A SUMMER TRAINING PROJECT ON TRAINING AND DEVLOPMENT

CONTENTS TOPIC CHAPTER 1: (i)Introduction (ii)Scope and Objectives (iii)Executive Summary CHAPTER 2: (i)Introduction to Reliance (ii)About the project (iii)Training and Development (iv)Importance of Training (v)Objectives of Training CHAPTER 3: (i)Learning and Training (ii)Training inputs (iii) Benefits of training (iv) Methods of training (v) Training Design (vi) Training method used in Reliance CHAPTER 4: (i)Methodology of the project (ii)Data interpretation and analysis (iii)Findings (iv)Questionnaire

CHAPTER 5: (i) Limitations (ii) Suggestions (iii) Conclusion CHAPTER 6: (i)Bibliography

CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION Employee training tries to improve skills, or add to the existing level of knowledge so that employee is better equipped to do his present job, or to prepare him for a higher position with increased responsibilities. However individual growth is not and ends in itself. Organizational growth need to be measured along with individual growth. Training refers to the teaching /learning activities done for the primary purpose of helping members of an organization to acquire and apply the knowledge skills, abilities, and attitude needed by that organization to acquire and apply the same. Broadly speaking training is the act of increasing the knowledge and skill of an employee for doing a particular job. In todays scenario change is the order of the day and the only way to deal with it is to learn and grow. Employees have become central to success or failure of an organization they are the cornucopia of ideas. So it high time the organization realize that train and retain is the mantra of new millennium. SCOPE OF THE STUDY The scope of the study covers in depth, the various training practices, modules, formats being followed and is limited to the company Dhruva Technologies and its employees. The different training programmes incorporated/facilitated in Dhruva Technologies through its faculties, outside agencies or professional groups. It also judges the enhancement of the knowledge & skills of employees and feedback on its effectiveness.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The broad objective of the study of training policies in Dhruva Technologies is to study the impact of training on the overall skill development of workers. The specific objectives of the study are:

1. To examine the effectiveness of training in overall development of skills of workforce. 2. To examine the impact of training on the workers. 3. To study the changes in behavioral pattern due to training. 4. To measure the differential change in output due to training 5. To compare the cost effectiveness in implanting training programmes.

1NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF THE STUDY:

The need for studying training and development is to lay emphasis on the effectiveness of training and development. It helps in optimizing the utilization of human resources and further helps the employees to achieve the organizational goals as well as their individual goals. It also helps to provide an opportunity and broad structure for the development of human resources' technical and behavioral skills in an organization. It also helps the employees in attaining personal growth. A training program in an organization can be given in the subsequent lines.

To apply the employees skills with job requirements and organization To equip with technological advancements. Change in job/responsibilities. To increase the productivity. To help a company to fulfill its present and future needs. To improve organization climate. For effective personal growth.

objectives.

Every organization big or small, productive or non-productive, economic or social, old or newly established should provide training to all employees irrespective of their qualification, skill, suitability for the job etc. Thus, no organization can choose whether or not to train employees. Training is not something that is done once to new employees; it is used continuously in every well-run establishment. Further, technological changes, automation, require up-dating the skills and knowledge as such an organization has to retrain the old employees. With the help of Training and Development the employees develop and improve the organizational health culture and effectiveness. It helps them in creating the learning culture. The importance of this study is to achieve training and development effectiveness, excellent results and to know how trainer encourages the trainee to establish well desired mission, vision which leads to sustainable achievements of the organizations success to know about the morale of work force, which helps in creating a better corporate image. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Every organization needs to have well trained and experienced people to perform the activities that have to be done. If current or potential job occupants can meet this requirement, training is not important. When this not the case, it is necessary to raise the skill levels and increase the versatility and adaptability of employees. It is being increasing common for individual to change careers several times during their working lives. The probability of any young person learning a job to day and having those skills go basically unchanged during the forty or so years if his career is extremely unlikely, may be even impossible. In a rapid changing society employee training is not only an activity that is desirable but also an activity that an organization must commit resources to if it is to maintain a viable and knowledgeable work force.

The entire project talks about the training and development in theoretical as well as new concepts, which are in trend now. Here we have discussed what would be the input of training if we ever go for and how can it be good to any organization in reaping the benefits from the money invested in terms like (ROI) i.e. return on investment. What are the ways we can identify the training need of any employee and how to know what kind of training he can go for? Training being covered in different aspect likes integrating it with organizational culture. The best and latest available trends in training method, the benefits which we can derive out of it. How the evaluation should be done and how effective is the training all together. Some of the companies practicing training in unique manner a lesson for other to follow as to how to train and retain the best resource in the world to reap the best out of it. Development is integral part of training if some body is trained properly and efficiently the developments of that individual and the company for whom he is working. Here we discussed about development of employee, how to identify the needs, and after developing how to develop executive skill to sharpen there knowledge. Learning should be the continuous process and one should not hesitate to learn any stage. Learning and developing is fast and easy at Dhruva Technologies.

METHODOLOGY OF THE PROJECT

Interview Preparation of the summary expressed Recommendation of fall back site Questionnaire design

RESEARCH DESIGN Descriptive Design. Sample Size: To understand the training and development scenario at Dhruva Technologies and what the trainee really feels about the training they have undergone and further what kind of training they look for. Do they really look for any kind of training or not? To study the above aspect we covered almost about 40 people from almost all the department at of the company Reliance Mobile TOOLS USED FOR DATA COLLECTION Primary data collected through questionnaires and informal interviews. Secondary data collected through magazines, journals, websites, and other corporate publications

PROCEDURE FOR DATA COLLECTION. Communication, asking questions and receiving a response in person Visiting the various organizations, libraries, internet and also preparation

of the questionnaire with the help of the project guide.

INDUSTRY PROFILE
Overview on India's Software Industry According to statistics, country's software exports reached total revenues of Rs 46100 crores. The shares of total Indian exports form 4.9 per cent in 1997 to 20.4 percent in 200203. It is expected that the industry will generate a total employment of around four millions peoples, which accounts for 7 per cent of India's total GDP as in the year 2008. The year 1995-96 was a boom for the industry. The performance of the industry over the years is as follows: (In terms of US $ millions) Domestic software Market490670920125017002450 Software Exports 73410851750265040006300 Indian Software Industry 122417552670390057008750 India's Software Exports: Software exports has major share in India's total exports. As of the year 2004-05, both software and services revenue grew by 32 percent to $ 22 billions and $ 28.5 billions in 2005-06. According to NASSCOM, India's domestic market, grew by 24 per cent. Presently Indian companies have concentrated on only two largest IT service markets. They are USA and the UK. Even Canada, Japan, Germany and France represent huge growth potential in the industry. Why India? Rapidly Improving infrastructure Large Talent Pool Availability Infrastructure High Quality Educat ional Low Operaing Costs R&D Strengths Established Technology Clusters Government Incentive

Progress of IT Industry (In terms of US $ billion) Year2003-042004-052005-06*IT software and service exports9.212.015.2ITE-BPO exports3.65.27.3Domestic market3.94.86.0Total16.722.028.5 *Estimated Source: Ministry of Communications and IT. 1995-1996 - 1224 million US Dollars 1996-1997 - 1755 million US Dollars 1997-1998 - 2670 million US Dollars 1998-1999 - 3900 million US Dollars 1999- 2000 - 5700 million US Dollars 2000-2001 - 8750 million US Dollars According to the NASSCOM- McKinsey report on the IT industry of India, the projected revenue of the IT industry of India for the year 2008 is 87 billion US Dollars. The projected exports or the year 2008, accord to this report, is 50 billion US Dollars. Some of the important aspects of the NASSCOM- McKinsey report related to the size of India's IT industry are There is potential of 3.2 million people being employed in the IT industry of India by the end of 2012. Contribution of software and services to the total GDP of India will be more than 7.5%. FDI (Foreign Direct Investment) of 10.5 billion US Dollars expected in the IT industry by the end of 2011. 45% of total exports from India will be from IT exports. 225 billion US Dollars worth of market capitalization from ITshares.

Softwares and services are exported to bout 195 companies from India. North America accounts for 61% of the software exports from India. The projections about the size of India's IT industry present a very optimistic picture. The industry is expected to grow to double its current size by the year 2012. India's IT industry is expected to grow at an annual average rate of 18% in the next five years. The industry is also expected to cross the 100 billion US Dollar mark by 2011. One of the major areas of growth for the IT industry of India is by tapping the potential in the domestic market. The IT industry of India is largely dependant on the export market. Penetrating more into the domestic market would create further opportunities of growth for the IT industry.

Adoption of new liberal policies in India has given birth immense opportunities to its industries. Success story of India's Software Industry is a step in the same direction. The Software Industry, which is a main component of the Information technology, has brought tremendous success for the emerging economy. India's young aged manpower is the key behind this success story. Presently there are more than 500 software firms in the country. Worldwide IT Spending to Grow 5.3 Percent in 2010 Unseasonably Strong Hardware Sales in First Quarter Sets Up 2010 for Solid IT Spending Growth Worldwide IT spending is forecast to reach $3.4 trillion in 2010, a 5.3 percent increase from IT spending of $3.2 trillion in 2009, according to Gartner, Inc. The IT industry will continue to show steady growth with IT spending in 2011 projected to surpass $3.5 trillion, a 4.2 percent increase from 2010. "Following strong fourth quarter sales, an unseasonably robust hardware supply chain in the first quarter of 2010, combined with continued improvement in the global economy, sets up 2010 for solid IT spending growth," said Richard Gordon, research vice president at Gartner. "However, it's important to note that nearly 4 percentage points of this growth will be the result of a projected decline in the value of the dollar relative to last year. IT spending in exchange-rate-adjusted dollars will still grow 1.6 percent this year, after declining 1.4 percent in 2009." Worldwide computing hardware spending is forecast to reach $353 billion in 2010, a 5.7 percent increase from 2009 (see Table 1). Robust consumer spending on mobile PCs will drive hardware spending in 2010. Enterprise hardware spending will grow again in 2010, but it will remain below its 2008 level through 2014. Spending on storage will enjoy the fastest growth in terms of enterprise spending as the volume of enterprise data that needs to be stored continues to increase. Near-term spending on servers will be concentrated on lower-end servers; longer-term, server spending will be curtailed by virtualization, consolidation and, potentially, cloud computing. "Computing hardware suffered the steepest spending decline of the four major IT spending category segments in 2009. However, it is now forecast to enjoy the joint strongest rebound in 2010," said George Shiffler, research director at Gartner. "Consumer PC spending will contribute nearly 4 percentage points of hardware spending growth in 2010, powered by strong consumer spending on mobile PCs. Additionally, professional PC spending will contribute just over 1 percentage point of spending growth in 2010 as organizations begin their migration to Windows 7 toward the end of the year." Worldwide IT Spending Forecast (Billions of U.S. Dollars) 2009 2009 2010 2010

Spending Growth (%) Spending Growth (%) Computing Hardware 333 -12.5 353 5.7 Software 221 -2.1 232 5.1

IT Services 777 -4.0 821 5.7 Telecom 1,892 -3.4 1,988 5.1 All IT 3,223 -4.5 3,394 5.3 Worldwide software spending is expected to total $232 billion in 2010, a 5.1 percent increase from last year. Gartner analysts said the impact of the recession on the software industry was tempered and not as dramatic as other IT markets. In 2010, the majority of enterprise software markets will see positive growth. The infrastructure market, which includes all the software to build, run and manage an enterprise, is the largest segment in terms of revenue and the fastest-growing through the 2014. The hottest software segments through 2014 include virtualization, security, data integration/data quality and business intelligence. The applications market, which includes personal productivity and packaged enterprise applications, has some of the fastest-growth segments. Web conferencing, team collaboration and enterprise content management are forecast to have double-digit compound annual growth rates (CAGR), in the face of growing competition surrounding social networking and content. "Cost optimization, and the shifts in spending form mega suites to the automation of processes will continue to benefit alternative software acquisition models as organizations will look for ways to shift spending from capital expenditures to operating expenditures," said Joanne Correia, managing vice president at Gartner. "Because of this, vendors offering software as a service (SaaS), IT asset management, virtualization capabilities and that have a good open-source strategy will continue to benefit. We also see mobile-device support or applications, as well as cloud services driving new opportunities." The worldwide IT services industry is forecast to have spending reach $821 billion in 2010, up 5.7 percent from 2009. The industry experienced some growth in reported outsourcing revenue at the close of 2009, an encouraging sign for service providers, which Gartner analysts believe will spread to consulting and system integration in 2010. "We continue to see a long-term recession 'hangover' as a more-cautious mind-set continues as the norm among a lot of buyers who keep looking for small, safe deals where cost take-out is a key factor, said Kathryn Hale, research vice president at Gartner. "In the face of that ongoing strong pressure to renegotiate contracts, and in the absence of equivalent pressure from stockholders, we believe vendors will generally choose to maintain margins over revenue growth." Worldwide telecom spending is on pace to total close to $2 trillion in 2010, a 5.1 percent increase from 2009. Between 2010 and 2014, the mobile device share of the telecom market is expected to increase from 11 percent to 14 percent, while the service share drops from 80 percent to 77 percent and the infrastructure share remains stable at 9 percent of the total market. Worldwide enterprise network services spending is forecast to grow 2 percent in revenue in 2010, but Gartner analysts said this masks ongoing declines in Europe and many other mature markets as well as an essentially flat North American market. "Longer term, the global enterprise network services market is expected to grow modestly, largely on the back of growth in Internet services, such as hosting," said Peter Kjeldsen, research director at Gartner. "Ethernet services will also grow significantly, albeit at the expense of both legacy services and multiprotocol label switching (MPLS)." In India, the software boom started somewhere in the late 1990s. Most of the Indian software companies at that moment offered only limited software services such as the

banking and the engineering software. The business software boom started with the emergence of Y2K problem, when a large number of skilled personnel were required to fulfill the mammoth database-correction demand in order to cope up with the advent of the new millennium The profile of the Indian IT Services has been undergoing a change in the last few years, partly as it moves up the value chain and partly as a response to the market dynamics. Ten years ago, most US companies would not even consider outsourcing some of their IT projects to outside vendors. Now, ten years later, a vast majority of US companies use the professional services of Indian Software engineers in some manner, through large, medium or small companies or through individuals recruited directly. The market competition is forcing organizations to cut down on costs of products. The professional IT services on the other hand are becoming increasingly expensive. The offshore software development model is today where onsite professional services were ten years ago. There is a high chance (almost a mathematical certainty), that in less than ten years, the vast majority of IT services (software development being just one of them) from developed countries, will be, one, outsourced and two, outsourced to an offshore vendor. Despite the global economic slowdown, the Indian IT software and services industry is maintaining a steady pace of growth. Software development activity is not confined to a few cities in India. Software development centers, such as Bangalore, Hyderabad, Mumbai, Pune, Chennai, Calcutta, Delhi-Noida-Gurgaon, Vadodara, Bhubaneswar, Ahmedabad, Goa, Chandigarh, Trivandrum are all developing quickly. All of these places have state-of-the-art software facilities and the presence of a large number of overseas vendors. Indias most prized resource is its readily available technical work force. India has the second largest English-speaking scientific professionals in the world, second only to the U.S. It is estimated that India has over 4 million technical workers, over 1,832 educational institutions and polytechnics, which train more than 67,785 computer software professionals every year. The enormous base of skilled manpower is a major draw for global customers. India provides IT services at one-tenth the price. No wonder more and more companies are basing their operations in India. India's IT industry caters to both domestic and export markets. Exports contribute around 75% of the total revenue of the IT industry in India. The IT industry can be broadly divided into four segments

The industry is in an expansion mode right now, with dozens of new offshore IT services vendors emerging everyday, the industry has a high probability of being subjected to the 80:20 rule in not too distant a future. In perhaps another ten years, 80 percent of all outsourced offshore development work will be done by 20 percent of all vendors, a small number of high quality, trusted vendors. Only a few select countries and only the most professional companies in those countries, will emerge as winners. India will definitely be the country of choice for offshore software development. We have the potential to become and remain the country of choice for all software developments and IT enabled services, second only to the USA. The third choice could be far distant. India is among the three countries that have built supercomputers on their own. The other two are USA and Japan. India is among six countries that launch satellites and do so even for Germany and Belgium. India's INSAT is among the world's largest domestic satellite communication systems. India has the third largest telecommunications network among the emerging economies, and it is among the top ten networks of the world.

To become a global leader in the IT industry and retain that position, we need to constantly keep moving up the value chain, focusing on finished products and solutions, rather than purely on skill sets and resumes. We need to be able to package our services as products, rather than offering them as raw material. We need to be able to recognize and build up on our strengths and work on our weaknesses. The IT industry has emerged as one of the most important industries in the Indian economy contributing significantly to the growth of the economy. The IT industry of India got a major boost from the liberalization of the Indian economy. India's software exports have grown at an annual average rate of more than 50% since 1991. The structure of the IT industry is quite different from other industries in the Indian economy. The IT industry of India is hugely dependant on skilled manpower. Primarily a knowledge based industry, the IT industry of India has reordered significant success due to the huge availability of skilled personnel in India. The industry structure in the IT sector has four major categories. These are IT services IT enabled services Software products

 Hardware IT services IT services IT services constitute a major part of the IT industry of India. IT services include client, server and web based services. Opportunities in the IT services sector exist in the areas of consulting services, management services, internet services and application maintenance. The major users of IT services are Government Banking Financial services Retail and distribution Manufacturing The services which make extensive use of information and telecommunication technologies are categorized as IT enabled services. The IT enabled services is the most important contributor to the growth of the IT industry of India. Some of the important services covered by the ITES sectorin India are Customer-interaction services including call-centers Back-office services Revenue accounting Data entry and data conversion HR services Transcription and translation services Content development and animation Remote education, Data search GIS Market research Network consultancy Software products Software products are among the most highly exported products from India. The software industry in India originated in the 1970s and grew at a significant pace in the last ten years. Between 1996-1997 and 2002-2003, the Indian software industry grew more than five times from 2630 crores to 13200 crores. During the same period software and service exports from India grew by almost twelve times. Hardware

The hardware sector of the It industry focuses on the manufacturing and assembling of computer hardware. The consumption of computer hardware is high in the domestic market. Due to the rise in the number of ITcompanies, sales of desktops, laptops, servers, routers, etc have been on the rise in recent years. Many domestic and multi-national; companies have invested in the computer hardware market in India. Another categorization in the structure of India's IT industry is related to the market. There are two major market classifications - the domestic market and the export market. The export market, dominates the IT industry accounting for 75% of the revenue. Challenges before Indian IT Industry At present there are a number of challenges that are facing the information technology industry of India. One of the major challenges for the Indian information technology industry was to keep maintaining its excellent performance standards. The experts are however of the opinion that there are certain things that need to be done in order to make sure that India can maintain its status as one of the leading information technology destinations of the world. The first step that needs to be taken is to create an environment for innovation that could be carried for a long time. The innovation needs to be done in three areas that are connected to the information technology industry of India such as business models, ecosystems and knowledge. The information technology sector of India also has to spread the range of its activities and also look at the opportunities in other countries . The improvement however, also needs to be qualitative rather than just being quantitative. The skill level of the information technology professionals is one area that needs improvement and presents a considerable amount of challenge before the Indian information technology industry. The Indian information technology industry also needs to co-ordinate with the academic circles as well as other industries in India for better performance and improved productivity. The experts are of the opinion that the business process outsourcing service providers in India need to change their operations to a way that is more oriented to the knowledge process outsourcing. One of the most important crises facing the Indian information technology industry concerns the human resources aspect. The problems with outsourcing in countries like the United States of America are posing problems for the Indian information technology industry as well. In the recent times a bill has been passed in the state of New Jersey that allows only the citizens or legal non-Americans to be given contracts. This legislation has also affected some other states like Missouri, Connecticut, Wisconsin and Maryland. These states are also supposed to be considering these laws and their implementation. This is supposed to have an adverse effect on the outsourcing that is the source upon which the information technology industry of India thrives. The information technology professionals who aim at working in the country are also likely to be hindered by the legislation as a significant amount of these professionals have been going to work in the USA for a long time

The size of India's IT industry has grown significantly over the years. The size of this sunshine industry of India grew from 150 million US Dollars to 50 billion US Dollars between 1990-1991 and 2006-2007. The growth of the IT industry has been very high in the last few years. The size of the Information Technology industry of India was 5.7 billion US Dollars in 1999-2000. After the turn of the century the industry experienced exponential growth to reach the 50 billion mark by 2006-2007. verview Photon Fargo Solutions focuses on Software development, BPOs and Consulting Company providing hi-tech information technology solutions and manpower staffing. Our main asset has been our software professionals who have been successfully working at Top Fortune Companies all over India and abroad. From IT strategy-consulting right through implementing IT solutions for customers, Photon Fargo Solutions straddles the entire IT space. It has excellent domain competencies in verticals such as Banking & Financial Service, Insurance & Healthcare, Hi-Tech, Retail and Manufacturing. As a diverse end-to-end IT solutions provider, Photon Fargo Solutions offers a range of expertise aimed at helping customers re-engineer and re-invent their businesses to compete successfully in an ever-changing marketplace.

Photon Fargo Solutions has a client base comprising several fortune 1000 organizations. Our commitment is to provide solutions that translate into tangible business outcomes for our customers. Photon Fargo Solutions domain capability expertise and reduced learning curves enables significant compression in time-to-value deliverables. And through collaborative, long-term relationships, we enable customers to achieve and sustain measurable results. Photon Fargo Solutions a customer-centric and quality conscious offshore

development company with head quarters in New Delhi, India and sales office in UK offers solutions in a wide array of IT segments with a desire to be the leader in the industry. As one of the leading software development companies, we have carved a niche for ourselves in offshore outsourcing, software outsourcing, software development, web development, web designing, web hosting, and graphics designing, content development and in many more domains. At Photon Fargo Solutions we have always delivered quality solutions umpteen times to clients based across the globe and to our credit, clients have continuously reposed their valuable faith in us. With an incredible team as our forte, in the years to come, we are sure to be the best offshore development company in the entire world. We offer full cycle custom software services from offshore software development to outsourcing support and enhancement. Having experienced and skillful team of software engineers, we are able to produce tangible positive results in all projects according to your business needs. We enable you to reduce outsourcing software development costs and aim to enhance revenue growth by offering highly responsive support, mature software development and cost-competitive services. We take pride to leverage deep industry and functional expertise and advanced technology to create highest value for all business models.

Vision:

At Dhruva Technologies Pvt.Ltd.,, the customer is the focus of our vision. Their changing

needs and demands are our inspiration. Their satisfaction is our only measure of success. Our Customer First policy is about Providing cutting-edge consulting and technology solutions. Looking beyond the immediate needs and offering solutions for the future. Presenting innovative options to deliver value. Believing in quality above all else.

At Dhruva Technologies Pvt.Ltd., , the customer comes first. Dhruva Technologies Pvt.Ltd., is constantly doing customer research in order to deliver better value to customers, depending on their specific needs. We study new technologies in depth for robustness, feasibility and obsolescence to enable early adoption and create lasting customer value. Our global pool of talent in consulting and services delivers trusted solutions to customers.

Corporate profile:

About Company Profile:

Dhruva Techno Solutions Pvt. Ltd., is a leading consulting and technology solutions company in India with a focus on Executive Search, Recruitment. Learning and Temporary Staffing services to client organizations. Dhruva is the fastest growing HR company in India.

We are one of the HR & recruitment solution providers with multi domain IT & Non IT expertise which helps us serve our clients with premium consulting. Providing innovative and creative answers to organizations in search of efficient Staffing, BPO Services, and Learning Solutions. We specialize in end-to-end recruitment solutions, soft skills and

behavioural skills trainings, HR outsourcing solutions, software solutions and HR Consultancy Services. Dhruva is professionally managed Manpower Placement Consultancy firm with network across India. Dhruva is well organized as one of the leading manpower sources providing recruitment consultancy services Specialized in placement of Senior and Middle level Management. Dhruva's Prime objective is to add value to the client's business by offering best-in-class services and solutions. Your organization can leverage our resources and expertise to improve productivity. Company Overview We provide a large array of HR Solutions viz. Executive, talent procurement into IT & Non IT, We provide tailor made solutions to all our clients, to meet their objectives and timelines. We possess a network of highly qualified professionals who conducts the first base selection in accordance with the client's requirements. Dhruva Techno Solutions Pvt. Ltd. is a privately held company has acquired Tropical Consultants Pvt.Ltd., which offers consulting and Information Technology services started in 1999. We believe that the biggest assets for any company are its people. Therefore it is imperative for any company to not only have the best of the talents as its Human Capital but also to keep upgrading their expertise by means of extensive training and development programmes. Dhruva not only helps you to find the best available talent from the industry but also to train and develop your people to make them Industry Ready'. The trust and commitment that we demonstrate in our work has got us the coveted title of "The Employer's Choice" by many of our clients. Our Mission Dhruva Techno Solutions effectively uses the innovativeness of our personnel to employ process & technology that facilitates an environment of dynamic and rapid

growth. Dhruva aim to sharpening each business unit's operation to a gleaming point and allow these units. To provide high performance business solutions & Consulting services to meet the requirements and exceed the expectations of our customers. Develop Business Solutions based on proven technologies, provide high-quality, easy to use, secure and reliable software solutions suitable for corporate usage. To continually improve the productivity of business by providing business management software and related services that adapt to the ever-changing needs of business. "We are passionate and pioneering people dedicated to provide solutions for any HR Challenges of our clients, out customers or our employees". Listen closely to our customers and be genuine and real in our communication. Refuse to settle for mere customer satisfaction, but strive to positively delight and amaze our customers with service and support that are second to none. Dhruva is committed to promoting diversity at workplace.

Our Vision No matter where we are or what we do, there are fundamental beliefs and behaviours that guide our decisions, focus our actions and unite us as a company. Dhruva's vision and values serve to inspire how we interact, create, deliver and, ultimately, be successful - for clients, for job seekers and for ourselves. Our vision is to lead in the creation and delivery of innovative workforce solutions and services that enable our clients to win in the changing world of work. Our Values We care about people and the role of work in their lives. We respect people as individuals, trusting them, supporting them, enabling them to achieve their aims in work and in life. We help people develop their careers through planning, work, coaching and training. We recognize everyone's contribution to our success - our staff, our clients and our candidates. We encourage and reward achievement. We share our knowledge, our expertise and our resources so that everyone understands what is important now and what is happening next in the world of work - and knows how to respond. We actively listen and act upon this information to improve our relationships, solutions and services. Based on our understanding of the world of work, we actively pursue the development and adoption of the best practices worldwide. We lead in the world of work. We dare to innovate, to pioneer and to evolve. We never accept the status quo. We constantly challenge the norm to find new and better ways of doing things. We thrive on our entrepreneurial spirit and speed of response - taking risks, knowing that we will not always succeed, but never exposing our clients to risk. "To be India's Premier HR Company and to acquire, provide and nurture the best of Indian talent"

Training and Development Dhruva's Training and Development Center provides thousands of courses accessible online every day, 24 hours a day. It's a convenient way for anyone to update and increase their skill sets. And it's free for all Manpower associates and employees. Take a look at the many ways you can take advantage of the Training and Development Center and advance your position. Need your employees to learn a new software tool? Strengthen managerial skills? Refresh

TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT It is a subsystem of an organization. It ensures that randomness is reduced and learning or behavioral change takes place in structured format. TRADITIONAL AND MODERN APPROACH OF TRAINING AND DEVLOPMENT Traditional Approach Most of the organizations before never used to believe in training. They were holding the traditional view that managers are born and not made. There were also some views that training is a very costly affair and not worth. Organizations used to believe more in executive pinching. But now the scenario seems to be changing. The modern approach of training and development is that Indian Organizations have realized the importance of corporate training. Training is now considered as more of retention tool than a cost. The training system in Indian Industry has been changed to create a smarter workforce and yield the best results. TRAINING DEFINED It is a learning process that involves the acquisition of knowledge, sharpening of skills, concepts, rules, or changing of attitudes and behaviours to enhance the performance of employees. Training is activity leading to skilled behavior Its not what you want in life, but its knowing how to reach it

 Its not where you want to go, but its knowing how to get there Its not how high you want to rise, but its knowing how to take off It may not be quite the outcome you were aiming for, but it will be an outcome Its not what you dream of doing, but its having the knowledge to do it It's not a set of goals, but its more like a vision Its not the goal you set, but its what you need to achieve it Training is about knowing where you stand (no matter how good or bad the current situation looks) at present, and where you will be after some point of time. Training is about the acquisition of knowledge, skills, and abilities (KSA) through professional development.

Importance of Training and Development Optimum Utilization of Human Resources Training and Development helps in optimizing the utilization of human resource that further helps the employee to achieve the organizational goals as well as their individual goals.

 Development of Human Resources Training and Development helps to provide an opportunity and broad structure for the development of human resources technical and behavioral skills in an organization. It also helps the employees in attaining personal growth. Development of skills of employees Training and Development helps in increasing the job knowledge and skills of employees at each level. It helps to expand the horizons of human intellect and an overall personality of the employees Productivity Training and Development helps in increasing the productivity of the employees that helps the organization further to achieve its long-term goal Team spirit Training and Development helps in inculcating the sense of team work, team spirit, and inter-team collaborations. It helps in inculcating the zeal to learn within the employees Organization Culture Training and Development helps to develop and improve the organizational health culture and effectiveness. It helps in creating the learning culture within the organization. Organization Climate Training and Development helps building the positive perception and feeling about the organization. The employees get these feelings from leaders, subordinates, and peers. Quality Training and Development helps in improving upon the quality of work and work-life. Healthy work-environment Training and Development helps in creating the healthy working environment. It helps to build good employee, relationship so that individual goals aligns with organizational goal. Health and Safety Training and Development helps in improving the health and safety

of the organization thus preventing obsolescence. Morale Training and Development helps in improving the morale of the work force. Image Training and Development helps in creating a better corporate image. Profitability Training and Development leads to improved profitability and more positive attitudes towards profit orientation. Training and Development aids in organizational development i.e. Organization gets more effective decision making and problem solving. It helps in understanding and carrying out organizational policies. Training and Development helps in developing leadership skills, motivation, loyalty, better attitudes, and other aspects that successful workers and managers usually display. TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES The principal objective of training and development division is to make sure the availability of a skilled and willing workforce to an organization. In addition to that, there are four other objectives: Individual, Organizational, Functional, and Societal. Individual Objectives help employees in achieving their personal goals, which in turn, enhances the individual contribution to an organization. Organizational Objectives assist the organization with its primary objective by bringing individual effectiveness. Functional Objectives maintain the departments contribution at a level suitable to the organizations needs. Societal Objectives ensure that an organization is ethically and socially responsible to the needs and challenges of the society.

Importance of Training Objectives Training objective is one of the most important parts of training program. While some people think of training objective as a waste of valuable time. The counterargument here is that resources are always limited and the training objectives actually lead the design of training. It provides the clear guidelines and develops the training program in less time because objectives focus specifically on needs. It helps in adhering to a plan. Training objectives tell the trainee that what is expected out of him at the end of the training program. Training objectives are of great significance from a number of stakeholder perspectives.

1. Trainer 2. Trainee 3. Designer 4. Evaluator Trainer The training objective is also beneficial to trainer because it helps the trainer to measure the progress of trainees and make the required adjustments. Also, trainer comes in a position to establish a relationship between objectives and particular segments of training.

Trainee The training objective is beneficial to the trainee because it helps in reducing the anxiety of the trainee up to some extent. Not knowing anything or going to a place which is unknown creates anxiety that can negatively affect learning. Therefore, it is important to keep the participants aware of the happenings, rather than keeping it surprise. Secondly, it helps in increase in concentration, which is the crucial factor to make the training successful. The objectives create an image of the training program in trainees mind that actually helps in gaining attention. Thirdly, if the goal is set to be challenging and motivating, then the likelihood of achieving those goals is much higher than the situation in which no goal is Set. Therefore, training objectives helps in increasing the probability that the participants will be successful in training. Designer The training objective is beneficial to the training designer because if the

designer is aware what is to be achieved in the end then hell buy the training package according to that only. The training designer would then look for the training methods, training equipments, and training content accordingly to achieve those objectives. Furthermore, planning always helps in dealing effectively in an unexpected situation. Consider an example; the objective of one training program is to deal effectively with customers to increase the sales. Since the objective is known, the designer will design a training program that will include ways to improve the interpersonal skills, such as verbal and non verbal language, dealing in unexpected situation i.e. when there is a defect in a product or when a customer is angry. Therefore, without any guidance, the training may not be designed appropriately. Evaluator It becomes easy for the training evaluator to measure the progress of the trainees because the objectives define the expected performance of trainees. Training objective is an important to tool to judge the performance of participants. Training and Human Resource Management The HR functioning is changing with time and with this change, the relationship between the training function and other management activity is also changing. The training and development activities are now equally important with that of other HR functions. Gone are the days, when training was considered to be futile, waste of time, resources, and money. Now-a-days, training is an investment because the departments such as, marketing & sales, HR, production, finance, etc depends on training for its survival. If training is not considered as a priority or not seen as a vital part in the organization, then it is difficult to accept that such a company has effectively carried out HRM. Training

actually provides the opportunity to raise the profile development activities in the organization To increase the commitment level of employees and growth in quality movement (concepts of HRM), senior management team is now increasing the role of training. Such concepts of HRM require careful planning as well as greater emphasis on employee development and long term education. Training is now the important tool of Human Resource Management to control the attrition rate because it helps in motivating employees, achieving their professional and personal goals, increasing the level of job satisfaction, etc. As a result training is given on a variety of skill development and covers a multitude of courses. Role of HRD Professionals in Training This is the era of cut-throat competition and with this changing scenario of business; the role of HR professionals in training has been widened. HR role now is: 1. Active involvement in employee education 2. Rewards for improvement in performance 3. Rewards to be associated with self esteem and self worth 4. Providing pre-employment market oriented skill development education and post employment support for advanced education and training 6. Flexible access i.e. anytime, anywhere training.

Models of Training Training is a sub-system of the organization because the departments such as, marketing

& sales, HR, production, finance, etc depends on training for its survival. Training is a transforming process that requires some input and in turn it produces output in the form of knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs). THE TRAINING SYSTEM A System is a combination of things or parts that must work together to perform a particular function. An organization is a system and training is a sub system of the organization. The System Approach views training as a sub system of an organization. System Approach can be used to examine broad issues like objectives, functions, and aim. It establishes a logical relationship between the sequential stages in the process of training need analysis (TNA), formulating, delivering, and evaluating. There are 4 necessary inputs i.e. technology, man, material, time required in every system to produce products or services. And every system must have some output from these inputs in order to survive. The output can be tangible or intangible depending upon the organizations requirement. A system approach to training is planned creation of training program. This approach uses step-by-step procedures to solve the problems. Under systematic approach, training is undertaken on planned basis. Out of this planned effort, one such basic model of five steps is system model that is explained below. Organization are working in open environment i.e. there are some internal and external forces, that poses threats and opportunities, therefore, trainers need to be aware of these forces which may impact on the content, form, and conduct of the training efforts. The internal forces are the various demands of the organization for a better learning environment; need to be up to date with the latest technologies.

The three model of training are: 1. System Model 2. Instructional System Development Model 3. Transitional model System Model Training The system model consists of five phases and should be repeated on a regular basis to make further improvements. The training should achieve the purpose of helping employee to perform their work to required standards. The steps involved in System Model of training are as follows:
1. Analyze and identify the training needs i.e. to analyze the department, job, 2. employees requirement, who needs training, what do they need to learn,

estimating training cost, etc The next step is to develop a performance measure on the basis of which actual performance would be evaluated.
3. Design and provide training to meet identified needs. This step requires

developing objectives of training, identifying the learning steps, sequencing and structuring the contents.
4. Develop- This phase requires listing the activities in the training program that will

assist the participants to learn, selecting delivery method, examining the training material, validating information to be imparted to make sure it accomplishes all the goals & objectives.
5. Implementing is the hardest part of the system because one wrong step can lead to

the failure of whole training program.

6. Evaluating each phase so as to make sure it has achieved its aim in terms of

subsequent work performance. Making necessary amendments to any of the previous stage in order to remedy or improve failure practices

Instructional System Development Model(ISD)Model Instructional System Development model was made to answer the training problems. This model is widely used now-a-days in the organization because it is concerned with the training need on the job performance. Training objectives are defined on the basis of job responsibilities and job description and on the basis of the defined objectives individual progress is measured. This model also helps in determining and developing the

favorable strategies, sequencing the content, and delivering media for the types of training objectives to be achieved. The Instructional System Development model comprises of five stages: 1. ANALYSIS This phase consist of training need assessment, job analysis, and target audience analysis. 2. PLANNING This phase consist of setting goal of the learning outcome, instructional objectives that measures behavior of a participant after the training, types of training material, media selection, methods of evaluating the trainee, trainer and the training program, strategies to impart knowledge i.e. selection of content, sequencing of content, etc. 3. DEVELOPMENT This phase translates design decisions into training material. It consists of developing course material for the trainer including handouts, workbooks, visual aids, demonstration props, etc, course material for the trainee including handouts of summary. 4. EXECUTION This phase focuses on logistical arrangements, such as arranging speakers, equipments, benches, podium, food facilities, cooling, lighting, parking, and other training accessories. 5. EVALUATION The purpose of this phase is to make sure that the training program has achieved its aim in terms of subsequent work performance. This phase consists of identifying strengths and weaknesses and making necessary amendments to any of the previous stage in order

to remedy or improve failure practices.

The ISD model is a continuous process that lasts throughout the training program. It also highlights that feedback is an important phase throughout the entire training program. In this model, the output of one phase is an input to the next phase. Transitional model focuses on the organization as a whole. The outer loop describes the vision, mission and values of the organization on the basis of which training model i.e. inner loop is executed. Vision focuses on the milestones that the organization would like to achieve after the defined point of time. A vision statement tells that where the organization sees itself few

years down the line. A vision may include setting a role mode, or bringing some internal transformation, or may be promising to meet some other deadlines Mission explain the reason of organizational existence. It identifies the position in the community. The reason of developing a mission statement is to motivate, inspire, and inform the employees regarding the organization. The mission statement tells about the identity that how the organization would like to be viewed by the customers, employees, and all other stakeholders. Values is the translation of vision and mission into communicable ideals. It reflects the deeply held values of the organization and is independent of current industry environment. For example, values may include social responsibility, excellent customer service, etc. The mission, vision, and values precede the objective in the inner loop. This model considers the organization as a whole. The objective is formulated keeping these three things in mind and then the training model is further implemented.

TRAIN AND RETAIN TO STOP THE DRAIN In todays competitive world, where margins are constantly under pressure, training budgets are the first to axed. So it becomes imperative that the training model that is evolved should be less capital intensive and not dependent upon profit margins and profitability. Although training needs are identified much before training programmed actually commence but still some crucial points are left some un-addressed. For example very little is done to know the opinion of the employee about training need identified for him as to what he feels about the same .99% cases employee is nominated by higher authorities instead of chance being given to volunteer program under the

notion that boss is always right and he knows the best off. Taking this in context there are many organization where some employee who are earmarked are regularly nominated to attend training program. He is stressed out, why dont pack him up for a training program approach. CHAPTER-3 LEARNING AND TRAINING Irrespective of the type or method of training, a trainer has to keep in mind some of the principles of learning or motivation, which would enhance internationalization of what is taught. Motivation A trainee needs to have a desire to learn and benefit from the programme. If the is not interested, or is de-motivated, the learning outcome is going to be insignificant and the company will have spent its money badly. On the other hand, being too intense about learning and outcome may result in setting over ambitious goals for the individual. Reinforcement Following on the concept of motivation is that of reinforcement. For learning to take place and be internalized to the desired extent, a trainee is rewarded or given some encouragement. This reinforcement, or the acknowledgement that what has been acquired is desirable, can be either an extrinsic or intrinsic reward-external praise or some tangible reward, or the individuals feeling of a sense of progress. Current stress is on positive support and helpful behavior, even when mistakes are made.

Feedback During the training process, it is useful for the trainee to be told how he is progressing. Several researchers have confirmed that knowledge of results is an effective motivator. Constant and periodic feedback has positive effects on the trainees learning. Unless the trainee knows how close his performance comes to the desired standard, he will not have an opportunity to improve. Feedback therefore provides a basis for correcting oneself. Secondly, feedback helps to sustain the trainees interest in the task, or in each learning that is taking place, by bringing greater involvement with the learning process. If feedback is to be meaningful, it should follow a learning segment as quickly as possible. Transfer of Learning

The maximum use of training can be made if the trainee is able to transfer his learning to his actual work role. This is possible if identical elements are incorporated in the training situation from the job role, either existing or proposed. The more similar the learning situation is to the job situation, the higher the degree of transfer the trainee can expect, and hence the grater the relevance of the training programme. Repetition Repetition etches a pattern into our memory, e.g., when one studies for an examination, it is necessary to repeatedly to over ideas so that they can be recalled later.

Relevance Relevance relates to the meaningful fuse of material, which aids learning, e.g., trainers usually explain in the overall purpose of a job to trainees before assigning them a particular task. TRAINING INPUTS There are three basic types of inputs; (i)Skills (ii)Attitude (iii)Knowledge. The primary purpose of training is to establishing a sound relationship is at its best when the workers attitude to the job is right, when the workers knowledge of the job is adequate, and he has developed the necessary skills. Training activities in an industrial organization are aimed at making desired modifications in skills, attitudes and knowledge of employee so that they perform their jobs most efficiently and effectively. BEST TIME TO IMPART TRAINING TO EMPLOYEE 1. NEW RECRUITS TO THE COMPANY These have a requirement for induction into the company as a whole in terms of its business activities and personnel policies and provisions, the terms, conditions and benefits appropriate to the particular employee, and the career and advancement opportunities available.

2. TRANSFEREES WITHIN THE COMPANY These are people who are moved from one job to another, either within the same work area, i.e. the same department or function, or to dissimilar work under a different management. Under this heading we are excluding promotions, which take people into entirely new levels of responsibility. 3. PROMOTIONS Although similar to the transferee in that there is a new job to be learned in new surroundings, he is dissimilar in that the promotion has brought him to a new level of supervisory or management responsibility. The change is usually too important and

difficult to make successfully to permit one to assume that the promotes will pick it up as he goes along and attention has to be paid to training in the tasks and the responsibilities and personal skills necessary for effective performance. 4. NEW PLANT OR EQUIPMENT Even the most experienced operator has everything to learn when a computer and electronic controls replace the previous manual and electro-mechanical system on the process plant on which he works. There is no less a training requirement for the supervisors and process management, as well as for technical service production control and others. 5. NEW PROCEDURES Mainly for those who work in offices in commercial and administrative functions but also for those who we workplace is on the shop floor or on process plant on any occasion on which there is a modification to existing paperwork or procedure for, say the withdrawal of materials from stores, the control of customer credit the approval of expense claims, there

needs to be instruction on the change in the way of working in many instances, a note bringing the attention of all concerned the change is assume to be sufficient, but there are cases, such as when total new systems in corporating more thorough training is needed. 6. NEW STANDARDS, RULES AND PRACTICES Changes in any one these are likely to be conveyed by printed note or by word of mouth by the manager to his subordinates, and this can be the most satisfaction way of dealing with the change from the point of view of getting those affected to understand their new responsibility. However not all changes under this heading can be left to this sort of handling. Even the simplest looking instruction may be regarded as undesirable or impracticable by whoever has to perform it he may not understand the purpose behind the change and lose confidence in a management which he now believes to be messing about, or he may understand the purpose and have a better alternative to offer if it is not too late. 7. NEW RELATIONSHIP AND AUTHORITIES These can arise, as a result of management decisions, in a number of ways. In examples, the recognition of the accounts department can result in a realization of responsibilities between the section leaders of credit control, invoicing and customer records, although there is no movement of staff between the sections (i.e. no transfers). Although the change in work content for each clerk and supervisor is defined clearly for each person in the new procedures, there is nevertheless a need for each person to know where he stands in the new set up, which is responsible for what, and where to direct problems and enquiries as they arise in the future. IT up dates are installed, when

8. MAINTENANCE OF STANDARDS We are here concerned with maintenance of standards through training, for it must be remembered that supervision and inspection and qualify control are continuously responsible for standards and exercise their own authorities to this end. Although it is generally agreed that some retraining from time to time, taking varied forms even for the on group of employees, does act as both a reminder and a stimulus, there is not much agreement on the next frequency and form that such retraining should take, of there is as yet little scientific knowledge on this subject which is of much use in industrial situations. 9. THE MAINTENANCE OF ADAPTABILITY Again, whilst there is little scientific study of the loss of ability to learn new skills in those cases where people spend a long time without change, and without the need to learn, there is increasing evidence in current experience to suggest that this is the case in industrial employment. Add, of course, there is the inference arising from the laboratory experiments of psychologists. 10. THE MAINTENANCE OF MANAGEMENT SKILLS & STANDARDS Skills in supervising, employee appraisal, communications, leadership etc are important in all companies. Some of these skills are seen to be critical to major developments in company organisation, culture, employee empowerment and so on. Initial training in these skills is not uncommon in the largest companies on appointment into management and supervision. But continuous training and performance monitoring is rare, despite the common knowledge that standards are as varied as human nature.

11. RETIREMENT AND REDUNDANCY Employees of any position in the company who are heading towards retirement will benefit from learning about health, social life, work opportunities money management etc. Internal or external courses are best attended a year or two before retirement date, in a few companies a member of Personnel will act as a counselor as required.

BENEFITS OF TRAINING Employees and the organization need to realize the importance of contribution and learning for mutual growth and development. Training is the answer to deal with stagnation stage by constantly updating it in every field. Other benefits of training include: Hiring appeal: companies that provide training attract a better quality Workforce. Assessing and addressing any performance deficiency. Enhancing workforce flexibility.Cross-cultural training is essential for t them for better adjustment in the new environment. Increasing commitment: Training acts as a loyalty booster. Employee motivation is also enhanced when the employee knows that the organization would provide them opportunities to increase their skills and knowledge. It gives the organization a competitive edge by keeping abreast of the latest changes; it acts as a catalyst for change. Higher customer satisfaction and lower support cost results through improved service, increased productivity and greater sufficiency.

Training acts as benchmark for hiring promoting and career planning. It acts act as a retention tool by motivating employee to the vast opportunities for growth available in an organization.

THE EVALUATION OF TRAINING There are a number of expressions used to describe steps taken by management and by training offices at the conclusion of training and during the days or weeks afterwards. These expressions include validation, evaluation, follow-up and implementation, as well as cost benefit, which have appeared in more recent years. We are interested in all of these and have already tackled one of the, implementation, and we start by giving our definitions in order to establish a clearer picture of what each is, and how they relate to each other. Evaluation of training, or, indeed of anything, consists simply of putting a value to it. To evaluate training means undertaking a search for the effect that it has had on the people and the situations, which it influences, and then trying to measure or estimate whether this is advantageous or disadvantageous. We shall see that at the level of pure training there is an evaluation to be made, but that the principal evaluation is at a higher level in the chain.

First the chain of intentions is clear at the outset 1. The forecourt attendants were to receive training to a defined level of competence. 2. They were then to apply their new capability correctly during the service that they gave to motorists.

3. The motorists would respond to this with a reaction of pleasure and would tend to use that particular station rather more, thus increasing the amount of gasoline sold. 4. The increased sales, and negligible increased costs, would improve the revenue and the profits. A TRAINING TOOL: INSPIRING OTHERS In the new era new era, challenges for the trainer are to create learning environment. Trainer needs to innovate new ways design and deliver the training inputs. Wide range of technique like interactive methods like teaching, experiential learning cases inventories games, including humour. Where as we have the ancient way of story telling as a powerful tool to create learning for adult managers of industry. Sharing ones own perception, experience and ideas learning value can be increased exponentially.

Methods of Training There are various methods of training, which can be divided in to cognitive and behavioral methods. Trainers need to understand the pros and cons of each method, also its impact on trainees keeping their background and skills in mind before giving training. Cognitive methods are more of giving theoretical training to the trainees. The various methods under Cognitive approach provide the rules for how to do something, written or verbal information, demonstrate relationships among concepts, etc. These methods are associated with changes in knowledge and attitude by stimulating learning. The various methods that come under Cognitive approach are:

LECTURES A Method of Training It is one of the oldest methods of training. This method is used to create understanding of a topic or to influence behavior, attitudes through lecture. A lecture can be in printed or oral form. Lecture is telling someone about something. Lecture is given to enhance the knowledge of listener or to give him the theoretical aspect of a topic. Training is basically incomplete without lecture. When the trainer begins the training session by telling the aim, goal, agenda, processes, or methods that will be used in training that means the trainer is using the lecture method. It is difficult to imagine training without lecture format. There are some variations in Lecture method. The variation here means that some forms of lectures are interactive while some are not. Straight Lecture: Straight lecture method consists of presenting information, which the trainee attempts to absorb. In this method, the trainer speaks to a group about a topic. However, it does not involve any kind of interaction between the trainer and the trainees. A lecture may also take the form of printed text, such as books, notes, etc. The difference between the straight lecture and the printed material is the trainers intonation, control of speed, body language, and visual image of the trainer. The trainer in case of straight lecture can decide to vary from the training script, based on the signals from the trainees, whereas same material in print is restricted to what is printed. A good lecture consists of introduction of the topic, purpose of the lecture, and priorities and preferences of the order in which the topic will be covered.

Main Features of Lecture Method Some of the main features of lecture method are:

Inability to identify and correct misunderstandings Less expensive Can be reached large number of people at once Knowledge building exercise Less effective because lectures require long periods of trainee inactivity

Demonstration Training Method This method is a visual display of how something works or how to do something. As an example, trainer shows the trainees how to perform or how to do the tasks of the job. In order to be more effective, demonstration method should be should be accompanied by the discussion or lecture method. To carry out an effective demonstration, a trainer first prepares the lesson plan by breaking the task to be performed into smaller modules, easily learned parts. Then, the trainer sequentially organizes those modules and prepares an explanation for why that part is required. While performing the demonstration, trainer: Demonstrates the task by describing how to do, while doing

Helps the focusing their attention on critical aspects of the task Tells the trainees what you will be doing so they understand what you will be showing them

Explains why it should be carried out in that way

The difference between the lecture method and the demonstration method is the level of involvement of the trainee. In the lecture method, the more the trainee is involved.

The financial costs that occur in the demonstration method are as follows:

Cost of training facility for the program Cost of materials that facilitate training Food, travel, lodging for the trainees and the trainers Compensation of time spent in training to trainers and trainees Cost related to creating content, material Cost related to the organization of the training

After completing the demonstration the trainer provide feedback, both positive and or negative, give the trainee the opportunity to do the task and describe what he is doing and why. Discussion Training Method This method uses a lecturer to provide the learners with context that is supported, elaborated, explains, or expanded on through interactions both among the trainees and between the trainer and the trainees. The interaction and the communication between these two make it much more effective and powerful than the lecture method. If the Discussion method is used with proper sequence i.e. lectures, followed by discussion and questioning, can achieve higher level knowledge objectives, such as problem solving and principle learning. The Discussion method consists a two-way flow of communication i.e. knowledge in the

form of lecture is communicated to trainees, and then understanding is conveyed back by trainees to trainer. Understanding is conveyed in the form of verbal and non-verbal feedback that enables the trainer to determine whether the material is understood. If yes, then definitely it would help out the trainees to implement it at their workplaces and if not, the trainer may need to spend more time on that particular area by presenting the information again in a different manner. Questioning can be done by both ways i.e. the trainees and the trainer. When the trainees ask questions, they explain their thinking about the content of the lecture. A trainer who asks questions stimulates thinking about the content of the lecture. Asking and responding questions are beneficial to trainees because it enhance understanding and keep the trainees focused on the content. Besides that, discussions, and interactions allow the trainee to be actively engaged in the material of the trainer. This activity helps in improving recall.

Computer-Based Training (CBT) With the world-wide expansion of companies and changing technologies, the demands for knowledge and skilled employees have increased more than ever, which in turn, is putting pressure on HR department to provide training at lower costs. Many organizations are now implementing CBT as an alternative to classroom based training to accomplish those goals

Some of the benefits of Computer-Based Training are:

According to a recent survey, about 75% of the organizations are providing training to employees through Intranet or Internet. Internet is not the method of training, but has become the technique of delivering training. The growth of electronic technology has created alternative training delivery systems. CBT does not require face-to-face interaction with a human trainer. This method is so varied in its applications that it is difficult to describe in concise terms.

The various methods that come under Cognitive approach are :

o o o

INTELLEGENT TUTORIAL SYSTEM(ITS) PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION (PI) VIRTUAL REALITY

Behavioral methods are more of giving practical training to the trainees. The various methods under Behavioral approach allow the trainee to behavior in a real fashion. These methods are best used for skill development. The various methods that come under Behavioral approach are:

GAMES AND SIMULATIONS

o o o o o o

BEHAVIOR-MODELING BUSINESS GAMES CASE STUDIES EQUIPMENT STIMULATORS IN-BASKET TECHNIQUE ROLE PLAYS

Both the methods can be used effectively to change attitudes, but through different means. Another Method is MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT METHOD

COACHING

Coaching is one of the training methods, which is considered as a corrective method for inadequate performance. According to a survey conducted by International Coach Federation (ICF), more than 4,000 companies are using coach for their executives. These coaches are experts most of the time outside consultants.

A coach is the best training plan for the CEOs because It is one-to-one interaction It can be done at the convenience of CEO It can be done on phone, meetings, through e-mails, chat It provides an opportunity to receive feedback from an expert It helps in identifying weaknesses and focus on the area that needs improvement This method best suits for the people at the top because if we see on emotional front, when a person reaches the top, he gets lonely and it becomes difficult to find someone to talk to. It helps in finding out the executives specific developmental needs. The needs can be identified through 60 degree performance review.

PROCEDURE OF THE COACHING

The procedure of the coaching is mutually determined by the executive and coach. The procedure is followed by successive counseling and meetings at the executives convenience by the coach. 1. Understand the participants job, the knowledge, skills, and attitudes, and resources required to meet the desired expectation

2. Meet the participant and mutually agree on the objective that has to be achieved 3. Mutually arrive at a plan and schedule 4. At the job, show the participant how to achieve the objectives, observe the performance and then provide feedback 5. Repeat step 4 until performance improves.

For the people at middle-level management, coaching is more likely done by the supervisor; however experts from outside the organization are at times used for upand-coming managers. Again, the personalized approach assists the manger focus on definite needs and improvement

Mentoring Mentoring is an ongoing relationship that is developed between a senior and junior employee. Mentoring provides guidance and clear understanding of how the organization goes to achieve its vision and mission to the junior employee The meetings are not as structured and regular than in coaching. Executive mentoring is generally done by someone inside the company. The executive can learn a lot from mentoring. By dealing with diverse mentees, the executive is given the chance to grow professionally by developing management skills and learning how to work with people with diverse background, culture, and language and personality types Executives also have mentors. In cases where the executive is new to the organization, a senior executive could be assigned as a mentor to assist the new executive settled into his role. Mentoring is one of the important methods for preparing them to be future

executives. This method allows the mentor to determine what is required to improve mentees performance. Once the mentor identifies the problem, weakness, and the area that needs to be worked upon, the mentor can advise relevant training. The mentor can also provide opportunities to work on special processes and projects that require use of proficiency. Some key points on Mentoring

Mentoring focus on attitude development Conducted for management-level employees Mentoring is done by someone inside the company It is one-to-one interaction

It helps in identifying weaknesses and focus on the area that needs improvement Job Rotation For the executive, job rotation takes on different perspectives. The executive is usually not simply going to another department. In some vertically integrated organizations, for example, where the supplier is actually part of same organization or subsidiary, job rotation might be to the supplier to see

how the business operates from the supplier point of view. Learning how the organization is perceived from the outside broadens the executives outlook on the process of the organization. Or the rotation might be to a foreign office to provide a global perspective. For managers being developed for executive roles, rotation to different functions in the company is regular carried out. This approach allows the manger to operate in diverse roles and understand the different

issues that crop up. If someone is to be a corporate leader, they must have this type of training. A recent study indicated that the single most significant factor that leads to leaders achievement was the variety of experiences in different departments, business units, cities, and countries. An organized and helpful way to develop talent for the management or executive level of the organization is job rotation. It is the process of preparing employees at a lower level to replace someone at the next higher level. It is generally done for the designations that are crucial for the effective and efficient functioning of the organization.

Benefits of Job Rotation Some of the major benefits of job rotation are:

It provides the employees with opportunities to broaden the horizon of knowledge, skills, and abilities by working in different departments, business units, functions, and countries

Identification of Knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) required It determines the areas where improvement is required

Assessment of the employees who have the potential and caliber for filling the

position OFF THE JOB TRAINING There are many management development techniques that an employee can take in off the job. The few popular methods are:

SENSITIVITY TRAINING TRANSACTIONAL ANALYSIS

STRAIGHT LECTURES/ LECTURES SIMULATION EXERCISES Case Study on Training Methods

SALES TRAINING AT ABC COMPANY Few years ago, ABC Company developed a training strategy for training its global sales force. An important feature of the strategy was to create a master training plan for each year. The organizations strategic plans, objectives, and functional tactics would drive t this plan. Once an initial procedure was designed it was then evaluated and critiqued the top management, different units, and training council. The input from these stakeholderswould be summarized and transferred into a master training Plan. The major question that was asked by the designers of training program was, what results do we want from salespeople after the training program is over? Answer to this question becomes the objective of the training program. Then training content was designed, videos were made. The videos took 3 to 6 months to produce. Video contains live production plants, clients offices, partner offices, suppliers, manufacturers locations, and other locations. Videos were used to train sales people in various areas, such as:

Market information i.e. about customer profile, market updates, and computer integrated manufacturing applications, etc

Sales Process i.e. how to deal in the situation of conflicts with customer, coaching on undesirable behavior, supplement skills developed during live courses

Product information, such as, product usage, applications, system description, product description, comparison with competitors products, etc

Policies and procedures, i.e. about sales contests, incentive plans on achieving targets, annual bonuses, winners receiving the best salesperson award to motivate the sales force

Representatives then watch video, follow the directions, and refer to the material if faces any problem. When salespeople feel they have mastered the Around thousands of sales persons were getting a specific video training. The sales people were getting training material along with the video. Sales material, they would take an exam and call a toll-free number to transmit responses to exam. Salespeople who successfully passed an exam were factored into performance and merit reviews as well as promotional opportunities. Those who couldnt pass the exam were asked to go through the material and video again before retaking the exam. If the salesperson failed an exam again, the reporting manager was notified. This case gives rise to few important questions. These questions are:

In todays technological world, is video still the best way to deliver training? Is video the most effective way to achieve training objectives?

What role did cost of development, cost of delivery, and other constraints play in selection of video delivery system?

Training Need Analysis (TNA) An analysis of training need is an essential requirement to the design of effective training. The purpose of training need analysis is to determine whether there is a gap

between what is required for effective performance and present level of performance. Why training need analysis? Training need analysis is conducted to determine whether resources required are available or not. It helps to plan the budget of the company, areas where training is required, and also highlights the occasions where training might not be appropriate but requires alternate action.

Corporate need and training need are interdependent because the organization performance ultimately depends on the performance of its individual employee and its sub group. Organizational Level Training need analysis at organizational level focuses on strategic planning, business need, and goals. It starts with the assessment of internal

environment of the organization such as, procedures, structures, policies, strengths, and weaknesses and external environment such as opportunities and threats. After doing the SWOT analysis, weaknesses can be dealt with the training interventions, while strengths can further be strengthened with continued training. Threats can be reduced by identifying the areas where training is required. And, opportunities can be exploited by balancing it against costs. For this approach to be successful, the HR department of the company requires to be involved in strategic planning. In this planning, HR develops strategies to be sure that the employees in the organization have the required Knowledge, Skills, and Attributes (KSAs) based on the future KSAs requirements at each level Individual Level Training need analysis at individual level focuses on each and every individual in the organization. At this level, the organization checks whether an employee is performing at desired level or the performance is below expectation. If the difference between the expected performance and actual performance comes out to be positive, then certainly there is a need of training. However, individual competence can also be linked to individual need. The methods that are used to analyze the individual need are: Appraisal and performance review Peer appraisal Competency assessments Subordinate appraisal Client feedback Customer feedback

Self-assessment or self-appraisal Operational Level Training Need analysis at operational level focuses on the work that is being assigned to the employees. The job analyst gathers the information on whether the job is clearly understood by an employee or not. He gathers this information through technical interview, observation, psychological test; questionnaires asking the closed ended as well as open ended questions, etc. Today, jobs are dynamic and keep changing over the time. Employees need to prepare for these changes. The job analyst also gathers information on the tasks needs to be done plus the tasks that will be required in the future. Based on the information collected, training Need analysis (TNA) is done. Training-Design The design of the training program can be undertaken only when a clear training objective has been produced. The training objective clears what goal has to be achieved by the end of training program i.e. what the trainees are expected to be able to do at the end of their training. Training objectives assist trainers to design the training program. The trainer Before starting a training program, a trainer analyzes his technical, interpersonal, judgmental skills in order to deliver quality content to trainers The trainees A good training design requires close scrutiny of the trainees and their profiles. Age, experience, needs and expectations of the trainees are some of the important factors that affect training design. Training climate A good training climate comprises of ambience, tone, feelings, positive perception for training program, etc. Therefore, when the climate is favorable nothing goes wrong but when the climate is unfavorable, almost everything goes wrong. Trainees learning style the learning style, age, experience, educational

background of trainees must be kept in mind in order to get the right pitch to the design of the program Training strategies Once the training objective has been identified, the trainer translates it into specific training areas and modules. The trainer prepares the priority list of about what must be included, what could be included. Training topics After formulating a strategy, trainer decides upon the content to be delivered. Trainers break the content into headings, topics, ad modules. These topics and modules are then classified into information, knowledge, skills, and attitudes. Sequence the contents Contents are then sequenced in a following manner: From simple to complex Topics are arranged in terms of their relative importance From known to unknown From specific to general Dependent relationship

Training tactics Once the objectives and the strategy of the training program becomes clear, trainer comes in the position to select most appropriate tactics or methods or techniques. The method selection depends on the following factors: Trainees background Time allocated Style preference of trainer Level of competence of trainer Availability of facilities and resources, etc

Support facilities It can be segregated into printed and audio visual. The various requirements in a training program are white boards, flip charts, markers, etc.

Constraints The various constraints that lay in the trainers mind are: Time Accommodation, facilities and their availability Furnishings and equipments Budget Design of the training, etc

Training Implementation To put training program into effect according to definite plan or procedure is called training implementation. Training implementation is the hardest part of the system because one wrong step can lead to the failure of whole training program. Even the best training program will fail due to one wrong action. Training implementation can be segregated into: Practical administrative arrangements Carrying out of the training Implementing Training Once the staff, course, content, equipments, topics are ready, the training is implemented. Completing training design does not mean that the work is done because implementation phase requires continual adjusting, redesigning, and refining. Preparation is the most important factor to taste the success. Therefore, following are the factors that are kept in mind while implementing training program:

The trainer The trainer need to be prepared mentally before the delivery of content. Trainer prepares materials and activities well in advance. The trainer also set grounds before meeting with participants by making sure that he is comfortable with course content and is flexible in his approach. Physical set-up Good physical set up is pre-requisite for effective and successful training program because it makes the first impression on participants. Classrooms should not be very small or big but as nearly square as possible. This will bring people together both physically and psychologically. Also, right amount of space should be allocated to every participant. Establishing rapport with participants There are various ways by which a trainer can establish good rapport with trainees by: Greeting participants simple way to ease those initial tense moments Encouraging informal conversation Remembering their first name Pairing up the learners and have them familiarized with one another Listening carefully to trainees comments and opinions Telling the learners by what name the trainer wants to be addressed Getting to class before the arrival of learners Starting the class promptly at the scheduled time Using familiar examples Varying his instructional techniques Using the alternate approach if one seems to bog down

Reviewing the agenda At the beginning of the training program it is very important to review the program objective. The trainer must tell the participants the goal of the program, what is expected out of trainers to do at the end of the program, and how the program will run. The following information needs to be included: Kinds of training activities Schedule Setting group norms Housekeeping arrangements Flow of the program Handling problematic situations Training Evaluation The process of examining a training program is called training evaluation. Training evaluation checks whether training has had the desired effect. Training evaluation ensures that whether candidates are able to implement their learning in their respective workplaces, or to the regular work routines. Purposes of Training Evaluation The five main purposes of training evaluation are: Feedback: It helps in giving feedback to the candidates by defining the objectives and linking it to learning outcomes. Research: It helps in ascertaining the relationship between acquired knowledge, transfer of knowledge at the work place, and training.

Control: It helps in controlling the training program because if the training is not effective, then it can be dealt with accordingly. Power games: At times, the top management (higher authoritative employee) uses the evaluative data to manipulate it for their own benefits. Intervention: It helps in determining that whether the actual outcomes are aligned with the expected outcomes. Process of Training Evaluation Before Training: The learners skills and knowledge are assessed before the training program. During the start of training, candidates generally perceive it as a waste of resources because at most of the times candidates are unaware of the objectives and learning outcomes of the program. Once aware, they are asked to give their opinions on the methods used and whether those methods confirm to the candidates preferences and Learning style.

During Training: It is the phase at which instruction is started. This phase usually consist of short tests at regular intervals After Training: It is the phase when learners skills and knowledge are assessed again to measure the effectiveness of the training. This phase is designed to determine whether training has had the desired effect at individual department and organizational levels. There are various evaluation techniques for this phase. Techniques of Evaluation The various methods of training evaluation are: Observation Questionnaire Interview Self diaries

 Self recording of specific incidents Quality Particularly in those industries, which have to compete in international markets, the management made clear links between training policies and the quality of work. Change in Corporate culture Continuous training was used to transmit new business strategies and new organisation culture. Organisational Development In some organisation where financial responsibilities were being decentralized, the training function was also getting decentralized. In other training dept was abolished altogether and all managers were made responsible for instruction and training.

Flexible working practices Company made a major training program after making two third work forces redundant. This involved both vocational training and encouraging employee to take educational courses in their free time. Training and employment package In certain companies training formed part of the pay packet offered to employees. It also had a bearing on the Lab our turnover percentage of employee. In other way we can say its like cost to company. Corporate structure In some instances I became difficult for managers to meet business objectives because they had in sufficient control over recruitment and training decision. In some other cases rivalries between different divisions of same company, prevented the integration of coherent training and personal policies at central level.

The role of professinal trainers The findings suggest that the role of the professional trainer had undergone significant changes. He is today not only a mere provider or organiser of training but also is being seen as an agent or facilitator of change. This because today the management is integrating training into the very culture of their organisation. In some organisation the trainers now have access to key decision-makers and have established greater legitimacy for training and development activities. Corporate and individual training needs

Evidence suggests that numbers of organisation are effectively integrating their training and business strategies and progress has been made in training for organisational development. Although the need for continuing training of manager and professional is being assessed on a more systematic basis this has not been extended more widely. TYPES OF TRAINING METHODS ADOPTED BY RELIANCE MOBILE The training methods which are generally used in an organization are classified into two i.e. 1) On the job: On-the-job training places the employees in an actual work situation and makes them appear to be immediately productive. It is learning by doing. For jobs, that either are difficult to simulate or can be learn quickly by watching and doing on-the-job training makes sense. One of the drawbacks to on-the-job training can be low productivity while the employees develop their skills. Another drawback can be the errors made by the trainees while they learn. However, when the damage the trainees can do is minimal, where training facilities and personnel are limited or costly, and where it is desirable for the workers to learn the job under normal working conditions, the benefits of on-the-job training frequently offset its drawbacks. (ii) Job Instruction Training: JIT consists of four basic steps: (a) Preparing the trainees by telling them about the job and over coming their uncertainties (b) Presenting the instruction, giving essential information in a clear manner; (c) Having the trainees try out the job to demonstrate their understanding; and

(d) Placing the workers into the job, on their own, with a designated resource person to call upon should they need assistance. 2) Off the job: Off-the-job training covers a number of techniques classroom lectures, films, demonstrations, case studies and other simulation exercises, and programmed instruction. The facilities needed for each of these techniques vary from a small make shift classroom to an elaborate development center with large lecture halls, supplemented by small conference rooms with sophisticated audiovisual equipment, two-way mirrors, and all the frills. (i) Classroom lectures/conferences: The lecture or conference approach is well adapted to conveying specific information rules, procedures, or methods. The use of audiovisuals or demonstrations can often make a formal classroom presentation more interesting while increasing retention and offering a vehicle for more interesting while increasing retention and offering a vehicle for clarifying more difficult points. The lectures liabilities include possible lack of feedback and the lack of active involvement by the trainees. (ii) Simulation exercises: Any training activity that explicitly places the trainee in an artificial environment that closely mirrors actual working conditions can be considered a simulation. Simulation activities include case exercises, experimental exercises, complex computer modeling, and vestibule training. (iii)Vestibule training: In vestibule training, employees learn their jobs on the equipment they will be using, but the learning is conducted away from the actual work floor. In the 1980s many large retail chains train cashiers on their new computer cash registers which are much more complex because they control inventory and perform other functions in

addition to ringing up orders in specially created vestibule labs that simulated the actual checkout-counter environment. Training, as a process of long tem learning is essentially a developmental tool.. By effectively utilizing this tool, the organization expects to achieve career objectives. Contribute towards the career progressions of the employees by importing knowledge of an additional or reinforcing nature, developing skills and bringing about desired attitudinal changes among them. This would not merely prove effective in assisting them to achieve organizational goals but also enable enhancement of their self esteem and self confidences to face external challenges. Ours is a changing and dynamic organization which has to pay considerable emphasis on training and retraining its employees to enable them to be competent, committed and has the capacity to change according to the external and internal demands and pressures. Training of employees is not merely the responsibility of the management or the training cell alone, but the responsibility of department managers as well. The human resource department must enable the involvement of the department managers in the process of employee training and development. ASSESSMENT OF TRAINING NEEDS There are five steps towards the assessment and analysis of training and development of the organization. Collection of information through interviewing and discussing with key personnel both inside and outside the organization or specific departments;

observing the work place, working conditions, processes and outcomes; examining records, other written information and annual employee appraisal. Compare performances of each department and each employee against objectives, targets and standards set for them and keeping in mind future work requirements in the organization. Identify cause of problems faced by the organization to enable the management to train the employees in handling the problems as well as solving the problem in a satisfactory manner. Segregate identified problems into problems requiring staff development action such as training and into problems requiring other management actions, so that these problems are accurately addressed. Prioritize training actions in accordance to where the training need is more urgent. TYPES OF TRAINING ADRESSING VARIOUS TRAINING NEEDS; Entry training involving new recruits and employees required to take a new job. Problem resolution training to meet a shortfall or deficiency in job performance. Training for change to prepare employees for job identified in near future. Development to equip employees to meet organizational changes in future.

Training in Global Business World With the expansion of the organization, Human Resource job in no longer limited to their native country but has extended worldwide. Localization is a key to successful expansion

that helps in improving upon workforce connections, doing the work effectively and efficiently, and reducing global turnover. As the organizations are expanding globally, training has become quite an essential ingredient to improve performance. However, unavailability of budget necessary to achieve goals results the training function to be at the bottom of priority list. Besides that, managers do not fully adapt according to the local environment for the transfer of training. Very often, managers use minimum of locally suitable resources or the most critical material like employee handbooks. Training success in various countries requires cross cultural literacy i.e. understanding of how cultural differences across nations can affect the way training is given. At the same time, different cultures may or may not be supportive in the transfer of training, in the sense that cultural factor may lower or raise the cost of training.

Case Study A very brilliant marketing professional went to Arab for the sale of his Companys soft drink. But he came back with no results. When asked about the failure of the mission, he answered that he prepared three cartoons. Cartoon-1- Displaying a man looking exhausted and tired, is walking in desert in scorching heat. Cartoon-2- Displaying the same man opening bottle and drinking the soft drink. Cartoon-3- Displaying the man feeling alive and refresh again. Though, his strategy was good, unfortunately fails because he was unaware that Arab people read from right to left. Moral here is localization is a key to success. There are some major barriers in the transfer of training when it comes to giving training in other countries.

Culture 1. Values and Norms 2. Attitude 3. Age, Gender, and Professional Status Language 1. Spoken 2. Unspoken Social Structure 1. Individual 2. Assumptions 3. Group

Culture - Factor in Global Training Program Communicating the information to different people from different cultures and different nationalities can give rise to many problems. Many simple things that seem simple and straightforward to communicate become difficult when it comes to communicating in different environment. Giving training in ones own culture is quite different from giving training in different culture. Being a good trainer is not the only requirement but understanding socio-economic and cultural backgrounds has now become an important part.

Values, norms, attitude are the building blocks of culture. Values means what a group of people believes to be good, bad, right, or wrong. Norms means the social rules and guidelines that prescribe appropriate behavior. Attitude disposes a person to act in a

certain way toward something in certain situation. A trainer giving training in different culture has to keep these things in mind before delivering content. Instances: A good case that concerns attitude towards time in different cities: People are very punctual in United States. People from US tend to come little early for any meeting, or when invited for dinner, party to someones home because in their culture it is considered to be polite to arrive on time. In Great Britain, people tend to come late for any appointment. If called at 5 P.M., that means come at 5.30 or 6 P.M. Even for Argentineans, coming on exact time is far too early. For instance, In US, if the trainer gets late for a scheduled training session it is treated as a breach of etiquette. And it may result in loss of trainers respect and failure in transfer of training. Age, Gender, and Professional Status Different cultures give different regard to age, gender, and professional qualification. For example, in Japan, people give high regard to older people. Older people are regarded as having greater knowledge, skills, wisdom, and abilities. Respect in the sense that people are more willing to listen to and seriously consider the information. In such a culture, a young trainer might have to work harder to gain attention and face problems in executing the program and transfer of training. Similarly, some countries are also biased about the gender. Like in Gulf countries, womens role is limited to households only. In such a culture, it is not possible for women trainers to undergo training programs because people will not be as receptive as in other culture. Same is with high professional status- the higher the qualification of the trainer, the more

will be the importance attached to the information. Language Problem in International Training and Development Programs Language comprises of both spoken and unspoken means of communication. Bestest of the best training program will fail if trainer is not well versed in communicating trainees language. Language is one of the most important ingredients of culture. Spoken Language Trainees receiving training prefer to speak in their own language and trainer being able to speak the local language can help establishing rapport among trainees, which may be very important for the transfer of training. Language is one of the major barriers when it comes to giving training in cross-cultural environment. Chinese is the mother tongue of the largest number of people (shown below), followed buy English and Hindi. Percentage of the people speaking their first language

Unspoken Language means non-verbal communication, a very important part of

communication. It is a communication that uses body movements and gestures such as, raising eyebrows, smiling, hand movements, facial expressions, etc. A failure to understand unspoken language can lead to a failure of communication because body language is not the same in every culture. For instance, raising eyebrows is a sign of recognition in most cultures, but in some cultures, its not. Similarly, making a circle with the thumb and forefinger is a friendly gesture in the US, but it is obscene invitation in Turkey and Greece. Also, thumbs-up gesture is used to indicate that its fine in the US and Europe, but it is vulgar gesture in Greece. Another case of unspoken language is the amount of distance between the persons talking to each other. In Latin America, the distance adopted by parties in a business discussion is 3 to 5 feet while in the US, it is 5 to 8 feet. In the training context, if the trainer gives training in Latin America and maintains a much larger distance than desired in their culture, then in turn, it may result in a regrettable lack of rapport between the trainer and the trainee. Therefore, using the right body language is very important in cross-cultural training. Global Training Class Social Structure Social Structure refers to basic social organization. It consists of many aspects such as, the degree to which the social organization laid emphasis on the individual, as opposed to the group. Individualism

Some countries emphasizes on individual achievement. Western countries emphasize on individual performance, this in turn, leads to high level of creativity, high degree of managerial mobility, entrepreneurial activity, etc. On the other hand, encouraging individualism also make it difficult to work in teams. It may be difficult for them to cooperate which may serve as an obstruction in smooth flow of training. Group In most of the countries, group is the primary unit of organizations. Like in Japan, the social status of an individual is determined as much as in by standing of the group. This may lead to better cooperation; on the other hand it suppresses entrepreneurial activity, individual creativity, etc. This in turn, may result, in loss of recognition of individual achievement at work after training. Therefore, trainer has to keep in mind the factor of the individual and the group while giving training because encouraging a particular individual in Japan might be considered as impolite or vice-versa Assumptions We all make assumptions every day. It may be positive or negative, good or bad. Assumptions influence our attitudes, perceptions. Most people see what they want to see and believe what they want to believe. It some times leads to coinciding and some time clashes. This tendency to make assumptions and forming attitudes regarding certain things can be a big problem in a cross-cultural training. Differences in assumptions can some times be very problematic. As an example, trainer may believe that if the trainees do not question, they understand the content. On the other hand, trainees may believe that if they will ask question, the trainer might think they are dull. Presumptions can some times result in disrespect, distrust or resistance to change behavior after training. For instance, trainees might misinterpret trainer because of his

different accent, appearance, style, or anything. Lack of interest of trainees de motivates trainer to transfer expertise and skills. This can lead to discomfort and misjudging the others motives and goals It is important to analyze the audience on the factors of customs, values, and language in case of cross-cultural training. Stakeholders in Training There are three major stakeholders in training program 1. The Organization 2. The Trainee 3. The Trainer Stakeholders in the training take a training plan forward, perhaps over a period of one year, and sets parameters and priorities for the implementation stage. General Questions, which are asked in relationships to the training systems, are: What type of training is required? Why the training is required? What is the budget of the training? What are the most sensitive and critical areas? How the training will be carried out? By whom the training program will be carried out? Where and when will the training program be carried out?

Role of Organization in Training and Development

Questionnaire on Study on Effectiveness of Training & Development An organization has a very close relationship with the trainee and the trainer because it is the first contact for both. The demand for the training in the organization increases when the organization wants: To hire new people training as a means of training new recruits To Expand When the company wants to increase its headcount To increase certain number of staff (in position) by a certain date To enhance the performance of employees Organizations name to be a part of training unit. Demand for training also increases when there is change in the nature of job, change

in taste of consumer, change in methods of product development, etc. The organization goes through the following steps for the transfer of training to the field.

Trainee Role of Trainee in Transfer of Training But the problem arises when the organization outsource the training process. In this situation the organization assumes that the trainer must be aware of the type of training need s of the participants and their organization and their content will meet those needs. This leads to failure of the program, which results in collusion. Therefore, its a foremost duty of the organization to make the trainer and their organization aware of their culture, climate, responsibilities of organization, etc. The trainee is a major stakeholder in a training program. The whole training program is developed for the trainees only. Each candidate plays an important role in the transfer of training because one participants attitude regarding the training influence the other participants and also each participant can assist by advancing the learning process to

realize the training objectives. Participants willingness to invest in the program is directly proportional to the benefits of the learning that the trainee could expect. Each participant forms their own perception towards training. Some perceptions remain the same during the program, while some faded depending upon the assessment of a program by the participant Some personal factors that affect the trainees learning are: Family Situation Personal Problems Relation between the training program and personal objective Level of self esteem Benefits expected from training Comfort level with the trainer Learning style of trainee KSA of trainee Previous training experiences Desire for professional growth and development Some environmental factors that affect the trainees learning are: Relationship with colleagues and subordinates Training team Trainer team Training objective Content of training Training design i.e. methods, techniques, and strategies

 Environment in the program Composition of training group Infrastructure i.e. eating facilities, tea/coffee breaks No matter how good the training program is, in the end it is the participant only who decides whether to change his behavior or not. Trainees do not change their behavior merely because someone tells them to do. They change when they feel there is a need of it. They do it with their own learning style. The trainer and the organization can only try to remove the mental blocks of the trainee, rest depends on trainee itself. Importance of Trainer, Role of Trainer The effective transfer of training depends a lot on the trainer because it is the trainer only who can remove the mental block of trainee, motivate the trainee to learn, delete the negative perception of the trainee regarding the training. Besides all that, a lot depends on personality of trainer also. The major competencies that are required to be present in a trainer are: Presentation Skills Business Skills i.e. budgeting, time management, negotiation, etc. Content Development i.e. material production, graphics, layouts, etc Self development i.e. interpersonal skills, good listening skills, flexible, accepting the share of accountability, etc Trainers Skills The skills that need to be present in a trainer are: Training Design

 Evaluating the training program Training need analysis Worksheet design Exercises design Role of Trainer

Facilitation Of Training Facilitation of Transfer of Training through Focus on Trainee and Organization Intervention Focus on Trainee Focus on Organization Intervention

Focus on Trainee Training is successful not only with good training design and training objectives but also with the readiness and willingness of the trainees. For the training to be successful, three things are required, 1. Motivation 2. Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes (KSAs) 3. Expectations towards Training Expected Performance is directly proportional to the multiplication of motivation, required KSAs, and expectations towards training i.e.

Motivation If the trainee is not motivated to learn, no learning is likely to occur no matter how good the training methods are, or how talented the trainees are. Therefore, it is important to intervene before training and provide them the information about the learning outcome that they can expect and how the learning outcome will help in achieving the objectives. This increases the motivation to

learn and to be successful in training. Expectations Positive expectations matter a lot in a training program. If the trainee perceives the training as waste of time, and waste of resources, no learning is likely to occur. No learning is possible with negative perception. On the other hand, if the trainee believes and expects that the training would help him to improve upon his professional skills and would further help him in achieving his personal goals, the probability of training to meet the objective increases. Knowledge, Skills, and Attitudes (KSAs) It is important that the selected trainees should have the right KSAs for the training because even if the methods and contents of the training is good but the candidates do not have the right KSAs, the training program will fail. Also the training methods would not be effective if the candidates are lacking the desired skills. Therefore, proper selection technique is must that would ensure that hired have the requisite KSAs to be successful in training. Facilitation of Training Through Organization Intervention Failure of training is not always because of lack of KSAs but sometimes it is because of the organizational forces also. These forces also hold back the transfer of training, and learning. Therefore, it is important to keep in check those forces. For the successful transfer of training, it is necessary to have supervisor support, trainer support, peer support, reward system, climate and culture. PEERS SUPPORT Peer support can also help in transfer of training, for example, if the trainee is the only one who is receiving training in the department then probably the experienced peers might put pressure on trainee to forget the

training and work. This situation also hampers in transfer of training. However, this situation can be avoided by involving the entire department in training, also by encouraging the learning culture in the organization.

SUPERVISOR SUPPORT can affect their employees learning in number of ways, for example, if the trainee is motivated to learn and receives full support from their supervisor, then this support in turn encourages the employee to learn as much as possible. Also, supervisor can also reduce the negative factors of training, such as, the work that piles up during training that makes the employee uncomfortable and employees negative perception about the training program. TRAINER SUPPORT can also have a positive impact on the transfer of training. Gone are the days, when the trainers role used to get over once the training program is done. Trainers role is now extended to the work place also. Besides training, trainers role is to keep a check on how trainees are performing

and help them and discuss with them if they encounter any problem in the workplace. CLIMATE Apart from supervisor support, peers support, trainer support, Climate factor also comprises of company polices, attitude of upper management towards employee, towards training. If these factors are positive then the climate will also support the transfer of training. It is the organizations foremost duty to make the employees realize through these factors that adequate amount of time and resources are spent on them for their professional and personal development. CULTURE also have the impact over the transfer of training. If the culture of the organization provides enough opportunities to its employees to implement what they have learnt in the workplace and provide them variety of others factors such as, social support, challenging jobs, etc then the likelihood of the transfer of training increases. REWARD SYSTEMS If the learning outcome that helps in achieving the objectives is linked to reward system then the probability of the success of training would increase

TRAINING EFFECTIVENESS Cutting edge of competition today demands every organization, to measure its activities in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, excellence (triple E). To achieve this triple C a lot of investment is made by the organization but the sword of sure short success hangs on the head of the HRD manager, this is because he has to handle the most complex resource i.e. human resource. The next toughest thins is to maintain is the ROI (return on investment) of training and development. It is not only the ROI but the performance management, retention level, motivation, morale, creativity, innovation conflicts, loyalty and commitment etc. of the manpower which are not easy to handle. Keeping all these factors in mind the focus of vision falls on training and development. The training effectiveness is obviously in terms of enhanced skill and knowledge to achieve the present goals, through the increased learnt behavior. In the process of training effectiveness is the most important /vital area, where by the individual and organizational goals are integrated to bring about the desired performance levels. How to reduce the gap? Training skill & communication Job performance

Trainer Trainee

Learning ability

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATIONS

Q1.Your Organization considers training as a part of organizational strategy. Do you agree with this statement? Response Agree Disagree Partly Agree Cant Say Total No. Of Respondants 13 1 4 7 25 52 4 16 28 100 Percentage

Interpretation:The above graph indicates that Organization considers training as a part of organizational strategy.

Q 2. How many training programmes will you attend in a year? Response Less than 10 10 - 20 20 40 More than 40 Total No. of respondants 14 2 6 3 25 Percentage 56 8 24 12 100

INTERPRETATION:The above chart indicates that less training programmes are held in the organization.

Q 3. To whom the training is given more in your organization? Response Senior staff Junior staff New staff Based on requirement Total No. of respondants 3 5 6 13 25 Percentage 12 20 24 52 100

INTERPRETATION:Training is provided on the basis of requirement.

Q 4. What are all the important barriers to Training and Development in your organization? Response Time Money Lack of interest by staff Non-availability of skilled trainer Total No. of respondants 5 4 6 10 25 Percentage 20 16 24 40 100

INTERPRETATION:The above graph indicates that the important barriers to Training and Development in the organization is Non-availability of skilled trainers.

Q 5. Enough practice is given for us during training session? Do you agree with this statement? Respondants Strongly Agree Agree Somewhat agree Disagree Total No. of respondants 14 2 6 3 25 Percentage 56 8 24 12 100

INTERPRETATION:This graph indicates that enough practice is given for employees during training sessions.

Q6. The training sessions conducted in your organization is useful. Do you agree with this statement? Respondants Strongly agree Agree Somewhat Disagree Total No. of respondants 15 5 5 0 25 Percentage 60 20 20 0 100

INTERPRETATION:The above graph indicates that the training sessions conducted in the organization is useful.

Q7. Employees are given appraisal in order to motivate them to attend the training. Do u agree with this statement? Respondants Strongly Agree Agree Somewhat Disagree Total No. of respondants 14 6 3 2 25 Percentage 56 24 12 8 100

INTERPRETATION:The above graph shows that Employees are given appraisal in order to motivate them to attend the training.

Q8. What are the skills that the trainer should possess to make the training effective? Respondants Technical skills People skills or Soft skills Generalist makes better Personnel managers than Specialist Fond of talking to people Total No. of respondants 8 6 6 5 25 Percentage 32 24 24 20 100

INTERPRETATION:The above graph indicates that the trainer should possess technical skills to make the training effective

Q9. What are the general complaints about the training session? Respondants Take away precious time of employees Too many gaps between the sessions Training sessions are unplanned Boring and not useful Total No. of respondants 4 10 6 5 25 Percentage 25 40 15 20 100

INTERPRETATION:The above graph indicates that there are two many gaps between the training sessions.

Q10. Reason for shortage of skilled man power at workplace are : Respondats Lack of planning Lack of support from senior staff Lack of proper guidance and training at workplace Lack of quality education at primary and secondary level Total No. of respondants 5 10 8 2 25 Percentage 20 40 32 8 100

INTERPRETATION:The above graph indicates that reason for shortage of skilled man power at workplace are lack of support from senior staff.

11. Training context and job context.

Option Greater Moderate Not at all Total

No. of Respondents 25 62 13 100 TABLE:11

Percentage 25% 62% 13% 100%

11. Training context and job context. CHART: 11

INTERPRETATION: The above graph indicated that out of 100.25% have given Greater and 62% has given Moderate and 13% has given Not at all, as the extent of similarity between the training context and job context.

Option Power point presentations Audio-visuals Black board Written Any other please specify Total

No. of respondents 15 14 6 4 1 40

Percentage 37.5% 35% 15% 10% 2.5% 100%

12. Tools are using for training sessions. TABLE: 12 12. Tools are using for training sessions. CHART: 12.

INTERPRETATION: The above graph indicated that out of 40 employees 15 i.e. 37.5% have given Power point presentations, 14 i.e. 35% has given Audio- visuals, 6 i.e. 15% has given Black Board, 4 i.e,10% has given written Matter material and 1 i.e.., 2.5% has given others.

Option Yes No Total

No. of Respondents 30 10 40

Percentage 75% 25% 100%

13. Satisfaction with the training programs. TABLE: 13

13. Satisfaction with the training programs. CHART: 13.

INTERPRETATION: The above graph indicated that out of 40 employees.31 i.e. 77.5% have given Yes and 9 i.e. 22.5% has given No.

14. Development area after training. TABLE: 14.

Dimensions Skills, Knowledge & Attitude Motivated Social Behavior Face new technology Total

Respondents 60 4 24 12 100

Rank 60% 4% 24% 12% 100%

14. Development area after training. CHART: 14

INTERPRETATION: The above graph indicated that out of 50 employees. 60% have Skills, Knowledge & Attitude and 4% has motivated and 24% has Social

Behavior, 12% have Face new technology as the extent of similarity between the training context and job context. 15.What is the method of training adopted in your organization?

TABLE 15 Respondents 24 8 8 40 80 Percentage 30% 10% 10% 50% 100%

Class room Audio visual media Role play Job instruction Total

60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% class room Audio v isual media Role play job instruction 10% 10% 30% 50%

Percentages

INTERPRETATION: From the above it is evident that 50% of the training provided through job instruction method, 30% of the training provided through class room method, 10% of the training provided through the role play and 10% of training provided through audio visual media method.

16. What kind of training is given to you?

TABLE-16 Respondents 8 4 68 80 Percentage 10% 5% 85% 100%

Practical Theory Combination of these TOTAL

90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Practical Theory Percentages 10% 5%

85%

Both

INTERPRETATION: From the above we observe that mainly organization focus on the both theory and practical type of training with 85% ,only theory type training is given to the 5% of respondents and 10% practical type of training.

17. Training calendar of SFII:

TABLE-17 S.No 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 MONTH FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER TRANING ON ISO 14001 & OHSAS 18000 5-S & INTERPRETATION SKILLS DRAWING SYMBOLS & TOLERANCE DESIGN PRODUCT KNOWLEDGE AWARENESS ON TS 16949& QUALITY PROCEDURES SPC TOOLING MATERIALS FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT TREATMENT BASIC METROLOGY, CALIBRATION & MSA LEAN MANUFACTURING TEAMWORK & COMMUNICATION SKILLS

INTERPRETATION: These are the training programs scheduled by the factory for two financial years. The target is 6 hrs for officers and 2 hrs for workers.

18. Need of interaction in development process?

TABLE-18 Respondents 72 8 0 80 Percentages 90% 10% 0 100%

Fully Partly Not needed Total

INTERPRETATION: From the above we can observe 90% of the respondents agreed fully interaction is needed in the organization and 10% of the respondents agreed that partly interaction is need in the organization. This helps in the overall development of the organization. Generally interaction takes place in the shop floor of the organization.

19)Are training programs conducted on health and safety?

TABLE-19 Respondents 72 8 80
100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% yes percentage no 10% 90%

Yes No Total

Percentage 90% 10% 100%

INTERPRETATION: In training safety and health is important for the welfare of its workers . The manufacturing facility is providing training in healthy and safety to 90% of its workforce. The rest 10% are those who works in the finance /HR/Marketing section.

20 )The reason for attending such program was?

TABLE-20

Respondents Out of self interest 4 Training needs 68 identification It was compulsory Total 8 80

Percentage 5% 85% 10% 100%

INTERPRETATION: From the above 85% of the respondents said that training was given when there is need identification that is when either employee doesnt work well or when a new technology or equipment is installed or it is given to the new recruits. Need identification is based on two things that is task and persons. 5% of respondents said that training was given out of self interest and remaining employees it was compulsory.

F INGS IND

1. The firms follow an effective training process.

2. The training is given to those employees who need it.

3. But the barrier for the training process in the organization is the non-availability of skilled trainers.

4. There are gaps between the training sessions organized by the company thats why trainees lost touch with that.

5. As the work load is much on employees therefore less attention is given to training sessions by the employees.

6. The Organization also appoints trainers from outside or from different firms to ensure better training to its employees.

FINDINGS: Most of the majority (mean 4.05)of the people are agree organization consider as apart of organizational strategy . Most of the(85%) employees are said that HR manager is mainly involved the training programs. Most of the(90%) &employee Most of the(75%) employees are to be trained mainly based on organizational requirements. Most of the(90%) employees are said that both internal & external faculty. Most of the(85%) employees are get the on the job training. Most of the (50%)employees said that job instruction method of training adopted. Most of the (85%)employees are said that both practical & theory these kind of training is given. Most of the (90%)employees are agree fully interaction is needed in development process. Most of the (90%)employees are said that conducted on healthy & safety programs. Most of the(85%) employees said that attending training needs identification. Most of the (85%) employees said that good training is physically organized in workplace. Most of the(90%)employees are satisfied with training programs. Most of the(85%)employees are agree the quality of training program. Most of the(85%)employees are said that good to relevant the performance in improving the quality of the job. Most of the employees are said that increasing job performance skills. Most of the (90%)employees are said that needed to the training programs. employees are said that discussion between employer

Most of the (90%)employees are said that should be improvement in training techniques.

LIMITATIONS Every scientific study has certain limitations and the present study is no more exception. These are: 1. The terminology used in the subject is highly technical in nature and creates a lot of ambugity. 2. All the secondary data are required were not available. 3. Respondents were found hesitant in revealing opinion about supervisors and management.

CONCLUSIONS/ SUGGESTIONS Under noted few suggestions cum conclusion can be taken as for implementation to reap furtherest benefits. Making training and development process and entirely in house activity to reduce cost. It is found that the average age group of trainees are in their twenties or early thirties which signifies that the consumer durable industry need more of young blood as enthusiasm is an integral part of the industry. The maximum emphasis is given to job instruction methods where the trainee are made to understand their job thoroughly and the role they are

going to play in performing their job. Lecture as well as the presentation is the major part of imparting the education and training them. The training objective are in keeping with needs and abilities of the trainee and it is this that proves to be the major reason for success of the training as whole... The trainee fill the feedback form and from time to time test are conducted to know the gauge the effectiveness of training to employee to check their

memory if they retain anything or not. We think that time management is one of the thing on which Dhruva Technologies team must emphasis so that there employee can be more productive as it was found during the visit to the corporate office people they lack in managing themselves. Stress management training is more important for employee as it was observed that people are all the time in tension like situation as to how to do what to do when to do, no time and things like that which kept them tensed all time.

Last but not least behavioural training is more important as while doing the study it was found that people are less cooperative and outgoing to help out.

CHAPTER-6 BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS: David A. Decenzo/Stephen P. Robins (2004) Personal and Human Resource Management A. Monappa (2004), Personal Management Allan Pepper (1999) A Handbook on Training and Development

WEBSITES: www.Dhruvatechnologies.com www.wikipedia.org www.naukrihub/training and development.com

*1) Your Organization considers training as a part of organizational strategy. Do you agree with this statement? Strongly agree Agree Somewhat agree Disagree

*2) How many training programmes will you attend in a year? Less than 10 10-20 20-40 More than 40

*3) To whom the training is given more in your organization? Senior staff Junior staff New staff Based on requirement

*4) What are all the important barriers to Training and Development in your organization? Time Money Lack of interest by the staff Non-availability of skilled trainer

*5) What mode of training method is normally used in your organization? Job rotation External training Conference/discussion Programmed instruction

*6) Enough practice is given for us during training session? Do you agree with this statement? Strongly agree Agree Somewhat agree Disagree

*7) The training sessions conducted in your organisation is useful. Do you agree with this statement? Strongly agree Agree Somewhat agree Disagree

*8) Employees are given appraisal in order to motivate them to attend the training. Do u agree with this statement? Strongly agree Agree Somewhat agree Disagree

*9) How long will it take to implement the trained process? Less than 1 month 1-2 months 2-4 months More than 4 months

*10) What type of training is being imparted for new recruitments in your organization? Technical training Management training Presentation skill *11) How well the workplace of the training is physically organized? Excellent Good Average Bad

*12) What Training and Development do you need to make your career aspirations to come true? Leadership training External Degree Study Formal meeting procedures Other (Please Specify)

*13) What are the conditions that have to be improved during the training sessions? Re-design the job Remove interference Re-organize the work place Upgrade the information of the material given during training

*14) What are the skills that the trainer should possess to make the training effective?

Should possess only Technical skills People skills or Soft skills are more important than Technical skills Generalist makes better Personnel managers that Specialist Fond of talking to people

*15) Reason for shortage of skilled man power at workplace are: Lack of planning Lack of support from senior staff Lack of proper guidance and training at workplace Lack of quality education at primary and secondary level

*16) To perform other jobs in your organisation, what training or experience would you required? Safety awareness Negotiation skills Machine operations Occupational health

*17) What are the general complaints about the training session? Take away precious time of employees Too many gaps between the sessions Training sessions are unplanned Boring and not useful

*18) The time duration given for the training period is? Sufficient To be extended To be shortened Manageable

*19) Comment on the degree to which the training objective are met during the training sessions: All the objectives are met Some objectives are met Met according to the need None of the objectives are met

*20) Have you ever come across any problem during the training session conducted in your organisation? Yes No If yes than what was it.