Professional Documents
Culture Documents
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
b
d
W
N
R
d
1000
12
log
60
log
exp
Slide 28
D - Exponent
The drilling rate equation:
Where
R = drilling rate, ft/hr
K = drillability constant
N = rotary speed, RPM
E = rotary speed exponent
W = bit weight, lbs
D
B
= bit diameter, in
D = D exponent (bit wt. Exponent)
D
B
E
D
W
N K R
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Slide 29
D - Exponent
If we assume that K = 1
and E = 1
Then
D
B
E
D
W
N K R
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
B
D
W
log
N
R
log
D
D
B
D
W
N
R
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
A modified version of this equation is:
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
B
D
W
N
R
6
10
12
log
60
log
D
Slide 30
Example
Calculate the value of the D - exponent if the
drilling rate is 35 ft/hr, the rotary RPM is 100, and
the weight on the 12 1/4 bit is 60,000 lbs.
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
B
D
W
N
R
6
10
12
log
60
log
D
2308 . 1
2341 . 2
25 . 12 * 10
000 , 60 * 12
log
100 * 60
35
log
6
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
D = 1.82
Slide 31
Example
What happens to d if R doubles to 70 ft/hr?
Note that an increase in R resulted in a decrease in d.
Doubling R decreased d from 1.82 to 1.57
57 1
2308 1
9331 1
25 12 10
000 60 12
100 60
70
6
.
.
.
.
, *
log
*
log
d =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Slide 32
D
c
Exponent
Example
D may be corrected for mud density
as follows:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
) (
) (
ppg use in weight mud actual
ppg gradient normal for weight mud
D D
c
37 . 1
12
9
* 82 . 1
12
9
., . =
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
.
|
\
|
= D
c
D g e
Slide 33
Procedure for Determining Pore
Pressure From d
c
- Exponent
Calculate d
c
over 10-30 ft intervals
Plot d
c
vs depth (use data only from
Clean shale sections)
Determine the normal line for the
d
c
vs. depth plot.
Establish where d
c
deviates from the
normal line to determine abnormal
pressure zone
Slide 34
Procedure for Determining Pore
Pressure From d
c
- Exponent
d
c
- Exponent
D
e
p
t
h
Normal
Abnormal
Slide 35
Procedure for Determining Pore
Pressure from d
c
- Exponent
If possible, quantify the magnitude of the
abnormal pore pressure using
overlays, or Ben Eatons Method
Pore
Pressure
Grad.
Overburden
Stress Grad.
Normal Pore Pressure
Grad.
2 . 1
c
c
n
normal d
calculated d
D
P
D
S
D
S
D
P
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
Slide 36
In normally pressured
shales, shale
compaction increases
with depth
Slide 37
Shale Density - Mud Cup Method
1. Fill mud cup with shale until the weight is 8.33.
2. Fill to top with water, and record the reading W
tot.
Note: Dry sample carefully with towel.
Do not apply heat.
tot
W 66 . 16
33 . 8
Gravity . Spec
=
Slide 38
Alternate Method: Use variable density column.
Slide 39
Pore Pressure from
Resistivity
Shale resistivity plots
may be developed
from (i) logs or
(ii) cuttings
What is the pore
pressure at the point
indicated on the plot?
[Assume Gulf Coast].
Depth=10,000 ft
0.2 0.5 1 2 3
10,000
Slide 40
From plot, R
n
= 1.55 ohms
R
obs
= 0.80 ohms
From Eaton:
BEN EATON
2 . 1
n
obs
n
R
R
D
P
D
S
D
S
D
P
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
( )
2 . 1
55 . 1
80 . 0
465 . 0 95 . 0 95 . 0
D
P
|
.
|
\
|
=
= 0.7307 psi/ft = 14.05 lb/gal
P = 0.7307 * 10,000 = 7,307 psi
0.2 0.5 1 2 3
10,000
D
e
p
t
h