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Improved Three-Phase Power-Flow Methods Using Sequence Components

Mamdouh Abdel-Akher, Khalid Mohamed Nor, Senior Member, IEEE, and Abdul Halim Abdul Rashid
AbstractThe paper presents the formulation and the solution of the three-phase power-flow problem using sequence components. An improved sequence component transformer model and a decoupled sequence line model were used. As a result, the three sequence admittance matrices are decoupled with three-phase power system features in sequence components. The sequence power-flow algorithm has been formulated such that the single-phase power-flow programs can be called as routines for solving the positive sequence network. The results for the proposed sequence power-flow methods are identical to those obtained from three-phase power-flow programs developed in phase components. The computational efficiency and convergence of the proposed sequence three-phase power-flow methods show that they are as fast and as robust as conventional the NewtonRaphson method. Index TermsImproved sequence transformer model, sequence decoupled line model, sequence power-flow methods, three-phase power flow.

unbalanced networks in distribution systems. Therefore, a three-phase power-flow program that deals with the unbalanced power system will be a useful analytical tool. A variety of three-phase power-flow algorithms have been studied for solving unbalanced power systems. These algorithms can be categorized into two groups. The first group solves a general network structure such as the NewtonRaphson method [1][5], the fast decoupled method [3], [6], the hybrid method [7], and the bus admittance method [8]. The second group considers primarily the radial structure of distribution networks such as the compensation-based method [9]. Unbalanced power systems can be modeled using phase components without simplifications [10]. However, the advantage of the application of sequence components is that the size of the problem is effectively reduced in comparison to the phase components approach. In NewtonRaphson power flow, the size of the problem is reduced from a ( ) Jacobian matrix to a ( ) Jacobian matrix for positive sequence power flow and two ( ) admittance matrices for negative sequence and zero sequence nodal voltage equations. Zhang [3] showed that the factorization time of an admittance matrix of order ( ) is 70% more than the total factorization time of three admittance matrices of order ( ). In addition, the sequence networks, positive sequence, negative sequence, and zero sequence can be solved using parallel computations [3]. Based on sequence components, the three-phase power-flow problem in [2] is decomposed into three separate subproblems. The line mutual coupling is included by putting the three subproblems into an iterative scheme. The transformer phase shifts are included in the solution process by transforming the (6 6) transformer admittance matrix in phase components to its counterparts in sequence components. The (6 6) transformer admittance matrix in sequence components is included in the overall ( ) admitta nce matrix. The decoupled sequence components transmission line model was introduced in [3]. This line model allows the overall ( ) s e q u e n c e co m p o n e n t a d mi t t a n c e ma t r i x t o b e decoupled into positive sequence, negative sequence, and zero sequence admittance matrices. The decoupling compensation power-flow methods [3], [8] use the conventional sequence transformer model [10], where the transformer phase shifts are difficult to be incorporated. In comparison to phase components, implementation of the sequence components approach so far faced two problems to analyze the unbalanced power system. The first is the fact that the coupling in the untransposed transmission line in sequence

NOMENCLATURE 0, 1, 2 ,, , , , , , , , , , , ,,, ,
, , ,

Suffix for sequence components. Suffix for phase components. Suffix or prefix refers to busbar indices. Prefix for series and shunt elements of a line. Variable and vector for active, reactive, and apparent power. Variable and vector for current, voltage, and angle. Submatrices of the NewtonRaphson Jacobian matrix. Fast decoupled constant gradient matrices. Variable and matrix for admittance. I. I NTRODUCTION

OWER FLOW is an important tool in power system planning and operational studies. The single-phase power-

flow algorithms assume a balanced power system operation and a balanced power system model. There are many cases where the system unbalance cannot be ignored due to unbalanced loads,
Manuscript received July 29,2004; revised December 3,2004. This work was supported in part by the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, under an IRPA grant project. Paper no. TPWRS-00409-2004. M.Abdel-Akher and K. M. Nor are with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (e-mail: mamdouh@um.edu.my; khalid@um.edu.my). A. H. A. Rashid is with Institute of Mathematical Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia (e-mail: ahar@um.edu.my). Digital Object Identifier 10.1 109/TPWRS.2005.851933 untransposed

transmission lines, and a combination of balanced with

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components model still exists. Second, the phase shifts introduced by special transformer connections are difficult to be represented [10]. On the other hand, in phase components, the coupling between lines and the phase shifts are included in the phase components model. All previous implementations of unbalanced three-phase power flow based on sequence components used a single-phase power flow that is modified from the traditional balanced power-flow algorithms. Zhang, however, suggested the possibility of sequence components power flow to use the traditional balanced single-phase power flow for solving the positive sequence network [3]. In this paper, the sequence components transformer model [2] and the decoupled sequence components transmission line model [3] are used together for developing an improved sequence power-flow solution. As a result, the untransposed transmission lines as well as the phase shifts introduced by special transformer connections are considered in the sequence components power-flow solution process. In addition, the injected powers and currents due to loads and untransposed transmission lines have been formulated such that the single-phase power-flow programs can be called as routines for solving the positive sequence power flow. The proposed sequence power-flow methods are tested with different case studies and compared with the sequence-decoupled power-flow methods [3], [8] and the hybrid method [7]. The performance of the proposed methods is further examined by comparison with a phase-coordinates NewtonRaphson program.

Fig. 1. Sequence component model of generator.

The resulting (6 6) sequence admittance matrix is used for constructing the sequence component transformer model that is used for building the decoupled sequence admittance matrices. The models for different transformer connections are summarized in Table I. The positive sequence and negative sequence networks of the - transformers, in Table I, are expressed by admittance matrices as the phase shift cannot be suitably incorporated in an equivalent circuit. In Table I, if both and are not ignored, the transformer equivalent circuits should be modified to the typical symmetrical component -equivalent model [10].
C. Sequence Transmission Line Model

When a transmission line is balanced or transposed, the admittance matrix in phase variables will be full and symmetrical. Hence, the transmission line can be represented by three uncoupled sequence circuits as follows:

II. S EQUENCE C OMPONENT P OWER S YSTEM M ODEL

A. Sequence Generator Model

Fig. 1 shows the generator model for power-flow programs. The model is represented with three uncoupled sequence circuits [3], [4], [11]. The positive sequence reactance and EMF behind it are not introduced; this actually presents the case in the single-phase power-flow model. If there is unbalance in a power system, current will flow in both the negative sequence and zero sequence components of the generator model, resulting in three-phase unbalanced voltages at the generator busbar.
B. Sequence Transformer Model

(2) On the other hand, if any transmission line is unbalanced or untransposed, the phase admittance matrix will also be full but symmetrical in one diagonal axis. Therefore, the sequence admittance matrix will be full and unsymmetrical as follows:

The transformer model is established by transforming the overall transformer admittance matrix in phase components to its counterparts in sequence components as follows [2]:

(1) where

(3) The sequence coupled line model is characterized by weak mutual coupling, so the coupled line model in Fig. 2 can be decoupled into three independent sequence circuits [3]. This can be achieved by eliminating the off-diagonal elements in (3) by replacing them with certain compensation current injections at both ends of the unbalanced line. The injected currents for an unbalanced line (see Fig. 2) connected between busbar and busbar due to the off-diagonal

and

(4)

elements in both the shunt and series admittance matrices can be calculated as follows. 1 ) Off-diagonal current injection in the series admittance matrix:

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TABLE I SEQUENCE COMPONENT TRANSFORMER MODEL

Fig. 2. Sequence coupled line model.

2)

Off-diagonal current injection in the shunt admittance matrix at any busbar, say, bus , is as follows:

(5)

The final sequence current injections at the line busbars are at bus at bus

or or (6)

Fig. 3. Sequence decoupled line model.

In the traditional balanced power-flow studies, the positive sequence current injection is transformed to positive sequence power injection as follows: (7) Now, (3) can be rewritten similarly to (2) for transposed lines as follows:

included by the current and power injections at the line busbars. Equations (2) and (8) are used for constructing the decoupled sequence admittance matrices, whereas the coupling effect is considered by the current and power injections in (6) and (7), respectively. III. SEQUENCE P OWER-FLOW METHODS
A. Busbars Specifications

(8) Fig. 3 shows the three decoupled sequence networks that represent the coupled line model in Fig. 2. The mutual coupling is

The sequence power-flow methods use single-phase power-flow specifications that include three types. Slack Busbar: At the slack busbar, both the positive sequence voltage magnitude and the angle are specified

(6)

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Voltage Controlled BusbarsPV: The PV busbar is a generator busbar in which both the positive sequence voltage magnitude and the total generated power are specified

effect in the untransposed transmission lines, whereas (15) presents the injection due to the actual load in the network. Hence, the final sequence specifications at a busbar are calculated as follows: where refers to the total number of untransposed transmis-

(10)

or or

(11)

Load Busbars: For balanced loads, the specified power for each phase is calculated from the total power demand at the load or or busbar On the other hand, the specified powers for unbalanced loads are specified individually for each phase as

sion lines connected to busbar , and the summation in (16) and (17) gives the total injected currents and powers at busbar due to the untransposed transmission lines. B. Positive Sequence Power Flow

(18)

(12) The specified three-phase powers in (11) and (12) are used for calculating the phase components injected currents. The injected current of phase ( , , or ) is given as follows: (13) (14)

The positive sequence mismatch at busbar is given as

The injected currents in the sequence networks due to loads are calculated by transforming the phase components injected currents in (13) to their counterparts in sequence components

Equations (9), (10), and (16) present the positive sequence power-flow specifications that are the same as those used by any single-phase power-flow algorithm. Both (9) and (10) present the generator-specified values that are constant and need not be updated during the sequence power-flow solution process. The specified values in (16) do not mean only the loads in the actual network but also include the coupling effect. This means that there may be, at a certain busbar, no actual load, but there is a specified load in the positive sequence network. Equation (16) needs to be updated and supplied to the single-phase power-flow routine for each iteration in the overall solution process. The calculated positive sequence power for busbars power system is given as

(20)

(21)

Then, the load sequence specifications for the three sequence networks are calculated from the sequence current injections in (14). In the traditional balanced power-flow studies, the current injection of the positive sequence network is modified to power injection
(16)

(18)

(15)
(17)

The total sequence specifications can be evaluated from (6), (7), and (15). Equations (6) and (7) present the coupling

For PV busbars, only the active positive sequence power mismatch needs to be calculated in (19) using the specified generation in (10). The traditional NewtonRaphson and fast decoupled singlephase power-flow methods were chosen for solving the positive sequence power flow due to their well-established usage in the industry. Other methods, such as the current injection method [12], may also be used with appropriate adjustment. The basic NewtonRaphson method is described by (20), while the fast

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decoupled method is given by

C. Negative Sequence and Zero Sequence Nodal Voltage Equations The negative sequence and zero sequence voltages are calculated by solving (22) and (23), respectively, using the specified current injections in (17)
(22)

(23)

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Fig. 4. Sequence NewtonRaphson method.

D.

Sparse Linear Solver

2) 3)

In the proposed implementation, the power system sparsity is exploited by using SuperLU library routines [13]. SuperLU is a general-purpose library for the direct solution of large, sparse, and nonsymmetrical systems of linear equations. E. Sequence Power-Flow Algorithm Fig. 4 shows the sequence power-flow solution algorithm. The dashed block shows the NewtonRaphson single-phase power-flow routine, which is completely decoupled from the overall solution process. The NewtonRaphson algorithm can be replaced by a fast decoupled algorithm, as done in this study or by any other single-phase power-flow algorithm. The sequence power-flow solution process starts with the following: 1) constructing the sequence admittance matrices according to the sequence power system models in Section II;

4)

5)

6)

7)

factorizing the negative sequence and zero sequence admittance matrices using SuperLU library routines; calculating the specified generation for positive sequence power flow that is fixed and need not be updated during the solution process; calculating the injected phase components currents due to the specified loads based on an initial set of three- phase voltages using (13) (the initial three-phase voltages are used in the first iteration only; in the following iterations, the updated three-phase voltages are used); transforming the injected phase components currents at each busbar to their counterparts in sequence components using (14); combining the injected sequence components powers and currents of the specified loads and untransposed lines together for calculating the final sequence specified values using (16) and (17); solving (22) and (23) by using the specified negative sequence and zero sequence currents to compute the negative sequence and zero sequence voltages. The positive

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sequence specified powers in (16) are supplied to the single-phase power-flow routine for calculating the positive sequence voltages; 8) calculate the new set of three-phase voltages; 9) go to step 4. The process is repeated until a certain preset permissible tolerance is reached. In Fig. 4, the convergence is measured using positive sequence power mismatch criterion. Other convergence criteria can be applied, such as positive sequence voltage mismatch or phase voltage mismatch.

RESULTS OF CASE CPROPOSED METHODS

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The sequence power-flow methodssequence Newton Raphson and sequence fast decoupledare developed according to the algorithm shown in Fig. 4. These methods are coded using two single-phase power-flow programs, NewtonRaphson and fast decoupled [14]. These routines are used for solving positive sequence network without affecting their capability of solving balanced power systems. The accuracy of the sequence power-flow methods are tested and compared with the decoupling compensation power-flow methods [3], [8] and the hybrid method [7], whereas the performances are examined by comparison with a phase-coordinates NewtonRaphson program. A 345-kV test system [7] is used for studying the following cases. Case A) Configuration ABC-CBA, well-transposed lines. Case B) Configuration ABC-CBA, untransposed lines. Case C) Configuration ABC-CBA, untransposed lines and unbalanced load at busbar 14, , , and Case D) Configuration ABC-ABC, well-transposed lines. Case E) Configuration ABC-ABC, untransposed lines. All case studies were run on a Pentium 4, 2.66-GHz CPU with a 512-kB cache, 512 MB of RAM, and a MS Windows 2000 operating system. Case C was used for comparison between performance of the sequence power-flow and the phase-coordinates NewtonRaphson power-flow program. The sequence power-flow methods utilize SuperLU linear solver [13] and component technology as a program ming methodology [14], whereas the phase-coordinates NewtonRaphson program is a commercial grade program based on object-oriented methods using a different sparse linear solver. These differences may have some slight contribution in the performance of the programs. However, the large difference in performance between the sequence components methods and the phase-coordinates NewtonRaphson program allows reasonable conclusions to be drawn on the performance of the proposed methods. A. Balanced Power System and Balanced Load Cases A and D present the balanced system case study. The results are identical with those obtained from single-phase power-flow programs. The results differ only in the expected 30 phase shift accompanied to - transformer connections.
TABLE II

B. Unbalanced Power System and Balanced Load Cases B and E present the unbalanced power system and balanced load case study. The three-phase busbar voltages, total generation, and total system losses are given in both Tables VII and VIII in the Appendix for cases B and E, respectively. The results are identical with those given in [7, Tables 5 and 6]. The slight difference in the three-phase busbar voltages at certain . busbars, such as phase a' at busbar 32' is due to the generator model [7]. The positive sequence reactance and the EMF behind it are introduced in [7], while in this paper, the generator model in Fig. 1 is used. C. Unbalanced Power System and Unbalanced Load Case C presents the case of untransposed transmission system and unbalanced load at busbar "14. The results in Table II are different from those in Table III, where the sequence decoupling compensation methods are used [3], [8]. This is because the sequence power-flow methods are less sensitive to errors in the injected currents of the untransposed transmission lines, i.e., the program will converge but with wrong results. These errors are corrected in this paper by the derivation of the current injections due to untransposed transmission lines. Then, these current injections are combined with the sequence current injections due to the actual loads in one set of sequence specifications, as was described by (16) and (17). A sample of the power-flow results for case C is given in Table IV. The results include two busbars that have specified values; the first is the load busbar 14, and the second is the generator busbar 312. The , load constraint at busbar 14 for phases a, b, and c is equal to , and MVA, respectively, whereas at the

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TABLE III RESULTS OF C ASE C POWER-FLOW METHODS [3], [8]

TABLE V C ONVERGENCE C HARACTERISTIC OF THE P ROPOSED M ETHODS

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TABLE IV S AMPLE OF P OWER-F LOW R ESULTS OF C ASE C

tion time and memory requirements mainly depend on the size of the problem to be solved. The Jacobian matrix, negative sequence, and zero sequence admittance matrices of the sequence NewtonRaphson for busbars and branches power system is a ( ) nonzero elements instead of ( ) nonzero elements for the phase-coordinates Jacobian matrix. This is a savings in CPU memory of about 83%. This savings is about the same as shown in Table VI. The difference can be attributed to other memory requirements arising from the differences in the code implementation and the linear solver.
TABLE VI P ERFORMANCE IN TERMS OF EXECUTION TIME AND CPU M EMORY

The algorithm execution time totally depends on the solution process. In the sequence NewtonRaphson, apart from the negative sequence and zero sequence admittance matrices that are factorized only once in the beginning of the iteration process, a () Jacobian matrix is refactorized and updated for each iteration. In phase-coordinates NewtonRaphson, a ( ) Jacobian matrix is refactorized and updated for every iteration step. This leads to a large savings in execution time, as shown in Table VI. The result in Table VI is consistent with the experience reported in [3], which was discussed earlier in Section I. The sequence fast decoupled method, when compared with the sequence NewtonRaphson, is between 20%-30% faster.

generator busbar 312, the total specified power constraint is equal to 250 MW. Table IV shows that the power delivered to the load at each phase satisfies the load constraint at busbar 14. The total power leaves the generator busbar 312 is equal to MW, which also satisfies the D. Convergence Characteristics Table V shows the convergence characteristic of the sequence power-flow methods for the studied cases AE. The sequence specifications and the three-phase voltages are updated after calculating each sequence voltage (positivenegativezero). If the sequence specifications are updated only once every iteration step, as shown in Fig. 4, the number of iterations required for convergence will increase, depending on the degree of the unbalance in the network. The table shows, in all studied cases, that the sequence NewtonRaphson and sequence fast decoupled methods have a comparable number of iterations. The impact of the negative sequence and zero sequence networks seem to have made the convergence characteristics of the sequence fast decoupled similar to the sequence NewtonRaphson, unlike the case of balanced power-flow programs. E. Time and Memory Requirements total generation constraint. In comparing the performance between the proposed sequence power-flow and the phase-coordinates NewtonRaphson method, Case C was run 100 times. The average CPU time and memory usage are reported in Table VI. The fast execution time and the low memory requirements of the sequence power-flow methods are expected since the execu-

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TABLE VIII

RESULTS OF CASE E

Fig. 5. Performance of sequence power-flow methods for high R/X ratio. TABLE VII RESULTS OF CASE B

ative and zero sequence nodal voltage equations.

F. Effect of High Ratio

This is less savings compared with single-phase power flow, because in three-phase power flow, the sequence fast decoupled and the sequence NewtonRaphson have to solve the same neg-

The effect of increasing the line ratio is studiedforboththe proposed methods and the phase-coordinates NewtonRaphson method using the test case C. The ratio is increased until the divergence occurred, as shown in Fig. 5. The figure shows that the sequence NewtonRaphson has similar characteristics to the phase-coordinates NewtonRaphson method. Although sequence fast decoupled takes fewer iterations than sequence NewtonRaphson for the normal ratio, as given in Table V, the number of iterations increases when the ratio is increased, as shown in Fig. 5. Similar observations were reported in [3], that the sequence fast decoupled is less sensitive for unbalanced loads but sensitive for ratio. Also, it is noted with some investigations that the characteristic of the proposed sequence fast decoupled method is similar to the bal-

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anced fast decoupled algorithm for high ratio. V. C ONCLUSION The paper has presented the formulation and the solution of the three-phase power-flow problem using sequence components. The results of busbar voltages for different studied cases are the same as those obtained from a three-phase power-flow programs developed in phase components. The improved sequence component transformer model and the decoupled sequence line model overcome the disadvantage of using sequence components and at the same time retaining the advantage of dealing with matrices of smaller size. This advantage leads to a large savings in time and memory when the proposed methods are compared with a phase-coordinates NewtonRaphson method. In addition, the proposed sequence NewtonRaphson method has similar convergence characteristics to the phase-coordinate NewtonRaphson method. The power and current injections of the sequence networks have been formulated such that single-phase power-flow programs can be used in the three-phase power-flow algorithm. This allows balanced and unbalanced power-flow algorithms to be integrated in a single application. APPENDIX Tables VII and VIII show the results of Cases B and E, respectively.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance rendered by the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, in the work reported in this paper. REFERENCES
[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] K. A. Birt, J. J. Graff, J. D. McDonald, and A. H. El-Abiad, Three phase load flow program, IEEE Trans. Power App. Syst., vol. 95, no. 1, pp. 5965, Jan./Feb. 1976. K. L. Lo and C. Zhang, Decomposed three-phase power flow solution using the sequence component frame, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen., Transm., Distrib., vol. 140, no. 3, pp. 181188, May 1993. X. P. Zhang, Fast three phase load flow methods, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 15471553, Aug. 1996. B. C. Smith and J. Arrillaga, Improved three-phase load flow using phase and sequence components, in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen., Transm., Distrib., vol. 145, May 1998, pp. 245250. P. A. N. Garcia, J. L. R. Pereria, J. R. S. Cameiro, V. M. Da Costa, and N. Martins, Three-phase power flow calculation using the current injection method, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 508514, May 2000. J. Arrillaga and C. P. Arnold, Fast decoupled three phase load flow, Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., vol. 125, no. 8, pp. 734740, Aug. 1978. B. K. Chen, M. S. Chen, R. R. Shoults, and C. C. Liang, Hybrid three phase load flow, in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen., Transm., Distrib., vol. 137, May 1990, pp. 177185. X. P. Zhang and H. Chen, Asymmetrical three phase load flow based on symmetrical component theory, in Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng., Gen., Transm., Distrib., vol. 137, May 1994, pp. 248252. C. S. Cheng and D. Shirmohammadi, A three-phase power flow method for real-time distribution system analysis,IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 671679, May 1995. J. Arrillaga and N. R. Watson, Computer modeling of electrical power systems, in Book, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, 2001, pp. 1113. N.-Q. Dinh and J. Arrillaga, A salient-pole generator model for harmonic analysis, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 609615, Nov. 2001. V. M. Da Costa, N. Martins, and J. L. Pereira, Developments in the Newton Raphson power flow formulation based on current injections, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 13201326, Nov. 1999. J. W. Demmel, S. C. Eisenstat, J. R. Gilbert, X. S. Li, and J. W. H. Liu, A supernodal approach to sparse partial pivoting, SIAM J. Matrix Anal. Appl., vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 720755,1999. K. M. Nor, H. Mokhlis, and T. A. Gani, Reusability techniques in load-flow analysis computer program, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 17541762, Nov. 2004.

received the B.Sc. degree with first-class honors and M.Sc. degrees in electrical engineering from Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt, in 1997 and 2002, respectively. He is currently working toward the Ph.D. degree in the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Since 1999, he has been with the Department of Electrical Engineering, Aswan Faculty of Engineering, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt, as a Research Engineer, and since 2002, as an Assistant Lecturer. His current research interest is in power system analysis and simulation.

[6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14]

Khalid Mohamed Nor (M81SM92) was born in Sungai Pelong, Selangor, Malaysia. He received the B.Eng. degree with first-class honors from the University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K. He received the M.Sc. degree in 1978 and the Ph.D. degree in 1981, both from the University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology, Manchester, U.K. He joined the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, as a Lecturer in 1981. He is currently a Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering. His research interests are in the field of electrical power system simulation and power quality.

Abdul Halim Abdul Rashid was born in Kuala Lipis, Pahang, Malaysia, on October 20, 1953. In 1976, he received the B.Sc. degree with first-class honors from the University of Aston, Birmingham, U.K. He received the M.Sc. degree in 1979 and the Ph.D. degree in 1982 from the University of Manchester, Manchester, U.K. In 1982, he joined the University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, as a Lecturer. He is currently an Associate Professor in the Institute of Mathematical Sciences. His research interests are in the field of the numerical computation and optimization and simulation.

Mamdouh Abdel-Akher was born in Qena, Egypt on October 9, 1974. He