Fuzzy rules may be expressed in terms such as ``If the room gets hotter, spin the fan blades

faster'' where the temperature of the room and speed of the fan's blades are both imprecisely (fuzzily) defined quantities, and ``hotter'' and ``faster'' are both fuzzy terms. Fuzzy logic, with fuzzy rules, has the potential to add human-like subjective reasoning capabilities to machine intelligences, which are usually based on bivalent Boolean logic. Provides an excellent introduction to fuzzy logic and how it can be applied to AI, and is an excellent popular science book describing all aspects of fuzzy logic. For the most part, the fuzzy rules that are used in control systems are hand-crafted by the designers of the systems, and machine learning is rarely employed1. As such, it can be argued that this human input into the system's design constitutes a homunculus, and that such systems can never be independently intelligent2. This project aimed to exploit this in order to investigate the effectiveness of machine learning algorithms when compared to human learning processes. The fuzzy rules served well as they provide an excellent means of compactly representing what the human has learned in a way that is both accurately human-like and subjective, and can be used in controlled experiments to be compared against standard machine learning algorithms. The compactness of the rules is desirable because there exists evidence suggesting smaller rules perform better, with reasons essentially the same as those for overfitting in decision trees - the underlying structure of the process generating the data is captured rather than the superficial structure of the training data. Fuzzy logic appears to be very well suited to the creation of small rules, as fuzzy rules have a higher ``information density'', so to speak - each rule encapsulates a richness of information and meaning.

Fuzzy rules have been advocated as a key tool for expressing pieces of knowledge in "fuzzy logic". However, there does not exist a unique kind of fuzzy rules, nor is there only one type of "fuzzy logic". This diversity has caused many a misunderstanding in the literature of fuzzy control. The paper is a survey of different possible semantics for a fuzzy rule and shows how they can be captured in the framework of fuzzy set and possibility theory. It is pointed out that the interpretation of fuzzy rules dictates the way the fuzzy rules should be combined. The various kinds of fuzzy rules considered in the paper (gradual rules, certainty rules, possibility rules, and others) have different inference behaviors and correspond to various intended uses and applications. The representation of fuzzy unless-rules is briefly investigated on the basis of their intended meaning. The problem of defining and checking the coherence of a block of parallel fuzzy rules is also briefly addressed. This issue has been neglected in the fuzzy control literature although it looks important for validation purposes.

Fuzzy Rules Human beings make descisions based on rules. Although, we may not be aware of it, all the descisions we make are all based on computer like if-then statements. If the weather is fine, then we may decide to go out. If the forecast says the weather will be

bad today, but fine tommorow, then we make a descision not to go today, and postpone it till tommorow. Rules associate ideas and relate one event to another. Fuzzy machines, which always tend to mimic the behaviour of man, work the same way. However, the descision and the means of choosing that descision are replaced by fuzzy sets and the rules are replaced by fuzzy rules. Fuzzy rules also operate using a series of if-then statements. For instance, if X then A, if y then b, where A and B are all sets of X and Y. Fuzzy rules define fuzzy patches, which is the key idea in fuzzy logic. A machine is made smarter using a concept designed by Bart Kosko called the Fuzzy Approximation Theorem(FAT). The FAT theorem generally states a finite number of patches can cover a curve as seen in the figure below. If the patches are large, then the rules are sloppy. If the patches are small then the rules are fine.
Fuzzy Patches

In a fuzzy system this simply means that all our rules can be seen as patches and the input and output of the machine can be associated together using these patches. Graphically, if the rule patches shrink, our fuzzy subset triangles gets narrower. Simple enough? Yes, bcause even novices can build control systems that beat the best math models of control theory. Naturally, it is math-free system.