ENEE 324

ASSIGNMENT 1 - SOLUTIONS

1. Given events A, B, C, nd an expression for P (A B C) that does not involve any unions. (5 pts.) Solution: Thrice using the rule that P (A1 A2 ) = P (A1 ) + P (A2 ) P (A1 A2 ), and using the distributive law: P (A B C) = P ((A B) C) = P (A B) + P (C) P ((A B) C) = P (A) + P (B) P (A B) + P (C) P ((A C) (B C)) = P (A) + P (B) P (A B) + P (C) (P (A C) + (B C) P ((A C) (B C))) = P (A) + P (B) + P (C) P (A B) P (A C) P (B C) + P (A B C) While that was the intended solution, the wording left open the possibility of another correct answer, twice using the rule that (A1 A2 )c = Ac Ac : 1 2 P (A B C) = P ((A B) C) = P (A B)c C c )c = P ((Ac B c ) C c )c = P (Ac B c C c )c 2. Suppose that we roll two standard dice (each with the integers from 1 to 6 on them), and record the total rolled. (a) What is the sample space? (3 pts.) Solution: S = {2,3,. . . ,12}. (b) Would you expect the probability mass function to be uniform? Give a very brief explanation why or why not. (2 pts.) Solution: No, the more extreme outcomes will be less likely, as there are fewer ways to roll them. Now suppose that we also roll two standard dice, but record the value that ends up face-up for each one. 1

(c) What is the sample space? (While you could list all of the elements, there are much more concise ways to answer this.) (3 pts.) 2 Solution: S = {1, . . . , 6} {1, . . . , 6} = {1, . . . , 6} . (d) Let T11 be the event that the total rolled is 11. Write out this set in terms of its elements. (2 pts.) Solution: T11 = {(5, 6), (6, 5)}. (e) Assuming (here and for the rest of this problem) that the pmf is uniform, nd P (T11 ). (2 pts.) 1 Solution: Uniform pmf gives P (i, j) = 36 i, j = 1, . . . , 6. 2 1 Then, P (T11 ) = 36 = 18 . (f) Let T7 be the event that the total rolled is 7. Find P (T7 ). (4 pts.) Solution: T7 = {(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)}. Then, 6 1 P (T7 ) = 36 = 6 . (g) Find the probability that either a 7 or an 11 is rolled. (This would be the probability of winning on the rst roll when playing craps.) (3 pts.) Solution: Since you cant roll both a 7 and an 11, P (T7 T11 ) = 8 2 0. Then, P (T7 T11 ) = P (T7 ) + P (T11 ) P (T7 T11 ) = 36 = 9 . (h) Let T10 be the event that 10 or more is the total rolled. Write out this set in terms of its elements, and nd its probability. (3 pts.) Solution: T10 = {(4, 6), (5, 5), (5, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6, 6)}. Then, 1 6 P (T10 ) = 36 = 6 . (i) Find P (T10 T11 ). Solution: T11 T10 = T10 T11 = T10 = P (T10 T11 ) = P (T10 ) = 1 . 6 (j) Find T11 T10 and its probability. Solution: T11 T10 = = P (T11 T10 ) = 0. (2 pts.)

(2 pts.)

c (k) Let F be the event that the rst die is a 6. Find P [(F c T7 )c ]. (4 pts.) c c c Solution: Use DeMorgans Law. (F T7 ) = F T7 = {(6, 1)} 1 c = P [(F c T7 )c ] = 36 .

3. Suppose that 6000 people applied to be an astronaut (you may refer to this group as U ). Suppose that 3000 of them are deemed to be academically qualied (you may refer to this group as A), and suppose that 4000 of them can pass the physical (you may refer to this group as P ). Consider the people who are both academically and physically qualied to be highly-qualied, and refer to this group as H. (a) What is the maximum number of applicants who are highly-qualied? (3 pts.) Solution: H = A P , so |H| |A|, |P |. This is at its largest if A P , in which case |H| = |A| = 3000. (b) What is the minimum number of applicants who are highly-qualied? (3 pts.) Solution: |AP | = |A|+|P ||AP | = |AP | = |A|+|P | |A P |, so the intersection is smallest when the union is biggest. If |A P | = |U | = 6000, then |H| = 3000 + 4000 6000 = 1000.