CHAPTER 10

LENS:

GEOMETRICAL GEOMETRICAL
OPTICS

OPTICS

A lens is a piece of transparent material which diverges or converges light passing through it. CONVEX LENS OR CONVERGING LENS: A convex lens is thick in the middle and thinner at edges. CONCAVE LENS OR DIVERGING LENS: A concave lens is thin in the middle and thicker at edges. PRINCIPLE AXIS: - Line passing through optical center O and C PRINCIPLE FOCUS: Parallel rays to the principle axis converges at a point when pass through a convex lens and these rays diverge when pass through concave lens and look as if they are coming from a point in both cases these points are called principle foci. FOCAL LENGTH: Distance between principle focus and lens is called focal length. It is taken as positive for convex lens and negative for concave lens. RADIUS OF CURVATURE (lens or mirror):It is radius of a sphere of which mirror or lens is a part.(double of f) IMAGE FORMATION: - (CONVEX LENS) 1) When the object is placed at infinity then image: (i) at f (ii)real (iii) very small (iv)inverted. 2) When the object is placed beyond 2f then image: (i) between f and 2f (ii) real (iii) small (iv) inverted 3) When the object is placed at 2f then image: (i) at 2f (ii) real (iii) small size (iv)inverted. 4) When the object is placed between f and 2f then image: (i) beyond 2f (ii) real (iii) magnified (iv)inverted. 5) When the object is placed at f then image: (i) at infinity (ii) real (iii) highly magnified (iv)inverted. 6) When the object is placed between O and f then image: (i) same side (ii) virtual (iii) magnified (iv) erect. We see that as object comes near to convex lens, image goes away from the lens except the case when object is between f and O. CONCAVE LENS:1) When object is at infinity then image: (i) same side (ii) virtual (iii) very small (iv) erect. In all other cases image will be between f and O. (same side) CONCAVE MIRROR: All the cases are same as that of convex lens. Similarly as object comes near to concave mirror image goes away from concave mirror except when between P and f on opposite side of mirror. CONVEX MIRROR: - Same conditions as for concave lens. LENS FORMULA:Relationship between object distance (p), image distance (q) and focal length (f). FORMULA:-

1 1 1 = + f P q

or

f =

Pq P+q

It holds correct for both the lenses we take negative f for concave lens. If q is negative then image is and it is positive then image is real. MAGNIFICATION:The ratio between image height and object height or image distance (q) and object distance (P).

M=

q P ff 1 1 1 = + f = 1 2 f f1 f 2 f1 + f 2

If M is negative then image is inverted and if M is positive then image is erect. COMBINATION
OF THIN LENS:-

Where f is the focal length of combination, f1 and f2 are focal lengths of lenses in combination. SHAHEED
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CHAPTER 10 POWER OF LENS: It is reciprocal of focal length in meters. Its unit is dioptre.

GEOMETRICAL

OPTICS

Power of lens =

1 f(in meters)

P=P1+P2

Where P is power of combination and P1 and P2 are power of lenses in combination. DIOPTRE: It is the power of the lens having focal length 1m. LENS ABERRATION:SPHERICAL ABERRATION: Spherical aberration is due to the fact that the focal points of light rays far from the optical axis of a spherical lens are different from those of rays passing through the center. Rays near the middle of the lens have longer focal lengths than rays at the edges; hence there is no single focal length. CHROMATIC ABERRATION: The fact that different wavelengths of light refracted by lens focus at different points give rise to chromatic aberration. Focal length of violet light is less than that of red light. This aberration can be reduced to greater extent by the combination of convex and concave lenses made from different types of glass. To remove spherical aberration middle portion of lens is used and to remove chromatic aberration a suitable concave lens is placed along with convex lens (i.e. combination of convex and concave lens is used.) LINEAR
MAGNIFICATION:-

Magnification = -

MAGNIFYING GLASS:

- (SIMPLE MICROSCOPE) The apparent size of an object depends upon its visual angle subtended on the eye. The greater is the visual angle, the larger is the apparent size of the object. 25cm is called the least distance of distinct vision.

q P

Magnificat ion of convex lens M =

Where is the visual angle subtended by the object when placed at least distance of distinct vision (when seen through unaided aye) and is the visual angle subtended by the image, seen through the magnifying glass.

M = 1+

d Where d is least distance of distinct vision= 25cm, f is focal length of lens. f

From above equation smaller the focal length higher is the magnification. IMAGE FORMATION IN PLANE MIRRORS:Image distance=Object distance Virtual and laterally inverted. If the mirror is fixed and object is moving. The speed of object and image will be same but if object is fixed and mirror is (moving) coming to it, the speed of image will be double the speed of mirror. REAL IMAGE:Real image can be thrown on the screen and really light comes from the image. VIRTUAL IMAGE: Virtual image can not be thrown on the screen and light appears to be coming from image. COMPOUND MICROSCOPE: It consists of two convex lenses, an objective of very short focal length, f1 and an eye piece of relatively long focal length f2, both of short focal length.

M=

q1 d + 1 P1 f 2

Where L is the distance between objective and eye piece which is also called length of microscope. ASTRONOMICAL TELESCOPE: It is an optical instrument used to view heavenly bodies such moon, stars, planets and distant objects. Astronomical telescope consists of two convex lenses an objective of long focal length f1 and an eye piece of short focal length f2. SHAHEED
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CHAPTER 10

GEOMETRICAL

OPTICS

Image formed by objective lies just inside the focal length of eye piece. Final image seen from eye piece is virtual. When telescope is set for infinity and no strain on eye. Distance between eye piece and objective is called length of telescope. L=f1+f2

M=

f 1 focal length of objective = f 2 focal length of eye piece

For powerful astronomical telescope concave mirror as objective and plane mirror as reflector eye piece convex lens. GALILEAN'S TELESCOPE: Galilean telescope is an optical instrument which is used to see the objects on earth. A Galilean telescope consists of a convex lens as an objective and concave lens as an eye piece.

M=

f 1 focal length of objective = f 2 focal length of eye piece

L=f1-f2. Negative f2 for concave. f1 is focal length of objective and focal length of eye piece is f2. TERRESTRIAL TELESCOPE: When terrestrial objects are to be viewed, third convex lens is introduced between objects and eye piece which makes the final image erect. SPECTROMETER: It is an instrument which is used to study the spectrum of luminous bodies. The essential parts of this instrument are (a) collimator (b) telescope (c) turntable. COLLIMATOR:It consists of metal tube provided with a convex lens at one end and an adjustable slit at its other end. The distance between lens and slit can be adjusted. Collimator produces a parallel beam of light. (Collimate=to parallel) USES: The spectrometer is an analyzing instrument used primarily to discover and measure the wavelength of a given light. THE EYE DEFECTS:I) MYOPIA: A myopia (short sighted) is one in which light is focused in front of retina and it is corrected by using suitable concave lens. II) HYPERMETROPIA:A hypermetropia (long sighted) is one in which light is focused behind the retina and it is corrected by using suitable convex lens.

Composed by LAJPAT RATHORE cell # 03333551361 SHAHEED BENAZIR BHUTTO MEDICAL COLLEGE LYARI, KARACHI. SHAHEED
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