Human Anatomy & Physiology Exam Review Nervous System 1. What are the components of the CNS? PNS?

2. Distinguish between the somatic, autonomic and enteric nervous systems. 3. What are the parts of a typical neuron? What is the difference between a sensory, motor, and integrative neuron? 4. Complete the table:

Type of neuron
One dendrite and one axon

Description
One process divides into two parts

Many dendrites and one axon 5. Complete the table:

Neuroglia type
Myelin sheath in CNS Myelin sheath in PNS Phagocytosis in CNS

Function

Star shaped & numerous; help create blood-brain barrier; maintain ion conc. Around neuron Line ventricles of CNS; produce CSF Flat cells of PNS; support & structure 6. What is the advantage of the myelin sheath? What are gaps in the sheath called? What may cause demyelination? 7. Define: a. white matter b. gray matter c. nucleus d. ganglion e. tract f. nerve

8. What is the neurons resting membrane potential? Describe the cytoplasm and extracellular environment of a resting neuron. 9. When an action potential is created on a neuron, describe the movement of ions across the neurons membrane. 10. Compare continuous and salutatory impulse conduction. 11. What is a synapse? Distinguish between an electrical and a chemical synapse. 12. What are the two major functions of the spinal cord? 13. List 5 items that protect the spinal cord.

14. Complete the table:

Meninx

Description
Web-like collagen fibers; middle layer DWFCT; outer layer Thin & vascular; inner layer

15. Describe the two spinal cord enlargements. 16. Complete the table regarding the spinal cord:

Term

Description
Deep groove; divides left & right sides Pia mater that anchors the spinal cord Shallow groove; divides left & right sides Cone shaped terminus of spinal cord Roots of spinal nerves that exit lower on back Columns of myelinated tracts Internal horns of unmyelinated nuclei

17. How many spinal nerves are there? Complete the table for the spinal cord:

Area Name
L1-L4

Vertebrae involved
Leg & foot

Innervates

Brachial plexus T2-T12 18. Spinal nerves have 3 levels of vascular coverings. Distinguish between endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium. 19. What is a dermatome? 20. What are the 5 parts of a reflex arc in order from original stimulus? 21. What is the blood-brain barrier? What can easily cross? What cannot? 22. What is cerebral spinal fluid composed of? What does it do? What are ventricles? How many are there? 23. Describe the lateralization of the cerebru. 24. What is the limbic system?

25. Complete the brain region table:

Brain region
Vision & hearing reflexes Movement & equilibrium

Function

Conduit for tracts; vital reflex centerwhich ones? Relay & sorting center Endocrine; homeostasis Secretes melatonin Connects various parts of the brain seat of intelligence 26. Distinguish between: a. concussion b. contusion 27. Complete the brain wave table:

c. laceration

Brain wave
Beta Awake or resting Delta Stress or disorder 28. Which cranial nerve is described? a. innervates 4 of the 6 extrinsic eye muscles b. innervates forehead, eye, maxilla & mandible c. 1/3 tongue, salivary glands, pharynx, larynx d. sensory neurons emerge through cribriform plate e. innervates 2/3 tongue, lacrimal glands, scalp, neck f. sensory from ear g. head, thorax, & abdomen h. rods & cones innervate sensory receptors i. tongue muscles & ligaments j. innervates lateral rectus k. cranial to pharynx, larynx, and soft palate; spinal to head & neck

Brain activity

29. Where are olfactory receptors found? What are the 4 types of cells found in the nasal epithelium? 30. Trace olfaction from receptors to cerebral cortex. 31. What is gestation? What are the 4 tastes? 32. What are taste buds? Where are they found? What 3 types of cells make up a tastebud?

33. Complete the eye table:

Eye Structure
Produces tears Palpebral fissure

Description

Jelly in posterior cavity Lateral canthus Thin membrane covering sclera & palpebrae Medial canthus Smooth muscle of vascular tunic Eyelids Lacrimal caruncle Space in center of iris Layer of photosensitive cells Darkly pigmented layer of vascular tunic DWFCT on posterior surface of eye Protein structure used to focus Transparent area of fibrous tunic Muscles and ligaments that focus lens Canal of Schlemm 34. Complete the ear table:

Ear part
Dynamic equilibrium

Description
Articulates w/oval window Coiled hearing organ

Vestibule Articulates w/malleus & stapes

Hair cells & tectorial membrane External ear made of elastic cartilage Tympanic membrane Articulates w/tympanic membrane External auditory canal Equalizes pressure between middle ear & pharynx