of the holy River Pamba, attractions large crowds of devotees. The famous Aranmula snake boat race is held on the last day of the weeklong Onam festival. The Vijinana Kalavedi" at Aranmula imparts training in the traditional arts like Kathakali, classical dances, classical music as well as Kalaripayattu. Foreign tourists stay here for long periods to get a first hand knowledge of the culture of Kerala. The Parthasarathi Temple here also has fine murals from the 18th century. Aranmula is also very famous for its hand made mirrors of polished metal called Aranmula Kannadi, which is a unique craft and not found anywhere else in the world.

Sabarimala (Pilgrim Centre)

One of the most famous pilgrim centres in India, Sabarimala is situated on the mountain ranges of the Western Ghats, at an altitude of 914 m above sea level and is accessible only by foot, from Pamba (4kms).

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The hold shrine dedicated to Lord Ayyappa attracts thousands of pilgrims from all over India, from different castes, creed, especially from other parts of South India. Mandalapooja and Makaravilakku are the two main events of the pilgrim season, which is from Nov to mid Jan. The Temple remains closed during the rest of the year, except for the first five days of every Malayalam month and during Vishu in April. Sabarimala is surrounded by hazardous hills like Karimala and Neelimala. Men of all ages are allowed inside the temple but women only below 10 years and above 50 years of age are permitted inside.

Omallur (Cattle fair)

The Rakthakanta Swamy Temple and the annual cattle fair held in the Malayalam month of Meenam are the main attractions of Omallur. People from all around Kerala and also many other states participate in the fair.

Charalkunnu Hill Station

The picturesque hill station offers a panoramic view of the nearby valleys. A camp house on the hill provides comfortable lodging.

Perumthenaruvi
Perumthenaruvi is a famous waterfall on the banks of the River Pamba. Here, the water flows down a rocky bed into a ravine 60 to 100 feet deep. The place is a favourite picnic spot for both domestic and foreign tourists.

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Vijana Kala Vedi Cultural Centre

Louba Schild, a French scholar under the Indo-French Cultural Exchange Programme, who started this centre with UNESCO support, founded this famous cultural centre. Those interested in culture and art, gather from different parts of the country over here. The centre offers residential training courses, in Keralas traditional arts & crafts like Kathakali, Mohiniyattam, Bharatanatyam, Kalaripayattu, Music, wood carving etc.

ALAPPUZHA DISTRICT
Alappuzha, widely known as the "Venice of the East", is known for its scenic backwaters and boat races. The famous Nehru Trophy Boat race is held in Alappuzha Punnamada backwaters.

The district has many tourist places and pilgrimage centres like Pathiramanal, Krishnapuram Palace, Champakulam, Alappuzha Beach, Ambalapuzha Sree Krishna Temple, Mannarsala Nagaraja Temple, Edathua St. George's Church, Chettikulangara Bhagavathy Temple, and Haripad Subrahmanya Swami Temple. Alappuzha or Alleppey is well connected through Rail, Road and Air. Nedumbassery International Airport is easily accessible from Alappuzha. Alappuzha has a railway Station and has road links to all major parts of Kerala. Alappuzha has beautiful backwaters, lagoons and lakes. The major attraction in Alappuzha is the boat ride through the back waters, either in a small boat or a house boat. House boat cruises are arranged for tourists in and around Alleppey.

42 There are many snake boat races are conducted in Alappuzha during Onam season like Nehru Trophy Boat Race, Payippadu Jalothsavam, Champakkulam Boat Race.

PLACES TO VISIT Kuttanad

Kuttanad, called the rice bowl of Kerala because of her wealth of paddy crops, is at the very heart of the backwaters. The scenic countryside of Kuttanad with its shimmering waterways also has a rich crop of banana, cassava and yam. This is perhaps the only region in the world where farming is done 1.5 to 2 m below sea level. Inland waterways which flow above land level are an amazing feature of this region.

Alappuzha Beach
This is one of the most popular picnic spots in Alappuzha. The pier, which extends into the sea here, is over 137 years old. Entertainment facilities at the Vijaya beach park add to the attractions of the beach. There is also an old lighthouse which is greatly fascinating to visitors. The Vijaya beach park: Picnic spot with children's park & boating facilities.

Pathiramanal

43 According to mythology a young brahmin dived into the Vembanad Lake to perform his evening ablutions and the water made way for land to rise from below, thus creating the enchanting island of Pathiramanal (sands of midnight). This little island on the backwaters is a favourite haunt of hundreds of rare migratory birds from different parts of the world. The island lies between Thaneermukkom and Kumarakom, and is accessible only by boat.

Mannarasala Sree Nagaraja Temple

Situated near Harippad, this is a serpent shrine under the patronage of a brahman family, headed by a priestess. The ancient shrine is an internationally renowned pilgrim centre dedicated to the Serpent God Nagaraja. Sarpa Yakshi and Naga Yakshi are the beloved consorts of Nagaraja. It is believed that Nagaraja as the installed diety is endowed with the form of Hari (Lord Vishnu) and the spirit of Lord Shiva. Legend has it that the first priestess of Mannarasala gave birth to a five-headed snake, which is believed to reside in the ancestral house to safeguard the family. At Mannarasala barren women are believed to be blessed with children and a special turmeric paste available at the shrine is credited with powers to cure even leprosy.

Champakulam Church
One of the oldest churches in Kerala, the St. Mary's Church is believed to be one of the seven established by St. Thomas. The annual feast at this church falls on the 3rd Sunday of October every year. The feast of St. Joseph is celebrated on March 19th.

Q S T and R Block Kayal

These regions are wonders of the indigenous agricultural engineering know-how of Kerala and remind the visitor of the famous dikes of Holland. Extensive areas of land has been reclaimed from the backwaters and are protected by dikes built all around. Here cultivation and habitation are made possible four to ten feet below sea level. A leisurely cruise along the canals that surround these kayals is a memorable experience.

Chavara Bhavan

44 Chavara Bhavan is the ancestral home of the blessed Kuriakose Elias Chavara. It is now a holy shrine and spiritual resort where thousands of devotees gather for prayer, receive favours and feel amply gratified. Here, a 250 year old historically important beacon of light is preserved intact in its original and primitive form.

Ambalappuzha Sree Krishna Temple

Built in the typical Kerala architectural style, this temple is famous all over India for the Palpayasam, the daily offering of deliciously sweet milk porridge. It is also in this temple that Pallipana is performed by Velans (sorcerers) once every twelve years. Paintings of the Dasavatharam (the ten incarnations of Lord Vishnu) are on display on the inner walls of the Chuttambalam. Ottanthullal, a satiric art form originated by the poet Kunchan Nambiar, was first performed on the premises of this temple.

Edathua Church
Established in 1810, the church is dedicated to St. George. It is believed that prayers and offerings at this church help to heal all mental disorders and other ailments. During the annual feast (5th, 6th and 7th of May) pilgrims from all parts of South India, irrespective of caste and creed, visit the church and seek the blessings of the saint.

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Chettikulangara Bhagavathy Temple, Mavelikkara

The Kettukazhcha festival at this temple draws large crowds of devotees. Processions of tall decorated structures on chariots, brightly decorated effigies of horses and bullocks and cultural performances make a spectacular pageant. (Festival - February/March)

Krishnapuram Palace
Built by Marthanda Varma, this palace at Karthikapally in Kayamkulam is famous for its mural depicting the story of Gajendramoksham. Dating back to the 18th century, this exquisite piece of art is one of the largest murals in Kerala. The palace museum houses antique sculptures, paintings and bronzes.

KOTTAYAM DISTRICT
Kottayam district is called as - the LAND OF LAKES, LETTERS AND LATEX. The name Kottayam means KOTTA - AKAM i.e, interior of a fort. Rulers of Munjanad and Thekkumkur had their head quarters at Thaliyil Kotta at Thazhathangadi in the present Kottayam Town. It is commonly believed that the name Kottayam derived from the KOTTA AKAM of Thaliyil Kotta. Though Marthandavarma of Travancore attacked Thekkumkur and destroyed the palace and the Thaliyil Fort, the remnants of the palace and fort are still seen here.

PLACES TO VISIT Bharananganam

Bharananganam is an important pilgrimage center for the Christians. It is located next to the St. Mary's Church. The church is a thousand years old and has a well-carved cavern of Virgin Mary.

Cheryapalli
Built in the year 1579, this church is dedicated to St. Mary. The church has some beautiful paintings of the Biblical era.

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Mannanam
This place is a famous Christian center. The famous St. Joseph's monastery is located over here. A famous saintly figure of Kerala known as Father Kuriakose Elias of Chavara (1805 -1871) lived here. Mannanam is the place where one of the oldest printing presses of India was established. Some of Kerala's oldest newspapers were printed over here.

Thirunakkara Mahadev Temple

Located in the heart of Kottayam, this temple is built in the typical Kerala style. The architecture and murals are stunningly beautiful. The temple is packed by a large number of devotees who come to attend the annual festival in the month of March.

Valiyapalli Church
One of the largest churches in Kottayam, the Valiyapalli church was built in the year 1550. This church was built for the Knanaya Orthodox Syrians and is renowned for its ancient Persian cross dating back to the 8th century and also the Pahalavi inscription on the cross.

Grampi Hill Station

The picturesque hill station of Grampi, situated 5 kms from Peerumade is also known as the Parunthupara, meaning the eagle rock.

Kesari Waterfalls
The Kesari waterfalls, also known as Valanjamkanam falls, lies between Kuttikanam and Murinjapuzha on the Kottayam-Kumaly route. Valanjamkanam is a 3 hr. journey from Kottayam by any bus to Kumaly; trek to Kuttikanan offers additional adventurous spirit and closeness to nature.

Maramala Waterfalls
This lies a few kms away from Eerattupetta. It is exactly 7 kms from Teekoy rubber estate. From here a private vehicle can take you further 2 kms after which the road is not motor able. To reach the falls one has to trek through the estate over the rocky path. The waterfall is about 60 metres in height, falling into a 12-meter deep pool and joins the River Teekoy way down.

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Chandragiri Cruises
This offers boat trips to the nearby islands and palm grove. The boarding point is Chandragiri Bridge and nearby, is a mosque and also the ancient Kizhur Sartha Temple.

Ayyampara
43 kms from Kottayam, this is a well known scenic spot of rocky plains, where a 100 acres of flat rock makes a natural granite stadium to enjoy the sunset and the view of the town below. It is a good place for trekking.

Elaveezhapoonchira
Elaveezhapoonchira, formed of imposing mountain ranges with rocky cliffs is on the eastern periphery of Kottayam district. It is a beautiful picnic spot, accessible from Pala, located in the middle of hillocks. About 3000 feet above sea lever, the pristine beauty of nature is preserved almost intact here. There is also a famous ancient mosque at Thazhathanangady near Thalikotta Palace, which attracts many devotees.

Koottickal
Situated in the western ghats, 5 kms north of Mundakayam in Kottayam district, is Koottickal .The majesty of the mountain ranges combined with the beauty of the forest and the artificial lake created by the check dam of the River Manimala makes the spot linger in ones mind. Amruthameda, which is famous for medicinal plants, is nearby. Koottickal is well connected by roads to the main cities. The waterfall at Vadakkemala, near Kootickal is another attraction.

Panchalimedu
Situated 7 kms from Muundakkayam - Kuttikanam stretch on the Kottayam - Kumali road, lies Panchalimedu at an altitude of about 2500 feet above sea level. A 3-hour trek from Valliankavu, also connected by bus service from Kottayam. According to legends, the Pandavas had stayed here and the pond beside a small temple is where Panchali, their wife is said to have had bath.

Wagamon

48 Situated at an elevation of 1100 metres above sea level, Wagamon is called the trekker's paradise because it is an ideal place for trekking and a beautiful tourist spot surrounded by the greenery of tea plantations, meadows, valleys and dales. It is about 60 km from Kottayam. The other attraction of this place is Kurisumala, a sky-scraping mountain with a small church on its peak. There is also a monastery on this hill, called Kurisumala Ashramam, which has a small community of ascetics who follow Christian faith but combines with it the Indian spiritual traditions and Gandhian thoughts. People of all faith are welcome to visit this place.

Vembanad Lake

16 kms from Kottayam town, is a vast network of rivers and canals, which empty into the great expanse of water called the Vemanad Lake, which is situated in Kumarakom village. The lake is an enchanting picnic spot and a fast developing backwater tourist destination. It provides boating, fishing and sight seeing experiences that are truly exhilarating. The Kumarakom tourist village also offers houseboat cruises and holiday packages.

IDUKKI DISTRICT
The Idukki is a district surrounded by lands and this is one of the most prominent places, which is very rich in nature. There are three important rivers, which guard the high ranges and wooded valleys. The names of these three rivers are Periyar, Thalayar and Thodupuzhayar and also their tributaries.

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Another important river of kerala named as Pamba is also originated from this place. This place always attracts tourist because of its vast range of places that includes wildlife sanctuaries, Hill stations, Dams, Space plantation tours, Mountain treks, elephant rides.

PLACES TO VISIT Munnar

Munnar is situated at the meeting point of three mountain streams namely Mudrapuzha, Nallathanni and Kundala. This place is situated at 1600 m above sea level. Formerly it was the summer resort of the British Government in South India. Sprawling tea plantations, picture-book towns, winding lanes and holiday artifacts make this a popular resort town. The Neelakurinji is the most exotic flora and grassland found here. This flower that covers the hills in blue every twelve years, will bloom next in 2006 AD. Munnar also has the highest peak in South India, Anamudi, which towers over 2695 m.

Pothamadu

50 This place is 6 kms away from Munnar and offers an excellent view of the tea, coffee and cardamom plantations here. This place is ideal for trekking and long mountains walk because of its undulating hills, the abundant mountains and the magnificent and incredible scenery.

Devikulum
This place is situated at 7 kms from Munnar. This place is very beautiful as this is a heavenly hill stations with its velvety lawns, exotic flora and fauna and the cool mountain air. The presence of all these in a single place is itself a rare combination. The Sita Devi Lake with its mineral waters and picturesque surroundings is a good picnic spot. The lake is also ideal for trout fishing.

Pallivasal
This is the venue of the first Hydroelectric Project in Kerala. This is a place of immense scenic beauty, which is situated at 8 kms from Munnar.

Attukal
This place is located between Munnar and Pallivasal, which is 9 kms away from Munnar. This place is ideal for long trek. The other attractions are undulating hills and waterfall.

Nyayamakad
This place is based at a distance of 10 kms away from Munnar. This is mainly Located between Munnar and Rajamala. Nyayamakad is a land of breathtaking waterfalls. The waters cascade down a hill from a height of about 1600 metres. The enchanting surroundings make an excellent picnic spot and trekking point.

Lock Heart Gap

This place is 13 kms away from Munnar and ideal for adventure tourism and trekking. The fresh mountain air, the foggy hills and the picturesque beauty make the place worthy to visit.

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Echo point
This place is situated at 15 kms away from Munnar. This scenic place gets its name from the natural echo phenomenon here. Echo Point is on the way to Top Stations from Munnar.

Eravikulum National Park

The 97 sq. km. park is situated in the Devikulam taluk. The 2695m high Anamudi peak is located in the southern region of the park. This is placed at 15 kms away from Munnar.

Anayirankal
This place is situated at 22 kms away from Munnar. It is a lush green carpet of tea plants. A trip on the splendid reservoir is a memorable experience. The Tata Tea Plantations and evergreen forests surround the Anayirankal Dam, which is an ideal spot for picnic. Top station: This place is 32 kms away from Munnar. This is placed at 1700 m above sea level; and is the highest point on the Munnar-Kodaikanal road. The rare Nilakurinji or strobilanthus belongs to this region. This plant blooms in every 12 years and filled the hillsides in bright blue. Top Station also offers a panoramic view of the neighboring state of Tamil nadu.

Marayoor
This is 40 kms away from Munnar. This is the only place in Kerala that has natural growth of sandal wood trees. Among the interesting spots in this place some are stated in the following: the sandal wood factory of the forest department, the caves with murals, objects from the new stone age civilization and the children`s park spread across a hectare of land under the canopy of a single Banayan tree. Thoovanam waterfalls and Rajiv Gandhi National Park are also near by to this place.

Cheeyappara
The Cheeyappara and Valara waterfalls are located between Nariamangalam and Adimali on the Kochi-Madurai highway. The Cheeyappara waterfalls descend in seven steps. The panoramic view of this place is awesome and also a great place for trekking.

52 Meenuli: It is famous for two acres of evergreen forests upon a huge Rock. The rock is more than 500 acres in area and is an ideal spot for mountaineering. It is a real beauty as it is placed above the rock.

Thommankuthu
This is situated at 17 kms away from Thodupuzha. There is a 7 steps waterfall, which is lovely picnic spot. At each step of this waterfall there is a cascade and pool beneath. This place named as Thommankuthu is an ideal place for adventure tourism.

Keezharkuthu
This place is situated at 25 kms from Thodupuzha. The Rain Bow waterfalls, which flows down a rock from a height of about 1500 m is a wonderful attraction of this spot. It can be seen through out the year in full swing. This place is also important as various medicinal plants grow here. It is an ideal place for rock climbing, mountaineering and camp trekking because of these reasons young people like this place very much.

ERANAKULAM DISTRICT
Ernakulam is one of the fastest growing places in Kerala. It is an important commercial and residential area. Cochin Carnival and Sivarathri festival celebrated on the bank of Periyar river, attract tourists from all around the world. Ernakulam is considered as the commercial capital of Kerala.

PLACES OF INTEREST Bastion Bunglow

Bastion Bungalow of Kerala is a famous tourist site in the fort of Kochi. At present the Bastion Bungalow serves as the official seat of the Sub-Collector. This bungalow is an example of Indo-European style architecture mainly following the Dutch style. The Bungalow was established in the year 1667. The bungalow is known Bastion as it is situated on the site of Stromsburg Bastion of the Dutch fort.

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Bhoothathankettu
This is a scenic dam site with boating facilities is situated in a vast virgin forest. It is a popular picnic sport with Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary near by. 50 km north east of Ernakulam town.

Bolghatty Bolghatty palace

It was built by the Dutch in 1744. Later it became the seat of the British Resident of Cochin. Today it is a hotel run by K.T.D.C. The grounds have a small golf course & several vantage points for lovely views of the harbour & the sea 3 kms from Ernakulam by Boat.

Chendamangalam
This land was once the abode of the Paliath Achans, the prime ministers of the Maharajas of Kochi. Their residence, the Paliam Palace represents the architectural splendour of Kerala. The Palace houses a collection of historic documents and relics. about 42 km from Ernakulam.

Chinese Fishing Nets

A legacy of the trading connections between China and India many centuries ago. The long rows of chinese nets silhouetted against the sunset present a spectacular sight of Cochin's waterfront.

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Cherai Beach
Cherai Beach, one of the most beautiful beaches in Kerala bordering the northern end of Vypeen Island, is located about 26 km from Ernakulam city. The place is a unique combination of sea and backwaters rimmed by lush green coconut palms and paddy fields. The backwaters are a combination of lakes, lagoons, canals and estuaries. The 15 km long golden Beach is very clean, shallow and is ideal for swimming, surfing and sunbathing. The newly beautified 400 Meters of the main beach has a walkway and High mask lamps which make the beach enjoyable even at night.

Chottanikkara Temple
Mother Goddes worshipped in three different forms - as Saraswati in the morning draped in white, as Bhadrakali at noon draped in crimson, and as Durga in the evening decked in blue.

Dutch Palace
The Dutch palace or Mattancherry palace was originally built by the Portuguese and presented to the Raja of Cochin, Veera Kerala Varma in 1555. It was later taken over by the Dutch who improved it through extensions and repairs in 1663.

Hill Palace
The largest archeological museum of Kerala. Paintings, carvings, etchings and other trappings of royalty like majestic beds, weapons and samples of epigraphy. This place is 13 Kms from Cochin on the Ernakulam-Chottanikara route.

Historical Museum
Important scenes of Kerala history are portrayed through through Sculptures. Greeting the visitor outside is a statue of Parasurama, the mythological safe who is said to have created Kerala. 6 kms from Ernakulam at Edappally

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Iringole Forest Temple

Iringole Kavu, a temple in tropical rain forest in the middle of a town 8 kms from Kalady Town

Jewish Synagogue
The Synagogue at Mattancherry built in 1568 is the oldest Synagogue in the Common Wealth Countries. It was partially destroyed in the war of 1662, but was rebuilt by Dutch. In the mid 18th century the clock tower was added.

Kalady
Kalady is the birth place of Adi Shankaracharya the great Indian Philosopher who lived in the 8th century. 2 shrines in memory of Sankaracharya - one for Dakshinamoorthy and the other for the Goddes Sharada.

Kallil Temple
A 9th century Jain temple shaped out of from a huge rock on a small hill in a picturesque surrounding. The visitor has to climb 120 steps to reach this rare historic temple.

Kanjiramattom Mosque

It is believed that the mosque was erected over the mortal remains of a Muslim saint, Sheikh Parid. Another great Muslim saint, Baver is supposed to have prayed here and attained salvation.

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Kodanad
It is one of the largest elephant capturing centres of South India. In 1977 the elephant capturing came to an end, but the elephant kraal and training centre are still there intact. Kodanad is 45 kms to the north east of Cochin city and 12 kms to the east of Perumbavoor town.

Kottayil Kovilakam
Kottayil Kovilakam at Chennamangalam, which was the seat of Kshatriya chieftains of Villarvattom is situated near the ancient Kunnathali temple. Chennamangalam is an important center of handloom weaving and coir manufacturing.

Malayattoor
A place of prayer and pilgrimage; made rich by the foot steps of St. Thomas the Apostle, who sowed the seeds of Christianity in this part of the world.

Marine Drive
Marine Drive is considered to be one of the most beautiful part of Kochy city. The marine walk is the main hangout for the local populace as the view of the backwaters and the harbour from here is excellent.

Pallipuram Fort
Pallippuram fort was built by the Portuguese in 1503. It is one of the oldest existing European monuments in India. The Dutch captured the fort in 1661 and sold it to the State of Travancore in 1789 This fort is situated in the northern extremity of the Vypeen Island at Pallipuram

Parikshit Thampuran Museum

This museum features collections of the 19th century paintings, Pre-historic monuments, Old coins in a numismatic gallery,Scriptures in stone & Plaster of paris, Copies of mural paintings etc & the collection from the Cochin royal family.

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Santa Cruz Bascillica

This Roman Catholic church is situated near the St.Francis church and is worth a visit.It is a specimen of portugese architecture built in 1503. Frescoesand mural paintings decorate the ceiling and interior parts of the church.

St.Francis Church
The first European church in India. Originally built in wood and named Santo Antonio in the 16th Century. Vasco da Gama was buried here in 1524.

Willingdon Island
A manmade island named after Lord Willingdon a former British Viceroy to india. Cochin Harbour, Southern Naval Command, Best hotels in the city, Port Trust head quarters, major trading centers etc. are situated at Willingdon Island.

THRISSUR DISTRICT
Thrissur has many interesting places that are worth visiting. The rich historical and cultural legacy of Thrissur has made sure Trichur sight seeing tours keep you amused on your trip. Once you reach this city, you will not be left wondering as to what to see in Thrissur. One day just wouldn't be enough for visiting the places in Trichur. So read on further to know more about Trichur tourist attractions and know about tour to Thrissur.

PLACES TO VISIT Vadakkumnathan Temple

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This temple is a classic example of the Kerala style of architectrue.One of the oldest temples in the state, this place contains the sacred shrines of Paramashiva, Parvathy, Sankaranarayana, Ganapathy, Sri Rama and Sri Krishna. The central shrines and Koothambalam exhibit exquisite vignettes carved in wood. Legend goes that this temple was founded by Parasurama. ' thrissur pooram' the grandest temple pageantry in Kerala, is celebrated here in April -May every year.

Guruvayur Temple
GURUVAYUR - Dwaraka of south, is one of the most famous Sree Krishna temples in India. The divine idol installed here represents the world-enchanting form of Sree Krishna endowed with the four lustrous arms carrying the conch, the discus, the mace and the lotus. Adorned with the divine `Thulasi garland and pearls necklaces, the idol represents the majestic form of Maha Vishnu as revealed to Vasudeva and Devaki at the time of 'Krishnavathara'.Thousands of devotees from all over the world visit this temple daily for darsan. It is believed that the Lord revels here in the same majestic form as he would at 'Vaikunda' - his celestial abode. Thus Guruvayur is known as `Bhooloka Vaikunda'.

Kerala Kalamandapam:
Centre of fine arts in Kerala established by famous poet Vallathol.The koothambalam is built as per Natyashastra norms and is a highlight.Regular programmes are held.Located in Cheruthuruthi in the backdrop of the Bharathapuzha river. It is situated in the North of Thrissur, 29km away near the Shoranur Railway Junction . It is the home of the renowned repository of the tradition of the Kathakali dance form. It is in this academy that the best of Kerala's Kathakali, Ottamthullal and Chakyarkoothu performers get their rigorous training. The institution also offers training in music, drama, and other dance forms including Mohiniyattam and Koodiyattam.

Sakthan Thampuran Palace & Museum

Located near the Old Bus Stand.The memorial of the "architect of Thrissur" lies here. Relics and artefacts belonging to the ersatwhile Cochin Royal Family can be found here and their history traced.

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Anakkayam
Anakkayam is roughly 20 kms from Chalakudy on the Sholayar Peringalkuthu route, famous for its lake with cool and placid waters. The place got its name from a herd of elephants which used to visit the place quite often and the legend goes that the place got its name because some elephants had been drowned in this lake. The place is breathtakingly beautiful with its rushing waters, chiselled rocks and silent streams.

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Athirapally and Vazhachal Waterfalls

East of Chalakudy, near the entrance to the Sholayar forest ranges, are the beautiful waterfalls of Athirapally and Vazhachal, 5 km apart.Athirapally is 60 km away from Thrissur and 30 km away from Chalakkudy.The These waterfalls are a place of scenic beauty , and is of 80 feet high. Forest

PALAKKAD DISTRICT
You will find a number of tourist attractions in Palakkad and these places are definitely worth the visit. Once here, you wouldn't be left wondering as to what to see in Palakkad when you go one Palakkad sight seeing tours. This place has many temples, forts, etc. that have historical significance and are worth checking out. So read on further and know about tour to Palakkad tourist attractions.

PLACES TO VISIT Palakkad Fort

It is the fort which is situated in the middle of Palakkad town that first welcomes the tourists to this place. This fort tells the tale of many a subjugation and surrender. As per the directions of Hyder Ali, the Sultan of Mysore, the work on this fort was started in the year 1766 under the supervision of a team of French engineers. Hyder had settlements in Coimbatore, Malabar and Kochi (Cochin). His intention was to turn the Palakkad fort into a focal paint of these settlements and rule them. In the war with the English in 1767 the fort was damaged and Hyder Ali reconstructed it on a solid foundation. Hyder Ali was succeeded by his son Tippu Sultan as the Nawab of Mysore in 1782 and the fort came under his control. In 1787 the English and the Kozhikodu

61 Zamorin captured this fort of vital strategic importance. Knowing this, Tippu sent a strong contingent and drove out the Zamorin and recaptured the fort. In the war between the English and Tippu in 1790, the English again captured the fort. According to a treaty after 3rd Mysore war, in 1782 the British got Malabar region and the complete control of the fort therein. In 1797 the English mended the damaged parts of the fort. The war between Tippu and East India Company ended with the treaty of 1872 and all the possessions of Tippu in Malabar were ceded to the British. Gradually these formed part of the Malabar district of the Madras presidency. Palakkad was only a taluk of old Malabar district of Madras presidency till the linguistic reorganization of the States in 1956. At present, some government offices and a sub jail are functioning at this fort. Kottamaithanam, west of the fort, is very famous. It is said that it was here Tippus cavalry camped. This maithanam is used for conducting exhibitions and mammoth meetings. Nearby the fort, there is a childrens park and an open air stadium called Rappadi.

Malampuzha
Malampuzha is the Vrindavan of Kerala. It is 13 kms from Palakkad town. Since the completion of the dam in 1955, the place has been beautified into a tourist resort. The dam is located in idyllic surroundings with a hilly background. The beautiful garden on mughal model below the dam is the star attraction for the tourists. The small garden on Japanese style is also very attractive. The gigantic Yakshi statue situated in the garden would cause surprise and wonder to anyone visiting Malampuzha. The fishshaped aquarium is an added attraction. The snake park, the rock garden, the amusement park and the fancy park and the thrilling rides therein and the garden and fountain are the other attractions.

Parambikulam Wild Life sanctuary

Parambikulam in Western Ghats is about 125 kms from Palakkad. The dam and the wildlife sanctuary here are renowned. All sorts of animals and birds are seen here.

62 There is a reservoir also. The place is famous for teak plantations. The oldest teak tree, Kannimaree, stands here. There is a national park here, which is named after Salim Ali, the famous bird observer.

Seetharkundu
Seetharkundu at Nelliampathy offers a fantastic view of the valley below. The 1000 meters high water falls is one of the major attractions. Legend has it that during the vanavasa, Rama, Sita and Lakshmana had lived here. Seetharkundu got its name from the legend that Sita devi during the vanavasa period with Rama, took a bath here.

Killikurissi Mangalam
The first popular Malayalam poet and the father of Thullal Movements, Kunjan Nambiar was born in Kalakkathu house at Killikkurissi Mangalam of Lakkidi Perur panchayat in Palakkad district. Every day a number of literary men come here to pay obeisance to the ever burning lamp and the ezhuthani (pen) he used for writing. A center imparting training in learning the poets arts form like Ottam Thullal, Parayan Thullal and Seethankan Thullal is functioning here. Every year May fifth is observed as Kunchan Day and award is given to the best thullal artist of the State. It is the Kunjan Memorial Committee working under the State Cultural Department that gives initiative to the activities here.

Meenkara Dam
Meenkara is a fascinating sport due to the dam, garden, fish ponds and natural beauty. It is 32 kms, south east of Palakkad town. The dam here was constructed in the year 1960 across Meenkara river, a sub tributary of Gayathripuzha, which is the tributary of Bharathapuzha.

Chulliyar Dam
This dam and the surroundings at Muthalamada Panchayat offer a strikingly beautiful panorama of natural scenery. The work on this dam across Chulliyar, a tributary of

63 Gayathripuzha was completed in the year 1960. A view from this dam at the sky kissing Nelliyampathy mountain ranges is superb.

Pothundi Dam
Pothundy is 38 kms south of Palakkad town, in Nelliyampathy route. The dam is across Padipuzha and Meenchadipuzha, the two sub tributaries of Ayilurpuzha, which is the tributary of Bharathapuzha.

Mangalam Dam
The work on this dam was completed in the year 1956. it is located 48 kms south of Palakkad town. The dam is constructed across Cherukunnupuzha, a tributary of Mangalam river. There are deer, wild elephants and rare species of birds on the fringes of the reservoir.

Siruvani Dam
The dam is the common reservoir of Kerala and Tamilnadu. It is 80 kms away from Palakkad town, and 22 kms interior from Edakkurissi which is in Palakkad manarcad route. The dam is constructed across Siruvanipuzha which is the tributary of Bhavanipuzha. It supplies drinking water to Coimbatore municipality. There is a water fall from 2000 feet height on the eastern side of the dam. The scenic beauty of Siruvani is really wonderful.

Thunchan Madom
In Sokanashini, an old building at Chittoor Thekkegram village, Thunchath Ramanujan Ezhuthachan, the father of Malayalam language spent his last years. People call it gurumadom. Thunchan madom on the banks of Sokanashini (destroyer of sorrow) Chittoorpuzha is even today blessed with the presence of literary men. The ezhuthani (pen) he used for writing is kept here as a precious memento.

Kudallur and Thasarak

The villages of Palakkad district have become the background of the novels of reputed writers like M.T. Vasudevan Nair and O.V. Vijayan. Kudallur, the birth place of M.T.

64 Vasudevan Nair is the locale of his novels, Nalukettu and Kalam (time). In vijayans famous novel, Khasakkinte Ithihasom (the epic of Khasakk) the locale is the palakkad village, Thasarak. A number of people interested in literature visit these two places.

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MALAPPURAM DISTRICT
Malappuram is bounded by the Nilgiri hills on the east and the Arabian sea on the west, Malappuram, with its rich natural beauty, lush coconut grooves and historic past, has its own tourist attractions. The temples and mosque of this district are well known for their festivals.

Beaches
Padinharekara beach: Close to Ponnani and at the end point of the Tipu Sulthan road. It offers a breath taking view of the confluence of the river Bharathapuzha and Tirur puzha with the Arabian sea.

Kadampuzha
In Melmuri village of Tirur taluk is situated 3 Km north of Vettichira on the NH-17 connecting Calicut and Trissur and is famous for its Bhagavathi temple said to have been set up by Jagadguru Sankaracharya.

Angadipuram
About 1.5 Kms west of Perinthalmanna. This is an important place on the MadrasCalicut Trunk road through which the Shoranur-Nilambur railway line also passes. This place has two well known temples Thirumandhamkunnu and Tali.

Thirunavaya
This ancient and famous temple on the banks of the Bharathapuzha dedicated to Lord Shiva was the traditional venue of the ritual of Mamankam an enactment of traditional martial arts by suicide squades.

Trikandiyur
This ancient Shiva temple with an idol said to have been installed by Parasurama, is situated close to the town of Tirur, and attracts devotees from far and wide.

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Mumburam
Muslim shrine and receptacle for dead bodies of the Thangals (the relegious leaders of the malabar muslims), situated in A.R.Nagar village; is a major pilgrimage centre of Muslims.

Valiya Juma Masjid Malappuram

This is an important pilgrim centre of the Muslims of Kerala. The four day annual festival at the mosque(nercha) is celebrated in April. Adjoining the mosque is the mausoleum of the Malappuram shaheeds (martys) whose brave exploits have been immortalised in the Mappila ballads.

Pazhayangadi Mosque, Kondotti

The three day long Valia Nercha feat at this 500 year old Muslim pilgrim centre, celebrated in February/March, is a local cultural event. Moyin Kutty VaidyarKondotty, the finest exponanent of Mappila Pattu. His Badral Muneer - Husn-Ul-Jamal, the earliest romantic piece is praised for its craft.

Biyyam Kayal
Close to Ponnani, is a placed greenery fringed waterway with a watersports facility recenlty set up by the D.T.P.C.

Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary

Located 19kms from Kozhikode and 7kms from Beypore port, the sanctuary which is spread over a cluster of islands covers an area surrounded by hillocks where the Kadalundipuzha flows in to the Arabian sea. Over a 100 varieties of native birds and over 60 varieties of migratory birds flock here.

KOZHIKODE DISTRICT
This district with serene beaches, emerald green countryside, and historic sites is set with the Arabian Sea on the west and the Wayanad hills on the east. The most important region of Malabar in earlier times, Kozhikode was the capital of the powerful Zamorins

67 and a major trade and commerce center as well. The city continues to be a center of flourishing domestic and international trade, being the marketing center for commodities like pepper coconut, coffee, rubber, lemon grass oil etc. Kozhikode found a place in World History with the discovery of sea route to India by the Portuguese navigator Vasco Da Gama , who landed at the Kappad sea shore in 1498. A monument is constructed here to commemorate the historical landing.

PLACES TO VISIT Kappad

This historic beach lies 16 km from Kozhikode and constitutes the place where Vasco De Gama landed on the 27th of May 1498. There is a monument established on the beach that commemorates the event. The beach promontory is a very beautiful place providing great view of the stretched out sea. There is a temple built on the rocks that reach out for the sea. This temple is believed as having been built somewhere in 13th century.

Kozhikode Beach
Kozhikode beach is a fun beach with quite a number of attractions. The sunset, as viewed from this The beach provides the site to view some astonishing sunsets. Present at the beach are two very old piers and a lighthouse that constitute the local attractions. The nearby amusement parks, Lions Park and aquarium, are additional features.

Beypore
Situated on Chaliyar river, some 10 kms south of Kozhikode is Beypore harbour. The old port is a popular attraction and features a community that has been building vessels for more than one and a half millennia. The region used to be a favorite trade center for several Arab countries in the past. The tradition of building vessels, Arab trading vessels, still thrives in the region.

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Pazhassiraja Museum and Art Gallery

The museum, located some 5 kms from Kozhikode, houses great collection of arts and antiquities. The exhibitions include ancient murals, ancient bronze articles, coins, models of temples and some megalithic monuments.

Velliyamkallu
The massive rock on the shores is one place that navigators were often afraid of. The rock used to be employed by the Marakkars as a vantage point against the invading Portuguese. On one occasion an entire crew of a Portuguese vessel was killed here.

Planetarium
The Kozhikode Planetarium is located at Jaffarkhan colony. The planetarium reveals the mysteries of the universe, the planets and the galaxies. Daily shows are hosted at the place, at 12 o'clock, 02 p.m., 04 p.m. and 06 p.m.

Kalipoika
About two kilometres from Kozhikode is located Kalipoika with its unique boating experience. Some other attractions located nearby include Thikkoti Lighthouse, Kirtads, , Payyoli, Kakkayam, Varakkal Devi Temple, Tusharagiri, St. Mary's Church, Buddha Vihar, Peruvannamuzhi, Vellari Mala, Wayanad Ghats, Kuttiyadi, Iringal, Mananchira Maidan, Kuttichira, Mishkal Masjid, Pishakarikavu, Lokanarkavu Temple, Mannur Temple, Ponmeri, etc.Dolphin's Point A beautiful place to visit during the early morning hours in Calicut is the Dolphin's Point. This beautiful beach is located around 2 kilometers from the city center and is a popular place for locals and tourists as one can spot dolphins playing in the sea, early in the morning. The beach is an ideal place to take a long walk and get refreshed in the morning.

Ettumanoor Temple
This legendary Hindu Temple has the famous statue of the Nataraja. Lord Shiva is shown in a dancing pose in which, he is standing on one foot, crushing a demon symbolizing ignorance and evil. A circle of fire surrounds him, which symbolizes the

69 ever-changing universe. The carvings and architecture is splendid and is definitely worth a visit.

Krishnan Menon Museum

The Krishna Menon Museum is dedicated to the famous Indian leader, V.K. Krishna Menon. His personal belongings and souvenir presented to him by great national leaders and friends have been preserved over here. Krishna Menon was a great orator and was the spokesperson for India in the General Assembly of the UN.

Mananchira
Mananchira Square is located in the center of the city and has esteemed establishments like Town Hall, Public Library and the Commonwealth Trust's office. The Commonwealth Trust office is one of the oldest institutions of Kozhikode.

Pazhassi Raja Museum

The Pazhassi Raja Museum is located at East Hill and is managed by the State Archaeological Department. One can find exhibits of ancient murals, old coins and antique statues as well as replicas of temples and stone monuments.

Pookot Lake
Located in Kozhikode, the Pookot Lake is a natural fresh water lake. It is surrounded by meadows and trees on all sides and is an ideal getaway for all those people who crave for calm and tranquil environs.

Thali Temple
Thali temple is located in Kozhikode city center and is an important temple of the former Zamorin Empire of Kozhikode. A famous annual competition of academic skills is held at the Thali temple, which is known as 'Revathi Pattathanam'.

WAYANAD DISTRICT
The word Wynad has been derived from the expression 'Wayalnadu' which means the land of paddy fields. Kalpetta is the head quarters of Wynad district.

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Wyanad offers the climate of the hill station to that of Oottacamand and a panorama of undulating hills and dales. Esconced in the North Eastern tip of Kerala, Wyanad is renowned for of Coffee, tea, caradamom, pepper and rubber plantations. There is luxuriant green all around. With picturesque hills, gurgling streams and lush vegetation, Lakkidi is one of the highest spots in Wyanad. Fresh water lake, Tea and Coffee plantations, ancient temples, Caves with ancient carvings, wild sanctuary all make this place a nature lover's delight.

PLACES TO VISIT Banasura Sagar Dam

This is the largest earth dam in India. The topography here is such that many islands will be formed in the upstream of the dam when the dam is full. These islands with the background of the Banasura hill will provide a hypnotising sight to tourists.

Chembra Peak
The hills, rocks and valleys which contribute to the very unique character of Wayanad provide a lot for adventure tourism. Trekking to the Chembra peak is a risky mountaineering endeavour. Chembra peak, the highest hill in Wayanad, is near Meppady town. Trekking to the top of this peak takes almost a day. Tourists can also stay one or two days at the top of the peak in temporary camps. District Tourism Promotion Council provides guides, sleeping bags, canvases, huts and trekking implements on hire. The scenic beauty of Wayanad, which is visible from the top of Chambra, is very exhilerating.

Edakkal Cave
This location of breathtaking beauty is three kilometres from Ambalavayal which is 25 kilometres from Kalpetta. The Edakkal cave in the Ambukuthy mountain, is not a cave in the real sense.

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Kuruva Island
The Kuruva island, 950 acres of ever green forest on the tributaries of east flowing river Kabani, is an ideal picnic spot, far away from the disturbances of city life. The island is uninhabited. Rare species of birds, orchids and herbs are the sovereigns of this supernal kingdom. It is 17 Kms. east of Mananthavady and 40 kms. north west of Sulthan Bathery.

Lakkidi
One of the highest locations in Wayanad, Lakkidi also commands a picturesque scenery. It is about 58 kms. north east of Kozhikode and five kms. south of Vythiri. Lakkidi, the gate way of Wayanad, lies atop Thamarassery, a ghat pass at an elevation of 700 m. above mean sea level.The lofty mountain peaks, the gurging stream, luxuriant vegetation and the bird's eye view of the deep valley on the south, with its winding roads, are breath taking. The 12 kms.long journey from Adivaram to Lakkidi through ghat road with nine hairpin bends amidst thick forests, is a fascinating experience.

Muthanga Wild Life Sanctuary

Muthanga, Which is 16 kms. east of Sulthan Bathery, is located very near to the Karnadaka border. Wild forests covering an area of 345 sq.kms form the Muthanga wild life sanctuary; the biggest abode of wild animals in Malabar. Elephant, spotted deer, bison, tiger, cheeta, wild bear, etc. are found in this sanctuary. The forest Department has facilities for providing elephant rides to tourists, here.

Pakshipathalam
Pakshipathalam in the Brahmagiri hills at Thirunelli, is a challenging tourist spot for any adventure seeking tourist. To reach Pakshipathalam seventeen kilometres have to be covered through wild forest. The deep rock caves, formed among the thick blocks of rocks at the northern top end of the Brahmagiri, are the abode of various birds and wild beasts. Special permission has to be obtained from Forest Department to go to Pakshipathalam. District Tourism Promotion Council arranges vehicle, guides, camping equipments, etc. to the tourists, on hire.

Pazhassi Raja Tomb

72 Pazhassi Tourist Resort at Mananthavady is a good picnic centre in north Wayanad. There is a good aquarium here. Coin-operated toys for children and boating facilities for tourists are available here. Pazhassi Raja, the Lion of Kerala, who organised guerilla type warfare against British East India Company, was cremated here in 1805.

Pookot Lake
It is a natural fresh water lake, brimmed with ever green mountains. The weather here is salacious; the scenic beauty, hypnotising and the nature, unspoiled. Pookot lake tourist resort in Vythiri is the most sought after tourist spot of Wayanad. There is an aquarium and a green house here. Boating facilities also are available. Spices and handicraft items are also arranged for sale at Pookot. The lake has an area of 8.5ha. and the maximum water depth is 6.5mtrs. This lake is three kms.south of Vythiri.

Sentinel Rock Waterfall

This waterfall is at Vellarimala village near Chooralmala in Meppadi panchayat. It is a picnic spot as well as a trekking centre. The sentinel rock, a rock of more than 200 m.in height, is ideal for rock climbing.

Soochippara Waterfall
The waterfalls at Soochippara near Meppadi is really a treasure of nature, yet to be discovered. The stretches of waterfalls ranging at places from 100 to 300 feet height is a treat to the eyes. The pool below, provides for water rafting, swimming, bathing,etc. The tree top huts at Soochippara give an unique view of the valleys of the Western Ghats and the glimmering shallow waters of the surrounding springs.

KANNUR DISTRICT
Kannur is full of beautiful tourist attractions that can be visited as a part of Kannur sight seeing tours. This lovely coastal town should not be missed and the famous tourist attractions are worth the visit. Your tour to Kannur will be all the more enjoyable when you go and visit all these beautiful tourist attractions.

PLACES TO VISIT

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St. Angelo's Fort

St. Angelo's Fort, built in 1505 the first Portuguese Viceroy of India, is situated near the sea coast and is about 2 km away from Kannur town. Even now, it is in a fairly good state of preservation, though parts of it have collapsed. A few obsolete guns can be seen at the place.

Muzhappilangad Beach
The only drive-in-beach in Kerala, where you can drive an entire length of 4 K.m. Protected by the black rocks from the currents of the deep, the shallow waters of this long, clean beach is a swimmer's paradise.

Meenkunnu Beach
Situated at Azhikode, it is hardly a few kilometres from the town. The virgin beach is a tourist's paradise with golden sand and surf.

Payyambalam Beach
The Payyambalam beach is one of the beautiful beaches in the State and is an ideal place to spend evenings, irrespepctive of seasons. It has an unbroken coastline of a few kilometres.

Snake Park at Parassinikkadavu

The Snake Park at Parassinikkadavu is situated 18 kms. Away from Kannur town. It Is one of the best known snake parks in the country . The park is dedicated to the

74 preservation and conservation of snakes, most of which are becoming extinct gradually. There is a large collection of poisonous and non-poisonous snakes.

Mappila bay
Situated near the St. Angelo's Fort, the Mappila bay has a historical background. The bay was famous during the Kolathiris' regime as a commercial harbour Today, Mappila bay has turned into a modernised fishing harbour. Boating in the sea, if the weather permits, will be an unforgettable experience.

Pazhassi Dam
The damsite, famous for its scenic beauty, is an ideal retreat for tourists. The D.T.P.C provides pleasure boating faciliaties at the reservoir.

KASARAGOD DISTRICT
There are various thoughts regarding the derivation of the name `Kasaragod`. According to one view it is the combination of two Sanskrit words "kaasaara", which means lake or pond and "kroda" that means a place where treasure is kept. Another view expresses that it is the place where Kaasaraka trees or Strychnos nux vomica or Kaanjiram or Kaaraskara are in abundance. But it can be seen that in both the there are large number of rivers, lakes and ponds in the coastal belt of the district. Besides which there is thick flora consisting of innumerable varieties of trees, shrubs etc. Particularly plenty of Kaasaraka trees are present in this locality.

PLACES TO VISIT Madhur Manantheswara Festival

The five-day annual festival at Sree Manantheswara Vinayaka temple at Madhur in Kasargod is a colorful and exciting event. On the fourth day, the statue of the deity is taken out in a long procession.

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Ananthapura Lake Temple

Situated at a distance of 30kms from Bekal, Ananthapura is the only lake temple in Kerala. It is regarded as the original seat of Ananthapadmanabha, the deity of Sree Padmanabha Swami Temple, Thiruvananthapuram.

Bekal Fort

The largest and best-preserved fort in Kerala, the Bekal Fort is suspended atop a hill, giving a strategic and panoramic view of the surrounding countryside.

Manjakkudam Festival
Manjakkudam Festival is dedicated to goddess Bhagavathy. The seven-day utsavam at this temple takes place in the Malayalam month of Kumbham/Meenam (March).

Thapotsavam
Thapotsavam is the annual one-day festival, celebrated on the fifth day after 'Vishu' in the Malayalam month of Medam (April) at the Ananthapura Lake Temple in Kumbala, Kasargod.

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Bekal Hole Aqua Park

North of the Bekal fort, is a unique 'Aqua Park', the only one of its kind in north Malabar. At the Bekal Hole Aqua Park, Pedal boats and water cycles offer along hours of relaxation on the cool stretches of the Bekal backwaters.

Chandragiri Fort
The fort is located southeast of Kasargod. Sivappa Nayaka of Bedanore built the Chandragiri Fort in the 17th century. It has a mosque nearby. The ancient Kizhur State temple is also located here, where the deity is taken to Thrikkanaya Temple at Bekal, during the annual festival.

Kanwatheertha Beach
The Kanwatheertha Beach is located about 3 km from Manjeshwaram. A large swimming pool-like formation of the sea on the vast beach and is the main attraction.

Kappil Beach
The Kappil Beach, serene, remote and secluded is fast becoming a major tourist destination. It offers an unmatched experience of wide beaches and calm waters. The Kodi Cliff nearby the beach offers a panoramic view of the blue waters of the Arabian Sea.

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CHAPTER-V CONCLUSION CONCLUSION FUTURE OF KERALA IN THE TOURISM INDUSTRY

Kerala, the Gods own Country is visited by thousands of travelers each year from different regions of the world. This Indian state has various accommodation options including the beach resorts and hotel in Kerala. The beach hotels and ayurvedic resorts are equipped with modern room amenities, recreation facilities, ayurveda and yoga centre and personalized service. As Kerala backwaters and beaches form the main tourism industry of the state, most of the beach and backwater hotels are located near the backwater canals. Kerala is endowed with various tourist treasures like backwaters, lakes, rivers, beaches, rich ayurveda and yoga culture, ritual art forms and classical dance and music, historical monuments such as temples, forts and churches. The tourism industry of Kerala is booming tremendously and to provide a comfortable stay to the tourists various beach resorts and backwater hotels are run by both private and government sectors. Kerala beach resorts and hotels are growing in number to cater the needs of the travelers. The uniqueness of the Kerala beach and backwater hotels is that most of the hotels have their own ayurveda centre. Kerala Hotels besides offering various modern room amenities provide some recreation facilities including water sports, house boat cruising, eco camp visit, music and dance concert, ayurveda massage and treatments. While one is visiting Kerala for holidaying, he can stay at a beach or backwater resort in this state. One can have quintessential experience of Kerala foods and culture at these hotels. The resorts of Kerala are wellconnected to the main air, road and railways. The Hotels in Kerala features a wide variety of cuisine including Keralite flavors, Indian and continental delicacies. The traditional Keralite lip-smacking delicacies are sure to be soothing to the palates. The foodies can taste various mouth-watering dishes

78 here. Besides the restaurants of the Kerala beach resorts serve Indian sea foods of various types. Kochi, known as the hub of the hotels in Kerala houses various hotels. It has an international airport well-connected to various main tourists locations. Besides, Trivandrum, Alleppy, Kumarakoram, Kollam, Kottayam, Kozhikode have also various beach and backwater hotels. While visiting this Indian state, one can explore the treasures of Kerala staying at a hotel. Mainly the Hotels of Kerala are known as the beach and backwater hotel due to their location near a sea beach or a backwater. The coastal area of Kerala is known as Western Ghat in Indian geography.

MEDICAL TOURISM IN KERALA

Kerala is not only a beautiful destination in Southern India known for its scenic beaches and serene backwaters. Of late Kerala has gained international attention for Medical Tourism and is becoming a popular international medical tourism destination. Kerala is famous for its alternative medical therapies such as Ayurveda, which help to rejuvenate and revitalize the body. What many tourists have now discovered is that Kerala has a pool of trained doctors and nurses and an excellent network of hospitals that offer international standard treatments at very affordable prices. Previously Indians working abroad, such as residents of Kerala working in the Persian Gulf countries, would return to India for medical treatment. Now International patients too have realized the advantages of traveling to Kerala and the medical tourism industry has begun to take off in a big way. Faced with exorbitant fees for procedures such as cardiac surgery, dentistry and cosmetic surgery in their home countries, patients from the West and the Middle East have begun looking at India and Kerala in particular. Indian doctors have established themselves as highly skilled and conscientious caregivers worldwide. Many doctors who have trained or worked abroad have returned to India to work here. Their reputation has led to the growth of the Medical Tourism industry in Kerala. Kerala Travel Tourism offers tour packages that combine medical

79 treatment with a restful holiday in Kerala India. The world-class hospital facilities, pre and post-operative care and pleasant climate make your medical treatment and recovery in Kerala a positive experience.

TOURIST ARRIVAL OVER THE YEAR 2009 Tourist Statistics: 2009

Foreign Tourist arrival to Kerala during the year 2009 is 5,15,808. Domestic Tourist arrival to Kerala during the year 2007 is 66,42,941. Foreign exchange earnings for the year 2009 is 2640.94 Crores Total Revenue (including direct & indirect ) from Tourism during 2009 Considering the district wise Foreign Tourist arrival, Pathanamthitta district Considering the district wise Domestic Tourist arrival, Kollam district shows the It shows an increase of 20.37 % over the previous year. It shows an increase of 5.92 % over the previous year. which recorded a growth of 32.82 % over the previous year. is Rs.11433 Crores, showing an increase of 25.28 % over the last years figure. shows the highest variation of 58.09 % over 2007. highest variation of 18.31 % over 2007.

Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 January February March April May June July August September October November December

Month

Foreign Tourist 72,814 66,131 56,151 34,487 21,098 18,262 25,199 35,563 24,708 33,534 55,647 72,214 515,808

DomesticTourist 5,88,620 5,01,204 4,85,722 5,57,785 6,39,712 5,02,224 4,78,781 5,25,309 5,29,847 5,55,721 6,18,908 6,59,108 66,42,941

Total Tourist Arrival

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THE KERALA DECLARATION ON RESPONSIBLE TOURISM

The Incredible India 2 nd International Conference on Responsible Tourism in Destinations organized by Kerala Tourism and the ICRT India. The 2 nd International Conference on Responsible Tourism in Destinations was attended by 503 delegates from 29 countries. The delegates came with a broad range of experience and expertise from diverse cultures, environments and backgrounds. There were delegates from international organisations, national and local government, local communities, airlines, hoteliers, tour operators, service providers, protected areas, NGOs, academia, architects and planners, the media and consultants. We came with a wide range of experiences from different environments, cultures and tourism contexts and we have shared and discussed our different experiences and approaches over four days. We recognise the commitments made by policymakers in Kerala who have committed to Responsible Tourism and pledged to take forward the concept of Responsible Tourism into practice, focussing on local economy, well being, local culture and environment. One of the purposes of responsible tourism is that the benefits of tourism are equitably accessed and distributed. Recognising that it takes time to achieve change through multi-stakeholder partnerships, particularly if local communities are to be empowered to participate in the process; and that due credit should be given for effort and progress. We encourage all stakeholders to share our vision for Responsible Tourism, to recognise that the journey is worthwhile and that it is possible to consistently create a better approach to tourism where together, local communities, tourism enterprises, destinations, tourists, and governments can all benefit.