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GRAVITATION
am =
T=27.3 days=2.36x10 6sec (time taken to complete one revolution) Rm is orbit radius of moon=3.84x10 5Km, am=2.2x10-3s/sec2 The radius of moon is 27% of earths radius and its mass is 1.2% of the earths mass. Gravitational acceleration on moon is 1.613m/sec 2 which is 6 times less than gravitational acceleration on earth. The magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of the moon provided the basis for the mathematical formulation of the law of universal gravitation.
4 2 Rm T2
F=
The value of gravitational constant G was determined accurately by Cavendish in 1798. MASS AND AVERAGE DENSITY OF EARTH:ME = R2g E = 5.98 10 6 m R E = 6.38 x 10 6 m G
OF
Gm 1 m 2 r2
G = 6.673 10 11 Nm 2 / Kg 2
ME = 5.5 10 3 Kg / m 3 V
V=
4 R 3 E 3
VARIATION
WITH ALTITUDE:-
Greater the value of h the smaller is the value of g' or value of g decreases with altitude. VARIATION
OF
2h g ' = g1 RE
WITH DEPTH:-
d g ' = g1 RE
Value of g decreases with depth from surface of earth. It follows that at the center of earth, where d=RE the value of g will be zero. Value of g at Islamabad is less than the value of g at Karachi. Value of g will be somewhat less in mountainous regions than at sea level regions. If we go away from surface of earth a distance equal to the radius of earth, the value of g will become one fourth. WEIGHTLESSNESS IN SATELLITES:If the apparent weight of body becomes zero then one should feel weightlessness.
Fw - mg = ma or Fw = mg + ma DOWNWARD MOTION mg - Fw = ma or Fw = mg - ma
UPWARD
MOTION
w =m(g +a ) F w =m(g ) F a
Fw >W Fw <W
Where Fw is apparent weight or reaction R. Suppose, if the cable supporting the elevator breaks, the elevator will fall down with an acceleration equal to g. The net force will be
Fw = mg - mg [a = g] Fw = 0 a c = 4 2 f 2 R
ARTIFICIAL GRAVITY:In order to produce an artificial gravity in the space craft, the laboratory of space craft is rotated with suitable frequency about its own axis. As
1 g 2 R
1.99x10 30Kg. Thus the mass of sun is 3x105 times the mass of earth. GM E m mv 2 GM E 1 1 = V = v2 = v = Orbital speed of satellite. 2 2 R R R R R INVERSE SQUARE LAW: A law relating the intensity of an effect to the reciprocal of the square of the distance from the cause. e.g. Coulombs law, gravitational law, fall off illuminants of a screen placed normal to the right direction assuming a point source. All the electromagnetic waves obey inverse square law sound waves too and nearly all the waves. INTENSITY OF GRAVITATIONAL FIELD:MASS
OF SUN=
F mg = =g m m
LM
SHAHEED
MITHI
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