Topic A: The situation in the Middle East and Northern Africa:

The Middle West and Northern Africa have been the centre of nowadays disturbs. To study the topic is necessary to know the most recent problems. In January 14th of 2011, the president of tunisian republic, Zine Al Abidin Ben Ali, gave up the presidentship because of the surveys that took place some days before the aforementioned. Tunisia is the smallest of the nations situated along the Atlas mountain range. The south of the country is composed of the Sahara desert, with much of the remainder consisting of particularly fertile soil and 1,300 kilometres (810 mi) of coastline. After obtaining independence in 1956 the country took the official name of the "Kingdom of Tunisia" at the end of the reign of Lamine Bey and the Husainid Dynasty. With the proclamation of the Tunisian republic on July 25, 1957, the nationalist leader Habib Bourguiba became its first president. After him, the country was governed by the authoritarian regime of President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali from 1987 to 2011 before he fled following wideranging protests, called Jasmine Revolution. His government of twenty four (24) years was distinguished by the nepostism and corruption, that was present all over his presidential period. The revolution consisted an intensive campaign of civil resistance, including a series of street demonstrations. The events began in December 2010 and led to the

ousting of the president. Although the disturbs are still happening to the date. Some say that, as a consequence of this revolution, came up another revolution, that took place in Egypt. In this occasion, it is involved the incumbed president, Muhammad Hosni Sayyid Mubarak, who has been in the presidentship of this country since 1981. Egypt is thus a transcontinental country, and a major power in Africa, the Mediterranean region, the Middle East and the Islamic world. Covering an area of about 1,010,000 square kilometers, Egypt is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the north, the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast. The Revolution of 25 January took place following a popular uprising that began on 25 January 2011. The uprising, in which the participants placed emphasis on the peaceful nature of the struggle, mainly comprised a campaign of civil resistance, which featured a series of demonstrations, marches, acts of civil disobedience, and labor strikes. Millions of protesters from a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds and religions demanded the overthrow of the regime of Egyptian President Hosni Mubarak. This happened on February 11th, of the same year, some call this day Friday of Departure. In the same mood as the tunisians and egyptians, the Libyas citizens came up with a revolution as well, but not as succesfull. Libya, that faces Egypt to the east Tunisia to the west, is a country in the Maghreb region of North Africa. As a result of the 2011 Libyan uprising, there are currently two entities

claiming to be the official government of Libya. The regime of Muammar Gaddafi, which refers to the country as the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriyacontrols Tripoli and several other cities in the western half of the country. The National Transitional Council of the Libyan Republic, led by Mustafa Abdul Jalil, is based in Benghazi and controls the rest of the country. The uprising began on 15 February 2011 and escalated into a widespread uprising by the end of February, with fighting verging at the brink of civil war as of 6 March 2011. Inspiration for the unrest is attributed to the uprisings in Tunisia and Egypt, connecting it with the wider 201011 Middle East and North Africa protests. As a cause of this revolution, the president Gaddafi sent military forces onto civilians to restore peace, causing thousands of deaths claiming that . By the end of February, Gaddafi had lost control of a significant part of the country, including the major cities of Misurata and Benghazi. The Libyan opposition had formed a National Transitional Council and free press had begun to operate in Cyrenaica. Social media had played an important role in organizing the opposition as well in the two previously stablished protests. Although these are the most recent actions in the area, there is no reason to leave behind the other problems that have taken place in the Middle East region, in these matters there are also popular problems as: 1. Israeli-Palestina conflict: is the ongoing conflict between Israelis and Palestinians. The conflict is wide-ranging, and

the term is also used in reference to the earlier phases of the same conflict, between Jewish and Zionist yishuv and the Arab population living in Palestine under Ottoman or British rule. It forms part of the wider ArabIsraeli conflict. The remaining key issues are: mutual recognition, borders, security, water rights, control of Jerusalem, Israeli settlements, Palestinian freedom of movement and legalities concerning refugees. The violence resulting from the conflict has prompted international actions, as well as other security and human rights concerns, both within and between both sides, and internationally. Recently, Israel attacked on two refugee camps earlier this year, that left at least two civilians wounded. Israel insisted the attacks were retaliation for rocket fire from the strip, that consisted on many mortars and longrange Grad-style, that hitted southern Israel. 2. Nuclear problem of Iran: The nuclear program of Iran was launched in the 1950s with the help of the United States as part of the Atoms for Peace program. The support, encouragement and participation of the United States and Western European governments in Iran's nuclear program continued until the 1979 Iranian Revolution that toppled the Shah of Iran. For the last decade, because of

Iran been accused of its socalled support to the terrorism, many countries have declared against Irans alleged pacific proyect. Although this lasted a long time, an official launch ceremony of Iran's first nuclear power plant, Bushehr I reactor was held on 21 August 2010. Even though Iran has a legal permission to enrich uranium and use it only in a pacific and progressive way, the suspicions of the aberration of this course, into a warlike one, are still present.

3. Situation in Irak: referred as the Second Gulf War or Operation Iraqi Freedom, was a military campaign that began on March 20, 2003, with the invasion of Iraq by a multinational force led by troops from the United States under the administration of President George W. Bush and the United Kingdom under Prime Minister Tony Blair. Prior to the invasion, the governments of the United States and the United Kingdom asserted that the possibility of Iraq employing weapons of mass destruction (WMD) threatened their security and that of their coalition/regional allies. In 2002, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 1441 which called for Iraq to completely cooperate with UN weapon inspectors to verify that it was not in possession of weapons of mass destruction and cruise missiles. The United

Nations Monitoring, Verification and Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC) was given access by Iraq under provisions of the UN resolution but found no evidence of weapons of mass destruction. Additional months of inspection to conclusively verify Iraq's compliance with the UN disarmament requirements were not undertaken. Head weapons inspector Hans Blix advised the UN Security Council that while Iraq's cooperation was "active", it was not "unconditional" not "immediate". Iraq's declarations with regards to weapons of mass destruction could not be verified at the time, but unresolved tasks concerning Iraq's disarmment could be completed in "not years, not weeks, but months".

Topic B: The situation between North and South Korea:

If we dont end war, war will end us H. G. Wells Its true that a war could end with a country; people die only to feed of victory those who fight for no honorable reason, for power, respect and fear, which only leaves us in chaos and darkness. North and South Korea have faced issues since the end of the World War II, and now, this clash is one of the most polemic issues around the world. As the Security Council, is in our duty to solve this increasing problem, but for that, we should analyze their precedents, causes and future consequences.

Korean War 1950

In conclusion of the Second World War, the peninsula of Korea, former Japanese possession, was occupied by the Soviet Union and The United States taking the parallel 38 as a line of division. The Cold war brought as consequence the partition of this country in two conditions: in the

north, established in 1948 as the "Popular Republic of Korea ", communist regime directed by Kim II Sung. In the south half of the country, the "Republic of Korea", authoritarian regime directed by Syngman Rhee, strongly anticommunist. The triumph of the Communist Revolution in China for 1949 gave Stalin the desire of recovering his Asian territory, so he accepted a North Korean assault to South Korea. Following the orders, the Kim II Sung troops crossed the 38 parallel the 25th of June of that year. The North American reaction was immediate, Washington asked the Security Council for a solution and obtained a mandate to face an army and stop the communist aggression to South Korea, and so, the UN multinational troops easily ended the invasion and took control of Pyongyang, North Korean capital. But China, overseeing the situation warned that if the UN troops crossed the river Amnok limits, they would respond to the invasion. Unfortunately the United Nations didnt pay attention to this warning and China asked for help to the Soviet Union. The American troops that were in the edge were surprised by seen the soviet army, and immediately they retired from the river Amnok zone. After the issue, the communist forces in China and North Korea captured Seoul. The Battle of the Chosin Reserve in the winter was a terrible defeat for the United Nations troops. The situation was such that the north American military MacArthur mentioned that atomic weapons could be used, which reached alarming the U.S. allies. After some deliberations in the UN and other countries interventions to

this war, in 1953 some peace negotiations relieved the tensions between this Korean countries, however the only solution was a Demilitarized zone around the 38 parallel that still nowadays is taken by the troops of North Korea, on one hand, and by the troops of South Korea and of the United States, by the other hand. Current situation

Since the end of the Korean War in 1953 both countries have followed different paths to development. North Korea, after the fighting and U.S. bombing, ended in ruins, the government on their part, had to build a country from scratch and cover both human and territorial damages for this country to proceed. In the other side South Korea suffered as well territorial and human damages, only in a lower scale. In 1953 the peace negotiations did not give any kind of legal treaty, there were only solutions because of the blockage of the war. For some, this peace talks were only a truce made by the UN to stop the aggression between the two countries, and to avoid a direct confrontation between U.S. and Russia, and, as there was no treaty that legally solve problems and reach bilateral solutions between the them, the two countries remain technically at war. Both, North and South Korea, supported each by a powerful country, have continued their war indirectly since those problems were left apart, and some failed attacks prove that this confrontation has never stopped since 1953. Just a

few years after the end of the war, in 1968, the North Korean commandos launch a failed assassination attempt on the then president of South Korea, Park Chung-hee, and soon after, in 1974, There was another assassination attempt on the North Korean president, by a North Korean agent in Seoul. Park survives, but the first lady was killed. This was a shock for the nation, the two attempts of assassination to Park and the murder of his wife showed to South Korea and the world that the North Korean mistrust was just beginning, and in 1983 North Korean agents target the venue of a visit by South Korean president Chun Doo-hwan to Burma, killing more than 20 people including four South Korean cabinet ministers, luckily the president escaped. The North Korean anger after 30 years of the issue was intact, they have been trying to kill the South Korean president in now 3 attempts and have not accomplished it, the anger and desire of revenge that North Korea had made then exploit up a South Korean civilian airliner, Korean Air Flight 858, killing 115 people. After these attacks, the United States and the world start seen North Korea as a terrorist country, and the power that they have been trying to show and prove since 1953 became an international critique that cost the foreign relations to this country, and so, they maintained calmed, and officially entered the United Nations in 1991, trying to keep peace for some time.

However, the thirst for revenge was never satisfied, and in 2005 North Korea claimed to have built nuclear weapons. This situation alarmed South Korea, they were likely to receive a direct nuclear attack from the country. Those warnings soon turned into actions, when in 2006 North Korea tested their weapons, alarming the UN with a possible attack to his opponent country, to prevent this, the organization decided to place a series of sanctions on North Korea, that were simply ignored by the country, and another test fire short missile incident, occurred in 2008, was the last warning from North Korea to the South from an upcoming war. Around 2009, the nuclear power of Korea expanded, several testing and missile launchings assure to the world the nuclear development that this country possessed. Finally, as they warned, North Korea fired artillery near its disputed maritime border with South Korea, they returned fire, but no one was injured. Apparently, a war that never ended again was starting, however, with a number of drawbacks, unfortunately,

against South Korea. In March 2010, a South Korean warship sank after an unexplained explosion leaving 46 sailors death. A later investigation suggested that the boat was sunk by a torpedo launched from a North Korean submarine. This was probably the last attack in which South Korea was the victim, since, in October 2010, both countries participate in a shellfire that destroyed their costs. Since then, both north Korea and South Korea have been involved in several clashes that have been critical discussing points in the world. Now that we see all causes and background of the current situation in Korea, is in our hands to find an effective solution to these attacks and clashes, and as Security Council, to fulfill our duty and prevent a future attack, particularly nuclear confrontation, that could ruin not only a nation, but the world.

For delegates: The first session of the United Nations Security Council will take place in New York, at the date march 5th of 2011.

Recomendations: Study the history of the countries in usage. Catch up with international situations, concern of this committee. There may be crisis not concerning of ANY of the aforementioned topics, be prepared, therefore investigate countrys position in many issues around the world. Position papers MUST be handed to the chair in the first session of LAIMUN 2011, otherwise measures will be taken. DO NOT prepare resolutions that has the same aspects as previous resolutions made in the United Nations Security Council.