Computer Networking.

Computer Networki

By:

John. David
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INTRODUCTION
Networking means: Inter-connection of two or more computers present in various locations to interact with each other by entering data into the computer system. Another word of computer networking is computer conferencing.

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History of networking.
In September 1940 George Stibitz used a teletype machine to send instructions

Dartmouth Time Sharing System was introduced in the year 1964

1965 Thomas Merrill and Lawrence G. Roberts created the first wide area network (WAN). In 1969 the University of California at Los Angeles, the Stanford Research Institute, University of California at Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah were connected as the beginning of the ARPANET network using 50 kbit/s circuits.
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Fig (A):TELETYPE MACHINE

Fig (B): 1969 ARPANET

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TYPES OF NETWORKS.
Local Area Network (LAN)
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) Wide Area Network (WAN)

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LAN
Network that connects computers and devices. Limited geographical area. Each computer or device on the network is a node. LAN technologies operate at speeds up to 10 Gbit/s. E.g. Ethernet.
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MAN
Its a large computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. It inter-connects all LANs using a high-capacity backbone technology. Its geographic scope falls between a WAN and LAN It can also be used in cable television. E.g. A chain of community colleges could be linked by a MAN
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WAN
A computer network that covers a broad area. It inter-connects all MANs. It covers all the geographical areas.

E.g. Internet

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Topologies.
Networks Are Broken Into 3 Topologies. They Are: Bus Topology Star Topology

Ring Topology

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Bus Topology.

All the nodes are inter-connected to a common shared cable called backbone of the network. The bus is available for each node to send and receive its data. They are bi-directional i.e. data is sent on both the side . The cable is terminated on both the ends.
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Advantages: Its much system is much faster. Can be extended.

Breakdown of any failure node doesn't affect another node.

Its widely used in LAN. Disadvantages: If there is a problem with the cable, the entire network goes down. Maintenance costs may be higher in the long run. If many computers are attached, the amount of data flowing causes the network to slow down. Limited cable length and number of stations.
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Ring Topology.

Ring Topologies are wired in a circle Each device acts as a receiver & a transmitter & serves as a repeater that passes the signal onto the next device in the ring. They are suited for networks that uses token passing access methods.
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Advantages: Cable failure affects limited users. Each node has equal access speed to the ring. Equal access for all users. Disadvantages:

Costly wiring is required for RING topology.

Expensive adapter cards.

Difficult connections
If One Computer Is Broken Or Down, The Message Cannot Be Passed To The Other Computers.
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Star Topology

All workstations are connected to the central hub. Hub receives signal from a workstation and routes it to the proper destination.
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Advantages:
Adding a new workstation is easier.

The control is centralised due to the use of a hub.

Disadvantages:

Hub failure affects all users.

Hubs are slightly expensive. Requires more cabling than BUS or RING topology. Hence it costs more.
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Conclusion
We have learnt about the different types of networks and also the different types of topologies used in computer networks.
From the three topologies we have learnt, Star Topology is widely used , since we can add/remove a node without affecting other nodes.
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