Vectors: History, Types, Addition and Position Vectors

By:-
DR. VI KRAM SI NGH

TANUSHREE SI NGH
YEAR OF PUBLI CATI ON-2010
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, transmitted in any form or by any means-
Electronic, Mechanical, Photocopying, Recording or otherwise, without
prior permission of the Authors and Publisher
SAVANT I NSTI TUTE
TM
CLASS XI I
MATHEMATICS
Mathematics Vectors 1
SAVANT EDUCATI ON GROUP E-17, East of Kailash, New Delhi 110065. Ph.: +91-11-26224417 www.savantgroup.org
10

VECTORS
Pre-requisites
Knowledge of basic arithmetic operations.
Knowledge of geometrical concepts regarding lines,
angles, triangle, etc.
______________________________________________
Concept Map

___________________
Slide 1
____________________

History
Around 1636, Descartes and Fermat founded
analytical geometry.
In 1804 Bolzano introduced certain operations on
points, lives and plane which are predecessors of
vectors.
___________________
Slide 2
____________________

The foundation of the definition of vectors was
Bellavitis notion of the bipoint.
In 1857, cay lay introduced the matrix notation.
In 1857 Gross man studied the barycentric calculus
initiated by Mobius.
Peano was the first to given the modern definition of
vectors spaces and linear maps in 1888.
___________________
Slide 3
____________________

Scalars and Vectors
A scalar is a quantity which has magnitude but does not
posses direction.
A vector is a quantity which has magnitude and is also
related to a definite direction.
___________________
Slide 4
____________________

For Example,
(i) A person covered a distance of 5 km is scalar as the
distance covered is irrespective of direction which can
be covered by person in number of ways as;

___________________
Slide 5
____________________

(ii) A person covered 5 km due East is vector as fixed
direction.

___________________
Slide 6
____________________

Types of Vectors
1. Zero vector or Null vector:
A Vector whose initial and terminal points are coincident
is called the zero vector or the null vector. The
magnitude of the zero vector is zero and it can have any
arbitrary direction and any line as its line of support.
110 Vectors Mathematics
Slide 7
2. Unit Vector:
A vector of unit magnitude is called a unit vector. Unit
vectors are denoted by small letter with a cap on them.
Thus, a is a unit vector of a. Where a 1,
r
i.e.,
If the vector
a
is divided by magnitude a ,
r
then we
get a unit vector in the direction of
a.
r

Thus,
a

a a a a, wherea
a

r
r r
r is the unit vector
in the direction of a.
___________________
Slide 8
____________________

3. Parallel vectors:
Two or more vectors are said to be parallel, if they
have the same support or parallel support.
Parallel vectors may have equal or unequal
magnitudes and direction may be same or opposite.
As shown in figure.

___________________
Slide 9
____________________

4. Like and unlike vectors:
Two parallel vectors having the same direction are
called like vectors. As shown in the figure.

__________________
Slide 10
____________________

Two parallel vectors having opposite directions are
called unlike vectors. As shown in the figure.

__________________
Slide 11
____________________

5. Collinear vectors:
Vectors which are parallel to the same vector and
have either initial or terminal point in common are
called collinear vectors. As shown in the figure.
Here, OA,OB and OC
uuur uuur uuur
are collinear vectors.

Slide 12
6. Co-initial vectors:
Vectors having same initial point are called co-initial
vectors. As shown in the figure;
Here, OA, OB, OCandOD
uuur uuur uuur uuur
are co-initial vectors.

__________________
Slide 13
____________________

7. Free vectors:
Vectors whose initial point is not specified are called
free vectors. As shown in the figure.

8. Localised vectors:
A vector drawn parallel to a given vector, but through a
specified point as initial point, is called localised vector.
__________________
Slide 14
____________________

9. Equal vectors:
Two vectors are said to be equal, if they have the same
magnitude and same direction. Their lines of support
may be parallel or coincident. As shown in the figure
Here, AB CD
uuur uuur

__________________
Slide 15
____________________

A vector remains unaltered by one or more shifts
parallel to itself.
Thus, the vectors represented by the two opposite
sides of a parallelogram are equal vectors, if their
directions are same. As shown in the figure.

Slide 16
Algebra of Vectors
Addition of two vectors:
Let a a n d b
r
r
be any two vectors. Such that;
OA a and OB b.
uuur uuur r
r

Then their sum of resultant, denoted by a b, +
r
r
is defined
as vector OC
uuur
given by the diagonal of the parallelogram
OACB as shown in the figure.
i.e. OC OA OB a b + +
uuur uuur uuur r
r

__________________
Slide 17
____________________

Note.
(i) That this addition is commutative.
OC OB BC b a + +
uuur uuur uuur r
r
Q
Also from the OAC, OC OA AC a b + +
uuur uuur uuur r
r

(ii) If OA and AC
uuur uuur
are collinear, their sum is still OC
uuur

although in this case we do not have a triangle or a
parallelogram in their usual sense.
In general, known as (the polygon law of addition)

__________________
Slide 18
____________________

(iii) As from the figure
Which shows, 1 n
1 2 n 1 n
OA A A .... A A OA
+ + +
uuur uuuuur uuuur uuur

By the polygon law of addition.

__________________
Slide 19
____________________

(iv) Vector addition exhibits following properties
1. a b b a + +
r r
r r
(commutativity)
2.
( ) ( )
a b c a b c + + + +
r r
r r r r
(associativity)
3. a 0 a +
r
r r
(additive identity)
4. ( ) a a 0 +
r
r r
(additive inverse)
5. ( )
1 2 1 2
k k a k a k a + +
r r r
(multiplication by scalars)
6.
( )
k a b ka kb + +
r r
r r
(multiplication by scalars)
(v) Inequality law:
1. a b a b + +
r r
r r

2. a b a b
r r
r r

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Slide 20
____________________

Position Vector of a Point
If a point O is fixed in space as origin then for any point P,
the vector OP a
uuur
r
is called the position
vector (P.V.) of P w.r.t. O.
Let a and b
r
r
be the position vectors of the points A and B
respectively with reference to the origin.
Then, OA a,OB b
uuur uuur r
r

__________________
Slide 21
____________________

By triangle law of addition of vectors, we have
OA AB OB +
uuur uuur uuur

AB OB OA
uuur uuur uuur
AB b a
uuur r
r

__________________
Slide 22
____________________

Solved Example
If a, b, c
r
r r
be the vectors represented by the sides of a
triangle, taken in order, then prove that: a b c 0. + +
r r
r r

__________________
Slide 23
____________________

Solution
Let ABC be a triangle such that;
BC a,CA bandAB c.
Then, a b c BC CA AB
BA AB AB AB
a b c 0

+ + + +
+ +
+ +
uuur uuur uuur r
r r
uuur uuur uuur r
r r
uuur uuur uuur uuur
r r
r r

Slide 24
Illustration
If c 3a 4b and 2c a 3b, +
r r
r r r r
show that:
(i) c and a
r r
have the same direction and c a . >
r r

(ii) c and b
r
r
have opposite direction and c b . >
r
r

__________________
Slide 25
____________________

Solved Example
The position vectors of points A, B, C, D are
a,b,2a 3b and a 2b +
r r r
r r r
respectively. Show that
DB 3ba and AC a 3b. +
uuur uuur r r
r r

__________________
Slide 26
____________________

Solution
We have, DB
uuur
Position vector of B Position vector of D
( )
DB b a 2b 3 b a
uuur r r r
r r

and, AC
uuur
Position vector of C Position vector of A
( )
AC 2a 3b a a 3b. + +
uuur r r
r r r

__________________
Slide 27
____________________

Illustration
Let ABCD be a parallelogram. If a,b,c,
r
r r
be the position
vectors of A, B, C respectively with reference to the origin
O, find the position vector of D with reference to O.
__________________
Slide 28
____________________

Section Formula
(i) Internal Division:
Let A and B be two points with position vectors a and b
r
r

respectively, and C be a point dividing AB internally in
the ratio m : n. Then the position vector of C is given by:
mb na
OC
m n
+
+
r
r
uuur

__________________
Slide 29
____________________

(ii) External Division:
Let A and B be two points with position vectors a a n d b
r
r

respectively and let C be a point dividing AB
uuur
externally in
the ratio m : n. Then the position vector of C
ur
is given by;
mb na
OC .
m n
r
r
uuur

__________________
Slide 30
____________________

Illustration
Find the position vectors of the points which divide the join
of the points 2a3b and 3a2b
r r
r r
internally and externally
in the ration 2 : 3.
__________________
Slide 31
____________________

Illustration
Let a, b, c
r
r r
be the position vectors of three distinct points
A, B, C. If three exist scalars x, y, z (not all zero) such that
xa yb zc 0 + +
r r
r r
and x + y + z = 0, then show that A, B
and C lie of a line.
__________________
Slide 32
____________________

Illustration
Prove using vectors: The diagonals of a quadrilateral
bisect each other iff it is a parallelogram.
__________________
Slide 33
____________________

Coplanar Vectors
Vector are said to be coplanar if all of them lie in the same
plane. As shown in the figure.

Here, vectors a,b and c
r
r r
are coplanar because all of
them lie in the plane of the paper.
Coplanar vectors may have any directions or magnitude.
__________________
Slide 34
____________________

Components of a Vector in Two Dimensions
Let P (x, y) be a point in a plane with reference to OX and
OY as the coordinate axes. As shown in the figure.
Where OM = x and PM = y
Let

i, j be unit vectors along OX and OY respectively.
Then,

OM xi andMP yj
uuuur uuur

Slide 35
Vectors
OM and MP
uuuur uuur
are known as the components of
OP
uuur
along x-axis and y-axis respectively.

__________________
Slide 36
____________________

Then,

r xi yj +
r
(vector representation of a point)
2 2
r x y ; +
r
(magnitude of a vector)
Thus, if a point P in a plane has co-ordinate (x, y), then
(i)

OP xi yj +
uuur

(ii)
2 2
OP x y +
uuur

__________________
Slide 37
____________________

(iii) The component of OP
uuur
along x-axis is a vector
xi,
whose magnitude is |x| and whose direction is along
OX or OX according as x is positive or negative.
(iv) The component of OP
uuur
along y-axis is a vector
yj,
whose magnitude is |y| and whose direction is along
OY or OY according as y is positive or negative.
__________________
Slide 38
____________________

Components of a Vector AB
uuur
in terms of Co-ordinates
of A and B

( ) ( )
2 2
2 1 2 1
AB x x y y . +
uuur

__________________
Slide 39
____________________

Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication of a Vector by a
Scalar and Equality in Terms of Components
For any two vectors,
1 1 2 2

a x i y j andb x i y j + +
r
r

Then we define
(i) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2

a b x x i y y j + + + +
r
r

(ii) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2

a b x x i y y j +
r
r

(iii) ( ) ( )
1 1

ma mx i my j, +
r
where m is scalar quantity
(iv)
1 1 2 2
a b x y and x y .
r
r

__________________
Slide 40
____________________

Solved Example
Find the values of x and y so that vectors

2i 3j and xi yj + + are equal.
__________________
Slide 41
____________________

Solution

1 1 2 2

a i b j a i b j + +

1 2 1 2
a a and b b

2i 3j xi yi + +

x = 2 and y = 3.
__________________
Slide 42
____________________

Illustration
Find the components along the coordinates of the position
vector of each of the following points:
(i) P(5, 4)
(ii) S(4, 5).
__________________
Slide 43
____________________

Components of a Vector in Three Dimensions
Let P (x, y, z) be any point in space and

i, j, k are the unit
vectors along the axes of co-ordinates. As shown in the
figure.

OP zk xi yj xi yj zk. + + + +
uuur

__________________
Slide 44
____________________

Note: If P (x
1
, y
1
, z
1
) and Q (x
2
, y
2
, z
2
) are any two points
in space, then ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1

PQ x x i y y j z z k + +
uuur

Scalar components of PQ along the three axes are; (x
2
x
1
),
(y
2
y
1
) and (z
2
z
1
) respectively and the corresponding
vector components are ( ) ( ) ( )
2 1 2 1 2 1

x x i, y y j and z z k.
In this case,
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
r PQ x x y y z z . + +
uuur
r

Slide 45
Solved Example
Find the sum of vectors

a i 2 j k , b 2i 4j 5k + + +
r
and

c i 6j 7k.
__________________
Slide 46
____________________

Solution

( )
a b c a b c + + + +
r r
r r r r

( ) ( ) { } ( )

a b c i 2 j k 2i 4j 5k i 6j 7k + + + + + + +
r
r r

( ) ( ) ( )
{ } ( )

a b c 12 i 2 4 j 1 5 k i 6j 7k + + + + + + +
r
r r

( ) ( )

a b c i 2j 6k i 6j 7k + + + + +
r
r r

( ) ( ) ( )

a b c 1 1 i 2 6 j 6 7 k + + + + +
r
r r

a b c 0i 4j k. + +
r
r r

__________________
Slide 47
____________________

Solved Example
The position vectors of the points P, Q, R are

i 2j 3k, 2 i 3j 5k and 7 i k + + + + respectively. Prove that
P, Q and R are collinear
__________________
Slide 48
____________________

Solution
We have, PQ
uuur
Position vector of Q Position vector of P
( ) ( )

PQ 2i 3j 5k i 2j 3k 3i j 2k and + + + + + +
uuur

QR
uuur
Position vector of R Position vector of Q
( ) ( )

QR 7 i k 2i 3 j 5k 9i 3j 6k + +
uuur

Clearly, QR 3PQ.
uuur uuur

This shows that the vector PQ and QR
uuur uuur
are collinear.
But, Q is common point between PQ and QR.
uuur uuur
Therefore,
given points P, Q and R are collinear
__________________
Slide 49
____________________

Illustration
If A, B, C have position vectors (2, 0, 0) (0, 1, 0), (0, 0, 2)
show that ABC is isosceles.
Slide 50
Collinearity of Vectors
If a and b
r
r
are two collinear or parallel vectors, then there
exists a scalar such that a b o r b a
r r
r r

__________________
Slide 51
____________________

Note:
(1) Two non-zero vectors a a n d b
r
r
are collinear if there
exists scalars x, y not both zero such that xa yb 0. +
r
r

(2) If a, b
r
r
are any two non-zero non-collinear vectors and
x, y are scalars, then xa yb 0 x y 0. +
r
r

__________________
Slide 52
____________________

Illustration
If a and b
r
r
are non-collinear vectors, find the value of x
for which vectors: ( ) ( ) x 2 a band 3 2x a 2b + +
r r r
r r r

are collinear.
__________________
Slide 53
____________________

Collinearity of Points
Let A, B, C be three points. Then, each pair of the vector
AB, BC; AB, AC; BC, AC
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur uuur
is a pair of collinear vectors.
Thus to check collinearity of three points, we can
check the collinearity of any two vectors obtained with the
help of three points.
__________________
Slide 54
____________________

Note: Three points with position vectors a,b and c
r
r
are
collinear if and only if there exists three scalars x, y, z not
all zero simultaneously such that:
xa yb zc 0 + +
r r
r r

together x + y + z = 0.
__________________
Slide 55
____________________

Illustration
Show that the points A, B, C with position vectors
2a 3b 5c,a 2b 3c and 7a c + + + +
r r
r r r r r r
respectively, are
collinear.
__________________
Slide 56
____________________

Product of Two Vectors
There are two ways in which the two vector quantities are
multiplied.
(a) Scalar or Dot product:
(Whose result is a number and does not involve direction)
(b) Vector or Cross product:
(Whose result is associated with a definite direction
and as such is a vector quantity). Now, we shall
discuss these products.
__________________
Slide 57
____________________

Scalar (or Dot) product of two vectors
The scalar product of aandb
r
r
written as a.b
r
r
is defined to
be the number a b
r
r
cos, where is the angle between
the vectors aandb
r
r

i.e., a.b a b cos
r r
r r

__________________
Slide 58
____________________

Note: Let aandb
r
r
be two given vectors forming an angle
, where 0 . Then the scalar product of a and b
r
r

(i) is positive, if is acute
(ii) is negative, if is obtuse
(iii) is zero, if is right angle
(iv) a.b
r
r
is a pure number and not a vector
(v) The scalar product of aandb
r
r
is sometimes denoted
by
( )
a,b .
r
r

__________________
Slide 59
____________________

Properties of Scalar Product
(i)
2
2
a.a a a
r
r r

i . i j . j k.k 1
(ii) a.b b.a
r r
r r
(i.e., commutative)
(iii) a.0 0
r
r

(iv) ( )
( )
a.b acos b projectionof a onb b
r r
r r

also ( )
( )
a.b bcos a proj ect i onof bona a
r r
r r

__________________
Slide 60
____________________

(v)
( )
( ) a. b c a.b a.c distributive + +
r r
r r r r r

(vi) ( ) ( )
( )
l a . m a lm a.b
r
r r r

(vii) a.b 0 a, b
r r
r r
are perpendicular to each other

i . j j.k k. i 0
(viii)
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2
a b a b . a b a b 2a.b t t t + t
uur uur r r r r
r r r r

__________________
Slide 61
____________________

(ix)
( ) ( )
2
2
2 2
a b . a b a b a b +
r r r
r r r

If
1 2 3 1 2 3

a a i a j a k and b b i b j b k + + + +
r
r

Then
1 1 2 2 3 3
a.b a b a b a b + +
r
r

(x) If a, b
r
r
are non-zero, then the angle between them is
given by
a.b
cos
a b

r
r
r
r

or
1 1 2 2 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3
a b a b a b
cos
a a a b b b
+ +

+ + + +

where
1 2 3 1 2 3

a a i a j a k and b b i b j b k. + + + +
r
r

__________________
Slide 62
____________________

Solved Example
( ) ( )

Find a 3b . 2 a b , i f a i j 2k and b 3i 2j k. + + + +
r r
r r r

__________________
Slide 63
____________________

Solution
We have,
( ) ( )

a 3b i j 2k 3 3i 2 j k 10i 7 j k + + + + + +
r
r

( ) ( )

and 2ab 2 i j 2k 3i 2 j k i 0j 5k + + + + +
r
r

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

a 3b . 2ab 10i 7 j k . i 0j 5k + + + +
r r
r r

= (10) (1) + (7) (0) + (1) (5) = 10 0 5 = 15
__________________
Slide 64
____________________

ALITER: We have
a 1 1 4 6, b 9 4 1 + + + +
r
r

14anda.b 3 2 2 3. +
r
r

( ) ( )
a 3b . 2ab +
r r
r r

a.2aa.b 3b.2a3b.b +
r r r r
r r r r

( )
2
2
2 a a.b 6 b.a 3 b +
r r r
r r r

( )
2
2
2 a 5 a.b 3 b +
r r
r r

( ) ( ) ( ) 2 6 5 3 3 14 15. +
__________________
Slide 65
____________________

Solved Example
Find the value of so that the vectors

a 2i j k + +
r
and

b i 2 j 3k +
r
are perpendicular to each other.
Slide 66
Solution
The vectors aandb
r
r
are perpendicular to each other.
a.b 0
r
r

( ) ( )

2i j k . i 2 j 3k 0 + + +

(2) (1) + (2) + (1) (3) = 0
2 + 5 = 0
= 5/2.
__________________
Slide 67
____________________

Illustration
Find the value of p for which the vectors a 3 i 2 j 9k + +
r r r
r

and
b i pj 3k + +
r r r r
are
(i) perpendicular (ii) parallel.
__________________
Slide 68
____________________

Components of a Vector b
r
along and Perpendicular to
Vector a
r

Let a and b
r
r
be two vectors represented by OA and OB
uuur uuur

and let be the angle between a and b.
r
r
Draw BM OA.
Shown as,
b OM MB +
uuuur uuur r

or
( ) ( )
( )
OM OM a OBcos a b cos a
uuuur r

__________________
Slide 69
____________________

( )
( )
2
a.b
a.b a a.b a.b
b a a a
a a a a b a
_
_
_

,
,
,
r
r r r r r r
r r
r
r
r r r r
r r

also b OM MB +
uuuur uuur r

2
a.b
MB b OM b a
a
_

,
r
r
uuur uuuur r r
r
r

Thus, the components of b
r
along the perpendicular to a
r

are
2 2
a.b a.b
a and b a
a a
_ _

, ,
r r
r r
r
r r
r r
respectively.

Slide 70
Solved Example
Show that the projection vector of
( ) 2
a.b
a o n b 0 is b.
b
_

,
r
r
r r r
r
r

__________________
Slide 71
____________________

Solution
Let be the angle between a and b
r r

Shown as in the adjoining figure;
Here OM is the length of projection of a on b
r r
and
( )
OM OM b,
uuuur
i.e., OM
uuuur
is the projection vector of a on b
r
r

OM
cos OM a cos
OA

r

__________________
Slide 72
____________________

a.b a.b
OM a
a b b
_

,
r r
r r
r
r r
r
(projection of a on b
r
r
)
a.b
OM
b

r
r
r

Now,
( )
2
a.b a.b b a.b

OM OM b b b
b b b
b
_
_ _

, ,
,
r r r r
r r r
uuuur r
r r r
r

Projection vector of ( )
2
a.b
a o n b 0 is b.
| b |
_

,
r
r
r r
r
r
__________________
Slide 73
____________________

Vector (or Cross) Product of two Vectors
The vector product of two vectors a andb
r
r
denoted by
a b
r
r
is defined as the vector a b sin ,
r
r
where is
the angle between the vectors a,b and
r
r
is the unit
vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b
r
r
(i.e.,
perpendicular to both a and b
r
r
).
__________________
Slide 74
____________________

The sense of is obtained by the right hand thumb rule.
i.e., a,b and
r
r
form a right handed screw.
If we curl the figures of our right hand from a t o b
r
r
through
the smaller angle (keeping the initial point of aandb
r
r

same), the thumb points in the direction of .

__________________
Slide 75
____________________

In this case,
( )
a, band or a b ,
r r
r r
in that order are said to
form right handed system.
It is evident that a b absin
r
r

__________________
Slide 76
____________________

Properties:
(i)
( )
a b b a
r r
r r
(non-commutative)
a a 0
r r

(ii)

i i j j k k 0
__________________
Slide 77
____________________

(iii)
( )
a b c a b a c + +
r r
r r r r r
(Distributive law)
(iv) ( )
( ) ( )
la mb lm a b
r r
r r

(v) a b 0 aandb
r r
r r
collinear (If none of a, or b
r
r
is a
zero vector)
__________________
Slide 78
____________________

(vi)

i j i j sin90 k k

i j k, j k i ,k i j

j i k, k j i, i k j

Slide 79
(vii) If
1 2 3 1 2 3

a a i a j a k and b b i b j b k + + + +
r
r

then,
1 2 3
1 2 3

i j k
a b a a a
b b b

r
r

( ) ( ) ( )
2 3 3 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 2 1

a b a b i a b a b j a b a b k + +
__________________
Slide 80
____________________

(viii) Any vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b
r
r
is
( )
a b ,
r
r
where is a real number. Unit vector
perpendicular to
a b
aandb
a b
r
r
r
r
r
r

__________________
Slide 81
____________________

(ix) If a and b
r
r
are adjacent sides of a triangle then;
Area of
1
a b
2

r
r

If a, b
r
r
are adjacent sides of parallelogram,
Its Area a b
r
r

__________________
Slide 82
____________________

(x) If a, b
r
r
are diagonals of parallelogram;
Its Area
1
| a b| .
2

r
r

__________________
Slide 83
____________________

Solved Example

Find a b, i f a 2i k and b i j k. + + +
r r
r r

Slide 84
Solution

i j k
We have, a b 2 0 1
1 1 1

r
r

( ) ( ) ( )

a b 0 1 i 2 1 j 2 0 k i j 2k. + +
r

__________________
Slide 85
____________________

Solved Example
Find the area of the parallelogram determined by the
vectors

i 2j 3k and 3 i 2 j k. + + +
__________________
Slide 86
____________________

Solution
Let

a 3i j 2k and b i 3 j 4k. + +
r
r

Then,

i j k
a b 3 1 2
1 3 4

r
r

( ) ( ) ( )

4 6 i 12 2 j 91k + +

2i 14j 10k
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
a b 2 14 10 300 + +
r
r

Area of the parallelogram
1
a b
2

r
r

1
300sq.units.
2

__________________
Slide 87
____________________

Illustration
Given a 10, b 2 and a.b 12, find a b .
r r r
r r r

__________________
Slide 88
____________________

Illustration
In a ABC internal angle bisectors AI, BI and CI are
produced to meet opposite sides in A, B and C
respectively. Prove that the maximum value of
AI.BI.CI 8
is .
AA. BB. CC 27

__________________
Slide 89
____________________

Scalar Triple Product
It is defined for three vectors
a, b, c
r
r r
in that order as the scalar
( )
a b .c,
r
r r
which can also be written simply as a b.c.
r
r r

It denoted the volume of the parallelepiped formed by
taking a,b,c
r
r r
as the coterminus edges.
i.e. V = magnitude of
( ) ( )
a b .c a b . c
r r
r r r r
and is
represented by a b c . 1
]
r
r r

__________________
Slide 90
____________________

Geometrical Interpretation of a Scalar Triple Product
Let a, b, c
r
r r
be three vectors. Consider a parallelepiped
having coterminus edges OA,OB and OC
uuur uuur uuur
such that
OA a,OB b and OC c.
uuur uuur uuur r
r r
Then a b
r
r
is a vector
perpendicular to the plane of a and b.
r
r
If is a unit vector
along a b
r
r
then is the angle between and c.
r

__________________
Slide 91
____________________

Now,
( )
a b c = a b .c 1
]
r r
r r r r

= (Area of parallelogram OADB) . c
r

= (Area of parallelogram OADB) ( ) .c
r

= (Area of parallelogram OADB) ( ) c cos
r

= (Area of parallelogram OADB) ( ) c cos
r

= (Area of parallelogram OADB) (OL)
= Area of base height
= volume of parallelepiped
__________________
Slide 92
____________________

Properties:
(i) If a, b, c
r
r r
are given by
1 2 3

a a i a j a k, + +
r

1 2 3

b b i b j b k + +
r

1 2 3

c c i c j c k + +
r

Then,
( )
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
a a a
a b .c b b b
c c c

r
r r

__________________
Slide 93
____________________

(ii)
( ) ( )
a b .c a. b c
r r
r r r r
i.e., position of dot and cross can
be interchanged without altering the product. Hence it
is also represented by a b c .
1
]
r
r r

(iii) a b c b c a c a b
1 1 1

] ] ]
r r r
r r r r r r

(iv) a b c b a c
1 1

] ]
r r
r r r r

(v) k a b c k a b c
1 1
] ]
r r
r r r r

__________________
Slide 94
____________________

(vi) a bcd acd bcd
1 1 1
+ +
] ] ]
r r r r r
r r r r r

(vii) a,b,c
r
r r
in that order form a right handed system if
a, b, c 0
1
>
]
r
r r

__________________
Slide 95
____________________

(viii) The necessary and sufficient condition for three non-
zero, non-collinear vectors a, b, c
r
r r
to be coplanar is
that abc 0
1

]
r
r r
i.e., a, b, c
r
r r
are coplanar abc 0
1

]
r
r r

(ix) Four points a, b, c, d
r r
r r
are coplanar if,
dbc dca dab abc
1 1 1 1
+ +
] ] ] ]
r r r r r r
r r r r r r

or abc acd adb dbc
1 1 1 1
+ +
] ] ] ]
r r r r r r
r r r r r r

(x) abc aab bba ccb 0
1 1 1 1

] ] ] ]
r r r r r
r r r r r r r

i.e., if any two vectors are same then vectors are
coplanar.
__________________
Slide 96
____________________

Illustration
If a,b,c, l , m
r r
r r r
are vectors, prove that:
( )
a b c
abc l m a.l b.l c.l
a.m b.m c.m
1

]
r
r r
r r r r r r
r r r r r
r
r r r r r

__________________
Slide 97
____________________

Vector Triple Product
It is defined for three vector a, b, c
r
r r
as the vector
( )
a b c .
r
r r
This vector being perpendicular to b c,
r
r
is
coplanar with bandc
r
r

i.e.,
( )
a b c lb mc +
r r
r r r

Take the scalar product of this equation with we get,

( ) ( )
0 l a.b m a.c +
r
r r r

( ) ( ) ( )
a b c a.c b a.b c
1

]
r r r
r r r r r r

__________________
Slide 98
____________________

If we choose the co-ordinate axes in such a way that;
1 1 2 1 2 3

a a i,b b i b j and c c i c j c k, + + +
r
r r
it is easy to
show that = 1
Hence,
( ) ( ) ( )
a b c a.c b a.b c
r r r
r r r r r r

In general,
( ) ( )
a b c a b c
r r
r r r r

( ) ( )
a b c a b c
r r
r r r r
if some or all a, b, c
r
r r
are zero
vectors or aandc
r r
are collinear.
__________________
Slide 99
____________________

Note:
( )
a b c
r
r r
is a linear combination of those two
vectors which are with in brackets.
If
( )
r a b c , then r
r
r r r r
is perpendicular to a
r
and lie in the
plane of bandc.
r
r

( ) ( ) ( )
a b c a.c b a.b c
r r r
r r r r r r

( ) ( ) ( )
a b c c.a b c.b a
r r r
r r r r r r

Aid to memory I (II III) = (I . III) II (I . II) III.
__________________
Slide 100
___________________

Illustration
If
( )

a i j k , a.b 1 and a b j k, + +
r r
r r r
Then b
r
is
(a)

i j k + (b)

2j k
(c)
i (d)
2i.
Slide 101
Illustration
The unit vector which is orthogonal to the vector

3i 2j 6k + + and is coplanar with the vectors

2i j k + + and

i j k + is
(a)

2i 6j k
41
+
(b)

2i 3j
13

(c)

3j k
10
(d)

4i 3j 3k
.
34
+

__________________
Slide 102
___________________

Illustration
If A, B and C
r r r
are vectors such that B C ,
r r
prove that
( ) ( ) { } ( ) ( )
A B A C B C . B C 0. + + +
r r r r r r r r

CURRICULUM BASED WORKSHEET
Topics for Worksheet I
Scalar and vector a quotation
Types of vectors.
Equality of two vectors
Addition of two vectors
Position vector of point
Section formula
Components of a vector
Addition, subtraction, multiplication of a vector by a
scalar and Equality in terms of components
Components of a vector in three Dimensional.
Worksheet I
1. Find the position vector of the midpoint of the
vector joining the points
( )

A 2i 3j 4k + + and
( )

B 4i j 2 k . +
2. Points L, M, N divide the sides BC, CA AB of
ABC in the ratios 1 : 4, 3 : 2, 3 : 7 respectively.
Prove that AL BM CN + +
uuur uuur uuur
is a vector parallel to
CK,
uuur
where K divides AB in the ratio 1 : 3.
3. Let O be the origin and let P(4, 3) be a point in
the xy-plane. Express OP
uuur
in terms of vector

i and j. Also find OP.
uuur

4. Find the coordinates of the tip of the position
vector which is equivalent to AB,
uuur
where the
coordinates of A and B are (3, 1) and (5, 0)
respectively.
5. Find the distance between the points A(2, 3, 1),
B(1, 2, 3), using vector method.
6. Prove that four points + +
r r
r r r r
2a 3bc, a2b 3c,
3a 4b 2c and a 6b 6c + +
r r
r r r r
are coplanar.
7. If
$
( )
$
( )
a i 2j 3k and b 2i 3j k ,

+ + +
$ $ $ $
find a unit
vector in the direction of (a b). +
r r

8. Find the components along the coordinates of the
position vector of each of the following points:
(i) Q(4, 3)
(ii) R(5, 7)
9. Show that the points with position vectors
a2b 3c,2a 3bc and4a7b 7c + + +
r r r
r r r r r r
are
collinear.
Topics for Worksheet II
Collinearity of vectors
Collinearity of points
Product of two vectors
Scalar and vector product
Products of vector product
Vector triple product
Worksheet II
1. Let a a n d b
r
r
be two given vectors such that
a 3, b 2 and a . b 6.
r r
r r
Find the angle
between a and b.
r
r

2. Find the projection of

a 2i j kon +
r

b i 2j k. +
r

3. If A(0, 1, 1) ,B(3, 1, 5) and C(0, 3, 3) be the
vertices of a ABC, show, using vectors, that
ABC is right angled at C.
4. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each one of the
vectors
( ) ( )

a 4 i j 3k andb 2i 2 j k . + +
r
r

5. Using vector method, show that the points A(2,
1, 3). B(4, 3, 1) and C(3,1, 2) are collinear.
6. Find the angle between the vectors
( ) ( )

a 3i 2j k andb i 2j 3k . +
r
r

7. If

a i j 2k andb 3i 2j k, + + +
r
r
find the value of
( ) ( )
a 3b . 2 a b . +
r r
r r

8. If
( ) ( )

a i 2 j 3k andb 2i 3j 5k , + +
r r
then find
( )
a b
r
r
and verify that
( )
a b
r
r
is perpendicular to
each one of a and b.
r
r

9. If
( ) ( )

a 2, b 7 and a b 3i 2j 6k , + +
r r r
r
find
the angle between aandb.
r
r

10. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent
sides are represented by the vectors
( ) ( )

3i j 2k and i 3 j 4k . + +
CURRICULUM BASED CHAPTER ASSIGNMENT
1. Prove using vectors: Medians of a triangle are
concurrent.
2. If D and E are the mid-points of sides AB and AC
of a triangle ABC respectively. Show that
3
BE DC BC.
2
+
uuur uuur uuur

3. If the position vector a
r
of a point (12, n) is such
that a 13,
r
find the value of n.
r
of the point (5, n) is such
that a 13,
r
5. Find the scalar and vector components of the
vector with initial point A(2, 1) and terminal point
B(5, 7).
6. If a
r
is a position vector whose tip is (1, 3). Find
the coordinates of the point B such that AB a.
uuur r
If
A has coordinates (1, 5).
7. Find a unit vector parallel to the vector

3i 4j. +
8. Show that the three points A(2, 3, 5), B(1, 2, 3)
and C(7, 0, 1) are collinear .
9. If + + +
r
r

a i 2j 3kand b 2i 4j 5k represent two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find unit vectors
parallel to the diagonals of the parallelogram.
10. Show that the points A, B and C with position
vector +
r
r

a 3i 4j 4k, b 2i j k and
c i 3j 5k
r
respectively. From the vertices of a
right angled triangle.
11. Find a. bwhen
r
r

(i) + +
r
r

a 2i 2j k and b 6i 3 j 2k
(ii) ( ) ( ) a 1, 1, 2 and b 3,2, 1
r
r

12. Let + + +
r
r r

a 4i 5j k,b i 4j 5kand c 3i j k.
Find a vector d
r
which is perpendicular to both
aandb,
r
r
and satisfying
r
r
d.c 21.
13. Find the angle between the vectors + +

5i 3j 4k
and

6i 8j k.
14. For any two vectors aandb
r
r
prove that:
(i)
2 2
2
a b a b 2a.b + + +
r r r
r r r
.
(ii)
2 2
2
a b a b 2a.b +
r r r
r r r

(iii)
( )
2 2 2
2
a b a b 2 a b + +
r r r
r r r

Interpret the result geometrically.
(iv)
2
a b a b a b +
r r r
r r r

Interpret the result geometrically.
(v) a b a b ai sparal l el t o b + +
r r r
r r r

(vi)
2 2
2
a b a b a,bareorthogonal. + +
r r r
r r r

15. Find the components of a unit vector which is
perpendicular to the vectors

i 2j kand +

3i j 2k. +
16. Find the magnitude of a
r
given by
( ) ( )

a i 3j 2k i 3k + +
r
.
17. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both the
vectors + +

i 2j 3kand i 2j k.
18. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are
A(3, 1, 2), B(1, 1, 3) and C(4, 3, 1).
19. If
r r r r
r r r r
a b c d anda c b d, show that
r
r
a d is
parallel to b c,
r
r
where a dand b c.
r r
r r

20. If a, b, c
r
r r
are three vectors such that a b c 0, + +
r r
r r

then prove that a b b c c a
r r
r r r r

21. Prove that the normal to the plane containing
three points whose position vectors are
r
r r
a, b, c lies
in the direction b c c a a b. + +
r r
r r r r

22. For any two vectors
r
r
aand b, show that :
( )
( )
( ) { } ( )
2 2 2
2
1 a 1 b 1 a . b a b a b + + + + +
r r r r
r r r r

QUESTION BANK FOR COMPETITIONS
10. Find the position vector of the midpoint of the
vector joining the points
( )

A 2i 3j 4k + + and
( )

B 4i j 2 k . +
(a)
( )

3i 5j k + + (b)
( )

3i 2j k + +
(c)
( )

i 2j k + + (d)
( )

9i 2j k + +
11. Points L, M, N divide the sides BC, CA AB of
ABC in the ratios 1 : 4, 3 : 2, 3 : 7 respectively.
Prove that AL BM CN + +
uuur uuur uuur
is a vector parallel to
CK,
uuur
where K divides AB in the ratio 1 : 3.
(a)
4
CK
10
uuur
(b)
10
CK
4
uuur

(c)
10
CK
4
uuur
(d)
4
CK
10
uuur

12. Let O be the origin and let P(4, 3) be a point in
the xy-plane. Express OP
uuur
in terms of vector

i and j. Also find OP.
uuur

(a) 8 (b) 7
(c) 6 (d) 5
13. Find the coordinates of the tip of the position
vector which is equivalent to AB,
uuur
where the
coordinates of A and B are (3, 1) and (5, 0)
respectively.
(a) 1, 2 (b) 1, 2
(c) 2, 1 (d) 2, 1
14. Find the distance between the points A(2, 3, 1),
B(1, 2, 3), using vector method.
(a) 26 (b) 40
(c) 29 (d) 29
15. If
$
( )
$
( )
a i 2j 3k and b 2i 3j k ,

+ + +
$ $ $ $
find a unit
vector in the direction of (a b). +
r r

(a)
5 3 6

i j k
38 38 38
_

,

(b)
3 5 2

i j k
38 38 38
_
+

,

(c)
3 5 2

i j k
38 38 38
_
+

,

(d) none of these
16. Let a a n d b
r
r
be two given vectors such that
a 3, b 2 and a . b 6.
r r
r r
Find the angle
between a and b.
r
r

(a)
2
(b)
4

(c)
4
(d) none of these

17. Find the projection of

a 2i j kon +
r

b i 2j k. +
r

(b)
5
6
(b)
5
6

(c)
5
6
(d)
5 5
6 6

18. If A(0, 1, 1) ,B(3, 1, 5) and C(0, 3, 3) be the
vertices of a ABC, show, using vectors, find the
angle at C.
(a) 45 (b) 60
(c) 30 (d) 90
19. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each one of the
vectors
( ) ( )

a 4 i j 3k andb 2i 2 j k . + +
r
r

(a)
( )
1

i 2j 9k
3
+ (b)
( )
1

i 2j 2k
3
+ +
(c)
( )
1

i 2j 2k
5
+ + (d) none of these
20. Find the angle between the vectors
( ) ( )

a 3i 2j k andb i 2j 3k . +
r
r

(a)
5
cos
8
_

,
(b)
1
7
cos
5

,

(c)
1
7
cos
6

,
(d)
1
5
cos
7
_

,

21. If

a i j 2k andb 3i 2j k, + + +
r
r
find the value of
( ) ( )
a 3b . 2 a b . +
r r
r r

(a) 21 (b) 15
(c) 18 (d) 24
22. If
( ) ( )

a i 2 j 3k andb 2i 3j 5k , + +
r r
then find
( )
a b
r
r

(a)
( )

9i 6 j 3k + + (b)
( )

3i 4 j 9k
(c)
( )

i 11j 7k + + (d) none of these
23. If
( ) ( )

a 2, b 7 and a b 3i 2j 6k , + +
r r r
r
find
the angle between aandb.
r
r

(a)
6
(b)
5

(c)
5
(d)
6
5

24. Find the area of the parallelogram whose adjacent
sides are represented by the vectors
( ) ( )

3i j 2k and i 3 j 4k . + +
(a) 15 3 (b) 10 2
(c) 5 3 (d) 10 3
r
of a point (12, n) is such
that a 13,
r
(a) 2 t (b) 7 t
(c) 3 t (d) 5 t
r
of the point (5, n) is such
that a 13,
r
(a) 12 t (b) 11 t
(c) 10 t (d) none of these
27. If a
r
is a position vector whose tip is (1, 3). Find
the coordinates of the point B such that AB a.
uuur r
If
A has coordinates (1, 5).
(a) 2, 0 (b) 2, 0
(c) 2, 0 (d) 0, 2
28. Find a unit vector parallel to the vector

3i 4j. +
(a)
7 1

i j
5 5
(b)
3 4

i j
5 5
+
(c)
7 9

i j
5 5
+ (d)
3 4

i j
7 7

29. If + + +
r
r

a i 2j 3kand b 2i 4j 5k represent two
adjacent sides of a parallelogram, find unit vectors
parallel to the diagonals of the parallelogram.
(a)
( )
1

i 5j 8k
59
+ + (b)
( )
5

i 2j 8k
79
+
(c)
( )
1

i 2j 8k
69
+ (d)
( )
1

i 4j 5k
91
+
30. Find a. bwhen
r
r
+ +
r
r

a 2i 2j k and b 6i 3 j 2k
(a) 4 (b) 6
(c) 8 (d) 10
31. Let + + +
r
r r

a 4i 5j k,b i 4j 5kand c 3i j k.
Find a vector d
r
which is perpendicular to both
aandb,
r
r
and satisfying
r
r
d.c 21.
(a)

5i 5j 5k
r
(b)

6i 6j 6k
r

(c)

7i 7j 7k
r
(d)

8i 8j 8k
r

32. Find the angle between the vectors + +

5i 3j 4k
and

6i 8j k.
(a)
22
cos
5
_

,
(b)
1
5
cos
5 101
_

,

(c)
1
5
cos
5 11
_

,
(d)
1
2
cos
5 101
_

,

33. Find the magnitude of a
r
given by
( ) ( )

a i 3j 2k i 3k + +
r
.
(a) 91 (b) 91
(c) 91 (d) 91
34. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both the
vectors + +

i 2j 3kand i 2j k.
(a)
( )
1

i j k
3
+ + (b)
( )
1

i j k
8
+ +
(c)
( )
1

i j k
3
(d)
( )
1

i j k
5
+ +
35. Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are
A(3, 1, 2), B(1, 1, 3) and C(4, 3, 1).
(a)
1
65
4
(b)
5
965
2

(c)
1
165
2
(d)
1
265
5

Vectors: History, Types, Addition and Position Vectors

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DR. VI KRAM SI NGH

(d) none of these

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