★★Electron RF Linacs for Industrial Applications - ICABU11 - 17 - 포스텍

Electron RF Linacs for Industrial Applications*
S. H. Kim1)#, H. R. Yang1), M. H. Cho1,2), W. Namkung1,2), Y. G. Son2), S. D. Jang2), S. J. Kwon2), S. J. Park2), J. S. Oh3), K. O. Lee4), and K. H. Chung4)
1) Department of Physics, POSTECH 2) Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH 3) National Fusion Research Institute 4) Korea Accelerator and Plasma Research Association
The 15th International Conference on Accelerator and Beam Utilization (ICABU11) 2011. 9. 30. Gyeongju TEMF Hotel, Gyeongju, Korea
* Work partly supported by MKE, Korea and POSTECH BK21 Program # khan777@postech.ac.kr 1/32
Electron Linacs for Industrial Applications, S. H. Kim, Sept. 30, 2011, ICABU11
Contents
Introduction
Industrial applications of electron RF linacs
Development of L-band electron linac

High power linac for e-beam processing Design details Commissioning status
Development of C-band electron linac

Compact linac for industrial X-ray sources Design details Commissioning status
Summary
Electron Linacs for Industrial Applications, S. H. Kim, Sept. 30, 2011, ICABU11 2/32
Introduction
Electron Beam Processing
Applications of e-beam processing (E-BEAM Service, Inc.)
Irradiation processing office (LEONI Studer Hard)
3/32
Introduction
Cargo Inspection
Cargo inspection with 9-MeV e-beam (Rapiscan Systems)
Re-locatable vehicle inspection and images by dual energy e-beam (Smiths Detection) Mobile vehicle inspection with 2.5 MeV e-beam (Tsinghua Tongfang)
Introduction
Radiotherapy
Mitsubishi IGRT (C-band) Varian Clinac (S-band)
Accuray Cyberknife (X-band)

Introduction
Application Fields with RF Frequencies

E-beam Processing - Sterilization - Polymer Reforming (< 10 MeV, > 10 kW)
Higher Beam Power Favorable RF Frequency
L-band
S-band Industrial Applications of Electron Linac

Cargo Inspection (3 9 MeV, ~ 1 kW)
C-band
Radiotherapy (6 9 MeV, < 1 kW)
More Compact
X-band
6/32
L-band: Overview
L-band Accelerator System

10-MeV, 30-kW e-beam accelerator 70-MW pk, 210-kW avg. inverter PS & pulse modulator
Installed at ACEP/KAPRA, Cheorwon
E-beam scanner
L-band 1.3-GHz, 25-MW pk, 60-kW avg. Klystron with pulse tank
7/32
L-band: Overview
Depth-dose Curve of Electron Beam Depth-Dose Curve for Electron Beam

2.5 0.5 MeV 2.0 Relative Dose 1 MeV 1.5 1.0 Single 0.5 0.0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 Areal Density (g/cm2)
PAL/POSTECH 2007/3/23
2 MeV 5 MeV
Limited by neutron production
10 MeV
Double
L-band: Overview
Schematic Diagram of Accelerator System

Inverter Master Trigger Modulator
Cooling Stand
RF Driver
Klystron
Vacuum Gauge Controller IP Controller ATT Load Beam Diagnostics System
Cooling Water Distributor
E-gun HV Pulser PS E-gun Heater PS
RF Window IP
RF Window
IP
Beam Scanner BEM BCM PGV
E-Gun
IP PGV IP Controller Vacuum Gauge Controller
PB
Accelerating Column
Temperature Controller
Solenoid Magnet PS Steering Coil Controller
PB: Pre-buncher IP: Ion Pump PGV: Pneumatic Gate Valve PS: Phase Shifter ATT: Attenuator BEM: Beam Energy Monitor BCM: Beam Current Monitor
9/32
L-band: Design
Accelerator Parameter
RF System Parameter Operating Frequency Pulsed RF Power Pulse Length Repetition Rate Average RF Power E-gun Parameter High Voltage Pulsed Beam Current Pulse Length - 80 kV 1.6 A 6 s 1.3 GHz 25 MW 7 s 350 Hz 60 kW Beam Energy Pulsed Beam Current Beam Transmission Rate Average Beam Power Accelerating Structure Parameter Type of Structure Shape of Cell Operating Mode RF Filling Time Operating Temperature Average Accelerating Gradients Beam Loading Factor Temperature Shift Factor
Beam Parameter 10 MeV 1.45 A 90% 30 kW Constantimpedance Disk-loaded 2/3 mode 0.8 s 40C 1C 4.2 MV/m - 4.7 MeV/A - 2.3 MeV/C
10/32
L-band: Design
Accelerating Column and Prototype Test

RF input coupler 2.3 m RF output coupler
Buncher and Normal cells
Bunching section (5 cells)
Normal section (26 cells)
0-mode
-mode
Cell Parameters
Cavity 1st buncher 2nd buncher 3rd buncher 4th buncher 5th buncher Normal Phase velocity/ c 0.65 0.75 0.88 0.92 0.98 1.00 Group velocity/ c 0.0170 0.0167 0.0165 0.0164 0.0163 0.0089 Attenuation coefficient (Neper/m) 0.0538 0.0489 0.0442 0.0431 0.0415 0.0756
Tapered W/G W/G to Coax adapter Network analyzer (Agilent E8362B)
/3mode
2/3mode
Coupler cells
z 2 (wp / 2 )
Shorting bar
2
z 2 (wm )
j (wm )
j (wp / 2 ) j (w2p / 3 )
z1 (w )
z 2 (w2p / 3 )
11/32
L-band: Design
Low Power Test of Actual Accelerating Column

RF Reflection Measurement of phase advance per cell
5.00 4.00
RF Phase deviation [degrees]
3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 -1.00 -2.00 -3.00 -4.00 -5.00

Input
Phase shift for cavity cell
10
15
20
25
30
35
RF Transmission
Cavity Cell Number Output
Cumulative phase shift for per cell relative to No.0
Fig 3. PAL2# Accelerating Structure Phase Shift Measurement
12/32
L-band: Design
Beam Dynamics Simulation

Longitudinal E-field on the Axis
12
Focusing Magnetic Fields

Longitudinal Magnetic Field (G)
1500 1250 1000 750 500 250 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Electric Field (MV/m)
8 4 0 -4 -8
50
100
150
200
250
300
Longitudinal Distance (cm)

Average Beam Energy (MeV)
12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Tansverse Coordinate (mm)
Beam Energy Distribution
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 100
Beam Envelope
Aperture Limitation
Beam Envelope
200
300
400
500

13/32
* Calculated by the PARMELA code with RF profiles from the SUPERFISH code
L-band: Design
Installation of Accelerating Column

E-gun Solednoids lens Steering coil PGV Pre-buncher
Focusing solenoids Vacuum system RF window
Accelerating column
Waterload
BCM PGV
L-band: Design
Klystron and Modulator System
15/32
L-band: Design
Circuit Diagram of Klystron and Modulator

Peak Charging Rate Output Voltage Average Output Power Number of Units 33 kJ/sec 45 kV 30 kW 8 units
Cathode Heater RINV ZPFN, 15 Stage

2.2 H 50 nF
Rcharging HV Inverter Power Supply
REOLC DTAIL
6:1 Heater TR
DINV RSNUB Thyratron CSNUB
1:13 Pulse TR
RTAIL
Peak forward voltage Peak forward current Average anode current 50 kV max 15 kA max 15 A max
Klystron Heater P.S. 168 V / 4.2 A

16/32
L-band: Commissioning
Klystron Diode Test

Load Impedance 1 k 247.72 kV 246.4 A 42 kV 9.3 s Load Voltage Load Current Charging Voltage Pulse Width (70 %)
Klystron beam voltage 247.72 kV
246.4 A
Diode test with 220-Hz repetition rates Klystron beam current
PFN voltage
17/32
Beam Acceleration
RF and beam pulsed waveform
Dose distribution in scanning direction ` 5 Absorbed dose (kGy) 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 Distance (cm) 30 40
Dose distribution in scanning direction
18.5 MW
Input RF power
Output RF power
6 s 1.5 A 1.3 A
` Deposit dose (A.U.)
Dose distribution Depth-dose distribution of e-beam through penetrating depth (Al)

1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 Areal density (g/cm 2) ^ 6 7 8
Output beam current Input beam current
18/32
Commissioning Status
16
Parameters
RF frequency Input RF power Pulse length Repetition rate E-gun HV Pulsed beam current Beam energy Beam power E-gun pressure ACC pressure
1st Machine
1.3 GHz 12 MW 8 s/ 7 s 183 Hz 75 kV 1.1 A ~ 9 MeV 13 kW < 310-8 Torr < 10-7 Torr
2nd Machine
1.3 GHz 12 MW 7 s/ 6 s 350 Hz 66 kV 1.1 A
Beam energy (MeV)
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.0 12 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Beam current (A)

10 8 6 4 2 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
21 kW < 310-8 Torr < 10-7 Torr
Peak power (MW)
~ 9 MeV
Beam power
Transmitted RF power
0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4
Beam current (A)

Advanced Center for E-beam Processing /KPARA, Cheorwon

(http://www.ebeam.or.kr)
Cheorwon Seoul
Pohang Busan
10 MeV e-beam accelerator
2 MeV e-beam accelerator
165 keV e-beam accelerator

C-band: Overview
Schematic Diagram of Accelerator System

Trigger
40 kV, 50 A Cooling Water Distributor
Pulse Modulator with Transformer 20 kV, 150 mA E-gun Heater PS
Magnetron
Peak 1.5 MW, Average 1.2 kW max. Circulator w/ Matched Load RF Window
Temperature Controller
Ion Pump
X-ray Target
E-Gun
Accelerating Column BCM

IP Controller Vacuum Gauge Controller
Collimator
IP: Ion Pump BCM: Beam Current Monitor
21/32
C-band: Overview
C-band Accelerator System

Magnetron Circulator
Inverter/ Modulator/ Control rack Pulse tank
RF window Accelerating column
Ion pump with vacuum gauge

C-band: Design
Accelerator Parameter
RF System Parameters Operating Frequency Pulsed RF Power Pulse Length Repetition Rate E-gun Parameters High Voltage Pulsed Input Beam Current Beam Diameter (at the waist) 20 kV 150 mA 4 mm 5 GHz (C-band) 1.5 MW 4 s Max. 200 Hz Species Pulsed Output Current Output Energy Loss Beam Power Ratio Accelerating Structure Parameters Type of Structure Operating Mode Number of Cells Size Beam Aperture Diameter Accelerating Gradients Q-factor Effective Shunt Impedance Inter-cell Coupling Constant
Beam Parameters Electron 50 mA 4 MeV @ 50 mA 6% Bi-periodic On-axis Coupled SW /2 mode 10 7.4 cm 30.7 cm 10 mm 13.3 MV/m 11000 90 M/m 6%
23/32
C-band: Design
Accelerating Structure
Tapered W/G
Bunching cells 3 cells 21 mm ph = 0.7 ph
Intercell magnetic coupling slot
RF input coupler
Type: Biperiodic, On-axis-coupled, /2-mode SW structure Normal cells 6 cells 30 mm ph = 1 ph Number of cells: 10 Length: 306 mm Inner diameter: ~48 mm Beam aperture diameter: 10 mm
24/32
C-band: Design
Accelerating Cavity
Simulation of accelerating cavity
Measured dispersion relation

5250 5200 5150
Normal Cell Bunching Cell
Frequency (MHz)
5100 5050 5000 4950 4900 4850 4800 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Prototype test
Network analyzer (Agilent E8362B)
Phase advance /
25/32
C-band: Design
Low Power Test of Actual Accelerating Column

Bead test and cavity tuning Field flatness
Network analyzer
Step motor
Cavity
Tuning jig
Reflection coefficient
In Smith Chart
Resonant frequency
After brazing: 4998.86 MHz (20) After tuning: 4999.46 MHz (20) (*in air with humidity of 25%) Under vacuum: 4999.17 MHz (40)
Field errors in normal cells: 0.65%

C-band: Design
Circuit Diagram of Magnetron & Modulator

5GHz, 1.5MW Magnetron & Pulse Modulator System
Pulse Modulator
Peak Pow er Charging Voltage PFN Output Voltage PFN Output Current HV Pulse Width (70% Voltage) Re petition Rate 3.6 MW 22.5 kV 11.25 kV 382 A 4.0 ms 200 pps
Vane Cathode Strap
C-Band 1.5MW Magnetron

RF-Output
CPI SFD369
Frequency 5100 MHz Output Pow er 1.5 MW Re petiton Ra te 200 pps Effic ieccy 52 % Be am Voltage 39 kV Be am Current 83 A RF P ulse Width 4.0 ms
PFN impedance Total Capacitance Total Inductance Single Capacitance
29.37 W 68.26 nF 51.6 mH 10 nF
Anode
Pulse Modulator Dong-A 403

DS21 24 50 W 50 W 8.6 mH
7 Stage PFN
EOLC 30 W 1 0 nF
High Voltage Switched Mode Power Supply

Dong-A 403 Output Voltage 25 kV Charging Rate Peak 5 kJ/s Average 4.0 kJ/s
2 MW
Magnetron Pulse Transformer Tank

Pulse Transform er 1:4
P2 25 W DS2124 M4 CT-1 M2
Electron GU N
Thyratron E2V CX1191D

Filter PCB
10 mH
E2 E2-1 CT-2
E4
E4-1
G2 G1
D ump SW Protection Diode

6.3 V 12. 5 A
1 nF
50 W
Resistor Divider Surge Tail Des piker Clipper High Voltage Coaxial Cable P1
Resistor Divider
Tyratron Dr iver Circuit
Tyra tron He ater Power Supply
HV Pr obe M3 M1
BNC-1
B NC -2
B NC-3
BNC -4
Heater voltage : 6.3 +/_ 0.5 V(Max :6.8 V), 12.5 A
E1
E3
Magnetron He ater Power Supply Heater v oltage : 5 V +/_ 1 V(Max: 6 V), 28 A
Electr on GU N He ater Powe r Supply
Gun Beam Voltage Monitor Gun Beam Current Monitor
He ater voltage : 9 V+/_ 1 V(Max: 10 V), 1 0 A Magnetron Beam Voltage Monitor Magnetron B eam Cur rent Monitor
SON. Yoongyu, '2003. N ovember . 19
27/32
C-band: Commissioning
Modulator Pulse TR & RF Source System
Magnetron Test
PLC
Mag. Input V (32 kV) E-gun Input V (11.8 kV)
CCPS
PFN Output V (8.4 kV)

24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
90
90 80
Magnetron Current (A)
80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40
RF output*50
70 60
Efficiency
50 40 30
PFN
Magnetron Current
20 10 0
Magnetron Voltage (kV)

RF Output (MW), Efficiency (%)
Heater P.S
High Power RF Conditioning

Pulse waveform Forward RF Fwd RF power
Avg. 1480 kW Peak 1570 kW
1500 1350 1200 1050 900 750 600 450 300 150 0 0 5 10
RF aging history
Reflected RF Ref RF power
Inpur RF Power (kW)
Avg. 93 kW Peak 123 kW

15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
RF Conditioning Time (hour)
29/32
Beam Acceleration
Beam Parameters
Operating Frequency Pulsed RF Power Pulse Length Beam Energy Pulsed Beam Current Beam Spot Size (measured at 40 cm after the end of accelerating column) 5 GHz 1.5 MW 4 s 3.5 ~ 4.0 MeV 50 mA / 150 mA
Gate valve
Beam measurement
BCT
Beam profile measurement chamber
13 ~ 14 mm
RF and beam pulsed waveform

Ream Size (mm) Beam Radius(mm) Magnetron voltage Input RF power Beam current 4 s
Beam envelop calculated by PARMELA code

1 5 1 0 5 0 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0 7 0 8 0
End of acc. column Beam size measured position
L gitu in on d Longitudinal alPosition(cm(cm) Position)

C-band: Design
Characteristics of X-ray Attenuation
Dual energy inspection Discrimination of materials
(Courtesy of Prof. C. Tang, ICABU10)

C-band: Design
Design of New Accelerating Column

Parameters
Operating Frequency Input RF Power (peak) E-gun Voltage Number of Cells Length of Accelerating Column Input Beam Current (pulsed) Output Beam Energy Output Beam Current (pulsed) Iris Diameter Average Accelerating Gradient Beam Spot Size
1
Previous
5 GHz 1.5 MW 20 kV 10 30 cm 150 mA 4 MeV 50 mA 10 mm 13.3 MV/m 5 mm
New
5 GHz 1.5 MW 20 kV 17 48 cm 150 mA 6 MeV 80 mA 8 mm 13.8 MV/m 1.3 mm
Beam Radius (cm)
Beam dynamics simulation for new accelerating column (by PARMELA code)
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 5 10 15
Beam envelop Position of the cell

Longitudinal Position (cm)
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
32/32
Summary
PAL/POSTECH developed electron RF linacs for industrial applications. L-band accelerator was installed at ACEP/KAPRA and now serves electron beams to processing users. The beam power reaches to almost 20 kW. C-band accelerator was commissioned for X-ray imaging sources. In order to increase the beam energy, new accelerating column is being designed adopting RF focusing scheme.
33/32
Thank you for your attention!
34/32

★★Electron RF Linacs for Industrial Applications - ICABU11 - 17 - 포스텍

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Electron RF Linacs for Industrial Applications*

Development of L-band electron linac

Development of C-band electron linac

Electron Beam Processing

Applications of e-beam processing (E-BEAM Service, Inc.)

Irradiation processing office (LEONI Studer Hard)

Cargo inspection with 9-MeV e-beam (Rapiscan Systems)

Mitsubishi IGRT (C-band) Varian Clinac (S-band)

Accuray Cyberknife (X-band)

Application Fields with RF Frequencies

S-band Industrial Applications of Electron Linac

L-band Accelerator System

Installed at ACEP/KAPRA, Cheorwon

Depth-dose Curve of Electron Beam Depth-Dose Curve for Electron Beam

Limited by neutron production

Schematic Diagram of Accelerator System

Cooling Water Distributor

E-gun HV Pulser PS E-gun Heater PS

Beam Scanner BEM BCM PGV

Solenoid Magnet PS Steering Coil Controller

Accelerating Column and Prototype Test

Buncher and Normal cells

Bunching section (5 cells)

Normal section (26 cells)

Low Power Test of Actual Accelerating Column

3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 -1.00 -2.00 -3.00 -4.00 -5.00

Fig 3. PAL2# Accelerating Structure Phase Shift Measurement

Beam Dynamics Simulation

Focusing Magnetic Fields

Electric Field (MV/m)

Longitudinal Distance (cm)

Longitudinal Distance (cm)

Tansverse Coordinate (mm)

Beam Energy Distribution

Longitudinal Distance (cm)

Longitudinal Distance (cm)

Installation of Accelerating Column

Focusing solenoids Vacuum system RF window

Klystron and Modulator System

Circuit Diagram of Klystron and Modulator

Cathode Heater RINV ZPFN, 15 Stage

Rcharging HV Inverter Power Supply

DINV RSNUB Thyratron CSNUB

Klystron Heater P.S. 168 V / 4.2 A

Klystron Diode Test

Klystron beam voltage 247.72 kV

Diode test with 220-Hz repetition rates Klystron beam current

Dose distribution in scanning direction

Dose distribution Depth-dose distribution of e-beam through penetrating depth (Al)

Output beam current Input beam current

Beam energy (MeV)

14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 0.0 12 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Beam current (A)

21 kW < 310-8 Torr < 10-7 Torr

Peak power (MW)

Beam current (A)

Advanced Center for E-beam Processing /KPARA, Cheorwon

10 MeV e-beam accelerator

2 MeV e-beam accelerator

165 keV e-beam accelerator

Schematic Diagram of Accelerator System

Pulse Modulator with Transformer 20 kV, 150 mA E-gun Heater PS