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BERKELEY

LISRARY
UNIVERSITY OF

CALIFORNIA
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EARTH SCIENCES
LIBRARY

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REESE LIBRARY
OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.
Received. __ JL^
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BCRKELE

LISRAR
^
UNIVERSITY CALIFORNI/
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EARTH SCIENCES
LIBRARY

PRACTICAL GUIDE
TO THE

DETERMINATION OF MINERALS
BY THE BLOWPIPE.

UNIVERSITY
BY

Dr.

C.

W.
Translated

C.

FUCHS,
by

PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITv'oF HEIDELBERG.

and Edited

T.

W< DANBY,
;

M.A.,

F.G.S.,
;

FELLOW OF DOWNING COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE

ETC.,

ASSOCIATE OF THE ROYAL SCHOOL OF MINES

ETC, ETC.

PRICE FIVE SHILLINGS.

LONDON

PUBLISHED BY FIELD AND TUER, 50, LEADENHALL STREET, E.G.;

SIMPKIN, MARSHALL,

PHILADELPHIA

AND CO., STATIONERS' HALL COURT, E.G. CLAXTON, REMSKN, AND HAFFELFINGER, 624, 626, AND 628,
MARKET STREET.

AUTHOR'S PREFACE.

HAVING, during several years

in this university, given instruction

in the recognition of mineralogical species, I

have been led to write

an Introduction to the Determination of Minerals.

naturally divided itself into

The work

two portions

the one treating of the

;

determination of minerals by the blow-pipe

ing

the other, explain-

means of determining

crystallized specimens,

depending upon
supplements

their physical characteristics.

Each

part in

reality

the other, so that

by a correct use of the two, no well defined

species can escape recognition.

My

manuscript has long been

:

used by the members of

gained of the
utility

my own

classes

the experience thus

of

my methods,

encourages the hope that the

increased present publication of them, will prove useful to a greatly

number of

students.

The experiments

suggested in the tables

crystal-

are so simple, that any one possessing

some knowledge of

lography, and a moderate

familiarity with chemistry, will readily

succeed in performing them without any special teaching.

THE AUTHOR.
Heidelberg, April, 1868.

PREFACE
TO THE ENGLISH EDITION.
IN introducing
sede, or
to English readers this treatise

on the

practical

application of blowpipe analysis,

compete

with,

my aim has not been to superthe able and more exhaustive works on the
These explain
all

same
that

subject, already available in the language.

may be
:

pipe

by a skilled chemist operating with the blowwhile the present volume performs the humbler function of
effected

art of
fairly

enabling any one, possessed of rudimentary acquaintance with the chemical manipulation, to recognise easily and certainly any

well-marked mineralogical species. I have endeavoured so to present Professor Fuchs' tractate that it shall be in the

highest degree serviceable, not only to the student of mineralogical

science, but also to the less purely scientific investigator, in the

mine or the quarry.

The

original

German work

consists of

two

parts, the first treat-

ing of the Determination of Minerals by the blowpipe; the second of their Determination, by means of crystallographical and other
physical characters.

The

first

part I have translated in

its

entirety

in place of the second, is

appended a table giving the hardness,

species, so

specific gravity,

and crystallographical system of each

far as these latter are

determined beyond question. This alteration have ventured to effect, not because I underrate the value of
;

crystallographical determinations

but because in
e.g.,

many

cases in

which

this

work

will

be most

useful,

in the field, such deter-

minations are clearly impracticable. I have attempted to increase the usefulness of this volume, by interleaving portions of it, thus

making it a blow-pipe manual and note book in one. There are two obstacles which present themselves
any one writing or reading a work of
this

in limine to

nature

the perplexities

Preface

to the

English Edition.

of chemical nomenclature

and notation, and the bewildering

formulas adopted in this translation
retained

abundance of synonyms.
are those of the

The

German

original,

by M. Aug. Guerout,
are

in his well-executed

French

translation.
fifth

They

employed by

Professor J. D. Dana, in the

edition of his

"System of
in the

Mineralogy," and are prevalent

in

most English and foreign works

on the
annexed

subject.
table,

on the atomic weights given copied from Professor Dana's work.

They

rest

Aluminium

vi

Preface

to the

English Edition.
:

the

Chemists have doubled the atomic weights of certain elements names of these are italicised in the above list. The reader,

conversant with the newer system of atomic weights, will find no

difficulty in correcting in

accordance with

it,

the formulae given in

this

volume.

multitude of synonyms unnecessarily heaped on certain minerals, is a disadvantage well nigh as grievous as that due to
vagaries in chemical notation.

The

In selecting the names inserted in

the tables,

my object has simply been to employ those which usage has rendered most familiar ; in the table at the end of the volume
will

a certain number of the best known equivalent designations

found.

be

The names

of the six crystallographical systems are those given

in Professor VV.

H.

Miller's

" Tract

on Crystallography," the

cor-

responding expressions used

follows
:

by Professor J. D.

Dana

are

as

MILLER.
T.

DANA.
system
-

Cubic
Pyramidal

Isometric

system.
.

2.

Tetragonal

3.

Rhombohedral
Prismatic

4.
5.

Hexagonal Orthorhombic
Monoclinic
Triclinic

6.

Oblique Anorthic

wish, in

C.

W.

conclusion, to express my thanks to Professor C. Fuchs for the ready kindness with which he allowed me
'*

to render into English the

Introduction to the Determination of

Minerals,'" the value of which

when

I first appreciated some years ago, the privilege of the author's personal instruction. enjoyed

T.

W.

DAN BY.

PRACTICAL GUIDE
TO THE

DETERMINATION OF MINERALS
BY THE BLOWPIPE.
THE

object of the present volume

is

to facilitate the determina-

tion of minerals.

The

crystallographical forms of minerals under

investigation are generally so imperfect, small, or obscure, that

is of no moment such specimens may be determined by chemical means, among which a advantageously course of blowpipe testing will be found the most available for

their

destruction

the purpose of the mineralogical student.

This method
is

is

appli-

cable in

all,

or nearly all cases

;t

but when a specimen

interesting
their

on account of the

rarity of its faces, or valuable

by reason of

perfection, the collector will naturally rely for his determination,

upon goniometrical measurements and physical

properties.

BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS.
The mineralogist will frequently be called upon to test newly acquired specimens, not only in the laboratory, with all the
conveniences of chemical research around him, but in the
near the spot where the mineral
is

field,

found.

Any

process, then, to

be of use to him, must depend upon the simplest means, and The chemist, with involve few and readily performed reactions.
every appliance at hand, by means of more elaborate apparatus

and more numerous

tests,

can easily repeat and confirm the

process of determination.

Practical Guide to the Determination

BLOWPIPE LAMP.
For many reasons a gas flame would the most suitable for these experiments.
to
at

once suggest itself as But as gas is likely not

to

be available just when most needed, the student would do well make himself independent by accustoming himself from the
to the use of a simple oil flame.

first

Planner's lamp, or a

still

simpler one, with a broad wick, will be found convenient.

the flame of a wax- candle will generally suffice.

Even

THE BLOWPIPE.
The
best modification of the blowpipe
is
;

one in which the

such a one,
will
if it

nozzle, tube,

and

air

chamber are separable

can be easily taken to pieces and put together again,

be found

Every blowpipe very advantageous, especially in travelling. should be furnished with two nozzles, with fine and large orifice respectively the former will be most used in the deoxidizing, the
:

latter in the oxidizing flame.

APPARATUS.
Charcoal.

Good wood
usually

charcoal should ring

clearly

when

struck

it is

employed as support
is

for the assay, especially

when

this is subjected to

a reducing process.

When

the quantity

of substance to be reduced
lucifer

very small, the end of a

wooden

match
is

the match

be found a convenient support. The end of smeared with sodium carbonate, and the smeared
will

wood charred by

careful exposure to the flame.

is

small char-

coal point coated with soda

thus obtained, the moistened assay

can be readily affixed to

in the flame.

this,

and held

in

any required position

centi-

Glass Tubes.

Small pieces of glass tubing, about 5

6 millimetres broad,

metres long and 4

and having one end

closed by the blowpipe, will enable the operator to perform any

required wet reactions, and also to examine the volatile products

of substances heated without free access of
air.

Of Minerals
Platinum Wire.

by the Blowpipe.

This must be about as thick as a horsehair,

and between 10 and 20 centimetres long. Smaller pieces may be rendered serviceable by fusing them into glass tubes as
handles.

Substances

e.g.^

Pb, As, Bi, &c.,

which corrode Pla-

tinum may be supported

Platinum-foil.

in the flame

on

asbestos.

This should be about 14

18 millimetres wide,

and

45

centimetres tong.

Platinum Forceps.
tested, or

These

will

be of constant use

in

holding in
is

the flame small fragments of minerals whose fusibility

to to

be

whose

effect

on the colour of the flame

of which the diameter

is

be

observed.

Agate Mortar.

A mortar

is

from 2 to

3 centimetres will be found to answer all requirements. Magnet. As a substitute for a magnet, the blade of a pocket

knife

may be magnetized and used

in all respects as if

it

were a

small bar magnet.

REAGENTS.
The Reagents mentioned
Borax.
in the following tables are

Soda (= sodium carbonate).

Microcosmic
salt

(hydric phosphate of sodium and

5

ammonium).

Hydrochloric acid (HC1) concentrated.

Nitric acid

(HONO

or
3

UNO
or

3
)

Sulphuric acid

(HOSO

HW

dilute.
4

).

Acetate of lead solution.

Nitrate of cobalt solution.

Potash
tion.

(KOHO

or

KH<9), moderately concentrated

solu-

Potassium nitrate

(nitre).

Potassium ferrocyanide (yellow prussiate of potash).

Sodium chloride (common

salt).

Acid potassium sulphate (KHSO*) and powdered fluor (CaF). These two reagents serve to expel volatile substances, and to

Practical Guide

to tJte

Determination

facilitate

the recognition of such mineral constituents as colour

the flame.

Copper oxide (CuO).

Manganese dixoide

(MnO

).

Stannous chloride (protochloride of Ferrous sulphate (green vitriol).

Tin-foil.

tin).

Litmus paper.

Turmeric paper.
It is often

Scale of Hardness.

necessary to ascertain the hardscale generally

ness of a given specimen.

The

employed consists

of ten minerals arranged by Mohs, according to their hardness,

beginning with the least hard.

1.

Graphite,

talc.

2.

Rock

salt,

gypsum.

3. Calcite.

4. Fluor.
5.
6.

Apatite.

Felspar (adularia).
Quartz.

7. 8.
9.

Topaz.

Corundum.
Diamond.

10.

Small angular sharp-edged fragments of these minerals should be kept always ready for use. In forming the scale it is well to

choose specimens as free as possible from impurity, as the presence of a foreign ingredient will often affect, in a noteworthy manner, the hardness of a mineral. The method of using this
scale
is

obvious

the harder substance will scratch the softer,

and

in the

case of two bodies of like hardness neither scratches

Practice will soon enable the student to judge pretty

the other.

accurately the hardness of a specimen

alone.

by means of a pen-knife

Of Minerals
Of
the

by the Blowpipe.

REACTIONSracteristic

numerous reactions which may be detailed as chaof a substance, those only which are simple and easily
will

performed

be described here.

Reactions in the dry way are

;

manifestly the most suitable for our present purpose

and only

when
in the

these

fail,

or are uncertain, will recourse be had to testing

wet way. This element Oxygen.

will

stances as can be readily

made

only be detected in such subto part with it in the free state,

their

such substances as
glass tube
:

will give
is
is

up

oxygen when heated in a

its

the gas

recognised by

rekindling a glowing

match.

This reaction

often inconclusive,

owing to the small

test
is

size of the

fragment under examination.

However, another

at once presents itself for these small quantities.

The

assay

heated in a tube with a fragment of sodium chloride and a few drops of sulphuric acid. Chlorine is now evolved in place of
oxygen, and
its

may be
effect

bleaching
Water.

recognised by its characteristic odour, or by on a piece of moist litmus paper.

in the closed

Hydrous minerals when heated evolve aqueous vapour, which is condensed

of the tube.

tube

in the cooler parts

The drops

of water thus obtained should be tested

reaction,

with litmus paper;

neutral,
is

their

whether

alkaline,

acid,

or

an important characteristic and must be borne in

of adventitious

mind.

Traces

water are

often detected

in

weathered or partially weathered minerals. The student must be on his guard against the delusive appearances presented by
hygroscopic substances.
Sulphur.

or sulphates,
charcoal.

The presence of this may be detected by The fused mass, when The

element, whether in sulphides

fusing the assay with soda
laid

on

on a bright

silver surface

(any silver coin) and moistened with water, leaves a dark brown
stain

on the metal.

fused mass on the charcoal,

if

moistened

with a drop of hydrochloric acid, will generally evolve sulphuretted

Practical Guide to the Determination

hydrogen, which

recognised by its smell or by its blackening effect on a piece of paper moistened with acetate of lead

may be

solution.

When
of the

the fragment to be tested

will

is

very minute, the

end of a wooden match

The end

match
little

is

very convenient support. smeared with soda and slowly and

is

make a

carefully charred, a

of the moistened assay

affixed to the

charcoal point thus obtained, and manipulated as above described

(see Charcoal, p. 8).

That

this

test

should be conclusive, the

absence of selenium and tellurium (which comport themselves When sulphides are heated alone in similarly) must be proved.
the flame, the odour of sulphurous acid (SO
phates,
2

is

evolved

sul-

when

similarly treated, give off

no sulphurous

acid,

and

may
coal,

thus be distinguished from sulphides.

:

Nitrates occur in nature but rarely

they decrepitate on char-

and evolve brown-red fumes when fused with acid potassium

This element and
its

sulphate.

Selenium.

compounds, when heated on

a strong odour of bad horse-radish. charcoal, heated in the glass tube, selenium forms a red sublimate.
evolve
oxidizing flame
Tellurium.
tation
is

When
The

generally tinged distinctly blue.

its

Tellurium and

compounds

yield a white incrus-

on charcoal;

this incrustation disappears in the

flame after assuming a green tinge.

reducing Tellurium compounds, when

heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, colour the liquid red. Phosphorus presents itself for investigation with the blowpipe as

a compound of phosphoric acid only. Phosphoric acid imparts to To render this colouration disthe flame a bluish green tinge. cernible the phosphate should be moistened with sulphuric acid
:

any water that the mineral may contain must also be eliminated by previous ignition. The colouration by the phosphate may be
overpowered by that due to the base with which the phosphoric
acid
is

associated
the

or

it

may

only exhibit

itself at

the

commence-

ment of

experiment.

Bunsen recommends the following

14

Practical Giiide

to the

Determination
sulphuric acid, impart a

of fluorspar. Borates,

when moistened with

distinct colouration to the

edge of the flame.

When

borates are

evaporated to dryness with hydrochloric acid in the presence of a slip of turmeric paper, the latter assumes a very characteristic rich red-brown tint.
Carbonic Acid.

Carbonates are easily recognised by their violent

e.g.,
till

effervescence with acids,

hydrochloric.

Sometimes

this

re-

action does not

commence

heat

is

applied.

The presence

of

carbonic acid in small quantity may often be neglected as unimportant it is a frequent result of weathering.
:

Silicic

Add.

Silica or a silicate,

when
silica

fused in a bead of micro-

cosmic

salt,

yields a skeleton of

which
silica

floats in the

bead.

Treated with soda in the oxidizing flame,

with effervescence.

and
is

silicates dissolve

If the resulting fused

mass

treated

upon a

watch

glass,

with water and acetic acid (or dilute hydrochloric

acid), a gelatinous

mass of silicic hydrate

distinction

separates.

If the fused

mass while
it

still

hot be moistened with chloride of tin and ignited,

will

not be coloured blue,

between

silica

and the

acids of titanium, niobium,

and tantalum.
of this element impart to the bead of
:

Titanium.

Compounds
salt

microcosmic

a faint amethystine tinge in the reducing flame

colourless
is

the bead becomes

in

the

oxidizing

flame.

(This

titanium colouration
little

not easily obtained.)

The

addition of a

bead in the reducing flame causes it to assume a peculiar blood-red hue. Soda forms with titanium compounds an opaque enamel ; if this while hot be moistened
ferrous sulphate to the

with stannous chloride and ignited in the reducing flame, a mass is obtained which dissolves in warm hydrochloric acid with a faint

amethystine colour.
Tantalum.
titanium.

The

reactions of tantalum are similar to those of

If a tantalum

compound be

fused with caustic potash

is

and dissolved in hot water, a solution

obtained from which a

;

precipitate falls after neutralization with hydrochloric acid

if this

Of Minerals
precipitate

by the Blowpipe.

addition of zinc

be boiled with dilute sulphuric acid, it turns pale blue on dilution with water at once removes the colour. ;
This element comports itself like titanium in the niobium compounds are subjected to a treatment similar
for

Niobium.
beads.
If

to that described

tantalum, the solution

is

deeper blue, and

becomes

first

brown and then slowly changes

to white on dilution

with water.

Molybdenum.
in large quantity

The borax bead

makes the bead

in

the oxidizing flame

is

yellow to

dark red while hot, colourless when cold.

black.

Molybdenum when present The same bead is brown

colours the bead of micro-

in the reducing flame.

Molybdenum

both flames. Bunsen gives the following excellent test The finely powdered assay is fused with soda on platinum wire, the mass so obtained is digested when hot with a couple of

cosmic salt green

:

in

drops of

warm

water,

and the supernatant

liquid absorbed

by

filter-

ing paper.

A small piece of this paper, when moistened

with hydro-

chloric acid

and a drop of potassium ferrocyanide, turns brown-red. second piece of the paper is moistened with stannous chloride ;
blue when warmed.

appear instead of a blue one, more of the original solution must be added.) The remainder of the paper turns brown on addition of ammotint

this turns

(Should a yellow

nium

sulphide.

Wolfram.
salt in

In both flames

this gives

a borax bead varying from

colourless to brown.

The

reactions with the bead of microcosmic

;

the reducing flame, are characteristic

while hot this bead

is
it

dirty green,

when cold blue

the addition of oxide of iron turns

blood-red.

According to Bunsen, wolfram compounds may be treated as molybdenum, the paper moistened with hydrochloric

acid and potassium ferrocyanide exhibits no colouration ; moistened with stannous chloride it turns blue ; with ammonium sulphide it turns blue or greenish.

Vanadium.

Compounds

of vanadium colour the borax bead

yellow in the oxidizing flame, green in the reducing one.

6
Tin.

Practical Guide

to the

Determination

Compounds of this metal are easily reducible on charBy triturating the fused mass, and washing away the charcoal with water, the metal may be obtained in shining scales. Silver. Silver compounds are readily reduced on charcoal with soda to white ductile beads. The reduced metal is easily soluble
coal with soda.
in nitric acid
;

from the solution hydrochloric acid precipitates white

reduced.

silver chloride.

Gold.

Like

silver, easily

The reduced metal

is

inso-

luble in hydrochloric acid or nitric acid, but soluble in a mixture

of the two (aqua regia.)

solution
exhibits

Blotting-paper saturated with this gold

(purple

a purple colour

of

Cassius)

when

moistened with stannous chloride.

Platinum.

Compounds

of this metal

when heated on platinum

wire in the oxidizing flame furnish a spongy mass, which in the

agate mortar

may be rubbed

into metallic scales.

Palladium, Rhodium, Ruthenium, Iridium exhibit no characteristic

blowpipe reactions.

Palladium and rhodium

with

acid

potassium sulphate fuse into a yellow mass. nitre fuses into an orange-yellow mass.

Ruthenium with
to

Osmium.

Compounds
This

of this metal

when subjected

the

oxidizing flame, evolve the penetrating odour of volatile osmic acid.

Mercury.

eleoawptt
If.:

is

volatilized before the

blowpipe.

Even small
follows
:

quantities

this

metal

may

readily be detected as

mixed with soda and placed in the 20 6 millimetres wide and 10 closed end of a small glass tube (5
assay
'is

The dry

millimetres long)

the open end of the tube

is

covered with a por-

celain dish containing cold water, while the closed

end containing

the assay

is

heated

metallic drops or deposit will be obtained.

Bismuth.

Compounds of
charcoal.

when heated on
is

metal yield a yellow incrustation Fused on charcoal with soda, reduction

this

effected.

Very small

quantities

match.

(See Sulphur Tests.)

may be reduced on a charred The bismuth bead is brittle, dis.

tinction from lead.

Of Minerals
Copper,

by the Blowpipe.

in the reducing flame, especially

Borax bead in the oxidizing flame is transparent blue ; on the addition of tin-foil, liver
yield red metallic scales

brown and opaque. Cupriferous minerals when fused on charcoal with soda.

Lead. Lead compounds colour the flame pale blue, yield a yellow incrustation, and with soda are easily reduced to a soft
malleable metallic globule.

Cadmium.

brown

incrustation

on charcoal

is

characteristic

of compounds of this metal.

Zinc.

On
is

charcoal

volatile zinc

oxide (lana philosophicd)

is

readily produced,

so that zinc

which

yellow while hot,

compounds yield an white when cold. The

in

incrustation
incrustation

ignited with cobalt solution turns green.

Cobalt.

The borax bead

is,

both flames, coloured deep blue

by

this metal.

(See Nickel.)

In the outer (oxidizing) flame nickel compounds colour Diffithe borax bead brown-red, in the inner grey or colourless.
Nickel.
cultly

reduced with soda on charcoal

if the

fused mass be triturated

and washed, metallic

Cobalt acts similarly.
Iron.

scales (attracted

by the magnet) are obtained.

scales

Reduced with

soda, ferruginous minerals yield

In the oxidizing flame iron colours the borax bead yellow or brownish ; in the reducing flame the bead is colourless or bottle-green. (This change in the inner
powerfully attracted by the magnet.

flame

is difficultly

obtained.)

Manganese.
is

The presence

of this metal, even in small quantity,

shown by the amethystine colour it imparts in the oxidizing flame, to the borax bead ; the bead becomes colourless in the reducing
flame.

Manganese compounds fused with soda and

nitre

on

platinum-foil, yield a green mass, consisting of alkaline manganate. Uranium. In the oxidizing flame the borax bead is yellow, in

the reducing flame green.

are fused

Bunsen's

test

Uranium compounds
;

with acid potassium sulphate on platinum wire

the

Practical Guide
is

to the

Determination

fused mass

then triturated with a fragment of crystallized sodium

carbonate and moistened.

paper.

absorbed with blottingThis paper, when moistened with acetic acid, exhibits a
solution
is

The

brown

stain

Zirconium.

on addition of potassium ferrocyanide. Zirconia incandesces, and assumes a

dirty violet

colour with cobalt solution.

Aluminium. Compounds of aluminium exhibit a blue colour when ignited with cobalt solution. Alkalies and iron oxide interfere, more or less, with this colouration.
Glucinum
clear
;

(beryllium}.

Beads of borax and microcosmic

salt

are

rendered enamel-like by excess of glucina.

Yttrium, Lanthanium,

Didymium, Thorium, and Cerium

beautifully green.

furnish

no

characteristic blowpipe reactions.

Chromium colours the beads

Fused on
yield

plati-

num

with soda and nitre, chromium

compounds

a bright

yellow mass, consisting of alkaline chromates.

Magnesium.
coloured
alkalies,
tint

Minerals

of

magnesium assume a
:

faint flesh-

when
and
;

ignited with cobalt solution

the presence of

earths,

metallic oxides, interferes

more or

less with

this colouration

silica

does not.
yellowish red.

Calcium.

Calcic
is

compounds colour the flame

not always readily obtainable, least readily so, with calcic sulphate and silicate. Sulphate should be first ignited

This colouration

on charcoal, and then moistened with hydrochloric acid

colouration of the blowpipe flame
is

the

thus rendered distinct.*

Strontium.
*

Compounds

of strontium colour the flame carmine

The flame colourations characteristic of the alkalies, alkaline earths and several

other metals, are said to be rendered more distinctly discernible by the employment of pure silver chloride to liberate the volatile compound. Platinum wire cannot
l)e

useless.
its

used to support the assay, as it forms with silver a fusible alloy and becomes " Iron wire is best fitted for experiments with silver chloride, as from cheapness, a new piece may be employed for each experiment, whilst the

silver
*'

may be

Select

Methods

readily obtained in the form of chloride from the broken pieces." in Chemical Analysis," by W. Crookes, 1871, page 427.

Of Minerals
red.

by the Blowpipe.

19

Strontium sulphate should be treated as above described for calcium sulphate.

Barium and

its

compounds colour the flame

green.

Barium

sulphate should be treated as calcium sulphate.

(See preceding

paragraph.)

Lithium and
is

its

compounds colour the flame

is

red.

When sodium
first.

present the red colouration by lithium

only discernible at

To

obtain this flame reaction in the case of a lithium

silicate,

the

substance must be fused with fluorspar and acid potassium sulphate.

Sodium.

Salts

of sodium impart to the flame an intense yellow

all

colour which quite overpowers

other flame reactions,

e.g.,

that of

potassium.

The

colour of paper tinted with mercuric iodide dis-

appears in the light of a sodium flame. The sodium flame seen through a cobalt blue glass, appears pure blue, and as the proportion of

sodium diminishes becomes

invisible.

Potassium compounds

colour the flame violet.

:

Sodium and

lithium interfere with this reaction

but

if

the flame be examined

through a plate of cobalt-blue glass, it appears violet. When the presence of potassium, sodium, and lithium

is

suspected

the flame should be examined through a prism filled with solution of indigo.

sodium flame appears

Through a small thickness of indigo solution the violet, and gradually disappears as the thickit is

ness of the stratum through which

seen increases.

When

the

sodium flame disappears the lithium flame appears red, the potassium flame blue. As the thickness of the fluid stratum increases
the lithium colouration becomes

more

like that of potassium,

which

changes from blue to

violet,

and

finally to red.

Ammonium.

Ammoniacal compounds when

heated in the

glass tube with soda evolve an unmistakable odour of

ammonia

thick white fumes

(NH 4 Cl)are
acid
is

with hydrochloric

formed when a glass rod moistened brought near to ammonia cal fumes
remain undetected by their

which are
odour.

in quantity so small as to

2o
The

Practical Guide

to the

Determination

will

use of the following tables, even without any explanation, be found to present no difficulty. The most advantageous course to be pursued in the blowpipe determination of any

mineral

is

to perform consecutively the experiments arranged in

the general table.

As soon

as one of these experiments deter-

mines the group to which the assay belongs, the operator will proceed to identify the individual by means of one or other of
the group tables.

These group

tables contain reactions sufficient

to separate one from another,

and to

distinguish, the different

minerals in the group.

All the reactions characteristic of each

the

mineral are given, only, when there is a close resemblance between members of a group ; for the distinction of minerals which
considerably

differ

among themselves

one well-marked peculiarity

suffices.

One
The

or two

preliminary considerations merit the student's

attention.
first

condition of success consists in the purity of the

substance submitted to analysis. The homogeneousness of the assay which is of course essential must be ascertained by

examining the fragments with a lens. In a satisfactorily conducted blowpipe analysis the reactions described in the general table are distinct and well marked ;
within the groups the analyst must content himself with reactions
that are not so clearly defined.

Traces of water and carbonic acid are frequently due to incipient weathering, and careful preliminary inspection will be needed to
discover whether or not this process has commenced. The chemical composition of a mineral may vary within certain
limits.

Owing

to such variation, which generally

results

from

isomorphism,

and

is

often

characteristic

of

specimens

from

known

localities, the

names of many

species occur in more than

one group of the

tables.

The magnetic

characteristics

of minerals under examination

Of Minerals
are
often

by the Bloivpipe.

misleading.

Many

magnet

owing to the presence of iron which

specimens are attracted by the may have replaced a

constituent isomorphous with

The iron reaction in Table I., 7, it. must always be well marked. Dimorphous substances, and those containing the same elements in different proportions, cannot be distinguished by these qualitachemical
tests.

tive

In such cases recourse must be had to

physical properties.

The determination
difficulties,

of natural silicates presents the greatest

as a large

number of

these minerals possess similar

properties.

The

smaller the quantity of material which the analyst submits

to his blowpipe tests, the

reactions,

more unmistakable,
results.

as a rule, are the

and the more accurate the

22

Practical Guide

to the

Determination

GENERAL TABLE.
I.

The mineral powder

the blowpipe.
1.

is

heated on charcoal before

//

is volatilized

or burned.
is

2.

Odour of garlic
a.

evolved.
lustre.

Minerals with metallic

b. Minerals without metallic lustre.

3. 4.

Odour of

horse-radish

is evolved.

Fumes of antimony are

a.

evolved.
lustre.

Minerals with metallic

a.
/3.

Reduced with soda on charcoal Reduced with soda on charcoal

Fused with soda on charcoal
silver.

bead of

lead.

bead of silver.
neither lead nor

y.

b.
5.

Minerals without metallic

white incrustation

lustre.

on

the

charcoal,

colouring

the

reducing flame green.

(The mineral powder heated

with concentrated sulphuric acid yields a red liquid).

a.

Mineral

is

tin-white.

b.
6.

Mineral

is

lead-grey or steel-grey.
reaction.

Residue after ignition shows an alkaline

a.

Easily soluble in water.

a.
/3.

Evolve water when heated in the glass tube.

Do not evolve water when heated in the glass tube.

very
difficultly soluble, in water.

b. Insoluble, or
a.

Mineral powder
acid.

effervesces

with hydrochloric

Of Minerals
/5.

by the Blowpipe.

23

y.

Sulphur reaction when fused with soda, Mineral does not effervesce with hydrochloric
acid,
.

nor exhibit the sulphur reaction when

fused with soda.

is

7.

Residue after ignition

a.

magnetic.
lustre.
lustre.

Minerals with metallic

b.

Minerals without metallic

II.

The
1.

substance, mixed with soda, is exposed on charcoal to the reducing flame.

exhibits the sulphur reaction with silver, metallic bead.

The fused mass

and yields a
a.

Anhydrous minerals.

b.
2.

Hydrous minerals.
exhibits the sulphur reaction,

The fused mass

but yields

no metallic bead.
a.

Hydrous

minerals.

b.
3.

Anhydrous minerals.
metallic bead, but does not exhibit

The fused mass yields a

the sulphur reaction.

The bead is bismuth. The bead is lead. c. The bead is silver. d. The bead is copper. e. The bead consists of some
a.

b.

other metal.

III.

The borax bead

flame.
1. 2.

is

amethystine in the
lustre.

outer

Minerals with metallic

Minerals without metallic

lustre.

IV.

The mineral powder assumes a green colour when ignited with cobalt solution.

24
V.

Practical Guide

to the

Determination

Minerals entirely soluble in hydrochloric acid.

1
.

Fusible before the blowpipe.

a.

Water evolved on heating in the closed tube (hydrous

minerals).

b.

No

water evolved on heating in the closed tube (An-

hydrous minerals).
2.

Infusible before the blowpipe.

a.

Hydrous minerals.
Anhydrous minerals.

b.

VI. Soluble in

(decomposed by) hydrochloric

silica.

acid,

leaving a jelly of
1.

Fusible before the blowpipe.

a.

Hydrous minerals.
Anhydrous minerals.

b.
2.

Infusible before the blowpipe.

a.

Hydrous

minerals.

b.

Anhydrous minerals.

VII. Soluble in hydrochloric acid, with separation of silica, without the formation of a jelly.
1.

Hydrous

minerals.

2.

Anhydrous minerals.
in

VIII. Insoluble

silica left in
1.

hydrochloric acid ; Skeleton the bead of microcosmic salt.

of

Fusible before the blowpipe.

Infusible before the blowpipe.

2.

IX. Minerals which are not comprehended within

any foregoing group.

Of Minerals
I.

by the Blowpipe.
is

25

The mineral powder

1.

heated on charcoal before

the blowpipe.
It is volatilized or burned.

Native Sulphur. Native Arsenic. Native Selenium. Native Tellurium (Sylvanite). Native Antimony. Selenschwefel. Realgar

AsS 2

Orpiment, AsS 3
.

Arsenic Bloom,
.

AsO 3 Antimony Bloom,

.

SbO 3

SbO 3 Antimony Blende, (RothspiessSbO 3 + 2SbS 3 Antimony Ochre, SbO 5 +*HO. glanzerz), Antimonite SbS 3 Sal-ammoniac, NH 4 C1. Stiblite, SbO 3 ,SbO 5 NH 4 O,SO 3 2HO. + Cinnabar, HgS. Calomel, Mascaganine,
Senarmontite,
.

(Quecksilberhornerz)

Hg2 Cl.

Sylvine (Hovelite, Leopoldite), KC1.

Clausthalite (Selenqueck-

Chloride of lead (Cotunnite), PbCl. silber), Hg Se. Graphite, C.

The
arsenic

following,
:

when heated on

charcoal, evolve an odour of

Native arsenic :

volatilizes

without fusion
:

in

closed

glass tube dark grey metallic sublimate

in
:

platinum forceps
:

colours the flame bluish

lustre metallic

tin white

surface

dulled or blackened. small white crystals

in hot water
:

Arsenic bloom: sublimes, without fusion, to

in the forceps colours the flame blue
:

soluble

lustre vitreous.

The

following,
:

when heated on

charcoal, evolve an odour of

sulphurous acid

volatilizes

Sulphur : burns with blue flame melts in the glass tube and H=i*5 brittle. Cinnabar: volatilizes in closed glass
:
:

tube, yielding a black sublimate

heated in a closed tube with

soda or potassium cyanide, yields a metallic mirror of drops of

mercury: red: H=2*5.

arsenic

when heated on charcoal, evolve the odour of and of sulphurous acid Realgar : when heated in the closed tube, swells up and furnishes a translucent red sublimate
following,
: :

The

red, turning

brown on addition of potash. Orpiment: swells up when heated in the closed tube, and furnishes a dark yellow
sublimate
:

yellow

soluble in potash.

26
The

Practical Guide to the Determination

following,
:

when heated on
fuses into a

charcoal,

evolve

fumes of

antimony Native antimony

bead which, when

:

cold,

is

covered
:

with white crystals of oxide of antimony opaque lustre metallic tin white. Antimony bloom : translucent lustrenacreous white
: : :

sublimes in closed tube.

Senarmontite
it

rather

harder

than
its

antimony bloom, from which

crystallographic

can only be distinguished by

form.

Antimony

blende effervesces before the

:

blowpipe, and yields a bead of antimony evolves water in, the Stiblite: furnishes a bead of antimony closed tube: H=i.5.
before the blowpipe on charcoal
tube.
:

evolves no water in the closed

The

following,

when heated on

charcoal evolve antimonial

fumes and odour of sulphurous acid: Antimony blende: in the closed tube first a white, and then an orange yellow sublimate,
lustre

adamantine

streak cherry red

H = i*5.
H=2.

Antimonite: easily

fusible in the closed tube, yielding,

when

strongly heated, a

brown

sublimate: lustre metallic: lead-grey:

The

following,
:

when heated on

charcoal, evolve

an odour of
:

horse-radish

Native Selenium and Seknide of Mercury

selenide

of mercury gives a metallic mirror of mercuric drops when heated with soda in the closed tube. Sulphide of Selenium evolves a
:

smell of horse-radish and the odour of sulphurous acid.

Native Tellurium
tin

fuses easily,

and burns with a greenish flame

fusion

white

lustre metallic.
volatilizes

Sal-ammoniac :
water
:

without

easily soluble in

warmed with potash

:
:

evolves ammoniacal fumes.

:

Mascagnine
volatilized

fuses before the blowpipe

effervesces,
:

and

is

then

yields water in the closed tube

sulphur reaction with

soda.

Sylvine

fuses

and
:

is

then volatilized, imparting a faint violet

charcoal, yields a yellowish green

colour to the flame

C&tunnite:

soluble in water.

when heated on

Of Minerals
incrustation
:

by the Blowpipe.

27
:

reduced with soda to a metallic (malleable) bead

difficultly soluble in water.

Calomel: yields drops of mercury

closed tube
:

when heated with soda

:

in the

lustre

adamantine

greyish white

insoluble in water.

acid

Graphite: mixed with nitre, burns with production of carbonic before the blowpipe on charcoal burns slowly, leaving an ash
:

behind.

rtsE
2.

Odour

of garlic

is

evolved.
*-*

RSI
.

a.

Minerals with metallic

lustre.

Native Arsenic. Dufrenoysite (Binnite), 2Cu 2 S, AsS 2

Arsenical Antimony.
Skliiroklas (Sartorite)

+ 2CuS,AsS 2
.

2PbS,AsS3

Fahlerz

4RS,^|s 3
balt)
.

CoAs 2 kobalt), CoS 2 + CoAs 2

9(Ag,Ca)S,^| Arseneisen (Leucopyrite), FeAs 2

. .

Polybasite,

S3

Smaltine, (Speissko.

Cobaltine (GlanzWeissnickelkies
.

Kupfernickel, NiAs.

(Rammelsbergite), NiAs 2 Nickelglanz, NiS 2 -f NiAs 2 Mispickel, FeS 2 + FeAs. Schulzite (Geokronite), 5PbS,(SbAs)S 3 Native
.

Bismuth, owing to arsenical impurity. Native Arsenic and Arsenical Antimony are only found in this group when the mineral tested is impure, or when too large a
portion of
it

is

taken

in either of these cases the complete

is

volatility of the
a.

mineral

not readily apparent.

The

following,

when heated with hydrochloric acid, evolve

:

sulphuretted hydrogen

Dufrenoysite gives the copper reaction

with the borax bead

fuses readily before the blowpipe, evolving

fumes of arsenic and sulphurous acid, and leaves metallic copper. Fahlerz evolves fumes of antimony before the blowpipe, often
colours the borax bead with copper, swells up, and fuses to a
slag
:

many specimens

yield

an incrustation of zinc on charcoal.

Cobaltine colours the borax bead blue,

and

fuses before the blow-

pipe on charcoal

to a magnetic bead.

Nickelglanz decrepitates

23

Practical Guide

to

the Determination

before the blowpipe, and gives a red-brown colour to the borax

bead

in the oxidizing flame.

Mispickel fuses before the blowpipe

in the inner flame,

into a magnetic

bead

borax bead green

brown

in the outer one.

The
lead
:

following,

when
:

fused with soda ou charcoal, yield metallic

:

Sklaroklas
incrustation

very brittle

11

= 2-5.
;

Schulzite yields an antifuses readily,

mony

and antimony fumes

and some-

times gives a feeble copper reaction.

Polybasite yields a globule of silver

when

fused with soda on

;

always gives an antimony incrustation into a dark grey metallic bead.

charcoal
;

fuses

on charcoal

ft.

The

following,

when heated with

:

hydrochloric acid, do

not evolve sulphuretted hydrogen Smaltine furnishes a blue borax bead ; fuses before the blowpipe into a dark grey,
Arseneisen yields before very brittle bead. a black magnetic mass ; streak greyish black. Kupfernickel imparts, in the outer flame, a brown-red colouration

magnetic,

and

the blowpipe

to the

borax bead
:

fuses before

the blowpipe into a magnetic

streak

globule

lustre

metallic,

copper-red,

brownish

black.

Weissnickelkies, similar in

reaction to kupfernickel, fuses readily

before the blowpipe, and incandesces for

some time

after

removal

from the flame

tin

white

streak grey.

b.

Minerals without metallic

lustre.

K6ttigite3(ZnO,CoO,NiO)AsO 5 + 8HO. Scorodite FeO,AsO 5 +

4HO.

Symplesite 3FeO, AsO 5 +

8HO.

Eisensinter3Fe 2 O 3 ,3

+ 15HO.Wurfelerz(Pharmacosiderite)3FeO,AsO 5 + 3Fe 2 O 3 ,2AsO 3 + 18HO Pharmacolite 2CaO,AsO 5 + 6HO. Chrondrarsenite 5MnO,AsO 5 + 5HO. Cobalt Bloom (Erythrine) 3CoO,AsO 5 + 8HO. Nickelbluthe (Annabergite) 3NiO,AsO 5 + 8HO. RothQ1
~V

giiltigerz (Pyrargyrite

and

Proustite)

3AgS + As

S3

Erinite

Of Minerals by
5CuO,AsO 5 +

the Bloivpipe*

29

9HO

Chalk ophyllite (Tamarite) 3CuO,AsO 5 + + 3(CuO,HO). Liroconite2CuO,AsO 5 + 2A1 2 O S AsO 5 3 + 2HO.

,

2HO

Euchroite

3CuO,AsO 5 -- 6HO + CuO,HO.

Kupferschaum
(Tyrolite)

Olivenite

3CuO,

O&

CuOHO. CaO,C0 2
+
.

5CuO, AsO 5 10 +

HO +

The
bead
blue
;

following minerals give the copper reaction with the borax

or

when moistened with hydrochloric

acid, tinge the flame

Erinite, heated before the blowpipe

;

on charcoal,

yields a

copper bead, enveloped in a brittle slag

heated in the closed

tube yields water; H=4'5 5; translucent on the edges, cleavage surfaces show a waxy lustre. Chalkophyllite decrepitates violently
before the blowpipe, and fuses

emerald green;
grey bead

H=2

into a brittle metallic globule,

streak light green.

Kupferschaum decre-

pitates before the blowpipe, turns black, and fuses into a steel;

on charcoal fuses into a

;

slag

H=

1*5

streak verdigris green

effervesces with acids.

; apple-green ; Euchroite is re-

duced before the blowpipe, first to white arsenide of copper, and then to metallic copper; 3'5 ; translucent: lustre vitreous. Liroconite does not decrepitate, swells up and melts on charcoal

H=

to a

brown

slag;

when

slightly

heated turns blue.

;

Olivenite
crystallizes
;

melts in the forceps before the blowpipe

into a black

on cooling

radiated mass

yields
;

little

water in the tube

on

charcoal furnishes a brown slag

Kottigite

streak olive-green to brown.

yields before the blowpipe

an incrustation of zinc
solution.
;

oxide,

and the green colouration with cobalt

Cobalt bloom gives a blue colour to the borax bead

peach-

coloured.
Nickelbliithe in the

outer blowpipe flame gives a brown-red

borax bead
'

yellowish green.

Rothgultigerz yields metallic silver

when

fused on charcoal with

soda

and before the blowpipe evolves antimony fumes. Chondrarsenite colours the borax bead violet in the outer flame.
;

30
The

Practical Guide
following
:

to the

Determination

become magnetic when heated on charcoal before

Scorodite fuses readily, forming a slag
;

the blowpipe

H = 3'5
;

4;

streak greenish white.

Symplesite, infusible;

H = 5;
falls

streak pale

indigo blue to white.

Eisensinter fuses before the blowpipe

on
;

addition of water becomes red, transparent, and

to pieces

H=2'5

streak yellow.

Wiirfelerz

fuses before the blowpipe

;

in the tube yields water, turns red,

and intumesces

streak yellow.

Pharmacolite melts before the blowpipe on charcoal into an

opaque bead

colours the flame feebly yellow-red, and generally

imparts to the borax bead the blue colouration of cobalt.

3.

Odour of horse-radish

is

evolved.

Selenide of Lead, PbSe.

of Mercury,

Selenide of Copper,
Silver,

Cu 2 Se.

Selenide

HgSe. Selenide of and Copper, CuSe-f PbSe.

Selenide of lead,

AgSe.

Selenide of Lead

when

fused on charcoal with soda, furnishes

;

metallic lead

decrepitates before the blowpipe

emits fumes of

selenium before the blowpipe on charcoal, .and furnishes on the latter a red, yellow, and white deposit.
Selenide of copper colours the borax
flame,

bead blue green

in the outer

and brown

in the inner

melts before the blowpipe on

charcoal into a grey malleable bead.

Selenide of mercury,

when heated with soda

in a tube, gives off

brittle; Hzz2'5. of silver yields metallic silver when fused on charcoal with soda on charcoal melts quietly in the outer flame ; in the
;

drops of mercury
Selenide

ftiner

flame froths up

during fusion,

and incandesces during

cooling.

and copper fuses very readily before the blowruns on the charcoal, and forms a grey mass with metallic pipe, lustre colours the borax bead blue ; and yields metallic lead when
Selenide of lead
;

fused with soda on charcoal.

Of Minerals
4.

by the Blowpipe.

Fumes
a.

of

antimony are evolved.

lustre.

Minerals with metallic

a.

Reduced with soda on charcoal

.

bead of
.

lead.

Zinkenite, PbS,SbS 3

Jamesonite,

3PbS,2SbS 3
5PbS,SbS 3
.

Plagionite,

4PbS + 3SbS 3

Schulzite (Geokronite),

Bournonite,
.

3Cu 2 S,SbS 3 + 2(3PbS,SbS 3 ).

+ FeS) + (4BiS 3 + SbS 3 .)

Fahlerz,

4(Cu,Ag,Pb &c.)S,SbS 3
.

Freieslebenite (Schilfglaserz) 3(Ag,Pb)S,SbS 3

Kobellite,

3(4PbS

The following exhibit a copper reaction: Bournonite yields a dark red sublimate containing sulphur, when heated in the closed glass tube ; it readily fuses before the blowpipe, and forms a
slaggy mass; brittle;
tates before the

H=2'5;
;

streak dark grey.

Fahlerz decrepi-

blowpipe
;

melts easily on charcoal with ebullition

into a grey slag

H=3

4.

Zinkenite decrepitates

before the blowpipe

and

fuses

easily,

H=3'5Plagionite,
brittle,

decrepitates before the

Schulzite,

blowpipe; H=2'5.
only
differ

Jamesonite,

Boulangerite,

Kilbrickenite,

quantitatively from

Plagionite.

borax bead brown in the outer flame; the lead bead reduced from Kobellite is brittle on account of the
Kobellite colours the

bismuth

it

contains.

Freieslebenite-.

The

lead

bead reduced from

is

this

mineral

is

argentiferous

the presence of silver

most

easily

shown by the

wet way.
/3.

Reduced with soda on charcoal

bead of
.

silver.

Antimonsilber,

Ag2 Sb.

Miargyrite,

AgS,SbS 3

Fahlerz.

Ste-

phanite. (Melanglanz), 6AgS,SbS3.

Rothgiiltigerz
.

(Pyrargyrite),

3AgS,SbS 3

Polybasite, 9(Ag,Cu,&c.)S,SbS 3

The

following evolve an odour of sulphurous acid

:

when heated

before the blowpipe

Polybasite colours the borax bead blue with

32

Practical Guide to the Determination

copper, decrepitates and melts readily before the blowpipe;

Sp. Gr.

H= 2-5

6*5.

Fahlerz shows the copper reaction with the borax

bead

decrepitates before the blowpipe

silver,

and

fuses readily
;

contains

a small amount of
Sp. Gr.=4'5.

and generally zinc and iron

H=3

4;

Miargyrite

streak light red.

Stephanite,

Hn2'5 H=2'5

sectile
;

iron-black to steel-grey,
;

black

streak black.

Antimonsilber,

when

heated, evolves

no odour of sulphurous

acid

fuses readily before the blowpipe.

y.

Fused with soda on charcoal

neither lead nor silver.

Native Antimony. Ullmannite (Nickelantimonglanz), NiS 2 + NiSb. Antimonite (Antimonglanz), SbS 3 Breithauptite (Antimon.

nickel)

Ni 2 Sb.

Wolfsbergite (Kupferantimonglanz),
volatilized after considerable time:

Cu S + SbS 3
2

Completely

Native Anti-

mony and Antimonite

(See

I. i.)
:

The following exhibit the sulphur reaction (see page 1 1 ) Ullmannite in the outer flame colours the borax bead brown-red

H= 5
easily

brittle

streak grey. Wolfsbergite imparts the copper coloura-

tion to the borax

;

bead ; decrepitates before the blowpipe ; and melts

colour lead-grey to iron-black
;

H=3*5
;

streak black.

Breithauptite exhibits

no sulphur reaction borax bead coloured

;

by nickel

very

difficultly fusible

H=5

streak red-brown.

b.
Stiblite,

Minerals ivithout metallic

.

lustre.

SbO 3 SbO 5

Antimonocher,

SbO 5 + JcHO.

Anti.

mony Blende
.

(Kermes),
.

SbO 3 2SbS 3

Heteromorphite, 2PbS,SbS 3

Boulangerite, 3PbS,SbS 3

Rothgultigerz, 3AgS,SbS 3 ,

Romeite,

4CaO,5SbO 5 The following

exhibit the sulphur reaction

Antimony

blende,
;

easily fusible before the blowpipe, colouring the flame pale green

H=

lustre

adamantine; cherry-red to brown-red

streak red

to brown.

soda on charcoal

Heteromorphite yields metallic lead when fused with melts readily before the blowpipe; H=2; grey;
;

Of Minerals
streak

by the Blowpipe.

33

dark grey with metallic lustre. Boulangerite furnishes Rothmetallic lead when fused with soda on charcoal ; H=3.
giiltigerz

when fused with soda

in the

silver

decrepitates before the blowpipe

streak red.

reducing flame, yields metallic and melts into a black ;

bead

Stiblite is

not reduced on charcoal alone, but forms a white

incrustation; fused with soda, yields a

bead of metallic antimony

yellow;

H=
;

5-5.

is

reduced

Antimonocher froths up on charcoal before the blowpipe, and i. gives off water in the glass tube yellow
; ;

H=
;

Romeite fuses before the blowpipe into a blackish slag yields a bead of antimony by reduction with soda ; hyacinth-red to

honey-yellow

H=

7.

5.

ducing flame green.

white incrustation on the charcoal, colouring the re(The mineral powder heated with

sulphuric acid yields a red liquid.)

a.

Mineral is

tin white.

Native Tellurium.
lurblei),

Petzite (Tellursilber)

AgTe.

Altaite (Tel-

PbTe.
;

evolves an odour of selenium

Native Tellurium melts easily before the blowpipe generally volatilizes almost entirely 2.
;
;

Petzite yields metallic silver

by reduction with soda

H= H = 2-5

malleable.
Altaite gives a

bead of lead when reduced with soda, fuses

easily before the blowpipe, forming a yellow incrustation.

b.

Mineral

is

lead-grey or steel-grey.
.

Tetradymite (Tellurwismuth), BiS 3 + 2BiTe 3

terz),

Sylvanite (Schrif-

(Au,Ag)Te 2
).

Blattererz (Nagyagite),

PbTe, (with PbS and

AuTe 2
The

following exhibit the sulphur reaction

Tetradymite yields
:

with soda in the reducing flame a brittle globule of bismuth

34

Practical Guide to the Determination

streak black.

generally evolves an odour of selenium

Bldttererz

with soda in the reducing flame yields a malleable metallic bead

of lead; streak lead-grey.
Sylvanite exhibits

pipe

into a grey metallic

is

no sulphur reaction fuses before the blowbead by long-continued blowing a

;
;

yellow malleable bead

6.

obtained.

Residue after ignition shows an alkaline reaction.

a. Easily soluble in water. a Evolve water when heated in the glass tube.

NaO,SO 3 + 10HO. Thermonatrite, Soda, NaO,CO 2 + 10HO. Trona, 2NaO,3CO 2 4HO. Epsomite (Bittersalz), MgO,SO 3 + 7HO. Potassium + Alum, KO,SO 3 + A1 O 3 3SO 3 + 24HO. Sodium Alum NaO,SO 3 + A1 2 O 3 3SO 3 + 24HO. Ammonium Alum, AmO,SO 2 + A1 2 O 3 ,3SO 3 + 24HO. TinkalNaO,2BO 3 +10HO. Loweite, (2MgO,SO a + NaO 2SO 3 ) + 5HO. Carnallite, KC1 + MgCl + 12HO. BoussingaulKainite MgO,SO 3 + KCl-t-6HO. tite (Am,Mg,Fe)O,SO 3 + HO.
Mirabilite,

(Glaubersalz)

NaO,CO 2 + HO.

The

following

effervesce

with

hydrochloric

acid

Trona

H =

2-5; specific gravity

1*4; fuses readily in the glass tube,

;

and evolves much water. Soda

in the tube with liberation of

H=
much

1*5;

Sp.Gr.
;

1*4

fuses

when exposed to the air. yields much less water than the preceding. The following exhibit the sulphur reaction when fused with soda The alums show a blue colour when strongly ignited with
:

weathers speedily Thermonatrite does not fuse, and

water

cobalt solution.

Potassium alum,

H=

2^5

fuses

and

swells

before the blowpipe, colours the

flame feebly violet.

;

up Sodium

alum,

H=2
if

*5

especially

fuses and swells up before the blowpipe imparts, moistened with hydrochloric acid, a distinct yellow
;

colouration to the flame.

Ammonium
;

alum, when warmed with

before the blowpipe fuses
exhibits a flesh-red

potash, evolves an ammoniacal odour

and

swells

up.

Epsomite,

after

ignition,

Of Minerals
colour with cobalt solution
;

by the Blowpipe.
2*5
;

35

H=2
is

fuses before the blow-

pipe with intumescence.

effect
;

Mirabilite: cobalt solution produces

no
;

H=
fly

1-5

fuses very easily;

absorbed by the charcoal

:

colours the flame distinctly yellow.

Lowcite

H=

2-5

small-

fragments
water,

to pieces

when heated
tranquilly.
;

in the glass tube, lose their

and then melt

the smell of

Boussingaultitc evolves,

with

potash,

exhibits a flesh colour

ammonia contains little water. when ignited with cobalt solution

its

Kainite
;

imparts

a violet colouration to the blowpipe flame, precipitate with nitrate of silver.

solution yields a

Tinkal intumesces before the blowpipe and then melts

to the flame a transient green tint
:

imparts

lustre resinous.

Carnallite
violet
:

deliquescent

fuses easily,

and colours the flame feebly

H=2
/3.

2'

yields a faint white sublimate on charcoal.

Do
.

not evolve water

when heated
.

in the glass tube.

Nitre

(Kalisalpeter),

KO,NO 5
NaO,SO 3

Nitratine

(Natronsalpeter),
.

NaO,NO 5 KO,SO 3
.

Nitrocalcite

(Kalksalpeter),
.

Thenardite,

Rock

CaO,NO 5 salt, Nad.

Glaserite,

The

following decrepitate

when heated on charcoal

Nitre

colours the flame violet.

Nitratine colours the

flame yellow.

Nitrocalcite colours the flame yellowish red,

and decrepitates but

Glaserite

feebly.

The

following exhibit the sulphur reaction with soda

fuses before

decrepitates and

the

blowpipe

imparts a

feeble
at

potassium

colouration

to

the

flame.

Thenardite fuses

higher temperature, and then colours the flame yellow.

Rock

salt

characteristic salt taste

fuses easily,

and colours the

flame yellow:

H=

2.

b. Insoluble^ or very difficultly soluble in water.

a.

Mineral powder effervesces with hydrochloric acid.

Witherite,
Strontianite,

BaO,CO 2
SrO,CO 2

Calcite,

Gaylussite,

CaO,CO 2 Aragonite, CaO,CO 2 CaO,CO 2 + NaO,CO 2 + 5HO.

.
.

36

Practical Guide

to the

Determination
.

Dolomite (Bitterspar),CaO,CO 2 +
Barytocalcite,
.

MgO,CO 2
.

Magnesite

MgO,CO 2
- 1-

Alstonite, BaO,CO 2 CaO,CO 2 BaO,C(X Nemalite CaO,CO 2 MgO,CO 2 + 6HO*. Hydromagnesite 4MgO,3CO 2 + 4HO.
4-

The

following evolve water

when heated
:

in the glass tube.

Gay-

lussite colours the

flame yellow

brittle

decrepitates
:

melts to
:

Hydromagnesite : no flame reaction infusible with cobalt solution yields a flesh-coloured mass Hr=3 ignited dull. Nemalite; no flame reaction infusible assumes a flesh-

an opaque head.

coloured

tint

when heated with

cobalt solution,

H=2

lustre silky.

The

following impart a green colour to the flame

:

when moistened
before the

with hydrochloric acid

Witherite: fuses easily to a bead of white

:

enamel.

Barytocalcite: colours the flame yellow green

blowpipe becomes white and opaque, and coated with a greenish Alstonite comports itself as barytocalcite, but most speciglass.

mens

also exhibit, after a short time, the red flame of strontium.

Strontianite,

when moistened with hydrochloric

acid, colours the

flame a fine crimson red.

The

following,

when moistened with hydrochloric

Calcite
:

acid, colour

the flame yellow-red: before the blowpipe.

H= 3
:
:

Aragonite

glows, but does not melt 11=3.5 4 before the blow: :

pipe remains white and infusible swells up when heated in the Dolomite: 3'5 glass tube, and falls into a light powder. effervesce but slowly when heated with hydrolarger fragments

H=

chloric

acid

the powder remains incoherent

when heated on

platinum-foil
together.

under

like circumstances

calcic carbonate cakes

Magnesite gives no flame reaction

cobalt solution turns flesh-red.
(3.

H=4

4-5

infusible

with

Sulphur reaction when fused with soda.

Anhydrite (Karstenite),

Heavy

spar (Baryte),
*

CaO,SO 3 Gypsum, CaO,SO 3 + 2HO. BaO,SO 3 Celestine, SrO,SO 3 Polyhalite,

.

Some

mineralogists consider this an altered Brucite.

Of Minerals
.

by the Blowpipe.
)

37

KO,SO 3 + MgO,SO 3 + 2(CaO,SO 3 + 2HO. Brogniartin, CaO,SO 3 + NaO,SO 3 Alunite (Alumstone), KO,S0 3 + (3A1 2 O 3 ,SO 3 + 6HO. Websterite (Aluminite), A1 2 O 3 ,SO 3 Kieserite, MgO,SO 3 + 3HO.
)

OHO
The
:

Keramohalite, A1 2 O 3 ,3SO 3 +

following evolve water

18HO. when heated in

the glass tube

:

Gypsum

before the blowpipe turns opaque white

exfoliates with
:

decrepitation,

and melts

into a white enamel:

H=2
:

gives off

much water

in the tube.

easily before the

Polyhalite: yields little water: melts blowpipe to a brown-red bead soluble in water
:

with slight residue

11=3-5.
is

Websterite infusible

friable

com-

portment of Alunite

similar to that of Websterite (see Formula).

is

Keramohalite intumesces before the blowpipe, and

then infusible

H=

2.

Kieserite

is difficultly

soluble in water.

Celestine,

when moistened with hydrochloric

:

acid and ignited,

colours the flame intensely red (crimson)

to an enamel.

decrepitates

and melts

Heavy
colours
difficultly

spar,

when moistened with hydrochloric acid and

flame
:

ignited,

the

green into an enamel.

decrepitates

violently,

and melts

Anhydrite, moistened with hydrochloric acid and ignited, colours

the flame yellow red
:

decrepitates feebly

and melts

into a white

enamel.
Brogniartin moistened with hydrochloric acid and ignited has a faintly salt taste is partly soluble colours the flame yellow in water decrepitates before the blowpipe.
:

y.

The mineral does not effervesce with hydrochloric acid nor exhibit the sulphur reaction when fused with soda.

CaO,2BO 3 + 6HO. Pharmacolite, 2CaO,AsO 5 + 6HO. Haidingerite, 2CaO,AsO 5 + 4HO. Brucite, MgO,HO. Boracite, 2(3MgO,4BO 3 + MgCl. Fluor, CaF. Cryolite, 3NaF + A1 2 F 3 Chiolite,3NaF + 2Al 2 F 3 Natrolite(Mesotype),NaO,2HO
Borocalcite,
)
. .

+ Al O
2

3SiO 2

Spinelle,

MgO,Al 2 O 3

Talc

may

occur

here.

(See VIII.

2).

38
The

Practical Guide

to the

Determination

following impart to the flame a feeble green colouration

:

of boracic acid

Borocaldte^ after the volatilization of the boracic

acid, tinges the flame yellow-red

with calcium

evolves water in

the glass tube.

Boracite melts before the blowpipe with intumesit

cence to a bead, on the surface of which, as particles are formed 7.

:

H=

cools, crystalline

The
coal
:

following evolve an odour of garlic

when heated on

charis
is

Pharmacolite fuses to a white enamel.

yields
less water:

Haidingerite

similar to pharmacolite, but

pharmacolite

generally

coloured

by

cobalt,

and

exhibits the corresponding

reaction with the borax bead.

Brucite

is

infusible before the blowpipe, but

;

becomes white and

opaque:

lustre nacreous

H=

1-5: assumes a flesh-coloured tint

when

ignited with cobalt solution.

Spinelle:

H = 8: turns blue when heated with

when heated
Cryolite decrepitates slightly,

cobalt solution.

The

following,

with sulphuric acid, evolve hydro-

fluoric acid:

and melts on the

on cooling
yellow
: :

charcoal before the blowpipe to a clear globule, which

is

coated
2-5.

with a white enamel

Chiolite exhibits the

colours

the

flame
Cryolite

H=
bead
of
:

same reactions as

H = 4.

Fluor decrepitates before the blowpipe, and fuses into an opaque == 4. Natrolite furnishes a skeleton colours the flame red
:

silica in

the microcosmic bead

splinters of

it

become opaque
:

when heated, and again

7.

clear at a higher temperature

H = 5-5.

Residue after ignition is magnetic. a. Minerals with metallic lustre.

Hematite
:

(Eisenglanz),

Fe 2 O 3

Magnetite

(Magneteisen),

Ilmenite (Titaneisen, probably sesquioxide of iron FeO,Fe 2 O 3 and titanium). Limnite, (Brown Hematite, Brauneisenstein), Fe 2 O 3 ,3HO. Chromite (Chromeisenstein), FeO,Cr2 O 3 Wolfram
.

(FeO,MnO),WO 3
*

Franklinite,

(FeO,MnO,ZnO),(Fe 2 O
sometimes occur here.

,Mn 2 O 3 ).*
to

Magnetic iron pyrites and

pyrite,

Cu 8 S, owing

impurity, sometimes occurs here.

Of Minerals
Limnite
:

by the Blowpipe.
in

39

{Brown Hematite), when heated

:

the closed tube,

H = 5*5 streak yellowish brown. evolves water: dull brown Hematite anhydrous infusible H = 6 streak red. = 6 streak Magnetite magnetic even before ignition H
:
: : :

is

black.

Chromite colours the borax bead green

H =
salt

5-5

streak

brown.
Ilmenite colours the

bead of microcosmic
:

violet

in

the

reducing flame

streak black

H=5

6.

Wolfram

gives a blood red

:

bead with microcosmic

salt in the

reducing flame

fused with nitre and soda

on

platinum-foil, gives

a green mass

streak reddish-brown to black:

H = 5*5.
:

Franklinite yields the zinc incrustation on charcoal before the

blowpipe

exhibits the
6-5.
b.

H=6-

manganese reaction

streak reddish-brown

Minerals without metallic

.

lustre.

eisenstein

Brown Hematite (BraunSpathose iron (Chalybite), FeO,CO 2 Fe 2 O 3 ,3HO. Gothite (Nadeleisenstein), Fe 2 O 3 ,HO. * Rotheisenstein (Eisenocker), Fe 2 O 3 3FeO,2SO 3 + Botryogen
.

3Fe 2 O 3 ,2SO a

(FeO,KO)SO 3 + 2(Fe2 O 3 ,3SO3) + 12HO. Copiapite, 2(Fe 2 O 3 ,2SO 3 )-f 21HO. Misy, 2Fe 2 O 3 ,5SO 3 + 6HO. Fe 2 O 3 ,2SiO 2 -f 3HO. Nontronite, Coquimbite, Fe 2 O 3 ,3SO 3 + 9HO. The following evolve water when heated in the closed tube

+ 36HO.

Voltaite

Brown hematite^
yellowish brown.

$.$

lustre

adamantine or vitreous

streak
:

Gothite yields less water than

brown hematite

11=4-5:
brown.

brittle;

translucent in thin splinters, streak yellowish

:

Botryogen swells up when heated before the blowpipe

:

exhibits the sulphur reaction

translucent

lustre vitreous

streak

ochrepus yellow.

Voltaite yields

an earthy mass when heated before

:

the blowpipe: exhibits the sulphur reaction

*

dissolves with difficulty

Decomposition product

chemical composition doubtful. The like remark

applies to several minerals in this group.

4O
in water
:

Practical,

Guide
:

to the

Determination
:

streak greyish green

:

opaque black. CoquimUte exhibits

:

the sulphur reaction

white, blue, green

:

streak white.
:

Copiapite

exhibits the sulphur reaction

translucent

yellow

lustre nacreous.

Misy
silica

is

similar to copiapite, but contains less water.

Nontronite

exhibits

no sulphur reaction
:

heated in the microcosmic bead,

:

separates

dull straw yellow

greasy to the touch

turns

red before the blowpipe.

Spathose iron dissolves with effervescence in

warm

nitric acid

imparts the iron colouration to borax beads

generally contains

manganese.

Rotheisenstein is but

an ochreous variety of hematite.

II.

The substance mixed with soda

charcoal to the reducing flame,

is

exposed on

1.

The fused mass

exhibits the sulphur reaction with silver,

and yields a metallic bead.

a.

Anhydrous minerals.
Tetradymite,

Bismuthine,

BiS 3

BiS 3 + 2BiTe 3
.

Galena

Anglesite (Bleivitriol), PbO,SO 3 Bismuthite, BiO 3 ,CO 2 + BiO 3 ,SO 3 Leadhillite, PbO,SO 3 + 3(PbO,CO 2 ). Nadelerz (Patrinite), 3Cu 2 S,BiS 3 Lanarkite, PbO,SO 3 + PbO,CO 2 + 2(3PbS,BiS 3 ). Millerite, NiS. Linneite, Co 2 S 3 Argentite, AgS. Cuproplumbite, 2PbS + Cu 2 S. Stromeyerite, Cu 2 S + AgS. Stannine (Zinnkies), 2FeS,SnS 2 + 2Cu 2 S,SnS 2 Redruthite, Cu 2 SCuS. Buntkupfererz (Bornite), 3Cu 2 S,Fe 2 S 3 Copper Covelline, Eisennickelkies, 2FeS + NiS. Pyrites (Towanite), Cu 2 S,FeS s Carmenite, Cu 2 S + CuS. Rahtite, Cu 2 S -f ZnS.* The metallic bead obtained by reduction with soda consists of
. .
.

(Bleiglanz), PbS.

bismuth.
lustre

Bismuthite effervesces with hydrochloric acid

or dull
:

H = 3'5

vitreous,

greenish

or yellowish
;

streak white.

Tetradymite exhibits the tellurium reaction

the odour of selenium
*
:

and generally evolves

white
:

lustre metallic

silver

streak black

Probably a mixture of blende and other minerals.

Of Minerals
H=i'5.
vescence:

by the Blowpipe.

41
effer-

Bismuthine fuses easily before the blowpipe, with

H=2'5:
:

lustre metallic: steel

grey to brass yellow:

:

streak the same.

lustre metallic

steel grey

Nadelerz exhibits the copper reaction streak dark grey.

:

H=2'5

The
lead.

metallic

bead obtained by reduction with soda consists

of

Galena decrepitates when heated in the test tube, and fur=2 lustre metallic nishes a sublimate of sulphur lead grey
:
: :

streak dark
lustre

grey.

Anglesite decrepitates before the blowpipe:

adamantine to resinous:

H=3:

white,

grey,

brownish:

streak grey.

Leadhillite intumesces

when heated

before the blow-

pipe and turns yellow, and on cooling becomes white again: effervesces with hydrochloric easily reduced to metallic lead
:

acid:

H=2'5

translucent: yellowish: streak white.

;

Lanarkite

melts before the blowpipe to a white bead

hydrochloric acid:
white.

effervesces feebly with

H=2

transparent: greenish white: streak

:

Cuproplumbite exhibits the copper reaction

the reduced

metallic

bead

is

not so malleable as the others

:

fuses before the

blowpipe with ebullition lead grey streak black. The metallic bead obtained by reduction with soda consists of
:

nickel.

Millerite fuses before the blowpipe into a magnetic mass:

:

lustre metallic

yellow.
:

Eisennickelkies gives a well-marked iron

:

reaction

pinchbeck brown. The metallic bead obtained by reduction with soda consists of
:

H=4

lustre metallic

copper. Redruthite melts before the blowpipe in the outer flame with considerable effervescence to a bead, in the inner flame

becomes
metallic
:

solid

and

remains

infusible:

H=2'5

lustre

streak black.
lustre resinous.

Covelline comports itself like redruthite

Bornite fuses before the blowpipe to a copper red or rariegated exhibits steel-grey magnetic globule the iron reaction streak black. Copper pyrites decrepitates before
:
:

H = i*5:

metallic

the blowpipe and then fuses to a grey magnetic mass: lustre exhibits the iron brass yellow streak greenish black
:
:
:

reaction.

Carmenite

is

easily fusible before the

blowpipe

lustre

42
metallic
:

Practical Guide
:

to the

Determination

Rahtite froths up before steel grey streak lustrous. the blowpipe and fuses ; yields on charcoal an incrustation of
zinc
:

lead grey

streak reddish brown.

Stromeyerite fuses before

;

the blowpipe on charcoal to a grey globule with metallic lustre the silver present in the mineral is best detected by the wet way
lustre metallic
:

lead grey

streak the same.

:

Stannine fuses before

:

the blowpipe to a brittle grey bead

flakes

exhibits the iron reaction

of tin are obtained by fusion

:

with soda on

charcoal

H=4'5

lustre metallic: steel grey to brass yellow: streak black.

Compounds
copper bead
dioxide.
Argentite,

of copper and sulphur only yield a characteristic

after preliminary roasting
is
:

by

this

roasting a con-

siderable proportion of the sulphur

eliminated in sulphurous

when

fused with soda, yields

:

a globule of

silver

intumesces and fuses before the blowpipe

trous.

H=2'5:

streak lus-

Linneite colours the borax bead blue

fuses before the blow-

pipe:

H=5'5

tin white.

b.

Hydrous minerals.
5

Linarite PbO,SO 3 + CuO HO. Bieberite (Kobalt Vitriol) CoO,SO 3 + 7HO. Blue Vitriol (Kupfervitriol) CuO SO 3 + 5HO. Brochantite CuO,SO 3 + 3(CuO,HO). Langite 4CuO,SO 3 -j-4HOSO 3 CuS HO FeS) alteration product of a Marcylite (CuO
3

sulphide of copper.

The
lustre

following exhibit the copper reaction

Linarite gives on
:

charcoal before the blowpipe a yellow incrustation

fuses easily

adamantine

azure blue

streak light blue.

Blue

Vitriol

intumesces and turns white before the blowpipe, then fuses and streak bluish white. becomes black lustre vitreous sky blue
: : :

Brochantite fuses before the blowpipe

lucent
antite
:

lustre vitreous
differs

trans-

green

streak green.

Langite only

from brochMarcylite

by containing a greater proportion of water.

Of Minerals by
treated
exhibits the iron reaction
:

the Blowpipe.

43
:

with hydrochloric acid evolves sulphuretted hydrogen

melts before the blowpipe

black.
:

Bieberite colours the borax

bead blue

lustre silky to vitreous

rose red

streak reddish white,

2.

The fused mass

exhibits the sulphur reaction with but yields no metallic bead.

a.

silver,

Hydrous Minerals.

Websterite

Al a O 3 ,SO 3 +

9HO.

Keramohalite
Goslarite

A1 2 O 3 ,3SO 3
(Zinkvitriol)

+ 18HO.

Johannite

UO
2

+ xHO. 3 ,SO 2
A1 2 O 2

ZnO,SO 3 + 15HO.

+ 7HO.

Garnsdorfite (Pissophan) 2(Al 2 O 3 ,Fe 2 O 3 )SO3

Kakoxene Fe 2 O 3

SO 3 -PO 5

HO.

Ignition with cobalt solution produces a blue colouration in the

following:

Websterite is infusible before the blowpipe: H=:5. Keramohalite in turn e sees before the blowpipe and is then infusible: 2. easily soluble in water: Garnsdorfite shews a blue colour-

H=

ation, but not well

marked

colours the borax bead with iron

turns black before the blowpipe.

Goslarite assumes a green tint after ignition with cobalt solution:

when heated on

charcoal before the blowpipe yields an

:

incrustation which

is yellow when hot and white when cold intumesces before the blowpipe, leaving a white infusible mass. fohannite, when heated before the blowpipe, turns to a black

friable

mass

colours the borax bead green

grass-green

streak

pale green.

Kakozene decrepitates before the blowpipe is converted in the oxidizing flame into a magnetic slaggy mass imparts the
:

iron colouration to the borax bead

b.

yellow

streak yellow.

Anhydrous minerals.

FeS 2

Magnetic Iron Pyrites (Pyrrhotine), Fe 2 S 3 + 5FeS. Pyrite, Marcasite (Strahlkies) FeS 2 Alabandine (Mangan. .

glanz),

MnS.

Hauerite,

MnS 2

Blende,

ZnS.

Greenockite,

44
CdS.

Practical Giiide
Molybdenite,
Pyrites,

to the

Determination
5ZnS

MoS 2
2

Christophite,
2

Copper
Redruthite,
Rahtite,

Cu S-fFe
Covelline,

S3

Bornite,

+ 3FeS. 3Cu S + Fe S
2 2 3.

Cu 2 S.

CuS.

Carmenite,

Cu 2 S + ZnS.

Stannine, (Zinnkies)

Cu 2 S-f-CuS. 2FeS,SnS 2 + 2Cu 2 S,

:

SnS 2

The

following impart an iron colouration to the borax bead

Pyrite fuses before the blowpipe in the inner flame to a black

magnetic globule
casite,

6-5

brass-yellow: streak grey.

Marodour
:

when only warmed

in the flame, evolves a sulphurous

:

blowpipe reactions similar to those of pyrite streak yellow, sometimes tinged with green
:

H = 66-5
or

brass-

greenish black.
:

Magnetic iron pyrites exhibits magnetic properties before ignition

melts before the blowpipe to

a magnetic, more
:

less

black

mass

H=

3*5

4: bronze-yellow

streak greyish black.

following impart to the borax bead a violet colouration in the oxidizing flame Alabandine fuses difficultly, and on the
:

The

edges only, into a

brown

slag

H = 3'5
:

black or brown

streak

Hauerite when heated in the closed tube yields a subligreen. mate of sulphur and a green residue 4 brown-red streak

H=

brown-red.

The
yield

following,

an incrustation which
:

when heated on charcoal before the blowpipe, is yellow when hot and white when
before

cold

Blende decrepitates
:

the

blowpipe

infusible

H = 3*5

streak yellowish white to brown.

:

Christophite exhibits

the iron reaction

Greenockite,

H=
:

velvet-black

streak blackish brown.

a brown incrustation
yellow to brick-red.

when heated on charcoal before the blowpipe, yields yellow to orange and brown streak orange:

Molybdenite colours the bead of microcosmic

salt

green in the
closed glass

reducing flame tube

:

turns

brown when heated

in the

infusible before the blowpipe.

The following, after ignition (roasting), give a bead of copper when fused with soda and borax or impart a brown colour to
;

Of Minerals
much
foil):

by the Blowpipe.
flame
(the

45
is

the borax bead in the reducing

facilitated

latter reaction

by

the addition to the bead of a fragment of tin-

Redruthite melts with effervescence to a bead before the

:

blowpipe

lustre metallic

H=

2*5

streak black.
:

Covelline
:

comports
resinous.

itself

before the blowpipe as redruthite

H=

1*5

lustre

Bornite melts before the blowpipe to

:

a steel-grey
:

magnetic bead
black
:

copper-red or variegated (iridescent)

iron reaction.

streak

exhibits the

Copper pyrites decrepitates

when heated
mass:

before the blowpipe, and fuses to a grey magnetic

lustre metallic: brass-yellow, often

:

assuming an iridescent
:

and variegated tarnish

reaction.

streak greenish black

exhibits the iron

metallic

Carmenite: readily fusible before the blowpipe: lustre streak lustrous. Rahtite froths up and steel-grey
:

fuses before

the

blowpipe
:

yields

an incrustation of zinc on
brown.
Stannine fuses
:

charcoal

lead-grey

streak

reddish
:

before the blowpipe to a brittle bead

exhibits the iron reaction

by fusion with soda

in the reducing flame, flakes of tin are obtained

H=
3.

4-5: lustre metallic.

yields a metallic bead, but does not exhibit

The fused mass

the sulphur reaction.

a.

The bead

is

bismuth.
.

Native Bismuth.

Bismuth Ochre, BiO 3

Wismuthspath, 4BiO 3

3CO + 4HO.
2
:

Eulytine,

2Bi0 3 ,3SiO 2

2 '5 Native bismuth fuses easily before the blowpipe lustre tarnished streak metallic silver- white generally superficially
: :
:

H=

the

same

brittle.

Bismuth ochre

is

reduced on charcoal before

:

the blowpipe, and melts to a metallic bead

H=
:

"5

lustre

yellow reduced on charcoal before the blowpipe turns brown in the closed tube evolves water in the effervesces with acids
: : :

waxy

friable
is

streak yellowish white.

Wismuthspath

fuses,

and

closed tube

lustre vitreous

white.
silica

Eulytine, fusible before the

blowpipe, leaves a skeleton of

when

fused in a bead of

46

Practical Guide
salt
:

to the

Determination
:

microcosmic

lustre

adamantine

H = 4-5

brown

streak

yellowish grey.
b.

The bead

is lead.

Native Lead.

Plattnerite

(Schwerbleierz),

PbO 2

Minium,
4-

Pb 3 O 4

Matlockite, PbCl

PbO.

Mendipite PbCl

2PbO

Pyromorphite(Mimetite),* 3(3PbO,PO 5 ) + PbCl. Cerussite, PbO,

CO 2

fenite,

WulStolzite, PbO,WO Phosgenite, PbCl + PbO,CO 2 PbO,MoO Vanadinite,3(3PbO,VO )+PbCl. Dechenite,f Lehmannite (Krokoite), PbO,CrO PbO,VO Melanochroite, 3PbO 2CrO 3 Eusynchite,f 3(Pb,Zn)O,VO 3 Vauquelinite, 3CuO
. .

3.

3.

3.

2CrO 3 + 2(3PbO,2CrO 3 ). The following exhibit oxygen reactions Plattnerite ironblack streak brown. Minium red streak orange-yellow. The following effervesce with acids: Cerussite decrepitates
:

before the blowpipe

to metallic lead
:

turns orange-yellow
3.

and
:

is finally

reduced

H=
is

Phosgenite: H = 2-5

melts easily before

is

the blowpipe in the outer flame to a bead which

pale yellow
:

when

cold

it

easily

reduced with evolution of acid fumes

gives chlorine reactions.

The borax bead

turns green in the inner flame of the blowpipe,

in the outer one.

and yellow (vanadium)

strongly
:

Vanadinite decrepitates
is

melts into a globule which throws out sparks, and

:

reduced to lead
blowpipe
:

streak white.

Dechenite fuses readily before the

streak yellowish.
:

Eusynchite yields an incrustation of

zinc on charcoal

streak pale yellow.

The
flames:

following colour the borax bead green (chromium) in both

fuses easily,

Lehmannite when heated before the blowpipe, decrepitates and spreads over the charcoal lustre adamantine
:

streak

orange-yellow.

Melanochroite

decrepitates
:

but

slightly

before the blowpipe, and fuses to a dark mass

Vauquelinite exhibits

streak brick-red.

the

copper reaction

intumesces slightly

* In mimetite arsenic entirely replaces the phosphorus,

f Probably

varieties of the

same mineral.

Of Minerals
cence into a dark grey bead
Pyromorphite
:

by the Blowpipe.

47

before the blowpipe and then melts with considerable effervesstreak siskin-green.
:

decrepitates in the closed tube

melts on charcoal

before the blowpipe in the outer flame to a bead which on cooling

crystallizes

on the surface, and yields a feeble white incrustation

:

of lead chloride

colours the flame blue:

odour of

arsenic.
acid.)

many specimens evolve the Mimetite the phosphoric acid is replaced (In
colouration to the bead of
:

by arsenic
Stolzite

imparts a blue (wolfram)

salt

microcosmic
cystalline

in the

reducing flame
lustre
:

fuses

on charcoal to a

bead with metallic

streak grey.

Wulfenite imparts a green (molybdenum) colouration

to

the

bead of microcosmic

salt

in the reducing flame

:

decrepitates

before the blowpipe, and fuses on charcoal

Mendipite,

streak white.

when heated on charcoal

before the blowpipe, evolves

an odour of hydrochloric acid, and is reduced to lead. Matlockite decrepitates, and then fuses to a greyish yellow globule.

The presence
shown
in the

of chlorine in

mendipite and

matlockite is

best

wet way.
is

Native lead *

easily fusible

before the blowpipe furnishes'a

:

well-marked yellow incrustation on charcoal

metallic, very liable to tarnish
:

H=

i '5

lustre

streak lustrous.

c.

The

metallic bead is silver.

'

Native
silber),

silver.

Kerate (Hornsilber), AgCl.

Bromite (Brom-

AgBr.

lodite (lodsilber), Agl.

Amalgam,
:

AgHgx
:

Native silver fuses before the blowpipe

lustrous.

fracture hackly

streak

Kerate fuses in the flame of a candle

into a brownish

and before the blowpipe

:

bead

fracture conchoidal

H=
is

1-5

translucent

streak white
*

soluble in

ammonia.
very doubtful.

The occurrence

ot this mineral in nature

48

Practical Guide to the Determination

in

powder is clear green, passing quickly to grey on exposure to light soluble in warm concentrated ammonia. lodite melts before the blowpipe to a globule of silver, and colours the flame purple-red i streak lustrous soluble in
: :

Bromite

H=

concentrated hydrochloric and nitric acids with evolution of vapour of iodine.

Amalgam decrepitates when heated

:

in the closed tube,

is

and

yields

drops of mercury on charcoal, mercury spongy residue of silver 3.

:

H=

volatilized, leaving

d.

The

metallic bead is copper.

Native Copper.

Cuprite (Rothkupfererz)

Cu 2 O.

Melaconite,

CuO. Atacamite,CuCl + 3(CuO,HO).

Libethenite,

3CuO,PO 5 +

CuO,HO. Phosphorochalcite, 3CuO,PO 5 + 3(CuO,HO). Thrombolite, 3CuO,2PO 5 + 6HO. Malachite, CuO,CO 2 + CuO,HO. Chessylite (Azurite), 2(CuO,CO 2 ) + CuO,HO. Dioptase, CuO,SO 2 + HO. Chrysocolla,CuO,SiO 2 + 2HO. Crednerite,3CuO,2Mn 2 O 3 Volborthite, 4(Cu,Ca)O,VO 3 + HO. Native copper, fracture hackly The following are anhydrous
.

H=2*5 H=3'5

copper-red

lustre metallic

streak lustrous.

Cuprite
:

turns black before the blowpipe,

:

and fuses

to a globule of copper

carmine-red: streak brown-red.

Melaconite
:

is

reduced

before the blowpipe to a globule of copper

bluish or brownish black:
fusible before the

H=3

steel-grey to
is

streak the
:

same.

Crednerite

in:

blowpipe

exhibits the

manganese

reaction

H=4'5. The remaining minerals in d contain water. The following are infusible before the blowpipe
:

Dioptasewhzn

heated before the blowpipe turns black in the outer and red in leaves a skeleton of silica the inner flame streak green 5

H=

in the

microcosmic bead when fused in

first

it.
:

Chrysocolla before

the blowpipe turns

greenish white
:

black and then brown

H = 2*5

streak
in the

leaves a skeleton of silica

salt.

when heated

bead of microcosmic

Of Minerals
The
green
fuses into a globule,
:

by the Blowpipe.
:

49
Malachite
:

following effervesce with hydrochloric acid

and

is

reduced at a

still

higher temperature

streak green.
:

Chessylite fuses before the blowpipe

and

is

reduced

blue

streak the same.

:

Atacamite colours the flame blue-green

Libethenite fuses

H = 3.
steel-grey
: :

on charcoal before the blowpipe to a

:

globule

H=

3-5

lustre resinous

or vitreous

green

streak

yellowish green.

Phosphorochalcite fuses before the blowpipe to a steel-grey

globule
:

H = 4*5

lustre vitreous
itself as

green

streak the same.

Thrombolite comports

phosphorochalcite.

Volborthite fuses before the

slag

blowpipe on charcoal to a black heated in the closed tube evolves water and turns black
:

H=

3-5

olive green
e.

streak yellow.

The
',

metallic bead consists

of some other

metal.

Earthy Cobalt CoO,

3

2MnO

4HO (cupriferous) Nickelsmaragd

:

NiO,CO 2 + 6HO.

Native Gold.
fused with soda

Earthy cobalt colours the borax bead blue and nitre on platinum-foil, yields a green mass.
tion in the outer flame
effervesces with acids.
:

Nickelsmaragd imparts to the borax bead a brown-red coloura:

Native gold
metallic
:

is

very

difficultly fusible

yellow:

H=2'5

lustre

high specific gravity.

III.

The borax bead

1.

is

amethystine in the outer flame.

2
.

Minerals with metallic lustre,

Pyrolusite (Braunstein),

MnO
3

Hausmannite,

Mn 3 O 4

Braunite,

Mn 2 O

Manganite,

Mn 2 O HO.

Psilomelane,

MnO 2 BaO

HO.*
Heated with sulphuric acid and sodium chloride all these minerals evolve more or less chlorine. Pyrolnsite yields much
*

Some

varieties are nearly anhydrous,

and

consist of little other than

man-

ganese oxide.

Psilomilane

is

probably a mixture of different minerals.

5O
chlorine
:

Practical Guide
:

to the

Determination
little
little
:

H = 2 streak black. Hausmannite yields but chlorine: H = 5-5 streak reddish brown. Braunite yields chlorine H = 6-5 streak black. chlorine Manganitey\d&s
: :

little

heated in the closed tube, it evolves water 4 streak brown. Psilomelane yields little chlorine: in the closed tube evolves water
: :

H=

11=5-5

lustre imperfectly metallic

:

streak brown-black

lustrous

easily soluble in hydrochloric acid

from the solution so obtained

sulphuric acid throws

2.

down a

precipitate (of

barium

sulphate).

Minerals without metallic lustre.

.

Diallogite,

MnO,CO 2

Manganocalcite,
.

(MnO,CaO,MgO)CO 2

Rhodonite (Kieselmangan), MnO,SiO 2 Tephroite, 2MnO,SiO 2 Kelvin (MnO FeO SiO 2 BiO 3 MnS). Wad, MnO 2 MnO,

CaO BaO HO. Karpholite, 2(Al,Mn) 2 O 3 ,3SiO 2 + Garnet (manganesian), 3(Mn,Ca)O,2SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 SiO 2
chroite,

3HO

Pyro,

MnO,HO. Manganese
Zwiselite,

3SiO 2

3(2MnO,SiO 2 ) -f 2A1 2 O 3 +FeF. Childrenite, A1 2 O 3 3(Fe,Mn)O,PO 5

Epidote,
Tantalite,
.

Fe 2 O 3
bite),

PO 5 HO.

(Fe,Mn)O,TaO 2
.

Columbite (Nio-

(Fe,Mn)O,NbO 3 Calamine (Zinkspath), in part (ZnMn)O, Triphyline, 3(Li,FeMn)O,PO 5> Triplite, 4(Fe,Mn)O,PO 5 The following, when heated in the closed tube, evolve water Wad evolves chlorine when heated with sulphuric acid and sodium chloride shrinks when heated before the blowpipe H = i lustre

CO 2

resinous

streak

brown

brown or

grey, discoloured.
:

Pyrochroite,
1*5
:

steel-grey to iron-black:

lustre nacreous

H=

heated, turns verdigris-green

and then brown.

Karpholite,

when when

heated before the blowpipe, swells up, turns white, and melts with lustre nacreous straw-yellow 5 difficulty to a brown slag
:

H=

streak white.
ramifications
:

Childrenite

swells

up

before the blowpipe into

:

colours

the

flame bluish green

evolves a conlustre vitreous

:

siderable

amount of water:
:

H=5

transparent

pale yellowish brown

streak yellowish.

The

following effervesce

when heated with hydrochloric

:

acid

Diallogite decrepitates before the blowpipe

H=4

streak reddish

Of Minerals
white.

by the Blowpipe.
5
:

51

Manganocaldte

H=

streak white.
charcoal.

Calamine yields a
salt

zinc incrustation

when heated on
is left

skeleton of silica

in the

bead of microcosmic

by

the following (a

and

b).

(a) Soluble in hydrochloric acid:

Tephroite fuses before the

lustre vitreous
:

blowpipe to a black slag

:

H = 5^5

brownish or

grey streak somewhat lighter. Helvin intumesces when heated before the blowpipe, and fuses to an opaque bead deposits a
:

bismuth incrustation on charcoal

action
(1))

exhibits a feeble sulphur re:

H=

lustre resinous

yellowish green
:

streak grey.

Insoluble in hydrochloric acid

Rhodonite fuses before the

blowpipe on charcoal to a black globule:

streak
:

H=

5*5

reddish brown
:

reddish white.
:

Epidote melts readily to a black glass

:

H = 6*5 H=7

reddish black

streak light grey. streak grey.

Garnet melts

easily

reddish brown

Zwisdite decrepitates before

the blowpipe and

:

fuses easily:
:

H=5

brown

lustre resinous

streak greyish white

moistened

with hydrochloric acid, imparts a pale bluish green colouration

to the flame.
Tantalite
:

infusible before the

:

blowpipe
:

exhibits a feeble

man-

ganese reaction

H = 6*5
:

iron-black

streak brown.
:

Columbite infusible before the blowpipe

exhibits

a feeble

manganese reaction

r= 6

brownish black.
blowis
:

Triplite fuses very readily with effervescence before the

pipe on charcoal into

attracted

a
:

lustrous

metallic

globule, which

by the magnet
lustre

easily soluble in hydrochloric

acid

H = 5'5:
brown.

resinous:

streak

greenish

grey to

yellowish

Triphyline fuses very easily and quietly on charcoal before the blowpipe to a steel-grey magnetic globule imparts to the flame a feeble colouration which is bluish green, and sometimes red
: :

exhibits a feeble

manganese

reaction

lustre resinous

greenish

grey

streak pale grey.

52

Practical Guide

to the

Determination

IV. The mineral powder assumes a green colour ignited with cobalt solution.
Spartalite,

when

ZnO.

Calamine,

ZnO,CO 2
3
.

Zinkbliithe,

3ZnO,CO 2
2ZnO,SiO 2
.

Gahnite, (Zn,Fe,Mg)O,Al 2 O Smithsonite, 2ZnO,SiO 2 + HO.

+ 3HO.
The

Willemite,

following
:

effervesce
5
:

with hydrochloric acid:

Calamine
is

infusible

H=

deposits

on charcoal a sublimate which

yellow while hot, and white when cold. Zinkbliithe yields water when heated in a closed tube 2-5.
:

H=

The
salt

following leave a skeleton of silica in the microcosmic

:

bead

Smithsonite gives off water in the closed tube and

decrepitates:
Spartalite
tine
:

H=

5.

Wf&mifeyiMs no
:

water: 4
:

H=
lustre

5-5.

soluble in hydrochloric acid

H=

adaman-

streak yellow.
:

Gahnite: insoluble in hydrochloric acid

streak white
:

H = 7*5

lustre vitreous

greenish to black.

V. Minerals entirely soluble in hydrochloric acid.

1.

Fusible before the Blowpipe.

in the closed tube (hydrous minerals'].

a.

Water evolved on heating

Hydroboracite, 3(Ca,Mg)O,4BO 3 + Dufrenite, (Ca,Cu)O,2PO 5 + 2U 2 O 3 + 8HO. 2(2Fe 1 O 8 ,PO 8 ) +6HO. Vivianite, 3FeO,PO 5 + 8HO.
Sassoline,
3

BO

,3HO.

9HO.

Uranite,

Sassoline colours the flame green

sublimes in the closed tube

H=

soluble in water.

Hydroboracite melts before the blowpipe, and colours the flame

feebly green
:

H=2

imperfectly soluble in water.

Calciferous variety gives

Uranite exhibits the uranium reaction.

a sulphur-yellow streak.
streak.

Cupriferous variety gives an apple-green

Dufrenite imparts to the borax bead an iron colouration

fuses

Of Minerals
green to

by the Blowpipv.
:

53
:

before the blowpipe to a slaggy globule

H = 3-5

lustre silky

brown

streak yellowish grey.

Vivianite intumesces before the blowpipe, turns red

and melts

into a magnetic globule

1-5

lustre vitreous

streak bluish

white.

b.

No

water evolved on heating in the dosed tube (anhydrous

minerals).

Wagnerite, 3MgO,PO + MgF. Apatite, (Spargelstein), 3(3CaO, PO + 3NaF+Al F Amblygonite,5(Li,Na)O, Caj p Cryolite, 3PO 5 + 5A1 O 3PO 5 + (LiF + A1 F ). Chiolite, 3NaF + 2Al F Stassfurthite,* 2(3MgO,4BO + HO) + MgCl. Yttrotitanite, 3CaO, SiO + 2R O ,3SiO + YO,TiO Molybdanocker, MoO .t
5 5 1 )
.

3.

3.

2.

Stassfurthite colours the flame feebly green

at a high

tempera-

ture gives off water

H=

7.
is

slight bluish

green colouration

imparted to the flame by

sulphuric acid
:

the following minerals

when moistened with

Wagnerite fuses with effervescence, before the blowpipe

dissolves in dilute sulphuric acid.

Apatite fuses quietly

H=3 H=5

insoluble in dilute sulphuric acid.

H=2

Amblygontit fuses very easily exhibits feebly the reactions of fluorine and lithium. Cryolite fuses in an ordinary flame to a limpid bead, which
:

becomes opaque on cooling

itself similarly to cryolite

exhibits,

when

fused in a glass tube,

the reaction of hydrofluoric acid:

:

H=4

Chiolite comports both impart a sodium coloura-

H = 2-5.

tion to the flame.

Yttrotitanite leaves a skeleton of silica in the
salt
:

bead of microcosmic

colours the microcosmic head with titanium in the inner

flame.

Molybdanocher
streak yellow.
*
Vai-iety

exhibits

the

molybdenum

reaction

earthy

due to deliquescence of boracite.

t Decomposition product.

54

Practical Gztide
2.

to tJie

Determination

Infusible before the Blowpipe,

a.

Hydrous minerals.

5HO. 8HO.

Uranochre, UjOa + *HO. Calaite (Turquoise), 2A1*O 3 ,PO 5 Peganite, 2A1 2 O 3 ,PO 5 -f 6HO. Fischerite, 2A1 2 O 3 ,PO 5
2

+
+

CO

LaO Lanthanite, 3LaO,CO + Parisite, CeO 3 (4A1 2 O 3 ,3PO 5 + 18HO) -f A1 2 F 3 HO. Wavellite, Gibb4HO.
.

site,

A1 2 O 3 ,PO 5 + 8HO.
following,

Hydrargillite,

A1 2 O 3 ,3HO.
sulphuric acid, impart a

The

when moistened with

:

green colouration to the flame

before the blowpipe
:

Calaite turns
lustre
:

brown when heated

:

H=6

waxy

green

streak white.

Peganite comports
itself as calaite
:

itself as calaite

H = 3*5.

Fischerite

comports
exfoliates

H = 5.

Wavellite^

when heated

in the closed
:

tube, evolves a certain quantity of hydrofluoric acid

and turns white when heated before the blowpipe

with cobalt solution.

turns blue

Gibbsite is like wavellite, but remains un-

changed before the blowpipe.

The
turns

following effervesce with hydrochloric acid

in the tube
:

Lanthanite
or dull
:

brown when heated

11

lustre nacreous

streak white:

= 2*53.
:

Parisite turns

brown
:

in the closed

tube

lustre vitreous

streak yellowish white

H = 4/5.
:

Uranochre exhibits the uranium reaction with the bead of

microcosmic
yellow.

salt

turns red in the closed tube

H=

earthy

Hydrargillite turns white before the blowpipe, exfoliates,

and

incandesces strongly, without melting

with cobalt solution be-

comes blue

H = 2*5

translucent.

b.

Anhydrous

minerals.
.

Pechuran

CO 3

ZrOa

UO,U 2 O 3 Chromochre, Cr2 O 3 Magnesite, MgO, NbO 5 Monazite 3(Ce,La)O,PO 5 Polykrase, TiO 2 YO FeO. Fluocerite, CeF. Periclase, MgO. Apatite,
. . , ,

3(3CaO,PO 6 ) + Ca | p

Yttrocerite,

CaF

YF

CeF.

Of Minerals
resinous
:

by the Blowpipe.
reaction:

55
lustre

Pechuran exhibits the uranium

streak black.
fine

H = 5'5:
to the

Chromochre imparts a bead soft and earthy.

:

green

colouration

borax

Apatite, moistened with sulphuric acid, imparts a feeble bluish-

green colouration to the flame

H = 5.

Magnesite effervesces with hydrochloric acid

colour

exhibits a flesh-

when

ignited with cobalt solution

H = 4.
:

Monazite^
bluish

when moistened with sulphuric acid,colours the flame [=5*5. green reddish brown streak reddish yellow
:
: :

Polykrase decrepitates before the blowpipe

ignited quickly,

glows and
yellowish

is

converted to a yellowish
light:
lustre

brown

mass:

black,

by transmitted streak yellowish brown

:

imperfectly

metallic:

H = 6.
hydrofluoric
:

Fluocerite^

heated

with sulphuric acid, evolves

acid

turns white before the blowpipe

:

pale red, yellowish: streak

yellowish white
Yttroceritc

H=4

5.

similar to fluocerite.
flesh-red colouration
:

Periclase

shows a

when

ignited with cobalt

:

solution

transparent

dark green

lustre vitreous

H = 6.

VI. Soluble in (decomposed by) hydrochloric acid, leaving a jelly of silica.

1.

Fusible before the Blowpipe.

a.

Hydrous

minerals.

Datholite,

Al 2 O 3 ,2SiO 2 +
Scolezite,

CaO, 2 SiO 2 -f-CaO,BO 3 + HO. Natrolite, NaO,SiO.2 + 2HO. Analcime, NaO,SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 3SiO 2 + 2HO. CaO,SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 ,2SiO 2 + 3HO. Laumonite, CaO,SiO 2
2

Al.2

O 3 ,3SiO + 4HO.

Phillipsite,

R*O,SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 ,SiO 2 +
Gmelinite,
2
,

5HO.

Gismondine, CaO,SiO 2 -f Al 2 O 3 ,SiO 2 +4HO.

NaO,SiO 2

Al 2 O 3 ,3SiO 2 +
*

6HO.

Faujasite,

Thomsonite, 3 (CaOSiO 2 )

+ A1 O 3 + 3(Al O 3 ,SiO )+7HO.

R*O,2SiO 2
2

R = Ca,K,Na.

56

Practical Guide

to the

Determination
-f

Hisingerite,

3(FeO,SiO 2 ) + 2(Fe 2 O 3 ,SiO 2 )

6HO.

Nontronite,

Fe 2 O 3 3SiO 2 -f5HO.

The
flame
:

following impart the yellow colouration of sodium to the

Natrolite,

when heated

before the blowpipe,

:

becomes
:

clouded, and melts quietly

to a clear glass

H= 5

lustre vitreous

the powdered mineral, moistened with water,

alkaline reaction.

often shows

an

Anakime melts
:

into a clear glass containing

bubbles

H=

5*5

lustre

vitreous

or

nacreous

sometimes

exhibits an alkaline reaction.

Phillipsite swells

up when heated
sodium coloura:

before the blowpipe, and then

melts quietly to a clear glass:

H = 4*5
lustre

lustre vitreous. Faujasite exhibits a feeble

tion, swells

up before the blowpipe, and melts to a white enamel adamantine or vitreous Gmelinite shows but a 7.
:

H=

feeble sodium colouration

cent enamel:
tion
:'

H = 4-5.

melts easily to a blebby, slightly transluThomsonite shows a feeble sodium coloura:

intumesces considerably before the blowpipe, becomes white and opaque, and then melts quietly to a white enamel 5 5-5.
:

H=

Datholite colours the flame feebly green with boracic acid

reesces and fuses before the blowpipe
:

intu-

H = 5*5

lustre vitreous or

msinous

brittle

H=
:

5*5.

Scolezite, when heated

before the blowpipe, curls up, and melts

easily to a blebby grass

H = 5*5
:

lustre vitreous.

Laumonite intumesces before the blowpipe, and melts into a milk-white glass reduced to powder 3*5 very fragile
:

H=

and moistened, often

exhibits an alkaline reaction.

comes opaque and

Gismondine intumesces before the blowpipe, decrepitates, bewhite, then melts into a white blebby enamel
:

H=

lustre vitreous.

Hisingerite colours the borax

bead with iron

melts before the

:

lustre resinous

blowpipe to a dull black globule, which is attracted by the magnet black streak brownish yellow. 3.
:
:

H=
:

Nontronite becomes reddish before the blowpipe

is

after ignition
soft.

magnetic

straw-yellow

greasy to the touch

very

Of Minerals
b.

by the Blowpipe.

57

Anhydrous minerals. Hauyne, 3 (NaO,SiO 2 -f Al 2 O 3 ,SiO 2 ) + 2CaO,SO 3

.

Nosean,

3(NaO,SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 ,SiO 2 ) -r- NaO,S0 3 Sodalite, 3(NaO,SiO 2 ) + Al 2 O 3 ,SiO 2 ) + NaCl. SiO 2 ,-Al 2 O 3 ,-SO 3 -NaO, Lapis-lazuli,

CaO.

Skolopsite,

3(3NaO,SiO 2
Eudyalite,

Al 2 O 3 ,SiO 2 )+NaO,SO 3 Wollas.

tonite,

CaO,SiO 2
,

2R*O,SiO 2

ZrO 2 ,2SiO 2

EukoSomer,

lite,Nb0 5

-ZrO 2 ,-SiO 2,-CuO,-NaO. Nepheline,4RfO,SiO 2 +

.

4Al 2 O 3 ,5SiO 2
villite,

Scapolite,

2(3RtO,2SiO 2)
,SiO 2 )

3(3CaO,SiO 2 ) + R 2 O 3 ,SiO 2

+
.

2(Al 2 O 3 ,3SiO 2 ).

Tschewkinite (SiO 2

TiO 2 ,-CeO,-LaO,-FeO,-CuO).
2(Al 2 O Fe 2 O
3
.

Orthite,
.

3(3R||O,2SiO 2 ) +

Fayalite,

2FeO,SiO 2

Lievrite,

CaO,-FeO 2
fused with soda

SiO 2

The

following give the sulphur reaction

:

when

on charcoal

Hauyne decrepitates before

:

the blowpipe, and melts

:

to a bluish green glass

H = 5-5

lustre vitreous

white to blue

streak bluish white

the moistened mineral

an alkaline reaction.
glass
:

powder generally has with difficulty to a white Lapis-lazuli melts

:

H=

5'5

lustre feebly vitreous

streak pale blue

treatment

with hydrochloric acid evolves sulphuretted hydrogen. Skolopsite froths up when heated before the blowpipe, and melts to a greenish
glass
:

H=5

edges only, to a blebby glass

of hauyne.)

smoke-grey to reddish white. Nosean melts on the 6. 5 *5 (Probably a variety

:

H=

The

following colour the flame blue

:

when heated with a borax

6.
:

bead saturated with copper oxide pipe to a clear colourless glass

:

Sodalite melts before the blow-

H=

Eudyalite melts before

the blowpipe to an opaque green glass

H=
:

5-5.

The

following are magnetic after fusion

Fayalite fuses before

the blowpipe to a greyish black, brittle, magnetic globule, with

metallic lustre
:

the borax bead exhibits the iron colouration

tin,

in

some

cases,

on addition of

a copper bead
t
Ca,Ce,Fe.

is

obtained in the

R t

RO

Na,Ca,Fe,Mn = CaO,MgO,NaO,KO.
||

R =

R = Na,K,Ca. R 2 O 3 = Al 2 O 3 ,Fe 2 O;,.

5$

Practical Guide to the Determination

:

inner flame
ignition.

H = 6*5

streak greenish grey

magnetic even before

Lievrite fuses easily to

an iron-black magnetic globule

:

the borax beads are coloured with iron

streak black
:

Wollastonite melts quietly to a translucent glass

H = 5-5 H = 5.
:

6.

Eukolite fuses
separation of the

more

easily.

silica,

turns blue

The hydrochloric acid solution, after when boiled with tin foil the
to a

blue colour disappears on dilution: red-brown.

Scapolite froths

up before the blowpipe, and melts

without
effervescence:

blebby
lustre

glass:

H=

5-5.

Nepheline

fuses

H=

5*5

vitreous or resinous:
alkaline reaction.
Somervillite melts

the moistened mineral

powder shows an
:

slowly to a yellowish or blackish glass

H=

5-5-

Tschewkinite,
sparkles,

when heated

before the blowpipe, intumesces,

:

yellow,

and becomes porous heated more strongly, turns and at a white heat melts into a black glass streak dark
:

brown:

H = 5-5.
and
:

Orthite intumesces before the blowpipe

glass
:

fuses to a black

evolves some water

in the closed tube

:

brown

to black

streak yellowish to greenish grey

2.

H = 6.
minerals.

Infusible before the Blowpipe,

a.

Hydrous

Cerite, 2CeO,SiO 2 + 2HO. Thorite, 2ThO,SiO 3 + 2HO. Meerschaum 2MgO,3SiO 2 + 2HO. Schillerspar (Mg,Fe)O,SiO 2 + HO. Serpentine, 3MgO,2SiO 2 + 2HO. Antigorite, 4R*O 3SiO 2 + HO.Neolite, Monradite, 4(MgO,SiO 2 ) + HO.

Al 2 O 35 SiO 2

3(MgO,SiO 2)+HO. Chrysotite,3MgO,2SiO 2 +2HO. Allophane, + 5HO. Collyrite, 2Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 + 10HO. Orangite,
faintly *

2ThO,SiO 2 + 3 HO. The following turn

flesh-red

when

ignited with cobalt

R =

Mg,Fe.

Of Minerals
solution
:

by thv Blowpipe.
on
thin edges
:

59

Serpentine

is

fusible

heated in the closed

4: lustre resinous

tube
or

it

turns black
:

and

yields water:

H=3

dull

the
is

mineral powder exhibits an alkaline reaction.

like serpentine
:

Schillerspar

lustre nacreous,

planes only: this

the

and serpentine

are, after ignition,

on large cleavage acted on by

magnet: before the blowpipe turns brown:

:

H = 3*5

4.

Antigorite: thin splinters melt before the blowpipe into a yellowish

=2*5. Monradite H=6 blowpipe becomes darker

: :

brown enamel

honey-yellow: before the

lustre

vitreous.
feel.

Neolite :
Chrysotite

H=

lustre resinous to silky

greasy to the
:

turns white

before the

blowpipe

lustre
:

nacreous to metallic.
absorbs water
:

Meerschaum shrinks before the blowpipe

light:

very

H=2.
following turn blue

The

when

ignited with cobalt solution

:

Allophane colours the flame green, yields much water 3. Collyrite absorbs water, becomes translucent, and flies to pieces
:

H=

H=

i-S-

Thorite,

when heated

before the blowpipe,

:

loses

its
:

black
black
:

colour,

and turns yellow without fusing

:

lustre vitreous

streak greyish red

Cerite: clove

H = 4*5,
:

brown

streak greyish white:

H = 5-5.

Orangite, when heated before the blowpipe, turns dark brown, regaining its colour on cooling: decrepitates feebly and glows:

orange-yellow

streak pale yellow

b.

H = 4*5.
.

Anhydrous minerals.

Gehlenite, 3R*O,SiO 2 2MgO,SiO 2 Boltonite, 3MgO,SiO 2 Chondrodite, 2(MgO,3SiO 2) + MgF. The glassy varieties when heated to redness on thin Gadolinite.
Gadolinite,
2
2

2MgO,SiO 2
.

2YO,SiO 2
.

+ Rf O

,SiO 2

Olivine,

edges, suddenly glow brightly

splintery fracture
*

and

swell.

Varieties exhibiting a

do not exhibit these

Ca,Mg,Fe.
t

characteristics, but turn

,

R =

R 2 O 3=: Al a O 8

F^O-,.

60

Practical Giiide to the Determination

:

white and swell into cauliflower-like ramifications

streak, greyish green
:

H=6'5
:

black

infusible or difficultly fusible.

Gehlenite does not swell before the blowpipe

feeble, resinous
:

5-5

lustre

grey

streak white.
:

Olivine
vitreous
:

is

unchanged before the blowpipe

:

H=7

lustre

greenish yellow

streak white

the moistened mineral

powder shows an alkaline reaction. Chondrodite becomes milk-white before the blowpipe it exhibits, when strongly heated in the glass tube, a feeble reaction of hydro:

fluoric acid

H=6
:

yellowish brown or reddish

itself

streak white.

Boltonite comports

as the preceding

before the blow-

pipe

H=

5 '5

lead-grey to yellow.

VII. Soluble in hydrochloric acid with separation of silica, without the formation of a jelly.
1.

Hydrous Minerals.
-f

Apophyllite,4(2CaO,3SiO 2

KO,3SiO 2 )

+ 16HO.
Al 2 O 3 ,SiO 2

Pectolite,

2NaO,3SiO 2 -f

8(CaO,SiO 2 )

4-

3HO.

Okenite, CaO,2SiO 2

2HO.

Pyrosklerite,*

3(2MgO,SiO 2 )

+ + 4HO.

Analcime, NaO,SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 ,3SiO 2 + 2HO.

Chonikrite, SiO 2

+ + +

Al 2 O 3 -MgO-CaO-FeO Al 2 O 3 ,3SiO 2

HO.

Brewsterite,

RfO,2SiO 2 +
Al 2 O 3 ,3SiO 2
Prehnite,

+ 5HO.

Stilbite,

CaO,3SiO 2
3

6HO.

Chabasie, CaO,SiO 2

Harmotome, BaO,2SiO 2 2(CaO,SiO 2 ) + Al 2 O 3 ,SiO 2 Al 2 O 3,3SiO 2 + 5HO. Heulandite, CaO,3SiO 2 + Al a O 3 ,3SiO 2

+ Al 2 O + HO.
-f-

,3SiO 2

+ 6HO.

5HO.

Palagonite^ 3(RO,SiO 2)

2R O
2

,3SiO 2

+ 9HO.

Chlorite,

(Ripidolite)

SiO 2 -Al 2 O 3 -FeO-MgO-HO.

Meerschaum,

2MgO,3SiO 2 + 2HO. Gymnite, 4MgO,3SiO 2 + 6HO. Serpentine, 3MgO,2SiO 2 + 2HO. Neolite, 3(MgO,SiO 2 ) + HO. - TiO 2 - CeO - LaO - HO. Mosandrite, SiO 2 The following assume a faint flesh-red colour when ignited with
.

cobalt solution.

Meerschaum shrinks before the blowpipe

f R^Sr,Ba,Ca.
J

absorbs

* Contains Cr.

R=Fe,Ca,Mg.

Of Minerals
water
:

by the Blowpipe.
:

61

adheres to the tongue

:

H=
:

2.
:

Gymnite turns dark brown

translucent.

before the blowpipe

H = 2-5
:

yellow

Serpentine

fusible in thin splinters

becomes black when heated

resinous
or dull.

in the closed

tube:

H = 34:

lustre,
:

Neolite:

H =
in

lustre resinous or silky

greasy to the touch.

the blowpipe,

Chlorite

exfoliates
:

before

and

fuses

very
:

thin splinters

imparts the iron colouration to the borax bead

:

H = 1-5
The

greenish

streak greenish grey.

hydrochloric acid solution yields no precipitate on addition

Apophyllite quickly

of ammonia:

becomes

dull

when heated

before
:

the blowpipe, intumesces

brittle
:

and

fuses easily into a blebby glass faces nacreous

:

lustre

vitreous,

and on some
but

the moistreaction
:

ened mineral powder generally

shows an
little

alkaline

H =
posed

4'5

5.

Pectolite
:

yields

water:

fuses
is

to

an

enamel-like glass

the mineral powder, after ignition,

decomjelly
:

by
4
5.

hydrochloric

acid

with

formation

of

H=
mass
:

Okenite fuses, with effervescence, into a porcelainous

lustre feeble,

nacreous

after ignition
5.

is

slightly attacked

by

hydrochloric acid:

H=
acid

5*5

The

hydrochloric

solution

yields

precipitate

with

ammonia:

Pyrosklerite imparts the green colouration of chro-

mium

to the borax

bead

melts

difficultly to
:

a grey glass

H=

3.

Analdme

fuses into a clear

melts easily, with

ebullition,

blebby glass into a greyish glass:

the

H = 5*5.

Chonikrite

H =

3.

Brewsteritevfaen. heated before the blowpipe

becomes opaque,
solution in

intumesces, and

melts with difficulty

hydro-

chloric acid gives a precipitate of

acid.
Stilbite

barium sulphate with sulphuric

enamel

H=

intumesces before the blowpipe, and melts into a white the 3 '5 lustre vitreous, nacreous on cleavage faces
:

mineral powder often has an alkaline reaction. easily into a blebby, almost opaque enamel
:

Chabasie melts
:

H=4

lustre vitreous.
:

Prehnite yields but

little

water in the closed tube

intumesces

62
strongly

Practical Guide

to the

Determination
glass
:

and melts into a white or yellowish

after

strong
:

ignition dissolves in hydrochloric acid with formation of a jelly

H = 6:

lustre vitreous,

nacreous on terminal planes: grey -green.

:

Harmotome

fuses quietly into a white, clear glass

solution yields
:
:

a precipitate of barium sulphate with sulphuric acid H=4*5 lustre vitreous. Heulandite exfoliates before the blowpipe, intumesces, and melts into an enamel

nacreous on cleavage faces.

magnetic bead

4: lustre vitreous, Palagonite fuses easily to a lustrous exhibits the iron colouration in the borax bead
:
:
:

H=3'5

brown: streak yellow. Mosandrite yields much water turns brownish yellow in the closed tube fuses easily into a brownish green bead imparts to
4*5
:

H=

lustre resinous

the bead of microcosmic salt the titanium colouration:

greyish brown
:

streak

H n: 4.
2.

Anhydrous Minerals.
Al 2 O 3 ,3SiO 2 Tachylite, 3R*OSiO 2 + A1 2 O 3
.

Leucite,

KO,SiO 2 +

2(2CaO,TiO 2 ) + FeO,3SiO 2 Scapolite, 3CaO,2SiO 2 + 2(A1 2 O 3 ,SiO 2 ). Wohlerite, NbO 5 ZrO 2 SiO 2 CaO NaO. Labradorite, CaO,SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3,2SiO 2 Anorthite,
2SiO 2
.

Schorlomite,

+ Al 2 O ,SiO 2 Grossular (greenish variety of garnet), 3CaO,2SiO 2 + Al O ,SiO 2 Sphene, 2CaO,SiO 2 + CaO,2TiO 2 + 2MnO,SiO Yttrotitanite, 3(CaO,SiO ) Knebelite, 2FeO,SiO 2 + Rf2 O ,SiO 2 + YO,3TiO
CaO,SiO 2
3
.

The

following exhibit titanium colourations

salt:
:

in

the bead

of

microcosmic
lustrous slag

Yttrotitanite fuses with ebullition into a black,

H=

6-5

brownish black

lustre resinous

streak
:

greyish brown.

Sphene melts in thin splinters to a blackish glass

green, brown
:

H=
black

5 *5

yellow,

lustre vitreous

streak white.
:

Schorlomite fuses with great difficulty in thin splinters

:

H=

streak greyish black

i

colours the borax bead with iron.

Leucite

only

difficultly soluble in
:

hydrochloric acid
:

infusible

ash-grey to yellowish
*

streak white

H=
t
2

5*5.
2

R = Fe,Ca,Mg,Na.K.

R O 3 =Fe

3 ,Al a

O 8 ,Mn O s
2

Of Minerals
Tachylite melts easily

by the Blowpipe.
:

63

feeble colouration of titanium to the

Scapolite before the

and quietly to a lustrous glass imparts a bead of microcosmic salt.

blowpipe glows, intumesces, and melts into

:

a white,' blebby glass

coloured.

H=5

streak light grey

white, or light

Wohkrite fuses into a yellowish enamel

solution

the hydrochloric acid

:

turns

blue

when boiled with

tin-foil

honey-yellow

H = S-S.
Labradorite melts into a clear glass
Anorthite comports
:

itself as labradorite

H= H = 6.
6.
:
:

Grossular (variety of garnet) fuses quietly

Knebelite infusible
:

H=7

streak grey.

imparts in the outer flame, the amethystine

colouration of manganese to the borax bead.

VIII. Insoluble in hydrochloric acid skeleton of silica left in the bead of microcosmic salt
:

1.

Fusible before the Blowpipe.

Danburite,

CaO

SiO 2

BO

3.

Lepidolite,

2SiO 2

LiF.

Petalite,

A1 2 O 3
.

LiO

NaO
.

2LiO,SiO 2 + 3Al 2 O 3 SiO 2 Spodu,

.

mene, 3LiO,SiO 2 + 4Al 2 O 8 ,3SiO 2

Diallage,

(Ca,Mg,Fe)O,SiO 2

Diopside (variety of Augite), (Ca,Mg)O,SiO 2 Augite (Pyroxene),

(Ca,Mg,Fe)0,

I^A
BO
3
.

Axinite, A1 2

Fe 2 O 3

- MnO - CaO

MgO
.
.

SiO 2

Grammatite

(variety of Hornblende),

CaO,SiO 2 Amphibole (Hornblende), MgO CaO, FeO SiO 2 Sphene, CaO,2TiO 2 + CaO,2SiO 2 Orthoklase, KO,3SiO 2 +
.

Al 2 O 3 ,3SiO 2

Albite,

NaO,3SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 ,3SiO 2
.

Oligoklase,
.

2NaO,3SiO 2 + 2Al 2 O 3 ,3SiO 2

.

Zoisite,

3CaO,2SiO 2 + 2R* 2 O 3 ,SiO 2

3
.

Garnet (Pyrope), Epidote, 3(Ca,MnFe)O,2SiO 2 + 2Rt 2 O ,SiO 2 ^ R 2 O 3 SiO 2 Vesuvian 3RJO,2SiO 2 (Idocrase), 3CaO,2SiO 2 + Al 2 O ,SiO 2 Potash Mica, KO,3SiO 2 + Al 2 O ,SiO 2 Acmite,
3
.

R - Fe, Al

R = Fe, Al, Mn.

R=Al,Fe,Cr.

R = Fe, Ca,Mg,Mn.

64

Practical Guide
.

to the

Determination

2NaO, 3SiO 2 + 2Fe 2 O 3 >3SiO 2 Tourmaline, BO 3 ,-SiO 2 ,-KO,A1 2 O 3 Fe 2 O 3 NaO, FeO, CaO, MgO, The following impart to the flame the red colouration of
, -

lithium

this reaction

is

intensified

by fusion with potassic hydric

Lepidolite fuses easily, with
:

sulphate (acid sulphate of potash).

ebullition, into a blebby glass
:

exhibits the reaction of fluorine

H=

2-5.

Petalite melts

quietly into a white

enamel:

H=

6.

Spodumene intumesces before the blowpipe and then fuses into a clear glass H=6 5 lustre vitreous, nacreous on cleavage faces.
:
:

The

following impart to

boracic acid.

the flame the green colouration of Danburite fuses into a bead which is clear when
:

hot and opaque when cold

often yields water

lustre vitreous

H=

yellow
to
to

streak white.

Axinite melts easily, with in-

tumescense
clove-brown
intumesces
:

lustre vitreous 7 green glass. violet-blue. Tourmaline melts difficultly and

:

dark

H=

H=

7*5.
: :

Diallage fuses before the blowpipe generally green and opaque

cleavage well marked, parallel to ooP oo (orthopinakoid).

Diopside fuses into a white glass

green.

H=
6

colourless or bottle-

Augite fuses into a black glass

H=

dark green to black

the moistened mineral powder often exhibits an alkaline reaction.

Grammatite melts with intumescence into a white

glass

white

H=
glass.

Hornblende (Amphibole) the same, forming a grey 5 The moistened powder generally exhibits an alkaline re6.

action:

generally

some shade of green.

:

Sphene exhibits the titanium reaction

to a blackish glass
:

melts with intumescence

H=5

55.

Orthoklase

(Sanidine, Adularia} fuses quietly:

cleavage well
:

marked,

in

two directions inclined to one another

:

at a right angle

H=

6.

Oligoclase, Albite, &c.

cleavage well

marked along
:

planes not inclined to one another at right angles

Zoisite melts with

H = 6.
slag, or into

intumescence into a blebby

Of Minerals
mass ramifying
tinized
like

by the Blowpipe.
grey:
after

65
fusion
is

a cauliflower:
acid.
:

gela-

by hydrochloric blacker brown green

:

Epidote: the same, the glass being

Thulite: the

H=6'5

same

manganese

colouration in the borax bead.

Garnet fuses quietly

acids
:

attacked to some extent by concentrated

the moistened

H = 7.

Vesuvian (Idocrase) the same, fusing with rather more

:

difficulty,

and intumescing

powder shows an

alkaline reaction.

Potash mica, when heated before the blowpipe, loses its transparency, becomes white and brittle, and then fuses into an enamelIn the closed tube yields some water, exhibiting the acid reaction of hydrofluoric acid 2 '5.
like glass.
:

H=

Acmite melts easily into a black glass shows the iron reaction with borax is powerfully attacked by acids: brownish black,
:

reddish brown

streak yellowish grey':

2.

H=

6*5.

Infusible before the Blowpipe.

.

Quartz (Rock Crystal), SiO 2 Al 2 O 3 .SiO 2

.

Magnesia Mica, 3MgO,2SiO 2 + Talc, MgO,2SiO 2 + HO, Bronzite and Hypersthene,

.

(Mg,Fe)O,SiO 2
lite,

Cordierite2(Mg,OSiO 2 ) +
.

2.\l 2

O 3 ,3SiO 2
.

Stauro.

4R* 2 O 3 ,3SiO 2
.

Beryl (Emerald), A1 2 O 3 ,3SiO 2 + 3GO,SiO 2

.

Euklase, A1 2 O 3 ,HO + GO,SiO 2

Phenakite,

2GO,SiO 2
.

Zircon,

ZrO 2 SiO 2

Topaz,

6(Al 2 O 3 ,SiO 2) + A1F 3 + SiF 2

.

Uwarowite,

3CaO, 2SiO 2 + Cr2 O 3 ,SiO 2

Chlorite,

3HO.

Ripidolite,

3(MgO,SiO 2 )

2(RfO,SiO 2 ) + 2RO,A1 2 O 3 + + 2MgO,Al 2 O 3 + 4HO. Opal,

.

SiO 2 + xHO.
Cimolite, 2 Al 2

Andalusite,

Al 2 O 3 ,SiO 2

Disthene,

Al 2 O 3 ,SiO 2

+ 6HO. 3 ,9SiO 2

Steinmark, 2Al 2 O 3 ,3SiO 2 + HO.

.

Kaolin, Al 2 O 3 ,2SiO 2
phyllite,

+2HO.

Warwickite, 3(Mg,Fe)O,TiO 2

Pyro-

Al 2 O 3 ,4SiO 2+HO.
:

decomposed by concentrated sulphuric acid Mica before the blowpipe loses its lustre, and melts Magnesia
following are
thin splinters only
:

The

in
:

H=

gives the iron reaction with bj^tx beads occurs in thin leaves and scales: the moistened powder 2-5:
*

= Al,Fe.
E

R=Mg,Fe.

66

Practical Guide

to

the

Determination

shows an alkaline reaction.

pipe,

Chlorite exfoliates before the blow:

and turns white or black

yields water

which has no acid

easily in

reaction.

Ripidolite the same, but melts

somewhat more

thin splinters.

Warwickite colours the bead with titanium, and the

:

flame with boracic acid

streak brown.
e.

Hardness below
reddish

(i.

less

hard than quartz.)

:

Talc

becomes

when
:

ignited with cobalt solution

i
:

exfoliates before the

blowpipe

H=

greasy to the touch

oo

Bronzite and Hypersthene:

:

lustre metallic

on

oo

(orthopinakoid)

brown or black
:

H=6.

Chiastolite turns blue

on ignition with cobalt solution

often recog-

nisable by the crossed or tesselated appearance in a transverse

section of a crystal (twin formation
?).

Disthene turns white before the

:

blowpipe, and then by ignition with cobalt solution finely blue

hardness nearly 7
rarely so).

generally blue
:

flexible (if flexible at all, very

Cimolite yields water

exhibits a fine blue colouration

when
water

ignited with cobalt solution

:

ignited alone becomes white

:

grey earthy. Steinmark yields with cobalt solution turns

:

finely blue

H=2'5

streak yellowish white

friable
:

greasy to the touch.

Kaolin yields water

cobalt solution.

turns very blue

little

when
:

ignited with

Pyrophyllite yields

water

exfoliates before

the blowpipe with vermicular movements, and swells up to a snow-

white mass,

much larger
:

than the original assay

H = 1*5
:

greenish.

Opal suddenly heated before the blowpipe decrepitates and becomes opaque yields water in the closed tube H=5'5 6-5.
Hardness above 7:
Staurolite
:

Cordierite:

slightly

fusible:

trichroic.
:

infusible before the blowpipe, but

:

becomes darker

colours the bead with iron

the mineral

composed by sulphuric

acid.
:

powder is partially deEmerald and beryl become milk-

white before the blowpipe

at very high temperatures edges of

thin splinters are rounded with the formation of a colourless blebby

slag.

Euklase intumesces somewhat before the blowpipe, then

turns white, and at a very high temperature can be fused into

an enamel.

Euklase contains

six

per cent, of water, which can be

Of Minerals
expelled at a white heat.

by the Blowpipe.
is

67

Phenakite
its

unaltered before the blow:

pipe

translucent.
:

Zircon loses
7-5.

colour before the blowpipe

lustre vitreous

H'=

Topaz:

yellow varieties

become

rose-

red before the blowpipe, but only after cooling : if boracic acid be fused on platinum wire until the flame is no longer coloured
green, the addition of a
tint to the flame.
little

Andalusite turns blue

topaz powder restores the green when ignited with cobalt

solution.

and

Uwarowite, heated before the blowpipe, turns dark green, with borax gives green beads. lighter again on cooling
:

Quartz
resinous

H=7

infusible before the

surfaces.

blowpipe

lustre vitreous

on fractured

IX. Minerals not comprehended in any foregoing

group.
Wolframocher,
stone),

WO

3.

Scheelite,

CaO,WO 3

Cassiterite (Tin.

SnO 2

Anatase,

TiO 2

Rutile,

TiO 2

Brookite,

TiO 2

^schynite,
Pyrochlore,

TiO 2

TaO 5

ZrO 2 TiO 2
C.

CaO
ZrO 2
.

CeO.

Perowskite,

CaO,TiO 2
.

CeO
Spinelle,

CaO

FeO

YO NaO
Gahnite,

-F.

Xenotime,
.

3YO,PO 5

MgO,Al 2 O 3

ZnO,Al 2 O 3

Diamond

Wolfram (Fe,Mn),O,WO,. Corundum

(Sapphire, Ruby, Emery, Smirgel), A1 2

Yttrotantalite,

3.

Diaspore, A12 O 3 ,HO.

TaO 5 YO
.

CaO.

Euxenite,

CeO
FeO.

CaO.

Polymignyte,

TiO 2

Chrysoberyl,

GO,A1 2 O 3

Polykrase,

TiO 2 YO ZrO 2 YO FeO NbO 2 TiO2 ZrO 2

.

UO
CeO.

YO
,

Lazulith (Klaprothine),

+ 6HO.
Graphite C.

Columbite,

2(Mg, Fe,Ca)O,PO 5 + A1 2 O 35 3PO 5 Osmium-indium (Mn,Fe)O,NbO 5

The

following impart a wolfram colouration to the bead of

S2\t Wolframocher : sfa; lustre silky yellow: turns black before the blowpipe. Scheelite melts very difficultly:

microcosmic

hydrochloric acid decomposes the mineral powder, leaving a yellow residue: 11=4-5: white, yellow, brown streak white. Wolfram
:

68

Practical Guide to the Determination

melts with difficulty into a magnetic globule with a crystalline

exterior
:

dissolves in hydrochloric acid, leaving a yellow residue

:

colours the borax bead with manganese

to black.

H=

5*5

streak brown

The

following impart a titanium colouration to the bead of

salt:

microcosmic

Anafase

infusible

black: streak grey. Rutile : infusible: 11 brown-red: 5-5: in the prirstreak yellow. Brookite : like anatase crystallized matic system. sEschynite : infusible, but inturnesces before the
:

H = 5*5 =

indigo blue or

blowpipe and turns yellow

Perowskite
:

streak yellowish brown.

to

H=

5*5.
:

infusible

brown

black

streak greyish white

H=

5-8.
:

Euxenite

infusible:

H = 6*5

lustre resinous:
:

brown-black:
6-5
:

streak reddish brown.

metallic
:

Polymignyte

infusible.

H=

lustre

iron-black

streak dark brown.

is

before the blowpipe, but

infusible

Poly erase decrepitates glows when ignited, and is

sulphuric acid dissolves
:

converted
black
:

into a grey-brown mass:

it:
:

by transmitted light yellowish brown

:

streak greyish

brown

H=

6.

Cassiterite

scales of tin

are obtained

by fusion with soda on

streak grey.

charcoal

H=
:
:

6 5

lustre

adamantine

Pyrochlore
the blowpipe

reddish brown, blackish brown: turns grey before

the borax bead
is

coloured reddish yellow in the

:

oxidizing, dark red in the reducing flame

H=

5 -5

streak light

brown.
Xenotime: infusible:

=4-5:

translucent:

lustre resinous:'

brown: streak yellowish to

Spinelle
:

flesh-red.
:

infusible

very frequently in octahedra

salt.

H=8

easily

dissolved in microcosmic

Gahnite
salt.

like
8.
:

spinelle,,

but almost insoluble in microcosmic

H=7

Corundum

infusible

Diaspore: infusible:

un attacked by acids 9. heated in the closed tube, decrepitates

:

H=

Of Minerals
temperature
:

by the Bloivpipe.
flakes: yields water at
white.
little
:

69
a high

violently, splitting into little white

H=

5-5

yellowish brown: streak

:

Yttrotantalite infusible

in the closed tube yields a

water,

which has an acid reaction, due to hydrofluoric acid

unaffected

by acids

H=

5-5

brown
:

to iron-black

streak greyish white.

Chrysoberyl: infusible
transparent.

unaffected by acids:

H= 8*5: greenish:
is

Lazulith

blue

loses

its

colour before the blowpipe, but

:

infusible, scarcely attacked by acids

but after ignition almost

streak white.
:

entirely dissolved

by them
:

H=

5-5

Columbite

infusible
:

unaffected

black

lustre metallic
:

streak

by acids reddish brown to

H =6

brown-

black.
:

Osmium-Iridium

unchanged

before the blowpipe

heated

with nitre in the closed tube, gives the characteristic odour of

osmium.

H=

7.

Graphite: burns before the blowpipe: streak black lustre metallic to dark steel-grey
:

H=

i
:

2: iron-black
ductile.

Diamond :

H=

10.

UNIVERSITY

7O

Practical Guide

to the

Determination

TABLE,

SHOWING THE HARDNESS AND SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF MINERALS, AND THE CRYSTALLOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS TO WHICH THEIR FORMS BELONG; TOGETHER WITH SOME OF THEIR MOST IMPORTANT SYNONYMS. Acmite H = 6 6-5. G = 3-5. Oblique.
Adularia

Orthoclase.

^EschyniteH Alabandine

2 2*5. Alum 6Albite 6-5. Allanite =Orthite.

H H=

5-1 5-5. 5-2. H = 4. G = 3-95 to 4.

G =

Prismatic.

Cubic.

G=

i '9

2.

G=
r8.

2'6.

Cubic. Anorthic.

AllophaneH
Alstonite

3. H = 4 4-5. G =

G=

AltaiteH
Aluminite

= =

3-5.

G=

3'65 8'i6.

Amorphous. 37. Prismatic.

Cubic.

H = 3-5 4. G 27. Rhombohedral. H = 3 3-5. G 137 14' Cubic. Amblygonite H = 6. G = 3 3*1. Prismatic. Ammonia alum H = 2 2-5. G = 175. Cubic. Amphibole H = 5 6. G = 2*9 3*4. Oblique. Analcime H = 5-5. G = 2-25. Cubic. Anatase H = 5-5 6. G = 3-83 3-93. Pyramidal. Andalusite H = 7-5. G = 3-1 3-2. Prismatic. Prismatic. Anglesite H = 3. G = 6-28, Anhydrite H = 3 3-5. G = 2^85 3*05. Prismatic. Ankerite H = 3-5 6 = 3. Rhombohedral. 4.
Alunite

Alumstone

Websterite. Alunite.

Amalgam

I.

Annabergite

Nickelbliithe.

G = 27. Anorthic. = = Antigorite H 2'5. G 2'6. Doubtful. Antimonite H = 2. G = 4*6 Prismatic. Antimonnickel = Breithauptite. Antimonocher H = 4 5*5. G= 5*28. Compact. Antimonsilber = 3*5. G 9 '6. Prismatic. Antimony H = 3 3-5. G = 6'6. Rhombohedral. Antimony blende H = 1*5. G = 4*5. Oblique. G = 5 '6. Prismatic. Antimony bloom H = 2-5 3.
AnorthiteH

=6.

Antimony glanz

= 5. Apatite Apophyllite
Arkansite

G=3 Rhombohedral. H = 4*55. G 2-36. Pyramidal. H = 2 2-5. G = 72 Cubic. Argentine

= Antimonite.
'2.

Brookite.

= 2-93 3-01. Prismatic. 4. Aragonite II = 3-5 = ID'S. Cubic. = 2 2-5. Arquerite = 3-5. = 57 5-8. Rhombohedral. Arsenic (native) = 3*5. = 6*5. Rhombohedral. Arsenical antimony = 1*5. = 37. Cubic. Arsenic bloom = 5 5-5. = 6-887. Prismatic. Arseneisen Asbestus Amphibole.

H H H

G G G
G G

Asbolane

Earthy Cobalt.

Of
Atacamite
Augite Axinite

Minerals by the Blowpipe.

37.
3*4.

71

H H=

H = 33-5. G = - 56. G = 3'2

6*5
7.

Prismatic.

Azurite = Chessylite. = 33-5. G = Prismatic. Baryte = Heavy Spar H = 3*6. Oblique. 4-354-59. Barytocalcite H = 4. G Bastite = Schiller Spar. Beryl H - 7-5 8. G=2'7. Rhombohedral. G = 44 3. Rhombohedral. Beudantite H = 3-5 4-5.

= 3-3.

Oblique. Anorthic.

= Dufrenoysite. = 2782-95. Rhombohedral. Biotite H = 2 2*5. Bismuth (native) H = 2 2-5. G = 9-7. Rhombohedral. Bismuthine H = 2. G = 6*4. Prismatic.
Bismuthite 4 4-5. Bismuth ochre Bitter spar = Dolomite.
.

Bieberite Binnite

G = i*92.

Oblique.

H=

G = 6'9G = 4*36.

Amorphous.
Doubtful.

Bittersalz

= Epsomite.
H=
I

Blattererz

1*5.

G = 7-1.

Pyramidal.

Bleiglanz =: Galena. Bleihornerz Phosgenite. Cerussite. Bleispath Bleivitriol Anglesite.

= 3-5-4. Blende Blue vitriol H=: 2-5.

Boltonite Boracite Bornite Borocalcite
=- 5-5.

= =

H G:=3. Prismatic. H = 7. G = 2*9. Cubic. = 3. G = 5. Cubic. H H = G = 1-65. G = 2. Oblique. Botryogen H = 2 2-5. G = 6. Boulangerite H = 3. Bournonite H = 2-5 3. G = 5-8. Prismatic.
i.

6 = 4. Cubic. G = 2'2. Anorthic.

Boussingaultite Brauneisenstein

Prismatic.

Braunite Braunstein

H=
=

Limnite.
6-5.

G=

4-8.

Pyramidal.

= 7-5. Rhombohedral. Breithauptite H = Brewsterite H = 55-5. G = 2'2. Oblique. Brochantite H = 3-5 4. G = 3'9. Prismatic. G = 27. Oblique. Brogniartin H = 2-53. Bromite H = 2. G = 5-8 6. Cubic.
5.
I

Pyrolusite.

= Bromite. Bronzite H = 5 6. 0=3-5. Oblique. Brookite H = 6. G = 4-15. Prismatic. Brown hematite = limnite. Brucite H = 2. G = 2*3. Rhombohedral. Buntkupfererz = bornite. = 5-5. G = 3*2, variety of Rhodonite. Bustanite H Calaite H = 6. G = 2-62 3. Amorphous. Calamine H = 5. G = 4*4. Rhombohedral. Calcite H = 3. G = 2*69 2-75. Rhombohedral. Caledonite H = 2*5 3. G = 6-4. Prismatic. Calomel H y= 15. G = 6*5. Pyramidal.
Bromsilber

Carmenite
Oarnallite

impure Redruthite (Dana).

Massive, granular.

72

Practical Guide
Cassiterite

to the

Determination

Celestine Cerite Cerussite

H = 67. G = 687. Pyramidal. H = 3 3-5. G = 3-9. Prismatic. = 5*5. G = H Rhombohedral. H = 3-5. G 6-5. = Prismatic. = 4 4-5. G = 2'i. Rhombohedral. Chabasie H
5.

Chalkolith

Uranite

= 2. = 2-5. Chalkophyllite Chalkopyrite = Copper Pyrites. Chalkotrichite = Cuprite.

Rhombohedral.

Chalybite

Chessylite Chiastolite Childrenite

H = 3-5 4. G = = Andalusite. H = 4-5 5. G =

G G

Spathose Iron.

3*8.
3-2.

Oblique.
Prismatic.

Chloantite = Weissnickelkies. Chlorblei = Cotunnite. = 2'8 I I -5. Chlorite Chlorsilber Kerate. Chonclrarsenite 3.

ChioliteH=4.

2-85.'= Pyramidal.

H=

= variety of Zinc Blende. = Chromite. Chromite H = Cubic. G =4Christophite

H= H = 6*5. G = 3*15. Oblique. Chonikrite H = 3. G = 2-9. Compact.

Chondrodite
5-5.
5.

2-9.

Rhombohedral.

Chromeisenstein

Chrysoberyl H = 8-5. G = 37. Prismatic. 2 2*2. Amorphous. Chrysocolla H = 2 3. G

Olivine. Chrysolite fibrous variety of Serpentine. Chrysolite Cimolite, very soft. 2-3. Amorphous.

Chromochre.

=
=

H = 2*5. G = 8. Rhombohedral. Clausthalite H = 2-53. G = 8-5. Cubic. G = 6'2. Cubic. Cobaltine H = 5-5. 2. Cobalt bloom H = G = 3. Oblique. = 12. G = 21. Collyrite H Prismatic. Columbite H = 6. G = 5-3 6-4. Comptonite = Thomsonite. = 1-5. G = 2'I4- Doubtful. Copiapite H Copper H = 2-53. G = 8-58-9. Cubic. Copper pyrites H = 3-5 4. G = 4.2. Pyramidal. Rhombohedral. Coquimbite H = 22-5. G'= 2 Cordierite H = 7 G = 2-62-7. Prismatic. 7-5. = 9. G = 4. Rhombohedral. Corundum H Cotunnite G = 5*24. Prismatic. 2. Covelline H = I'S G = 3-8. Rhombohedral. Credherite H = 4-55. G = 4-9 5 Oblique. = 2-5 3. G = 2-95. Prismatic. Cryolite H G = 6. Cubic. 4. Cuprite H = 3-5 Cuproplumbite H = 2-5. G = 6-4. Danburite H = G = 2-95. Anorthic. Datholite H = 5-5. G = 2*9. Oblique.
Cinnabar
I -5
-

G=

7.

DecheniteH = 4. Desmine = Stilbite.

Diallage
Diallogite

G =
4.

5 '8.

Massive.

H = 3-5 H = 3-5

4-5.

G = 3. Oblique. G = 3-5. Rhombohedral.

Of Minerals by the Blowpipe. Diamond H = G = 3-5 3 Cubic. = G = 3-4 Prismatic. Diaspore H = transparent variety of Augite. Diopside = G= Rhombohedral. Dioptase H Disthene II = 5 G = 36. Anorthic. Dolomite H = 3'5 4*5. G = 2-9. Rhombohedral.
10.
'6.

73

5-5.

5.

3*3.

6.

Dufrenite

H =

4.

G = =
I

3*5.

Prismatic.

Dufrenoysite

Earthy cobalt
Edingtonite Eisenapatite

H =
=

H=
4

^
1*5.

=
Amorphous.
Pyramidal.

4*5.

g ft G 2'2. G = 2"J.

Eisenblau

Zwiselite. Vivianite.

Eisenglanz = Hematite. Eisenkies = Pyrite. Eisennickelkies Eisenocker = Rotheisenstein. = = 2 3. Eisensinter

H =3-54

G =

4-6.

Cubic.

H G 2-22-5. = Spathose Iron. = 2. G = 1*85. Oblique. Eisenvitriol H

Eisenspath
Elceolite

Massive, &c.

Calamine = Smithsonite. = 2. G - 5 '8. Cubic. Embolite = 7 58. G = 2-7. Rhombohedral. Emerald

Electric

Nepheline.

Emery =

H H variety of Corundum. Prismatic. Enargite H = 3. G = 4-4. H = 6-5. G = 33-5. Oblique. Epidote = 3-5 4. G = 2'2. Prismatic. Epistilbite H Epsomite H = 22-5. C = 17. Prismatic. Erdkobalt = Earthy Cobalt. Erinite H = 4-5 G = 4. 5. Erythrme = Cobalt Bloom. Euchroite H = 3-5 4. G = 3*4. Prismatic. Rhombohedral. Eudyalite H = 5 5-5. G = 2-9. = 3-3. Oblique. Euklase H = 7-5. Eukolite = variety of Eudyalite (Dana). G = 5-96. Cubic. Eulytine H = 4-5 5. Eusynchite = variety of Dechenite. Euxenite H = 6-5. G = 4-6. Prismatic. Fahlerz H = 34. G = 4-55-2. Cubic. Faserzeolite = Mesotype. G = 1*9. Pyramidal. Faujasite H = 5. Prismatic. G = 4' Fayalite H = 6*5. = 6. G = 2-55. Oblique. Felspar H = 5. G = 2-46. Prismatic. Fischerite H Fluellite H = 3. Prismatic. Fluocerite H 4 5. G = 47. Rhombohedral. Fluor H = 4. G = 4-1. Cubic. Franklinite H = 66-5. G = 5' Cubic. Freieslebenite H = 2 G = 6'2. Oblique. Gadolinite H = 6 G = 4*3. Prismatic. Gahnite H = 7-58. G = 4-4. Cubic. Galena H = 2-5. G = 7.5. Cubic. Galmei = Calamine. Garnet H = 6-5 7-5. G = 3'l 4'3- Cubic.
I.
1-

-5.

-5.

74

Practical Guide
Garnsdorfite

to the
1-9.

Determination

= 1*9. Oblique. 2-5. Gaylussite Gelbbleierz Wulfenite. Brown Hematite. Gelbeisenstein

H= H=

1*5

2.

G=

Amorphous.

Gehlenite Geokronite Gibbsite

H = 5-56. G = 3. Pyramidal. = Schulzite. H = 3. G = 2-3. Doubtful.

Phillipsite.

H = 2-53. G = 27 Glaskopf = Limnite. Glauberite = Brogniartin.

Glaserite

Gismondine, probably a variety of Glanzkobalt = Cobaltine.

Prismatic.

Glaubersalz

Glimmer
Goslarite Gothite

Gmelinite

= 2-53. G 14-5519-1. Gold Grammatite variety of Amphibole. Granat = Garnet.

H = 4-5. G = Rhombohedral. H=2 2*5. G = Prismatic. H = 55*5. G = 4*124-37. Prismatic.

2- 1.

= Mica.
=

= Mirabilite.

2.

Cubic.

Graphite

2.

= 4-8. Rhombohedral. Greenockite 3'5. Grossular variety of Garnet. = variety of Pyromorphite or Mimetite. Griinbleierz

Grauspiessglanzerz

H=

Oblique. = Antimonite.

G=

2.

Griineisenstein

= Dufrenite.
3*5.

GymniteH=2
Gypsum

= Sylvin. = Amphibole. Hornsilber = Kerate. Humboldilith = Somervillite.

Hovelite

H= 2. G=2 Oblique. Haarkies = Millerite. H = 2 2*5. G = 2'8. Prismatic. Haidingerite Halotrichite = Keramohalite. Harmotome H =4*5. G = 2*392-5. Oblique. Hauerite H = 4. G = 3*5. Cubic. Hausmannite H = 5 5-5. G = 4-7. Pyramidal. Hauyne H = 5*56. G 2-25 2-5. Cubic. Heavy spar H = 3*3 3*5. G = 4'35 4*59- Prismatic. Helvin H = 66*5. G = 3-2. Cubic. Hematite H = 5 6-5. G=5 5-3. Rhombohedral. = 2-5. G = 5 Oblique. Heteromorphite H Heulandite H = 3'5 4. G = 2-2. Oblique. G = 2*8. Amorphous. Hisingerite H = 3.
I -5

G=2'2.

Amorphous.

-3.

-5

'6.

Hornblende

H = 3*5. G=2*I4. Oblique. H = 6. G = 3 Oblique. G = 3-353*45- Pyramidal. Idocrase H = 6-5. Rhombohedral. G = 4-665 -3 6. Ilmeriite H = 5 G = 5-5. lodite H =
Hydromagnesite Hypersthene
-4.
1
.

= variety = Opal. of Corundum. Hyalite = 2-53. G = 2 Hydrargillite H G= Hydroboracite H =

Hyacinth
2.

Humite

Chondrodite.

-35.

Rhombohedral.

I '9-

i.

Of Minerals
7.

by the Blowpipe.

75

lodsilber = lodite. Iridium H = 6 G = 22*8. Cubic. Prismatic. G= Jamesonite H==2 2-5. = 22 G = 5'6. Oblique. Johannite H Kainite H =2-5. Oblique. Kakoxene H = 34. G = 2-363 Kaliglimmer = Mica. = Nitre. Kalisalpeter Kalksalpeter = Nitrocalcite. Kalkspath = Calcite. Kaolin. =5 Prismatic. G= 2 Karpholite H Karstenite = Anhydrite. G == Keramohalite H = Oblique. G = 5-55. Cubic. Kerate H = Keimes = Antimony Blende. Kieselkupfer = Chrysocolla. Kieselmangan = Rhodonite. Kieselwismuth = Eulytine. Kieselzink = Smithsonite. G = 2'5. Prismatic. Kieserite H = 2-5. G = 6-4. Probable variety of Schulzite. Kilbrickenite H = 22-5. Klaprothine = Lazulith. Klinochlor = Ripidolite. Klinoclase H = 2*5 G = 4-25. Oblique. Knebelite H = 6-5. G = 37. Massive, &c. Kobaltbluthe = Cobalt Bloom. Kobaltin = Cobaltine. Kobaltkies = Linneite. Kobaltvitriol = Bieberite. Kobellite G = 6-3.
-5.

3'2.

-38.

5-5.

-9.

I -5

2.

I "6

I '8.

1-5.

3.

= Korund = Corundum. Kreuzstein = Harmotome. Krokoit = Lehmannite. Kupfer = Copper.

Collyrite.

Kottigite Kollyrite

H = 2 -53. G = 3

Oblique.

Kupferantimonglanz =. Wolfsbergite. Kupferglanz = Redruthite. Kupferindig = Covelline. Kupferkies Copper Pyrites. Kupferlasur =. Chessylite.

Kupfernickel

Kupferschaum

= Melaconite. Kupfervitriol =Blue G= Anorthic. Kyanite H=r Labradorite H = G = 2 7. Anorthic. =2 LanarkiteH G = 6'8 Oblique. 2 G= 3 Prismatic. Langite H Lanthanite H = 2*5 Pyramidal. Lapis-lazuli. Lasurstein = Lapis-lazuli. Laumonite H =3'5- G Oblique. Lazulith H = G= Oblique.
Kupferschwarze
Vitriol. 3'6.
5.

H=5 H=

-5.
.1

2.

G = 7 -5. G = 3.

Rhombohedial.
Prismatic.

6.

2-5.
3.

7.

'5

'5-

3.

2'4.
3.

5-5.

76
Lead

Practical Guide,

to the

Determination

G = 11-4. Cubic. H =2 G = 6-3. Prismatic. = Magnesic Iron Pyrites. Leberkies G= Lehmannite H = 2 Oblique. Leonhardite = variety of Laumonite. Sylvin. Leopoldite Lepidokrokite = variety of Gothite. H 2 Prismatic or oblique. G= 2'8 Lepidolite Leucite H = 5*56. G = 2 Cubic. Leucopyrite = Arseneisen. Rhombohedral. G=2 Levyn H = 4 Libethenite H = G = 3'7. Prismatic. G =. Prismatic. Lievrite H = 5 Limnite H = 5 Massive. G = 3*4 3 Linarite H = 2 G= 54. Oblique. Linneite H = G=4 Cubic. Linsenerz = Liroconite. Liroconite H = 22-5. G = 2-9. Prismatic.
1-5.

H=

Leaclhillite

'5.

'5

3.

6.

3.

3.

'5.

'I.

4.

'5

6.

4.

5-5.

'9.

'5

3.

5*5.

"9.

Lithionite

G = 3. Khombohedral. 4'5 5. Magnesite Magneteisen Magnetite. = 3 '5 4-5. G 4'6. Rhombohedral. Magnetic Iron Pyrites G=4'96 5-2. Cubic. 5-5 6-5. Magnetite Magnetic Iron Pyrites. Magnetkies Malachite 3754. Oblique. 3*54. G Malacolite =. variety of Augite.

L6weiteH=2'5 3. G = 2-37. Pyramidal. Magnesia MicaH = 2 2-5. G = 278 2-95.

Lepidolite.

= H=

H=

Rhombohedral.

H=

= = = Braunite. Marcylite = result of alteration of a copper sulphide. Mascagnine H = 2 2-5 G=r68 178. Prismatic. G= Matlockite H = 2-53. Pyramidal. G = 1*2 Meerschaum H = Compact, &c. Meionite = Scapolite= 6-25. Cubic. = G Melaconite H Melanglanz = Stephanite. G = 5-75. Doubtful. Melanochroite H = 3 Melilite = Somervillite. Prismatic. G= Mendipite H = 2-5 Mengite H = 55-5. G = 5*4. Prismatic.
Marcelin
2*5.
7-2. 1.6.
3.

G =3'4* Oblique. 6-5. Manganese Epidote H Alabandine. Manganglanz Prismatic. 4-3. 3'5~ 4- G Manganite H 4 5. G =3. Prismatic. Manganocalcite H Diallogite. Manganspath 6 6*5. G 4'65 4*9. Prismatic. MarcasiteH

= = =

3-5.

3.

7.

Mercury Blende = Cinnabar. Mesotype = Natrolite. G = 5-3. Miargyrite'H = 2*5.

Mica

Millerite

H = 2-5. G = 2-83-1. Oblique. H = 3-5. G = 5-26-5-3. Rhombohedral.

Oblique.

Mimetite.

Minium

H=2

Mirabilite

G = 4'6. 3. H = 52. G =
I

See Pyromorphite.
Pulverulent.
1-5.

Mispickel

H=5'5.

G=

Oblique.
Prismatic.

6-3.

Of Minerals
Misy, massive, &c. Molybdanglanz == Molybdenite.

by the Blowpipe.

77

Molybdanocker

Rhombohedral. i Molybdenite 4*5. 1-5. Monazite G 4*9. Oblique. 5-5. Monradite H = 66-5. G == 3' 2 ^- -A- 11 altered Augite or Hornblende. Mosandrite G 2*93. 4. Muscovite Potash Mica.

H=

H= H=

2.

= = 4*5.

Prismatic.

H = = Nadeleisensteiri = Gothite. Nadelerz H = 2 2*5. = 675. Nagyagite H=i G=7*i. Natrolite H = 5 G = 2'25.
1-5.

Prismatic.

Pyramidal.
Prismatic.

5-5.

Neolite

Natronsalpeter =z Nitratine. Nemalite probably an altered Brucite. i G = 277. Massive, &c. 2.

H=

H = 2*5 3. G = 3*1. Oblique. H = 5-55. G = 6'i. Cubic. Incrusting, Nickelsmaragd H = 3 3*25. G = 2 Nickel wismuthglanz H = 4-5. G = 5 '13. Cubic.
Nickelbliithe

= 5*56. G = 2'6. Nepheline Nickelantimonglanz = Ullmannite.

Rhombohedral.

Nickelglanz

'6.

massive, &c.

Niobite

Columbite.

Nitratine = 2. Nitre

1-9. Nitrocalcite, efflorescent.

H=

G=

1-5

2.

G=

2.

Rhombohedral.

Prismatic.

Nontronite

Nosean
Okenite

G =

2-08.

H = 5-5. G = 3-6. Altered Zircon. H = 4-5 5. G = 2'3- Prismatic. G = 2-63274. Anorthic. Oligoklase H = 6. Olivenite H = 3. G = 4-2. Prismatic. Olivine H = 6-5 G 3-4. Prismatic. 7. Opal H = 5-5 6-5. G = 1-92-3. Amorphous. = Serpentine. Ophite Orangite H = 4-5. G = 5-35. Variety of Thorite (Dana). G = 3*48. Prismatic. Orpiment H = Orthite H = 6. G = 3-1 4-2. Oblique. Orthoklase H = 6. G = 2-53 2-59. Oblique. Osmium-iridium H= 7. G = 19-3 21*2. Rhombohedral. G = 2*4. Amorphous. Palagonite H = 34*5.
Oerstedite
I -5.

variety of

Hauyne.

Palladium
Parisite

H= 4-5

5.

Patrinite

= Nadelerz. = Pechuran. H = 5-5. G = 6-46-71. Cubic. = 2-75 Oblique. Pectolite H = 4 5. G * 2*5. Prismatic. Peganite H = 34. Pennine = Ripidolite. Periclase H = G = 3-75. Cubic. Perowskite H = G= Prismatic. = 2-4. Petalite H = 66 = 2-5 = 8-31 Oblique.Prismatic. Petzite H G 8-83. Pharmacosiderite = WUrfelerz. = 2 2-5. G = 2-7. Oblique. Pharmacolite H Phenakite H = 7-5 G= Rhorabohedral.
Pechblende Pechuran
SB

H=4'5.

= 4-35.

G=ir8

12-14.

Cubic.

Rhombohedral.

6.

5*8.
-5
.

4.

3.

8.

3.

78

Practical Guide
Phoenicite
Philipsite

to

the Determination

= Garnsdorfite. Pistacite = Epidote. = 2 0=5-4. Oblique. Plagionite H G == 9*4. Rhombohedral. Plattnerite Pleonast = Spinelle. Prismatic. G= 8 Polianite H = 6-57. = 2-5. G = 6'i. Rhombohedral. Polybasite H = 3-5. G = 275. Prismatic. Polyhalite H = G = 5-1. Prismatic. Polykrase H = Prismatic. Polymignyte H = 6-5. G = Pyromorphite. 4754-781. Polyspharite = 2 25. G = Cubic. Potash alum H Potash mica H = 2-5. G == 2-83-1. Oblique. Prismatic. Frehnite H = 67. G = 2 '92 Proustite = Rothgiiltigerz. Psilomilane H = 56. G = 3747. Massive. = Rothgiiltigerz. Pyrargyrite = 66-5. G = Cubic. Pyrite H = 55-5. G = 4-2. Cubic. Pyrochlore H
Pissophan
*$.

H = 4-5. G = 2'2. Prismatic. = 3. G = 6' Pyramidal. Phosgenite H = 4-55. G = 4 4'4Phosphorochalcite H

i
.

= Melanochroite.

Prismatic.

4' 5-

6.

2.

3.

5.

= 2-5. Pyrochroite H = 47 5. Prismatic. 2*5. G Pyrolusite H = 2 = Rhombohedral. Pyromorphite H = 3'5 4- G Pyrope = Garnet. G = 2'78. Prismatic. Pyrophyllite H = = 4 4 G = 3-1. Rhombohedral. Pyrosmalith H = 3. = 274. Prismatic. Pyrosklerite H
7I.
-5.

Pyroxene

Augite. Magnetic Iron Pyrites. Pyrrhotine Rhombohedral. 2-65. 7. Quartz Calomel. Quicksilberhornerz = mixture of blende and other minerals (Dana). Rahtite Weissnickelkies. Rammelsbergite

= = H= G= =
I -5.

H= G = 3-5. Oblique. Redruthite H = 2-5 3. G = 5-7. Prismatic. Remolinite = Atacamite. Cubic. Rhodizite H above 8. G = 3 Rhodonite H = 55*5. G = 3*63. Oblique. = Chlorite H = 2. G = 27. Oblique. Ripidolite
Realgar
'4.

Rock Rock

H = 2. G = 2'2. Cubic. Romeite H = 6-57. 4-7. Pyramidal.

salt

crystal

= Quartz.
H=

Lehmannite. Rothbleierz Hematite. Rotheisenstein 2 2-5. Rothgultigerz

= Rhombohedral = Cuprite. G=57 Rothkupfererz Rothnickelkies = Kupfernickel. Rothspiessglanzerz= Antimony Blende. Ruby = Corundum. RutileH=6'5. 6 = 4-224-3. Pyramidal. Sal-ammoniac H = 0=1-5. Cubic. = Nitre, H = Prismatic. G == Saltpetre
5-9.
I -5

2.

2.

I '93.

Of Minerals by the Blowpipe. Sanidine = Orthoclase. Sapphire = Corundum. G=2 Sarkolite H = Pyramidal. Sartorite = Sklaroklas. Sassoline H = 5'II. G=l*5- Anorthic. =5 G = 27. Pyramidal. Scapolite H Scheelite H = G =5-9 Pyramidal. = Freieslebenite. Schilfglaserz = 3-5 G = 27. Schillerspar H Schorl = Tourmaline H = G=3 Rhombohedral. = Schorlomite H G= Amorphous. = Sylvanite. Schrifterz Schulzite H = 2-5 G=58 Prismatic. Schwefel = Sulphur. = Pyrite. Schwefelkies Schwefelnickel = Schwerbleierz = Schwerspath = Heavy Spar. ScoleziteH = 5 G= Oblique.
6.
'5.

79

5-5.

4-5.

6-2.

4.

7-5.

3-3.

7*5.

3*8.

3.

6-5.

Millerite.

Plattnerite.

5-5.

2'2.

Scorodite 4. G=3'2. Prismatic. Selenide of Copper, soft. Selenblei Selenide of Lead Clausthalite. Selenide of Copper and lead Selenbleikupfer Selenide of Mercury 2*5. 7*1 7*37. 8. Selenide of Silver Cubic. 2-5.

H=3'5

=
H

Selenium

H=

H=

2.

Selenide of Mercury. Selenquecksilber Selenschwefel resembles Sulphur. Selenide of Silver. Selensilber Senarmontite Cubic. 3. 5-25. 2-472-6. Doubtful. 3. Serpentine Silberblende Rothgiiltigerz.

G = 4-3.
G

G=

G=

H = 2-5. G =
Massive.

7-5.

H H=
=

G=

Silberglanz Argentite. Stromeyerite. Silberkupferglanz = 2-53. lO'i II. Silver Cubic. Sklaroklas Prismatic. 3. 5-4.

= G= = G= H = G = 2-53. Skolopsite H Smaltine H = G = 6-5. Smaragd = Emerald. Smirgel nr Corundum. Smithsonite H = G = 3*35
H
5.

Compact.
Cubic.

5-5.

Soda H = II-5- G = = 22-5. Soda Alum

Sodalite Somervillite

5.

3*5.

Prismatic.

Spargelstein

Pyramidal. = Apatite. = 44-5. G = Rhombohedral. Spartalite Spathose Iron H = 3-54-5. G =3-8. Rhombohedral. = Smaltine. Speisskobalt

H G H = 6. G = 2*3. H = 55*5. G = 3.
H

1*4-

Oblique. = I '88. Cubic. Cubic.

5-5.

SpheneH =
Spodumene

Spharosiderite
5

= Spathose Iron.
5-5.

Antimonsilber. Spiessglanzsilber = 3-5. Cubic. Spinelle 7*58.

H= H

Sprbdglaserz

= Stephanite.

9= G
7.

3-33-7.

Oblique.

6 '5

G=

3-1.

Oblique.

8o

Practidil Guide
Stannine

to the

Determination

H = 4. G = 4'4. Cubic. = Boracite. G = 3*6. Prismatic. Staurolite H = 7 7-5. 2 G = 2'5. Prismatic. Steinmark H Steinsalz = Rock Salt. G = 6 2 Prismatic. Stephanite H = 2-2-5. G = 4'2. Prismatic. 1-5. Sternbergite H = G = 5-2. Compact, &c. Stiblite H = 4 5 G = 2'i. Prismatic. Stilbite H = 3-5 4. = Gbthite. Stilpnosiderite Stolzite H = 3. G = 8. Pyramidal.
Stassfurthite
I

'5.

'

-5.

Strahlkies Strahlstein

= Marcasite.
=
'5

H = 2 3. G = 6'2. Prismatic. G=3 Prismatic. Strontianite H = 3*5. Sulphur H = 1-5 2-5. G = 2 2T. Prismatic.
Stromeyerite
'6.

Amphibole.

H = 1*5-2. G = 5 73 -8 '28. Oblique. H = 2. G = -9 Cubic. G = 2*9. Oblique. Symplesite H = 2-5 G = 2 '58. Amorphous. Tachylite H = 6 G = 27. Prismatic (Dana). Talc H = 1-5.
Sylvanite Sylvine
I

Sylvan

Tellurium.

'5.

Tamarite
Tantalite Tellurblei

H = 6 6-5. G = 78. Prismatic. = Altaite. Tellurium H = 22-5. G =8*4. Rhombohedral. Tellursilber = Petzite. Tellurwismuth H = 2-5. G =8-4. Rhombohedral. Cubic. Tennantite H = 4. G = 4-3 4-5. Tephroite H = 5\ G = 4-1. Prismatic (Dana). Tesseralkies = Skutterudite. G = 7-5. Rhombohedral. 1-5. Tetradymite H = Thenardite H = 2-5. G = 27. Prismatic. G = 1-5. Prismatic. Thermonatrite H = 1-5. Thomsonite H = 5 -5-5. G = 2-35. Prismatic. Thonmangangranat, = variety of garnet. Cubic and pyramidal (Dana). Thorite H = 4-5. G = 4*6. G = 3-4. Amorphous. Thrombolite H = 3 4. = Epidote. Thulite G = 17. Oblique. Tinkal H = 2- 2-5
I

Chalkophyllite.

Titaneisen = Ilmenite. Titanite = Sphene. = 3-4 TopazH = 8

Tourmaline = 7 7 '5. G = 3 Towanite = Copper Pyrites. Triphane = Spodumene.

3'6.

Prismatic.

'3

Rhombohedral.

Triphylline
Triplite

TritomiteH = Trona H = 2-5

Tschewkinite

H = H = 5
"

"5-5.

Tungstein Turquoise

Tiirkis=
Tyrolite

Scheelite. Calaite. Calaite.

= =

H =

G = 3-6. Oblique. G = 3-7. Prismatic. G = 4-16 --4-66. Cubic. G = 2' I. Oblique.

5.

5-5.

5-3.

G =

4-5.

Massive, &c.

Kupferschaum.

Of
Uranglimmer
Ullmannite
TTi-initP ' lte
$
(

Minerals by the Blowpipe.

Uranite.

5-5-5. G = 6-2-6-5. P art ly Torberite H = 22*5.

H =
=

Cubic.

partly Autunite Uranochre, earthy, amorphous.

H =

1-2.

G = 3-5. G = 3-1.

Pyramidal. Pyramidal.

H = 7-5 8. G = 3 Cubic. Vanadinite H = 3. G = 6"8. Rhombohedral. = 5 G Vauquelinite H = 2 3. Oblique.

Uwarowite
'4.

Uranpecherz

Pechuran.

Vesuvian

'5

'6.

Idocrase.

Vivianite H = 1-52. G = 2'6. Oblique. 'Volborthite H = 3. G = 3-5. Rhombohedral.

Voltaite

Cubic.

Wad H =

Oblique. 3 4. Oblique Wasserblei = Molybdenite. Wasserkies = Marcasite. = 3-5 4. G = 2-3. Prismatic. Wavellite = i. G = r6. Massive, &c. Websterite Weiss Arseniknickel = Weissnickelkies.

-5. Wagnerite H =

G =

2-1

WarwickiteH

55-5.

G = G 32.

27.
3.

Amorphous.

H H
=

Weissbleierz = Cerussite. = 5-5. Weissnickelkies

G=
4.

7'l.

Prismatic.

Wernerite Willemite

Bismuth. Wismuthglanz = Bismuthine. Wismuthocker = Bismuth Ochre.

Wismuth

H=

Scapolite.
5-5.

G=

Rhombohedral.

H = 4 4-5. G 7-67. Amorphous. H = 33-5. G = 4-24-4. Prismatic. Wohlerite H = 5-5. G = 3*4. Doubtful. Wolfram H = 5-5. G = 7-75. Prismatic.
Wismuthspath
Witherite

= Xenotime. = Nickelsmaragd. Zeylanite = Spinelle. Zink Blende H = 3-54. G = 4. Cubic. Zinkbliithe H = 2-5. G = 3-6. Massive, &c. Zinkenite H = 33-5. G = 5-3. Prismatic. Zinkoxyd = Spartalite. Zinkspath = Calamine. Zinkvitriol = Goslarite. Zinnkies H = 4 4-5. G = 4-4. Cubic. Zinnober = Cinnabar. Zinnstein = Cassiterite. Zircon H = 7-5. G =4 4-7. Pyramidal. Zoisite H = 67. G = 3*2 3-5. Oblique. Zwiselite H = 5. G'= 3-97. Prismatic.
Ytterspath
Zaratite

H = 3-5. 0=4-7. Prismatic. H = 5. G = 2'8. Oblique. Wiirfelerz H = 2-5. G = 2-93. Cubic. Wulfenite H = 3. G = 6-36-9. Pyramidal. Xenotime H = 4'5 5- G = 4-39 4-55. Pyramidal. Yttrotantalite H = 55-5. G = 5-45-88. Prismatic. Yttrotitanite H = 6-5. G = 3'5 37. Oblique.
Wolfsbergite Wollastonite

Wolframocher, earthy.

INDEX.
ACMITE,
63, 70

Arsenic bloom, 25, 70

Arseneisen, 27, 70 Asbestus, 70

Adularia, 70 jEschynite, 67, 70

Alabandine 43, 70

Alum, 70
Albite, 63, 70 Allanite, 70

Asbolane, 70 Atacamite, 48, 71 Augite, 63, 71

Axinite, 63, 71 Azurite, 48, 71

Allophane, 58, 70
Alstonite, 36, 70 Altaite, 33, 70 Aluminite, 37* 7

Baryte, 37, 71
Barytocalcite, 36, 71 Bastite, 71 Beryl, 65, 71 Beudantite, 71 Bieberite, 42, 71 Binnite, 71
Biotite, 71

Alumstone, 37, 70 Alunite, 37, 70 Amalgam, 47, 70 Amblygonite, 53, 70 Ammonia alum, 34, 7 Amphibole, 63, 70 Analcime, 55, 60, 70 Anatase, 67, 70 Andalusite, 65, 70 Anglesite, 40, 70 Anhydrite, 36, 70 Ankerite, 70 Annabergite, 28, 70 Anorthite, 62, 70 Antigorite, 58, 70 Antimonglanz, 32, 70 Antimonite, 25, 32, 70 Antimonnickel, 32, 70 Antimonocher, 25, 32, 70 Antimonsilber, 31, 70 Antimony, 25, 32, 70

Bismuth

(native) 27, 45, 71

Bismuthine, 40, 71
Bismuthite, 40, 71 Bismuth ochre, 45, 71 Bittersalz, 34, 71 Bitter spar, 36, 71 Blattererz, 33, 71 Bleiglanz, 40, 71 Bleihornerz, 71 Bleispath, 71 Bleivitriol, 40, 71 Blende, 43, 71 Blue vitriol, 42, 71 Boltonite, 59, 71 Boracite, 37, 71 Bornite, 40, 44, 71 Borocalcite, 37, 71 Botryogen, 39, 71 Boulangerite, 32, 71 Bourn onite, 31, 71 Boussingaultite, 34, 71 Brauneisenstein, 39, 71 Braunite, 49, 7 1 Braunstein, 49, 71 Breithauptite, 32, 71 Brewsterite, 60, 71

Antimony blende, 25, 32, 70 Antimony bloom, 25, 70 Antimony glanz, 70

Apatite, 53, 54, 70 Apophyllite, 60, 70 Argentite, 40, 70 Arkansite, 7

Aragonite, 35, 70 Arquerite, JO Arsenic, 25,70 Arsenical antimony, 27, 70

Index.
Brochantite, 42, 71 Brogniartin, 37, 71 Bromite, 47, 71 Bromsilber, 47, 71 Bronzite, 65, 71 Brookite, 67, 71 Brown hematite, 39, 71 Brucite, 37, 71 Buntkupfererz, 40, 71 Bustanite, 71
Calaite, 54, 71

Comptonite, 72 Copiapite, 39, 72 Copper, 48, 72

Copper

pyrites, 40, 44, 72

Coquimbite, 39, 72 Cordierite, 65, 72 Corundum, 67, 72 Cotunnite, 25, 72 Covelline, 40, 44, 72
Crednerite, 48, 72 Cryolite, 37, 53, 72 Cuprite, 48, 72 Cuproplumbite, 40, 72

Calamine, 50, 52, 71

Calcite, 35, 71 Caledonite, 71 Calomel, 25, 71 Carmenite, 40, 44, 71 Carnallite, 34, 71 Cassiterite, 67, 72

Danburite, 63, 72
Datholite, 55, 72 Dechenite, 46, 72

Desmine, 72
Diallage, 63, 72
Diallogite, 50, 72 Diamond, 67, 73

Celestine, 37, 72 Cerite, 58, 72 Cerussite, 46, 72. Chabasie, 60, 72

Chalkolith, 72 Chalkophyllite, 29, 72 Chalkopyrite, 72 Chalkotrichite, 72 Chalybite, 39, 72 Chessylite, 48, 72

Chiastolite, 72

Diaspore, Diopside, Dioptase, Disthene,

67, 73 63, 73 48, 73

65, 73 Dolomite, 36, 73 Dufrenite, 52, 73

Dufrenoysite, 27, 73

Earthy cobalt, 49, 73

Edingtonite, 73 Eisenapatite, 73 Eisenblau, 73 Eisenglanz, 38, 73 Eisenkies, 73 Eisennickelkies, 40, 73 Eisenocker, 39, 73 Eisensinter, 28, 73 Eisenspath, 73
Eisenvitriol, 73 Elceolite, 73 Electric calamine, 73

Childrenite, 50, 72 Chiolite, 37, 53, 72 Chloantite, 72 Chlorblei, 72

Chloride of lead, 25 Chlorite, 60, 65, 72 Chlorsilber, 72 Chondrarsenite, 28, 72

Chrondrodite, 59, 72 Chonikrite, 60, 72 Christophite, 44, 72 Chromeisenstein, 38, 72 Chromite, 38, 72 Chromocher, 54, 72 Chrysoberyl, 67, 72 Chrysocolla, 48, 72 Chrysolite, 72 Chrysolite, 58, 72 Cimolite, 65, 72 Cinnabar, 25, 72
Clausthalite, 25, 72 Cobaltine, 27, 72

Cobalt bloom, 28, 72 Collyrite, 58, 72

Columbite, 50, 67, 72

Embolite, 73 Emerald, 65, 73 Emery, 67, 73 Enargite, 73 Epidote, 63, 73 Epistilbite, 73 Epsomite, 34, 73 Erdkobalt, 73 Erinite, 28, 73 Erythrine, 73 Euchroite, 29, 73 Eudyalite, 57, 73 Euklase, 65, 73

Index.
Eukolite, 57, 73 Eulytine, 45, 73 Eusynchite, 46, 73 Euxenite, 67, 73

Hauerite, 43, 74

Fahlerz, 27, 31, 73 Faserzeolite, 73 Faujasite, 55, 73 Fayalite, 57, 73

Felspar, 73 Fischerite, 54, 73
Fluellite,

Hausmannite, 49, 74 Hauyne, 57, 74 Heavy spar, 37, 74 Helvin, 50, 74 Hematite, 38, 74 Heteromorphite, 32, 74 Heulandite, 60, 74
Hisingerite, 56, 74 Hovelite, 25, 74 Hornblende, 63, 74 Hornsilber, 47, 74

73

Fluocerite, 54, 73 Fluor, 37, 73 Franklinite, 38, 73 Freieslebenite, 31, 73

Humboldilith, 74

Humite, 74 Hyacinth, 74 Hyalite, 74

HydrargilHte, 54, 74 Hydroboracite, 52, 74 Hydromagnesite, 36, 74

Gadolinite, 59, 73 Gahnite, 52, 67, 73 Galena, 40, 73 Galmei, 73 Garnet, 50, 63, 73 Garnsdornte, 43, 74 Gaylussite, 35, 74
Gelbbleierz, 74 Gelbeisenstein, 74 Gehlenite, 59, 74

Hypersthene, 65, 74
Idocrase, 63, 74 Ilmenite, 38, 74 lodite, 47, 74 lodsilber, 47, 75 Iridium, 75

Geokronite, 27, 31, 74 Gibbsite, 54, 74

Jamesonite, 31, 75 Johannite, 43, 75

Kainite, 34, 75 Kakoxene, 43, 75

Gismondine, 55, 74 Glanzkobalt, 27, 74 Glaserite, 35, 74 Glaskopf, 74 Glauberite, 74 Glaubersalz, 34, 74 Glimmer, 74 Gmelinite, 55, 74 Goslarite, 43, 74 Gothite, 39, 74 Gold, 48, 74 Grammatite, 63, 74 Granat, 74 Graphite, 25, 67, 74 Grauspiessglanzerz, 74 Greenockite, 43, 74 Grossular, 62, 74 Griinbleierz, 74 Griineisenstein, 74 Gymnite, 60, 74 Gypsum, 36, 74
Haarkies, 74 Haidingerite, 37, 74 Halotrichite, 74 Harmotome, 60, 74

Kaliglimmer, 75
Kalisalpeter, 35, 75 Kalksalpeter, 35, 75 Kalkspath, 75 Kaolin, 65, 75 Karpholite, 50, 75 Karstenite, 36, 75 Keramohalite, 37, 43, 75 Kerate, 47, 75 Kermes, 32, 75 Kieselkupfer, 75 Kieselmangan, 50, 75 Kieselwisnmth, 75 Kieselzink, 75 Kieserite, 37, 75 Kilbrickenite, 75 Klaprothine, 67, 75 Klinochlor, 75 Klinoclase, 75 Knebelite, 62, 75 Kobaltbliithe, 75 Kobaltin, 75 Kobaltkies, 75

Index.
vitriol, 42, 75 Kobellite, 31, 75 Kuttigite, 28, 75 Kollyrite, 75

Kobalt

Malacolite, 76 Manganese epidote, 50, 76 Manganglanz, 43, 76 Manganite, 49, 76

Korund, 75
Kreuzstein. 75 Krokoite, 46, 75

Manganocalcite, 50, 76 Manganspath, 76

Marcasite, 43, 76 Marcelin, 76 Marcylite, 42, 76

Kupfer, 75 Kupferantimonglanz, 32, 75 Kupferglanz, 75 Kupferindig, 75 Kupferkies, 75 Kupferlasur, 75 Kupfernickel, 27, 75 Kupferschaum, 29, 75 Kupferschwarze, 75 Kupfer vitriol, 42, 75 Kyanite, 75
Labradorite. 62, 75 Lanarkite, 40, 75 Langite, 42, 75 Lanthanite, 54, 75 Lapis-lazuli, 57, 75 Lasurstein. 75 Laumonite, 55, 75 Lazulith, 67, 75
'

Mascagnine, 25, 76 Matlockite, 46, 76

Meerschaum,

58, 60,

76

Meionite, 76 Melaconite, 48, 76

Lead, 46, 76
Leadhillite, 40, 76

Leberkies, 76

Lehmannite, 46, 76 Leonhardite, 76 Leopoldite, 25, 76 Lepidokrokite, 76 Lepidolite, 63, 76 Leucite, 62, 76 Leucopyrite, 27, 76 Levyn, 76 Libethenite, .48, 76 Lievrite, 57,' 76 Limnite, 38, 76 Linarite, 42, 76 Linneite, 40, 76 Linsenerz, 76 Liroconite, 29, 76 Lithionite, 76 Loweite, 34, 76

Melanglanz, 31, 76 Melanochroite, 46, 76 Melilite, 76 Mendipite, 46, 76 Mengite, j6 Mercury blende, 76 Mesotype, 37, 76 Miargyrite, 31, 76 Mica, 63. 76 Millerite, 40, 76 Mimetite, 46, 76 Minium, 46, 76 Mirabilite, 34, 76 Mispickel, 27, 76 Misy, 39, 77 Molybdanglanz, 77 Molybdanocker, 53, 77 Molybdenite, 44, 77 Monazite, 54, 77 Monradite, 58, 77 Mosandrite, 60, 77 Muscovite, 77
Nadeleisenstein, 39, 77 Naclelerz, 40, 77 Nagyagite, 33, 77 Natrolite, 37, 55, 77 Natronsalpeter, 35, 77 Nemalite, 36, 77 Neolite, 58, 60, 77

Magnesia mica,

65, 76 Magnesite, 36, 54, 76 Magneteisen, 38, 76

Magnetic iron

pyrites, 43, 76

Magnetite, 38, 76 Magnetkies, 76 Malachite, 48, 76

Nepheline, 57, 77 Nickelantimonglanz, 32, 77 Nickelbliithe, 28, 77 Nickelglanz, 27, 77 Nickelsmaragd, 49, 77 Nickel wismuthglanz, 77 Niobite, 50, 77 Nitratine, 35, 77 Nitre, 35, 77 Nitrocalcite, 35, 77 Nontronite, 39, 56, 77

86
Nosean, 57, 77
Oerstedite, 77

Index.
Pyrolusite, 49, 78

Okenite, 60, 77 Oligoklase, 63, 77 Olivenite, 29, 77 Olivine, 59, 77 Opal, 65, 77 Ophite, 77 Orangite, 58, 77 Orpiment, 25, 77 Orthite, 57, 77 Orthoklase, 63, 77

Pyromorphite, 46, 78 Pyrope, 63, 78 Pyrophyllite, 65, 78 Pyrosmalith, 78

Pyrosklerite, 60, 78 Pyroxene, 63, 78 Pyrrhotine, 43, 78

Quartz, 65, 78 Quecksilberhornerz, 25, 78

Rahtite, 40, 44, 78 Rammelsbergite, 27, 78

Osmium-iridium, 67, 77
Palagonite, 60, 77

Palladium, 77 Parisite, 54, 77 Patrinite, 40, 77 Pechblende, 77 Pechuran, 54, 77 Pectolite, 60, 77 Peganite, 54, 77 Pennine, 77 Periclase, 54, 77 Perowskite, 67, 77 Petalite, 63, 77 Petzite, 33, 77 Pharmacosiderite, 28, 77 Pharmacolite, 28, 37, 77 Phenakite, 65, 77 Phoenicite, 78 Philipsite, 55, 78 Phosgenite, 46, 78 Phosphorochalcite, 48, 78 Pissophan, 43, 78 Pistacite, 78 Plagionite, 31, 78 Plattnerite, 46, 78 Pleonast, 78 Polianite, 78 Polybasite, 27, 31, 78 Polyhalite, 37, 78 Polykrase, 54, 67, 78 Polymignyte, 67, 78 Polyspharite, 78 Potash alum, 34, 78 Potash mica, 63, 78 Prehnite, 60, 78 Proustite, 28, 78 Psilomilane, 49, 78 Pyrargyrite, 28, 31, 78 Pyrite, 43, 78 Pyrochlore, 67, 78 Pyrochroite, 50, 78

Realgar, 25, 78 Redruthite, 40, 44, 78 Remolinite, 78 Rhodizite, 78

Rhodonite, 50, 78 Ripidolite, 60, 65, 78 Rock crystal, 65, 78

Rock salt, 35, 78 Romeite, 32, 78 Rothbleierz, 78

Rotheisenstein, 39, 78
Rothgiiltigerz, 28, 31, 32, 78

Rothkupfererz, 48, 78 Rothnickelkies, 78 Rothspiessglanzerz, 25, 78 Ruby, 67, 78 Rutile, 67, 78

Sal-ammoniac, 25, 78
Saltpetre, 78

Sanidine, 79 Sapphire, 67, 79 Sarkolite, 79

Sartorite, 79 Sassoline, 52, 79 Scapolite, 57, 62, 79 Scheelite, 67, 79 Schilfglaserz, 31, 79 Schillerspar, 58, 79 Schorl, 62, 79 Schorlomite, 62, 79
Schrifterz, 33, 79 Schulzite, 27, 31, 79

Schwefel, 79 Schwefelkies, 79 Schwefelnickel, 79 Schwerbleierz, 46, 79

Schwerspath, 79 Scolezite, 55, 79 Scorodite, 28, 79

Selenide of copper, 79

Index.
Selenblei, 79

Selenbleikupfer, 79 Selenide of mercury, 26, 30, 79 Selenide of silver, 30, 79

Tachylite, 62, 80 Talc, 37, 65, 80

Selenium, 25, 79 Selenquecksilber, 25, 30, 79 Selenschwefel 25, 79 Selensilber, 30, 79 Senarmontite, 25, 79 Serpentine, 58, 60, 79 Silberblende, 79 Silberglanz, 79 Silberkupferglanz, 79 Silver, 47, 79 Sklaroklas, 27, 79 Skolopsite, 57, 79 Smaltine, 27, 79 Smaragd, 79 Smirgel, 67, 79 Smithsonite, 52, 79 Soda, 34, 79 Soda alum, 34, 79 Sodalite, 57, 79
Somervillite, 57, 79 Spargelstein, 53, 79 Spartalite, 52, 79

Tamarite, 29, 80 Tantalite, 50, 80 Tellurblei, 33, 80

Tellurium, 25, 33, 80 Tellursilber, 33, 80

Tellurwismuth, 33, 80 Tennantite, 80 Tephroite, 50, 80

Tesseralkies,

80

Tetradymite, 33, 40, 80 Thenardite, 35, 80 Thermonatrite, 34, 80

Spathose

iron, 39,

79

Speisskobalt, 27, 79 Spharosiderite, 79

Sphene, 62, 63, 79 Spiessglanzsilber, 79 Spinelle, 37, 67, 79 Spodumene, 63, 79

Sprodglaserz, 79

Stannine, 40, 44, 80 Stassfurthite, 53, 80 Staurolite, 65, 80

Thomsonite, 55, 80 Thonmangangranat, 80 Thorite, 58, 80 Thrombolite, 48, 80 Thulite, 80 Tinkal, 34, 80 Tinstone, 67 Titaneisen, 38, 80 Titanite, 80 Topaz, 65, 80 Tourmaline, 64, 80 Towanite, 40, 80 Triphane, 80 Triphyline, 50, 80 Triplite, 50, 80 Tritomite, 80 Trona, 34, 80 Tschewkinite, 57, 80 Tungstein, 80 Turquoise, 54, 80 Tiirkis, 80 Tyrolite, 29, 80

Steinmark, 65, 80
Steinsalz,

80

Stephanite, 31, 80 Sternbergite, 80

Stiblite, 25, 32,
Stilbite, 60,

Uranglimmer, 81 Ullmannite, 32, 8 1

Uranite, 52, 81

80

80

Stilpnosiderite, 80 Stolzite, 46, 80 Strahlkies, 43, 80 Strahlstein, 80

Uranochre, 54, 81 Uranpecherz, 81 Uwarowite, 65, 81

Vanadinite, 46, 81 Vauquelinite, 46, 81 Vesuvian, 63, 81 Vivianite, 52, 8 1 Volborthite, 48, 81
Voltaite, 39, 81

Stromeyerite, 40, 80 Strontianite, 35, 80 Sulphur, 25, 80

Sylvan, 80
Sylvanite, 25, 33, Sylvine, 25, 80

80

Wad,

50, 8!

Symplesite, 28,

80

Wagnerite, 53, 81 Warwickite, 65, 81

Wasserblei, 81

88
Wasserkies, 81 Wavellite, 54. 81 Webster! te, 37, 43, 81 Weiss arseniknickel, 8 1 Weissbleierz, 81 Weissnickelkies, 27, 81 Wernerite, 81 Willemite, 52, 81 Wismuth, 8 1 Wismuthglanz, 81

Index.
Xenotime, 67, 81
Yttrotantalite, 67, 8 1 Yttrotitanite, 53, 62, 81

Ytterspath, 8 1
Yttrocerite, 54, 81
Zaratite, 81

Wismuthocker, 81 Wismuthspath, 45, 81

Witherite, 35, 81 Wohlerite, 62, 8 1

Zeylanite, 81 Zink blende, 43, 81 Zinkbliithe, 52, 81 Zinkenite, 31, 8 1

Zinkoxyd, 8 1
Zinkspath, 50, 8 1 Zinkvitriol, 43, 8 1 Zinnkies, 40, 44, 8 1

Wolfram, 38, 67, 8 1 Wolframocher, 67, 8 1

Wolfsbergite, 32, 81 Wollastonite, 57, 8 1 Wiirfelerz, 28, 81 Wulfenite, 46, 81

Zinnober, 8 1 Zinnstein, 81 Zircon, 65, 8 1 Zoisite, 63, 8 1

Zwiselite, 50, 81

Printed by Field

&

Tuer, 50, Leadenhall Street, London, E.G.

(.3,784.)

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