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IMPERIALISM QNO 1 Explain why the Industrial Revolution encouraged western 'imperialism in Asia and Africa during the

19th century? Ans:) During Industrial Revolution many factories, were set up almost in all the European countries. These countries needed raw material for their factories and markets for the sale of their finished goods. There was no Industrial Revolution in Asia and Africa then. The European countries found Asia and Africa the best places for the sale of finished goods and for the purchase of the raw materials, The Europeans came to Asia and Africa as traders and established their colonies. Then they became the rulers in Asia Africa. Thus the industrial Revolution encouraged imperialism. The main causes responsible for encouraging the imperialism were: 1.) The Industrial Revolution resulted in great increase. in the production of goods. They required markets to sell their products, which were available in Asian and African countries. 2.) The European needed not only markets for the sale of its goods; it also needed new sources of raw materials to feed its own industries. Only the Asian and African countries could ensure regular supply of raw materials at cheaper rates because they alone were industrially backward ones. 3.) All European states had surplus production. It was but natural that they have gone in, to create new markets for the sale of their goods. 4.) The' European had enough capital and were now ready for investment in the colonies. Here they were able to obtain maximum profit. . They exploited the resources of the colonies for their own benefits. 5.) Western nations were advanced industrially. 'They had better means of transportation and communication, thus also helped them to encourage their imperialism in Asia and Africa. Q.no2.) Describe the steps, giving examples, by which the imperialist countries took over most of Africa? . Ans.) Upto ending 18th century, the world had no knowledge of the interior of Africa. Except Algeria and Cape of Good Hope, no part was under the Europeans. The Coastal regions were largely in the hands of the old trading nations the Portuguese, the Dutch, the English and the French. There were only two places where the European rule extended deep into the interior. In the north, the French had conquered Algeria and in the south, the English had occupied Cape Colony. It was only after 1875 that the European occupied many parts of Africa and by the time First World War began in 1939 most of the Africa continent was under the imperialistic Europe. The different European countries took over Africa by taking different steps from time to time: 1.) The Slave Trade . It was the slave trade which attracted European countries towards Africa. Upto the 19th century, the Europeans were interested in Africa only for the slaves. Both men, women and children were caught like animals from different parts of Africa and were sold to work as slaves in the fields and mines of European and America, 2.) Role of Traders. The Industrial Revolution had forced the European nations to explore new markets for their manufactured goods and to obtain raw materials from the new colonies. Both these aims could be easily fulfilled in Africa. Within no time the imperialist countries got interested in expanding the sphere of influence of their respective countries in Africa. 1

3.) Political Domination: Different associations and companies were formed by different countries to establish their political spheres in Africa under the garb of commercial treaties. With in no time treaty after treaty was signed by these associations and companies with the African chiefs and large area of land was acquired. When the African chiefs resisted these illegal treaties, the Europeans did not hesitate in using military forces. In this way Africa was divided among the different European countries. . 4).Exploitation of natural resources: The European countries began the exploitation of the natural resources of Africa. Raw materials like rubber, timber, ivory etc. were exhausted out of Africa in great quantities. Even mineral resources like gold, diamond, uranium etc. were fully exploited for the benefit of the imperialist countries. Hence, the major European countries had divided among themselves the whole of Africa. Britain had her colonies in Cape Colony, Natal Transvaal, Rhodesia, Nyasaland, Egypt, Somaliland, Kenya, Nigeria, Gold Cost, Gambia etc., France had Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Congo, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Niger etc. Belgium had the Congo basin, while Portugal had Angola .and Mozambique. The German had Togo land and Cameroon, while Italy had Libya, Eritrea and Cyrerca. QNO.3): Why were Asian and African countries so easily dominated by the western powers? Ans.) The various reasons which were responsible for imperialism in Asia and Africa are as under: The most important condition favouring the imperialist conquest of Asia and Africa was the absence of industrial revolution. In Europe industry had changed the very life of the People. The goods produced in Europe were superior to those in Asia and Africa. The invention of science had made the European countries very powerful in arms and weapons. The African and Asian countries were not able to stand against the European powerful countries. The Governments empires of Asia and Africa were weak. Even in the 19th century, the Asian and the African had adopted old ways of governing themselves. ".The rulers, were always involved in mutual 'wars and conflicts. By that time, strong nations had not developed in Asia and Africa. In the Asian and African countries, there was no middle class, It is the middle class that can rise against exploitation and injustice In Europe middle class have been able to rest power with the absolute rulers. . Q.4). How did nationalism help to make imperialism popular in Europe? Ans. Nationalism is a very powerful force. Nationalism can unify the country and makes it a powerful nation. Italy and German are the best examples of such a feeling. In the 'Second half of the 19th century nationalism turned into extreme nationalism. Extreme nationalism means "my own country, right or wrong". The white Europeans- regarded it as a matter of privilege to rule the blacks in Africa and Asia. Many nations developed myths of their superiority over other people and looked down upon others as inferior. In the second half of the 19th century imperialism became the fashion of the age. As feelings of nationalism grew strong among the various nations all over Europe. Each one of them thought that it must have colonies to add to its prestige and power. Even scholars of different countries admitted to generate the spirit of narrow nationalism' which led to imperialism of the' colonies. Nationalism in the late 19th century was associated with man power as well .More men you had, more powerful your country would be. Hence, each European country wanted to have more and more man-power under her control. Man-power, ultimately led to imperialistic feelings.

Every imperialist country of Europe, wanted to gain areas of strategic advantages. The British had occupied Port Aden, Port Said, Hong Kong 'and Cyprus mainly for purposes to protect her colonies. This policy was followed by other imperialist countries. ADDITIONAL QUESTION QNO1)Name and discuss some of the big problems faced by the newly independent countries? Ans.) The newly independent countries have to face the following problems: I). Social Problems: The people arc mostly uneducated and they still lag behind in education. Unless the people are educated, it is impossible to root out social evils such as child marriage, dowry system, Sati, superstitions etc. 2.) Political Problems: They are in a fix as to decide what type of government they should have for the welfare of people. To decide the foreign policy, is a big problem for these countries. They have to provide good honest and fair administration to the people. The political instability greets the newly independent nations. 3). Economic Problems: These are economically backward and poor countries. They are industrially backward and undeveloped. The agriculture is also done by the old methods. There is unemployment due to heavy population. Unemployment and corruption has created a lot of problems for these countries. . QNO2);---Describe the total impact of imperialistic conquest on Asia and Africa? Ans)-- Asia and Africa had come under the control Of the European imperialist before the First World War, 1914. They left a deep impact on the life and culture of the people in these countries as under : .1)- Draining away the wealth or economic exploitation : The imperialist 'powers used every possible method to exploit colonies. in Asia and Africa by draining away their wealth to their own countries. The imperialist countries obtained raw materials at cheap rates from "these colonies and flooded them with their manufactured goods at higher rates thereby destroying the local industries. 2.) Racial Discrimination: The Europeans believed that they were a superior race destine tc govern the poor and weaker countries of the world .They thought, "superior races have the duty of civilizing the inferior races", thereby creating racial discrimination. The Asians and the Africans were barred from high posts in business and government. They developed an inferiority complex in Asian and African people and closed all the doors of progresses for them. 3) Denial of basic rights: European leaders preached Social equality, democracy and equality of human rights in Europe only. In their colonies, they never applied the principles of social equality, democracy and denied' even basic rights to the poor. Imperialism has left behind them the imprints of inequality 4): Destroyed handicraft Industries: Wherever these imperialists went they destroyed the local industries in order to sell their own product, They would go to any immoral extent to establish their markets at the cost of the local products. The colonies were not allowed to install the factories that were in the imperial countries. 5). Reform: These imperialists introduced certain reforms which proved to be eye openers for the people in their colonies. Later on these colonies got the ideas of nationalism and started their struggle for freedom against the foreign imperialism. 6.) Imperialism ended a number of social evils in its colonies such as "Sati" in India. 7) Imperialism raised the standard of living in colonies. QNO3). Write an essay on, "Slavery and Slave Trade and the '-'Struggle for their abolition'? Ans.) When Africa was explored the English colonists started exporting Negroes from Africa to America and other parts of the world. Those, who settled in Africa, also made negroes slaves and thus the evil of the slavery, that was a slur on humanity, came into its 3

being. Slave trade became very profitable'. The slaves were sold as cattle. Men like Abraham Lincoln fought against this evil system. He abolished slavery in America. American flag and constitution stand for democracy and equality to its entire citizen. Slavery created the problem of colour that still exists in one form or the other. The virtue of equality of all human beings was badly damaged by the Slave Trade and its evil effects have gone into the root of some nations such as "South Africa" which achieved her independence recently. QNO4). Describe the main factors that were responsible for the rise of nationalism in Asia and Africa? Ans.) The following factors were responsible for rise of nationalism In Asia and Africa: 1) Economic exploitation: The imperialist countries imported raw materials 'from their colonies at a very low price and used them as markets to sell their manufactured goods at a higher price. The colonies were not allowed to install the factories that were in the imperial countries. This economic exploitation kindled the fire of nationalism and patriotism among the people of the colonies. . . 2) Social Injustice. The imperialist also did a great social injustice to the people of their colonies. The imperialistics considered themselves superior to the colonists. It created inferiority complex among the later. The people of the soil' were considered as second rate citizen in their own countries. The imperialist masters adopted an attitude of indifference towards their colonists were not appointed on responsible government Jobs This created a feeling of resentment and later on. led to the rise of nationalism. 3.) Influence of the West. Western Education and literature awakened the colonists who rose against the foreign imperialism. The spread of the western education in Asia and Africa also proved an important cause of the growth of national movements. Soon the oriental people began to learn democratic ideas of the West they learnt different ways of getting freedom from the national movements of Italy and Germany. Thus the revolutionary ideas of the west went a long way in paving the way for the rise of nationalism in different Asian and African countries. 4) Contribution of the Press: the press played an important part in the case of nationalism. A large number of national news papers were created. It brought about a great revolution in the minds of the people. Inspired them to fight against foreign imperialism. 5) Contribution of Leaders. Some of the great leaders became the inspirer and torchbearers of national movements. They did a lot of work in raising the patriotic spirit and feeling of national consciousness among the people. They prepared them for a fight against the foreign imperialism. QNO5) Name the different imperialist countries and the colonies carved out by them in Africa. Ans). In the 19th century the European nations thought of occupying Africa territories by conquest. By 1878 A.D. Only 1/10 of the African territory was under the European domination But the imperialistic expansion in later years was so swift that in 1914 A.D. almost the whole of Africa was occupied by the Europeans. 1): Belgium Territories: Belgium was the first to launch occupation of the African Territories. In 1878 A.D. Belgium occupied Congo and became prosperous by its trade in rubber and ivory. 2). British Territories. . i) South Africa. British established colonies in southern Africa, Cape Colony, Bechuanaland and Rhodesia. They also established their colonies in Transvaal. Orange Free "State, Nyasaland, Transvaal had several gold mines, so the English became prosperous by such a colony. ii)Egypt: The Egyptian ruler Ismail Pasha gave contracts to the French and the English companies to dig up the Suez Canal. With the opening of the Suez Canal, England and 4

France began to have greater interests in Egypt:' The Suez Canal provides an easy passage to India. Financial troubles of the Egyptian ruler compelled him to sell his shares of the Suez Canal to France and England. In 1908 A.D. France. too, sold her shares to England Egypt became a part of the British Empire, and remained as such till the year 1922 AD. iii) East Africa: The territories of East Africa. Kenya was under the Germans and the Portuguese till 1914'.However soon after the First World War these colonies were acquired by England'. iv)West Africa:. It was agreed at the Berlin Conference in 1878 AD. That the territories of West Africa would be divided among England; France and German. The English got the territories of Gold Cost and Nigeria. . 3) The German Colonies: As a result of the Berlin Conference in 1878 AD. The Germans got Tanganyika, and Cameroon in south West Africa. 4.) The French Colonies. The French. Established the following colonies in Africa:i)North Africa: Algeria, Tunisia, Senegal, Morocco and Somaliland. ii).South Africa. Part of Congo (The French Congo) and Madagascar on the eastern coast. 5). The Italian Colonies: Italy established her colonies in Eritrea and parts of Somaliland in the east, and Libya in the north. In this way almost the whole of Africa was divided and distributed among the different European imperialists. QNO6): Define the term imperialism. Ans) imperialism means the policy of extending a state's rule over other territories. The Industrial Revolution fed the desire of European countries to have monopoly of the trade in a particular area of Asia and Africa, Since the Industrial Revolutionised nations have often wanted colonies from which to get raw materials and markets for their manufactured goods to build up their trade on their own terms. The imperialist powers of Europe gradually extended their rule over the continents of Asia and Africa. During the second half of the 19th century, almost all the countries of Asia 'and Africa were dominated by the imperialist countries of Europe. The reality is that imperialism was the result of greed for economic and' political power which could distort the policy of any country regardless of its race or cultural claims. QNO7. Explain the meaning of the term "Munroe Doctrine" with examples. Ans. Monroe Doctrine. This doctrine was put forward by the United States of America in 1823. According to this doctrine, the European powers were warned against any attempt to extend their power in the Western Hemisphere i.e. North America, Central America and South America. When in 1904, Germany and Britain imposed a naval blockade of Venezuela because she could not repay the loan taken from them, the United states ( under President Theodore Roosevelt) forced both Germany and Britain to lift the blockade and declared that only she had the right to intervene in the affairs of their neighboring countries in case of any default, QNo What is meant by 'Sphere of Influence? Ans.) By 'Sphere of Influence' is meant the extent of influence a country can exert over another country. Such influence is usually exerted by an economically advanced nation over the economically weak nation. Such influence may be political, economic or militarily. The division of China or what is called 'the division of Chinese melon' is a glaring proof of exerting the sphere of influence over China by countries like France. Russia, Britain and Germany. Q. 8). What do you mean by the term exploitation? Ans) The term 'Exploitation' means a situation where a powerful imperial country occupies and controls the economy of another weaker country and uses her for her own interests.Thus after the English company gained control over India our vast resources fell into company's hands, India came to be used for the British economic interest. India was then known as the brightest jewel of the British Empire England in the form of profits and 5

as payment of British government. India's interests were subordinated more and more to British interests. Q. 9) What is meant by "extra-territorial rights"? Ans.) The extra-territorial rights mean that a powerful imperial nation imposes its own will and law over the weaker nation. After the Opium war, England obtained extra-territorial rights from China. QNO10) What is protectorate? -Ans. Protectorate. When a strong state, instead of occupying weaker state pledges protection to the latter in return for some concession, the latter country becomes a 'protectorate' of the former. Nigeria, for example, was a protectorate of England. Similarly, Egypt was a protectorate of England. IMPORTANT DATES & EVENTS. 1744-1763 1757 1764 1799 1823 1826 1830 1839 1840 1843 1844 1849 1852 1860 1862 1864 1870 187S 1882 1887 1893 1895 1897 1898 Karnatica Wars (India) Battle of Plassey (lndia) Battle of Buxar (India) Mysore Wars ([ndta) Declaration of Monroe Doctrine (U.S-A.) Burmese War (Burma) France occupied Algeria (Africa) Opening of Chinese ports to British traders. Britain occupied Singapore Britain annexed Sind (India) USA's treaty with China. Britain annexed Punjab (India) Rangoon War (Burma) France and Britain defeated China France occupied Vietnam France occupied Combodia Franco-Prusian War-German defeated France Berlin Conference, redivision of West Africa. Egyptian revolted against Anglo-French Control. Formation of Union of China France occupied Thailand and laos Japan defeated China (China) German occupied Kiao-Chow Bay (China) France Occupied Kwang-Chow Bay (China)

INDIAS STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE


TEXT BOOK QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS 6

What were the basicand immediate causes of the revolt of t857? What were the main centres of the revolt? Name some important leader's of the revolt. Ans. The revolt of 1857 was an event of great significance. The Indians opposed the English East India Company for the first time. It changed the course of Indian history. It marked the end of Company's era and the beginning of the Crown's direct rule over India. Basic causes of the revol of 1857 were :1 ) Political Causes :

(i) The Subsidiary system introduced by Lord Welsely and the Doctrine of Lapse and Annexation Policy of Lord Dalhousie alienated the Indian rulers. They lost faith in the English East India Company. . (ii) Pension of Nana Sahib was stopped by the English East Indian Company therefore he turned deadly against them. (iii ) The Rani of Jhansi w not allow to adopt a son. She too turned as ed against the English East Indian C pany om . (iv) The states of India Sitara and Nagpur were included in the English empire. Their rules thus became anti-English. 2. Economic Causes :i) As a result of industrial revolution. the machine made English cloth was much cheaper than the hand made Indian clothes, As a result the imported English cloth captured the Indian markets and the Indian textile industry was badly affected. Many people lost their jobs. Such people too became anti-English) (ii)Large profit made by the East India Company at the expense of the people of India,huge salaries of officials, increased cost of administration were. causes of .discontent among the Indians. . (iii-Under land settlement system the peasants had to pay heavy taxes to the landlords and the landlords paid much less amount as revenue to the government) The company was more, a revenue collecting body than a welfare. 3. Religious Causes :!) The encouragement given to Christian missionaries by the company and the English. Officers was regarded as interference in religion and a device to convert to Christianity (ii) Abolition of the practice of Sati, Hindu widow remarriage, Act forbidding infanticide and child marriages Acts were regarded by the Hindu as an attempt of interference in their .caste and religion. 4. Social Causes:(i) Rapid spread of Western education, civilization, introduction of railways and telegraph were looked upon with suspicion and were regarded as an attempt on the part of the English government interference in their societies. 7

(ii) Racial discrimination was another factor responsible for the revolt of 18 . The English officials of the East India Company used to regard themseles superior to others and think others inferior to themselves. 5. Military Causes: (i) An act was passed according to which Indian soldiers had to fight over seas. The Hindu soldiers took it against their faith. [ii)The British military officers maltreated the Indian soldiers at the parade time/ iii) The Indian soldiers were paid much less than their British counter parts. 6. The immediate cause: 6. The immediate cause was the cartridges incident. The cartridges for the newly introduced 'Enfield"Rifle' were greases with fat and had to be bitten with teeth before being fitted into the rifle. The rumour that the cartridges were greased with the fat of cows and pigs to pollute the faith of their religion. Many Indian soldiers refused to use them. On l0th May 1857, the Meerut,sep.oys formally raised the banner of revolt. This incident became the Immediate cause of the outbreak of revolt. . ' Main Centres : Delhi, Meerut, Kanpur, Lucknow, Jhansi, Barrackpore, Allahabad, Bihar, Gwalior, Faridabad and Bareilly. Important Leaders-: MangaI Pandey (Barrack pore), Bahadur Shah Zafar (the Mughal Emperor at Delhi), General Bakht Khan (Bareilly and Lucknow), K.anwar Singh (Bihar), Nana Sahib (Kanpur), Begum Hazrat Mahal (Lucknow), Luxmi Bai (Jhansi), Tantia Tope (Central india), Maulavi Ahmad ullah (Faridabad, Oudh and Rohil Khand) Q2. What were the differences between theModerates and the extremists ? Why were the 'extremists' more popular than moderates? Ans:-, A retired English officer, A.O, Hume founded the Indian National Congress in 1885. Its aim was to awaken the people and made them understand that they should march forward to get more powers and march toward the goal of self-rule. In 1907 at the Surat session, there was a serious fight in the Congress and it was divided into two group Moderates and Extremists. ',' (The differences between 'moderates and the 'extremists' were as under: Moderates Extremists. 1) The moderates were mostly western 1) The extremists, though western educated people and found the English educated, found the English rule over rule over India as a blessing. India, as a curse 2) The moderates had full faith in British 2) The extremists had absolutely no faith sense of justice. in British sense of justice. 3) They adopted a method of passive 3) They created an atmosphere of terror resistance. in the country. 4)With moderates economic and social 4)The extremists political aim Swaraj in conditions were linked with political itself was an object. reforms.

5) The moderates looked towards the 5)The extremists looked towards the east. west for development. 6)The moderates' aims were to 6)The extremists' aims included the political economic and social reforms" objects of Swaraj, a complete 8

withdrawal of the British from India. 7) The moderates methods included 7)The extremists' methods included petitions, deputations, annual resolutions boycott swadeshi, passive resistance etc. for the redressal of their demands. 8) The moderates saw Indias future 8) The extremists saw their future linked linked with the West. with their past. Q.W hat 'were the Khilafat and Non-cooperation movements? Nam e some important .leaders of these movements Ans. The KhiIafat Movement It was started by the Muslim all over the world to protest against the injustice done to Turkish Sultan by Britain. and its allies who had partitioned it. The Muslims considered the Turkish Sultan as then Khalifa.. A Khilafat Committee was formed and country-wide agitation was 0rganised.The All-India Khilafat Conference held at Delhi in November 1919 decided' to withdraw all cooperation from the government if their demands were not met. The Indian leaders looked upon the Khilafat Movement as a golden opportunity for Hindu-Muslim.Unity. Early in 1920 Gandhiji announced that he would lead a movement of non-cooperation if the terms of peace with Turkey did not satisfy the Indian Muslims. The all party conference held at Allahabad in June 1920 approved a programme of boycott. The Khilafat Committee launched a non-cooperation movement on 31st August, 1920 .. In July 1921, the All-India Khilafat Committee passed a resolution that no Muslim should serve in the British_Indan Army or offices. In September, the A1i Brothers were arrested for 'sedition'. LEADERS:------ Mohammed Ali and Shaukat Ali (Ali Brothers). Non cooperationMovement. It was started by the Congress to support the khilafat movement in 1920 AD, and to protest against the atrocities on the people of Punjab. Gandhiji made an appeal to the people not give any sort of cooperation to the government. Later on this turned into a mass movement. At Chauri Chauri, a village in U.P., the people set fire to the police station, in 1922, A.D, resulting in the death of 22 policemen. Gandhiji called off this movement in 1922. LEADERS: Motilal Nehru, GandIji, C, R.Dass . .

Significance of these Movements: The Hindus and the Muslims marched together. Thousands of students left government school and college and joined national institutions. National universities and college were established. Hundred of lawyers gave up practice. People resigned from the government services and returned the titles conferred upon them, and started wearing khaddi clothes. Q4) what did the slogan of Swaraj means? How was the slogan of complete independence different from it? When and where was the slogan of complete 9

independence adopted? . Ans: Swaraj-----It means the government of the representatives of the people but it was to be under the British regime. Under Swaraj the Viceroy was to be appointed by the ruler of the England and the Prime Minister was to be chosen from among the members elected by the people. It did not mean complete freedom from all foreign control. Both the Congress and the Muslim League unitedly made the demand of self government or Swaraj to the British Government. Complete Independence --------Itmeans the establishment of democratic government, free from all foreign control. Under it the government was to run by the members elected by the people. The leader of the elected member was to be called Prime Minister and he was to be helped by other team of minister chosen from among the elected members. They were to be responsible to the people as well as to their representatives. The Indian Congress, announced complete independence in the Lahore Congress session of 1929. Q. 5. What was the state people's movement part of the nationalist movement? ? Why and how did it become a

Ans. In India, there were 563 states (excluding Jammu & Kashmir), big and small, ruled over by Indian princes and 11 British states. These states. were allowed to continue after the revolt of 1857 but they were at the mercy of British government. They were loyal supporters of British government in India. The conndition of the people of the states was miserable while the princes led life of luxurThe people of these states had full sympathy with the Congress and the Muslim League's struggle for independence. In December 1927 A.D. the All-India States People's Conference was convened (excluding Jammu & Kashmir) and the states were declared as a part of struggle. Puran Swaraj or complete independence was its objective for the whole of India. (Jammu and Kashmir was a sovereign country). Q. 6. What was the attitude of Indian National Congress towards the Second World War? Ans. The Second World War broke out in September, 1939. The British government declared India a party to the war without consulting Indians. The British government had made use of Indian resources and the Indian people for the war. The attitude of Congress toward the war was:1. The Congress, in a resolution, stated that India could not associate herself in a war and that the English should quit India. 2. The Congress demanded the establishment of, an Indian government in India, responsible to the Central Legislative Assembly and that India would be given independence after the Second World War was over . Q7). When was the Muslim League formed? Describe briefly the policies of the Muslim League from 1906-1940. When was the formation of a separate state of Pakistan adopted as the aim of the Muslim League? 10

Ans.I:Formation of the Muslim League: The British projected the Congress as an organization which restricted its activities to the welfare of only the Hindu community. After Bengal's partition, Viceroy Curzon undertook a tour of East Bengal to convice the Muslim of the advantages they would get if they established their own organization rather than unite with the Congress.The Muslim League was formed on 30th December. 1906. It was the result of the encouragement given by Governor General Minto at Shimla to a Muslim delegation led by Agha Khan, the head of Muslim Sect and Nawab Salimullah of Dacca. The objectss of the Muslim League were :1)To promote among the Muslims of India feeling of 1oya1ty to the British government in the beginning and later on turned hostile to the British government. 2) To Protect and advance the political rights and interests of the Muslim of India and respectfully represent their interests and aspirations to the government. 3)To prevent the rise among the Muslims of India of any feelings of hostility towards other communities without prejudice to the other objects of the League. 4) To demand for the separate electorate for the Muslims (the British government provided Indian Muslim with separate electorate by reform act of 1909. It was welcomed and accepted by the Congress also). 5)Muslim League also adopted the goal of self-government in India in 1913. '6)To demand the British government to change (reverse) their earlier anti-Muslim policy. ii)In 1913 Mohammad Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim League in addition to being a member of the Congress. At the Lucknow session held in 1916, the Muslim League and the Congress were united. According to Lucknow Pact, they were to make joint efforts for reforms in the Legislative Councils and Viceroy's Executive Council. The Lucknow Pact was the result of Jinnah's efforts. The Montague-Chelmsford Reforms which became the. Government ,of India Act, 1919 were condemned both by the Congress and the League. But the non-cooperation movement which was called off in 1922, was followed by communal tensions and communal riots. The Muslim League disagreed with the certain demands of the Congress because of their discriminating policy toward the Muslims. The Muslim League cut itself from the Congress in the 1920s and started pursuing its separate demands. During 1906 to 1922 certain events happened that forced the Muslim League to change its policy when Khilafat and non-cooperation movements were suspended horrible communal riots broke out in Delhi, Nagpur, Lucknow, ,Allahbad and Banu Kohat. This gave a set back to Hindu - Muslim unity. I' On 16th August, 19,32 Mac Donald gave his decision which is known as Communal Award. And this was an open effort to promote and support two nation theory, The uttererances of the Hindu Maha sabha leaders also instigated the Muslim to ask 11

for their own separate homeland. On March 23. 1940 the Muslim League session at Lahore demanded a separate homeland Pakistan for the Muslim. Q8) How were the Cabinet Mission proposals different from the proposals made earlier by the British government during the Second World War ? Why were they accepted by the nationalist movement? Ans. In Febuary 1946, the British government sent the Cabinet Mission to India to hold discussions with the Indian leaders. This mission held consultation both with the Congress and the Muslim League but. As no unanimous decision could be reached. so it published its own proposal The cabinet mission proposals were: 1). There should be an Interim Union Government at the centre. 2) The provinces should be divided in two groups, one with those whose population was predominantly Hindus, and another with those whose population was predominantly Muslims. 3) The Interim Union Government should deal with foreign affairs,defence and communications while all other subjects should be dealt with by the provinces. 4) the princely states could also join the Union Government if they liked. 5 )A co stitu t assem n en bly sh uld b form to fram a o e ed e co stitu n tion fo In ia, w m b elected r d ith em ers by the provincial legislative assemblies and the representatives of the states joining the Union. The proposals made during the Second World War (Cripps Proposals March 1942) aimed at granting India, Dominion Status at the end of the war. Complete independence was not promised and no mention was made to the formation of a national government by the Indian people during the war. Both the Congress and the Muslim League rejected the Cripps Mission proposals. The proposals made by the Cabinet Mission (1946) aimed to divide the people again, the Congress accepted the Mission's proposal so that it might achieve independence at the earliest possible date. The League refused to take part in the proceedings of the Constituent Assembly Q. 9. What do you know about the following: Partition of Bengal; Lucknow Pact of 1916; Simon Commission; 26th January. 1930 ; Ghadar Party ; India League ; League against Imperialism ; The Indian National Army ; The Meerut and Lahore Conspiracy Cases; Civil Disobedience Movement? A n s. Partition of Bengal. The partition of Bengal was proposed by the then Governor-General of India, Lord Curzon in 1905. He said that Bengal was a very larger province with a population of 8 crore and an area of about 2 lakh Sq. miles. It was very difficult to control such a large province by a single provincial governmen1. So Lord Crzon partioned Bengal on 7th Agust, 1905 A.D. This partition was regarded a disunity move by the Indians. The people of Bengal started the Anti-partition Movement and finally the partition proposal dropped in 1911. 12

Lucknow Pact: The Lucknow pact of 1916has a great importance. It united the congress and the Muslim league on a common platform. The Lucknow Pact was the result of Mohammad Ali Jinnah's efforts. He tried his best to bring the Hindu and the Muslim together The Congress and the All Indian Muslim League sank their old differences and put up common political demand before the British government. The two organizations passed the same resolution, put forward a joint scheme of political reforms based on separate electorates to confer Self-government on India at an early date The Lucknow Pact was an important step towards Hindu-Muslim unity, Simon Commission. The Simon Commission was appointed in 1927; by the British govrtnment to examine the working of the act of 1919(Montague-Chelmsford Reforms). -The commission headed by Slr John Simon (Barister) visited India in 1928. The Indians boycotted the Commission because this Commission did not include any Indian member among the seven member. Consequently, wherever the Simon Commission visited India, it was greeted with black flags. 26th January, 1930. The Congress at the Lahore Session in 1929 declared "Purna Swaraj complete independence" as its chief goal and decided to celebrate 26th January, 1930 as the Independence Day. Hence, 26th January, 1930 was celebrated as Independence Day. Every year,the day was so celebrated but when independence came on August 15,1947 January 26th, became the republic day. The.Ghadar Party. The Indian revolutionaries had established the Ghadar (Rebellion) party in 1913 in America and Canada. Its leaders were mostly educated Hindus or Muslims. It had active members in other countries also. The Gbadar Party was pledged to wage war against the British in India. At the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, the Ghadarites decided to send arms to India to start an uprising with the help of soldiers. February 21, 1915 was fixed for armed revolt in the Punjab. The authorities came to know of it and took immediate action. Rebellious element was severely crushed. India League. The Indians, outside India,organised an association called the India League with its headquarters at London The object of the India League was to raise voice in favour of the Indian people against the British government. League against Imperialism. A conference called League against Imperialism was raised in Brussels to voice against imperialism. Romain Rolland. Albert Einstein attended such a conference in 1927. It vigorously campaigned for ending imperialism every where in the world. Indian National Army 13

. This army was organized by Subhash Chandra Bose in 1940 A.D. it was formed by the enrollment of Indian soldier and officers captured by the Japanese in Burmma. Britain and Japan werehostile to each other. So, Japan and Germany helped Subhash Chandra Bose against. British This army marched right up to the bounder Iine of India. but it had to surrender with the defeat of the Japanese in 1945 A.D. The British imprisoned many officers and soldiers of the Indian National Army but set free by the British latter on. The Meerut and Lahore Conspiracy Cases. a)In March, 1929 AD. 31 labour leaders including three Englishmen were arrested on the charges of conspiracy. They were put in Meerut jail. They were tired for about four years and were released later on. It came to be known as the Meerut Conspiracy Case. b) In April, 1929 AD. The members of the Hindustan Republican Socialist Association namely, Bhagat Singh, Batukeshwar Dutt and Ashfaq Ullah, threw a bomb in the Central Legislative Assembly and were arrested. Rajguru, Sukhdev, Ashfak Ullah of this association were, charged with murder of the Superintendent of Police of Lahore and were arrested. Bhagat Singh, Rajguru, Sukhdev, Ashfak Ullah were sentenced to death. It is known as Lahore Conspiracy Case. Civil Disobedience Movement. In December, 1929 AD. in the famous Lahore Session, the Congress declared the attainment of independence as its ultimate aim and also decided to launch a Civil Disobedience Movement. Accordingly, in April 1930 AD. Mahatama Gandhi violated the salt laws by preparing the salt at Dandi (in Gujrat) and thus started the Civil Disobedience Movement. This movement was suspended in 1934 AD.

ADDITIONAL QUESTIONS
Q) Why was Bengal partitioned in 1905.and how do people react to it? What were its effects on national movement? Ans. In July 1905, Lord Curzon, the then Governor-General of India, published a proposal to divide the province of Bengal into two parts - East Bengal and West Bengal. East Bengal was to have 15 eastern districts of East Bengal and Assam and a population of 31 million, while the rest of Bengal with a population of 54 million was to be called the West Bengal. Lord Curzon argued that as Bengal was a very large province with a population of 8 crores and an area of about two lakh sq. miles, it was very difficult to administer such a large province by a single provincial government. So Lord Curzon partitioned Bengal on 7th August, 1905 A.D. . But the people of Bengal greatly reacted to the Partition of Bengal. They did not agree with the statement of Lord Curzon that Bengal was divided purely on the administrative grounds. They saw through the mischief of Lord Curzon. They thought that it was a British mischief to break the unity of the Bengali people and to flare up confrontation between the Hindu and the Muslim population. So they opposed this proposal tooth and nail. The people of Bengal started the Anti-Partition Movement to undo the Partition of Bengal and they did not take rest till they got it repealed in 1911 A.D. Effects of partition of Bengal 14

. The Partition of Bengal affected the National Movement in the following ways: (I) The Partition of Bengal accelerated the National Movement. Because of this partition, the people lost their faith in the justice of the English. They now found that there could not be any welfare of the people as long as the English remained in India. (2) The Partition of Bengal strengthened the National Movement by giving it the weapons of the Swadeshi and the Boycott. (3) The Partition of Bengal helped in spreading the National Movement among the general masses. (4) It also gave an opportunity to the Extremists to lead the National Movement Q2. Explain the importance of the Boycott and the Swadeshi movements in the growth of the Indian National Movement .(OR) what was the impact of the Swadeshi and Boycott movements on Indian National Movement? Ans. To oppose the Partition of Bengal, the Indian leaders started the Swadeshi and the Boycott Movement on August 7, 1905 A.D. According to this movement, Indians were asked to boycott the British goods and to use the Indian goods or 'swadeshi' things. This movement not only hit hard the British economy but also gave a great impetus to the Indian National Movement. When the people boycotted all the English articles and made a bonfire of them it was an open challenge to the British authority. Undoubtedly, this movement helped a lot in encouraging the Indian industries. This also helped in the development of nationalist poetry, prose and journalism in Bengal. Students, women and general public of Bengal took an active part in this movement. Some critics point out that this movement remained away from the peasants and they did not take an active part in it. H ever, the C ress soon adopted this ow ong
m em and it b ov ent e cam a part and parcel of the N e ational M vem o ent. It w as used u to th attainm of ind enden T m em played an im p e ent ep ce. his ov ent portant role in org anizing the pu lic opin n against th B b io e ritish rule. A ain, this g m em co ov ent ntribu a lot in b ding th In ted in e dian m asses into a co m bon of m on d unity.

Q) Describe the main features of the Quit India Movement. Or Critically examine the events leading to the Quit India Movement, 1942. To What extent was this movement successful? . Ans. Events leading to the Quit India Movement. In, 1942 A.D., Japan also joined the Second World War against England and soon it came very near to the borders of India. As India was under the domination of the English, the various political leaders of India, including Mahatma Gandhi, felt that the presence of the English in India would naturally invite Japan to attack India. The Japanese attack could only be warded off if the English quitted India. Consequently, in May, 1942 A.D., Mahatma Gandhi started the quit India Movement and asked the English to quit India and leave them alone. As soon as Mahatma Gandhi started the Quit India Movement, a 15

large number of Indians joined hands with him. Such a movement was bound to hit the interests of the English and to hinder their war preparations so they arrested various Congress leaders including Mahatma Gandhi and declared the Congress Party as illegal. This was too much. for the Indians and they rose in an open rebellion. Riots broke out at various places and the people set fire to many police stations and destroyed the post offices, the railway stations and government buildings. The government, too, followed a very harsh policy and tried to suppress the agitation with an iron hand: Mass arrests were made and thousands of Indians became targets of the British bullets. Impact of the Quit India Movement on the struggle for Freedom or How far was this Movement Successful? No doubt, the government tried to crush this movement at any cost and committed many atrocities on the people' but the public also retaliated with the same force. They rose in an open rebellion. They se~ fire to many police stations and destroyed many post offices, railway stations and government buildings. According to Dr. Ishwari Prasad all this was a manifestation of public faith and courage. Thus, the Quit India Movement filled the Indians with faith and courage to throw out the foreign imperialists. In this way it proved quite successful. On the other hand, the British also realised or rather. They were terrified to know that they could not stay in India for long and their days were only numbered.

Q.. Assess the importance of the Civil Disobedience Movement in the freedom struggle. '

Indian

Ans. Importance of the Civil Disobedience Movement in the Indian Freedom Struggle:- In the Lahore Session of the Congress in 1929, it declared the attainment of the completed Independence as its goal. This ideal could never be achieved unless the British government was challenged tooth and nail Hence in 1930; the Civil Disobedient movement was launched with the Dandi March and the violation of the Salt Laws. This movement continued up to 1934 with many ups and downs. Though this movement with drawnin 1934, it left a great mark on the Indian Freedom Struggle. ( I) During these four years (1930-34) of this movement, the people had come to know the true nature of the British rule. The faith in the British had completely been shattered and their will to fight had been further strengthened. (2) The start of the Civil Disobedience Movement led to the revival of the revolutionary movement in India. It was during this period that Bhagat Singh and Batukeswar Dutt threw two bombs on the floor of the Assembly Chamber in New Delhi. This was a warning to the British to prepare for their final withdrawal from India. (3) The loss suffered by the Indians during this struggle was compensated by the experience they got to be used in their future fight for freedom. Nothing could be got with out paying the price.

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THE FIRST WORLD WAR(191418) TEXT BOOK QUESTION Q.1. Explain the basic reasons for the conflicts between European nations from the late 19th century to the early years of the 20th century. (OR)--What led to the First World War? (OR)-- What were the main causes of conflicts in Europe in 1914 ?(OR)-- Mention the causes of conflict between Austria-Hungary and Russia before the First World War Ans. There were many reasons responsible for the conflict between the different European nations from the end of the 19th century to the early years of the 20th century. The main reasons were as follows: 1. Imperialist Rivalries--. The.desire of the different imperialist powers like England, France, Russia, Germany, Austria and Italy to acquire more and more colonies was the first reason responsible for the mutual conflicts of the different European nations 2. Conflicts within Europe over the Balkan Issue:-- the six major powers of Europe e.g. Britain, Germany, Austria, Hungary, Russia, France and Italy had different interests in the Balkan issue. The Balkan states had been under the Ottoman Empire for the last so many centuries. But, in the 19th century, this rule had begun to collapse, and, as such, the different European countries wanted to exploit the situation in their own way and here lay the cause of the conflict. 3. Formation of Alliances--. The Formation of Triple Alliance among Germany, Austria, and Italy in 1882 A.D. and the Triple Entente among England, Russia and France in 1907 A.D: divided Europe into two hostile groups. Naturally, the existence of such hostile alliances was bound to lead to any eruption at any time. 4. Franco-German Rivalry.:-France was defeated by Germany in 1870-71 A.D. and, consequently, her two important provinces of Alsace and Lorraine were taken away from her. Both of these were famous for iron deposits and hence France could not prosper without them. But Germany was not ready to return them at any cost this generated a spirit of revenge among the French people. Again, both the countries wanted to seize ' Morocco in Africa. The Morocco crisis also created enmity between them. 5. Enmity between Russia and Austria.----Enmity arose between Russia and Austria in the Balkans. Austria always opposed Serbia while Russia gave her (i.e. Serbia) blind support. In 1908 A.D., when Austria annexed the provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia strongly opposed such a move. Russia blindly supported Serbia. this led to the Balkan Wars. Soon the kingdom of Albania was established after the defeat of Serbia in the Balkan Wars. As a result Serbia's approach to the Aegean Sea became difficult. So, she became an avowed enemy of Austria. Thus, the enmity between Austria, Serbia and Russia also

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corrupted the whole atmosphere. 6. The Murder of Prince Archduke of Austria--- the murder of prince Archduke of Austria by a Serbian, otherwise a minor incident, set ablaze the gun-powder which had been already gathering here for the last so many years. Thus, a conflict between them became quite inevitable. Q. 2. What were the countries comprising the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente? What were the main aims of these groupings? Or Name any two Alliances formed by European powers before the First World War? Discuss, the effects of such groupings? A ns. An Alliance is an agreement between two or more than two countries. The conflicts within Europe began to create a very tense situation in Europe. As a result, the European nations began to form themselves two hostile groups. Thus, endangering world peace and security. 1. Triple Alliance. The Triple Alliance was formed in 1882. Its members inducting Germany, Austria - Hungary and Italy. 2. Triple Entente. The Triple Entente was formed in 1907. Its members included France, Russia and Britain. This agreement was in reply to the Triple A1lial1. Aims of these Alliance The chief aims of these Alliances were :(i) The extension of the respective colonies, possessions and areas of influence. (ii) Establishment of their supremacy in the world. (iil) It strengthens the confidence of the member for help if armed conflict broke out. Q3---Give an account of the Pan-Slav Movement. How did it lead to the First World War? Ans---Pan-Slav movement Pan-Slav movement was a movement which was started by the Balkan States against the Ottoman Empire towards the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the' 20th century. Turkey was a powerful nation during the 15th and 16th centuries and she had control over Balkan states but the Turkish power began. to decline in the 18th and19th centuries. As a result, Austria, Russia, Bulgaria and Serbia began to increase their influence. It created

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rivalry and enmity among these nations especially between Russia and Austria. In order to fish in the troubled waters, Russia encouraged the different Balkan States to raise a standard of revolt against the collapsing Ottoman Empire. The Russian Czars hoped that these Balkan States would come under their control once Turkey was ousted from those states. It was with this aim in view that Russia started the Pan Slav Movement among the Balkan states. But, many areas of Austria-Hungary were also inhabited by the Slavs. Thus, this Pan-Slav Movement was as much a danger to Austria-Hungary as it was to the Ottoman Empire. Thus, Russia's encouragement to the Pan-Slav movement greatly estranged the relations between Russia and Austria. When (in 1908) Austria annexed the two provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Russia fanned the fire and consequently some (six) years later in 191.4, a Serbian, backed by Russia, killed Archduke Ferdinand, the Crown Prince of Austria. This very incident precipitated the war. Thus the First World War was the direct result of the Pan Slav Movement Q. 4-Explain the reasons for the entry of United States in the First World War.

Ans. On 6th April 1917A.D the United States entered the First World War on the following reasons : ( 1) The Americans were generally more inclined towards England (and her allies) because of their cultural and racial affinity with the English people. Hence, they joined the war in favour of England. (2) The U.S.A. was the main supplier of arms and other supplies to the Allies; as such she was bound to be implicated in the war. (3) Economic consideration also prompted the United States to enter the First World War in favour of the Allies. The Allies were in possession of most of the colonies which. Could give boost to the foreign trade of U.S.A. (4)The sinking of the U.S.A. ships, carrying the American citizens by the German U-Boats ultimately forced the U.S.A. to join the war. 5.The American banks had advanced huge loans to the Allies. It was therefore natural that they would not like to see the defeat of the allies. Q5) Why is the war that broke out in 1914 called the First World War? Ans. In 1914 A.D. there broke out a war which soon engulfed the whole of the world in its vicious circle. This in history is called the First World War because of the fact that it was different from the previous wars in many respects: (1) It was fought on a world wide scale and it deeply influenced all the countries of the world. It affected the economy of the whole world. (2) It was fought on land, in the air, on the sea and under the sea. The war of 1914 was a total war, In this war, all the resources of the warring states were involved on a

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stupendous scale. (3)New weapons of destruction and defence were used in it. (4) It was fought not only by armies, navies and aero planes hut also by many people of the world. (5) It brought about a great disaster and millions of people were killed in it and hundreds of cities were levelled to the ground. Q6)--Explain the consequences of the First World War on Germany, Austria,-Hungary and Turkey. (OR) What were the main effects of the First World War on Europe? Ans--. Germany, Austria-Hungary and Turkey were all defeated in the First World War and hence so many changes were made in their political maps Main Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles or Consequences of the First World War on Germany. Germany was compelled to sign the Treaty of Versailles on 28th June, 1919 and was forced to accept the following terms which were comparatively very harsh (1) Germany and her allies were held guilty for aggression and hence Germany was forced to cede certain parts of her pre-war territories to Denmark, Belgium, Poland and Czechoslovakia. (2) Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France. Moreover, the Saar Valley, known for its coal mines, was ceded to France for 15 years. (3) Germany had also to lose all her colonial empire which was divided among the victors. Togoland and Cameroons were divided among France and England. German colonies in South-West Africa and East Africa were also taken away from her and shared by England, Belgium, Portugal and South Africa. While Japan got the Shantung and Kiau Chow in China, New Zealand got the Samoa Island. (4) The area of the Rhine Valley was also demilitarized. The German army was also reduced to 1,00,000 and she was not to have any air force and sub-marines. (5) Germany had to accept the war-guilt and she was compelled to pay a heavy sum of 6,500,000,000 pounds as war -indemnity to the Allies. Thus the Treaty of Versailles was very humiliating for Germany. So it had far reaching effects on Germany. It led to the rise of Nazism in Germany. Its leader, Hitler violated all the terms of this humiliating treaty (of Versailles) and plunged the world in to another world war. Consequences of the First World War on Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary was also forced to sign a separate treaty (of St.Germain with the Allies by which she had to accept the following conditions: (1) Austria-Hungary was broken up and two separate kingdoms of Austria and Hungary

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were set up. (2) Austria had to cede territories to Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Poland and was forced to accept their independence. (3) Italy also gained certain territories (such as Tyrol) from Austria; (4) Austrian army was reduced to 30,000. (5) Austria was also forced to pay a huge war-indemnity, Consequences of the First World War on Turkey. Turkey was also forced to sign a separate treaty i.e. the Treaty of Sevresby which she forced to accept the following terms: (1) This treaty stipulated a complete dismemberment of the Turkish Empire. The control of Syria was given to France while Palestine and Mesopotamia were handed over to Britain. (2) England also gained the control of Egypt from Turkey. (3) Most of the remaining Turkish territories were shared by Greece and Italy. The Treaty of Sevres' however, could not be put into practice because there was a revolution in Turkey under the leadership of Mustafa kamal Pasha whereby Turkey regained the control of Asia Minor and the city of Constantinople. Q7What were the purposes for which of league of nation was establishment? Ans. After the First World War, a world organisation, popularly known as the League of Nations, was created in 1920. The chief aims or purposes of this new world organisation i.e. the League of Nations were the following: (1) To preserve peace and security in the world. (2) To settle international conflicts in a peaceful manner. (3) To promote just and honourable relations among the nations of the world. (4) To force its members not to resort to war . (5) To formulate plans for the reduction of armaments. (6) To take economic and military action against any country. (7) To improve labour and social conditions in different countries. To achieve this aim, the International Labour Organization was set up which is even now one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations.

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was a revolution in Turkey under the leadership of Mustafa kamal Pasha whereby Turkey regained the control of Asia Minor and the city of Constantinople.. Q.8) Why did Russian withdraw from the war after the 1917 Revolution? Ans. In Russia, there broke out a Revolution in 1917. As a result of this revolution, the Czar was ousted and the power ultimately came into the hands of Lenin and his, corevolutionaries. The first task of the new Government was to withdraw from the war Russia did so because of the following reasons: (1) Most of the revolutionaries regarded the First World War as quite useless because, according to them, the war was being fought to satisfy the imperialistic design of the Czars and the other European monarchs. , (2) The Russian soldiers were ill-equipped and as many as 6,00,000 of them had already been killed in the War by 1917 A.D. There was no sense in continuing such a war of selfdestruction. (3 ) Russia had already suffered serious reverses in the war. (4) Lenin, the leader of the new Government, wanted to transform this war of aggression into a revolutionary war in order to overthrow the Russian autocracy. And the best time to do so was this when all the powerful countries of the world were awfully busy in the war ADDITIONAL QUESTION Q:--What were the main results of the First World War ? ( Important) Ans. The following were the main results of the First World War:. (I) This war proved very destructive. Many people were killed, wounded and disabled during this war. It is estimated that during the period of four years, about 80 lakh persons were killed, 60 lakh were disabled and about one crore and twenty lakh were wounded, about eighty lakh persons were declared as missing. (2) Economically, this war proved to be very deadly and costly. About 86, large and small, nations took part in it. Total expenses in the war were estimated at about 1,86,00,000,00 pounds. This war also ruined many cities, farms and factories which led to the destruction of trade. In the words of Hayes; "Never before had there been a struggle so deadly and so costly." (3) This war led to the rise of Nazism in Germany. The Treaty of Versailles forced on Germany was very harsh and 'humiliating for Germany. All the colonies were taken away from her. Her military power was reduced and a heavy war-indemnity was forced on her. All this injustice created reaction in Germany and led to the rise of dictatorship or Nazism in Germany under Hitler. . (4) This First World War also resulted in the rise of Fascism in Italy. Italy had joined the Allies with the hope that she would get, her due share in the spoils of the war but Italy got nothing from the colonial dinner. This led to the rise of Fascism in Italy under Mussolini. (5) Another important result of the First World War was the establishment of the League of Nations to stop war, to maintain peace and to settle international disputes. "/

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Q. Study the Fourteen Points of President Wilson and the Peace Treaties that were signed after the war. Make a check list to show which of the Fourteen Points were covered by the peace treaties and which were not. (or) (or)Mention any four aims of the peace programme of Woodrow Wilson. Or Who was Woodrow Wilson? Describe any three of his points. Ans. President Woodrow Wilson of America was a very peace loving man. In January, 1918, he put forward a peace programme consisting of Fourteen Points to end the First World War. These points included discard of secret treaties, freedom in the use of seas by all nations, reduction in armaments, conduct of negotiations between different states openly, evacuation of Belgium by Germany, restoration of Alsace-Lorraine to France, creation of independent states in Europe and establishment of a world organization to guarantee political independence and territorial integrity of different states. Many of the above points were covered by the different treaties that were signed' after the First World War. For instance, Belgium was evacuated by Germany. Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France; many small states like Poland, Finland, Czechoslovakia, Latvia, etc. were created on the principle of nationality, and an international organization with the name of the League of Nations was created to maintain the world peace. But many points of Wilson were completely ignored by the victors. For instance, his point of disarmament was not put into practice. While the military power of the defeated countries was much reduced, the winning sides refused to reduce their military power. Britain did not agree to leave her claim over the seas. Again, the terms of the peace treaties were not the result of negotiations between the defeated and the victorious powers, but were imposed by the victors on the defeated countries. Consequently, the different peace treaties proved to be severe and harsh and ultimately they led to the Second World War. Q. Describe how the Moroccan Crisis led to the First World War. (Important) Ans. The Morocco Crisis. There were many incidents which brought the world on the verge of the First World War. The Morocco crisis was one of them. When scramble for Africa started towards the end of the 19th century, every imperialist country of Europe tried to grab as much portions of Africa as possible. Both Germany and France had an eye on Morocco. Especially after Franco-British Agreement of 1904, France tried to establish .her hold over Morocco. Germany strongly protested. As such, about three times in 1905, 1908 and 1911 their estrangement took the shape of crisis and brought the world on the verge of war. However, the crisis was averted at the intervention of U.S.A. when France was allowed to capture Morocco, not before she handed over many a part of French Congo to Germany. Thus, though the crisis was averted for the time being, it gave rise to such an estrangement between the two countries (Germany and France) that they ultimately brought about the First World War which engulfed the whole world in its vicious circle. Q. How far were the imperialist rivalries the basic causes of the First World War? Ans. The First World War broke out because of the rivalries and conflicts between the imperialist countries.

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1. During the late half of the 19th century and in the early years of the 20th century, Britain, France, Holland, Spain, Germany, Japan, Italy. Austria-Hungary was imperialist powers. 2. The chief cause of imperialist rivalries was competition among the imperialist powers to establish their colonies in various parts of Asia and Africa. 3. Japan had her ambitions in the Far East and her competitor there, was the USA and Spain. 4. France wanted to annex Morocco and she feared there from Britain 5. Britain eyes were on Iran, but she was to face Russia there. Austria had her ambition in the Ottoman Empire. There were intense rivalries among the imperialist nations for capturing others colonies for the following purposes: (i) Finding markets for the sale of their finished goods. (iii) Obtaining places from where they could purchase raw materials at cheaper rates. (iv) Using the people of their respective colonies as labour after establishing factories. These imperialists rivalries among the imperialist nations was naturally the cause of the First World War as they wanted the redivision of the colonies. Q. Do you think that the peace treaties had laid the foundations of a just and stable peace? Discuss. Ans. The peace treaties were really decided by three persons / countries. Woodrow Wilson President of America, LIoyed George Prime Minister of Britain. George Chemenceau Prime Minister of France, They played the determining role in framing the term of the treaties. Keeping their national interest in view. The peace treaties failed to lay the foundation of a just and stable peace in the world: Its main causes here: 1. The treaties contained certain provisions which were the seeds of further conflicts. 2. Some victorious countries also felt that they had been cheated because all their hopes had not been realised. 3. The Allies had entered into many secret treaties for dividing the spoils of war. The Allies had claimed that the war was being fought for freedom and democracy. But inspite of this, the distribution of the colonies of defeated countries took place among the victorious countries. Germany and Turkish possessions were given to Britain, France and others as "mandates", the people, were actually treated as their colonies. 4; The victorious powers had enlarged their possession. Rivalries and conflicts among imperialist countries remained as before. 5. The League of Nations that had been established for the preservation of peace and to guarantee the independence of all states was never an effective organisation. Besides these factors, certain other developments took place in the fallowing two decades which made another World war inevitable. Q. How was it that an otherwise a minor incident led to outbreak of the First World War? Discuss. Or Describe the incident that finally led to the First World War? Or Which incident led to the outbreak of World War First? Ans. On June 28. 1914, the Archduke Ferdinand, Prince of Austria-Hungary and his wife were murdered at Serajevo. the capital of Bosnia. The murderer was a Serbian so, the Austrian government held the Serbia government

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responsible for the murder. She presented her with a very humiliating ultimatum, When the Serbia government refused to accept some of its terms, Austria, backed by Germany declared war on Serbia on July 28, 1914. Thus, the First World War broke out. The war began between Austria and Serbia, Russia backed Serbia, and then it became a war between Russia and Austria and then it became a war between Russia and Germany, then between Germany and France and then an all-European war, also called the First World War. Thus, an other wise a minor incident, the murder of the Austria Hungry Prince by a Serbian, became the Immediate cause of First World War.

Russian revolution
Q. 1. How did the Revolution of 1905 prove a dress-rehearsal of the Revolution of 1917? Or Describe the importance of the Revolution of 11905 in Russia? Ans. The revolutionary movement in Russia had been growing when a war broke out between Russia and Japan in 1904 A.D The defeat of Russia in this war proved a bolt from the blue to the" Czar. The people tuned against him and soon a revolution broke out in 1905 A.D. When a procession of peaceful workers was going to present petition to the Czar, they were fired at and more than a thousand were killed and many thousands of them were wounded. This led to the unprecedented disturbances throughout Russia. Even some sections of the army and the navy revolted. 'Soviets' or the councils of workers and peasants were formed to conduct the affairs. Soon, the Czar yielded and promised to establish a constitutional monarchy as in England but the Czar soon relapsed into his own Ways. Still the Revolution 02905 A.D. proved a dress rehearsal of the Revolution of 1917 A.D. 2. Describe two reforms introduced by the Russian Czar, Nicholas II after the-190S revolution. Ans. The Russian Czar Nicholas II was an autocrat through and through. But when a revolution took place in Russia in 1905 he tried to introduce certain reforms: (1) He granted freedom of speech, press and association to the people. 25

(2) He agreed that laws would be made by an elected body, called Duma . Q--Explain the importance of February Revolution.. Ans . There took place two revolutions in Russia in 1917: One is called the February Revolution while the other is called the October Revolution. On 7th March, 1917, the workers struck work and attacked Petersburg ( re named Petrograd and now Leningrad). These soldiers instead of crushing the revolutionaries took their side. Consequently, both Petrograd and Moscow fell in their hands on 12th February, 1917. The Czar abdicated and a Provisional Government was soon formed under Prince Kerensky. The fall of the Czar's government is known as the February Revolution because it occurred on 27th February according to the old Russian calendar, which is about 13 days earlier than the international calendar. Q. How is the October Revolution different from the February Revolution? What were its results? Ans. It was the second phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917., after the February Revolution, a provisional Government was formed under Kerensky. But as he failed to fulfill the demands of the people, he lost their support. He could not bring peace, failed to give land to the tiller and control of industry to the worker, and could not give equal status to the non-Russian nationalities. The result was another revolution in Russia on 7th November, 1917 which forced Kerensky to run for his life. This event is known as the October Revolution, (though it took place on 7th November) because it took place on 25th October according to the old Russian calendar which is 13 days earlier than the international calendar. . 1. What is 'Bloody Sunday'? Ans. In January, 1905, on one Sunday, the workers took out a peaceful procession in order to present a petition to the Czar. But on the way, the processionists were fired at indiscriminately resulting in the death of more than a thousand workers while many more wounded. Because of this massacre, the said Sunday in history is known as the 'Bloody Sunday'. This incident very much resembles the Jallianwala Bagh Tragedy which took place in India in 1919. Q-What is the Communist-International? Ans. Soon after the First World War, The Communist International was organized in 1919 on the lines of the First International (1864- 76 A.D.) and the Second International ( 18891914). It is sometimes called the Third International. Its main objectives were to establish unity among the workers of the world, to fix their daily hours of work, to oppose imperialism. and colonialism, to help the struggling nations to win their freedom, 'to oppose oppression and wars and last but not the least to promote revolutions on an international scale. Under its guidance, various Communist parties were formed in many countries of the world and an attempt was made to establish social and economic equality along with political equality. It worked for many years and was dissolved in 1943 when the world was fully engrossed in the disastrous Second World War. .-Q. What two conditions, according to Lenin, were necessary to make Russian Revolution a success? Ans. (1) the autocracy to be overthrown which means that the Russian Czar should be removed otherwise he would put all types of hurdle in the way Of Russian Revolution. (2) Russia should opt Out of the war because nothing could be achieved without peace, least the fruits of the revolution.

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'Q. How did the miserable condition of the peasants lead to. the Russian Revolution of 1917 ? Or . Describe the conditions of the Russian farmers on the eve of the Russian Revolution of 1917. (Ans. When the First World War (19lA-1918) was still going on there took place a revolution in Russia in 1917 A.D. It was as much a political revolution as it was a social and economic revolution. Russia was a backward agricultural country even up to the 19th century. Feudalism formed the basis of agriculture and serfdom prevailed there up to 1861 A.D. The peasants worked as serfs on the land and much of their produce went into the hands of the higher classes. Serfdom was no doubt abolished in 1861 A.D. but the condition of the peasants still remained miserable. A large number of them owned only 2.5 acres of land. They used primitive tools and methods of cultivation. The burden of taxation also fell on them and they had no money to make improvements in the lands owned by them. About 70% of the farmers could not get even a square meal a day. Land hunger among the peasants was a dominant factor in the Russian society. Q. How did the miserable condition of the workers lead to the Russian Revolution of 1917 ? (OR) Describe the conditions of the Russian workers on the eve of Russian Revolution in 1917) Ans. The Industrial Revolution in Russia, like in any other country, gave a great impetus to many industries. The capitalists invested huge sums in various industries to amass huge wealth. It is estimated that more than half the capital for investment came from foreign investors, who were more interested in making huge profits than in improving the conditions of the workers. Both the foreign and Russian capitalists began to exploit the workers for their selfish ends. Consequently, the workers had to work from 12 to 14 hours a day. Their wages were very low. They could not form trade unions to improve their lot. As a. result of this, their condition remained very miserable and they had to lead a wretched life. They had no political rights nor any hope of gaining any reforms. Q Describe the autocratic nature of the rule of Czar Nicholas II which brought Russia on the verge of revolution. Ans. In 1917 A.D., a revolution broke out in Russia which is known as the October Revolution of 1917 A.D. It was much because of the political reasons. The Czar, particularly Czar Nicholas II, was an autocratic and a self-willed ruler. All the administrative powers of the state were vested in him. There was no check on his powers and rights. He still believed in 'the Divine Right of the Kings. He used his powers according to his own sweet-will. He ignored the public welfare. His rule was both ruthless and oppressive. The privileged classes had got special rights while the general public had no say in the government. Czar Nicholas II was an inefficient and weak ruler completely under the influence of his Minister Plehve who was against all kind forms. The immoral monk Rasputin was in the good books of the Czar and the ( He was called " The Holy Devil." He was responsible for the reactionary policy of the Czar to a great extent. Consequently, a larger part of the population of the vast: empire became quite hostile to the Czar and his corrupt bureaucracy. Moreover: the Czar had established a vast empire comprising different nationalities. But these conquered areas of diverse races were always restive under the Czar Again; Czar's imperialist designs brought him into direct conflict with other imperialist powers. The vast expenses incurred on them and the financial

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burdens thrusted people, further turned them against the Czar and his inefficient government. Q---What part did Karl Marx and other intellectuals play in bringing the Russian Revolution of 1917 ? Ans- Karl Marx was a German Jew but he lived mostly in Britain. He was a supporter of socialism deadly against capitalism and private property. According to him, the whole society has common control over the means of production. All the units of production be nationalized. Capitalism can be rooted out only through revolution and by establishing dictatorship of the proletariat or the workers. The teachings of Karl Marx and other intellectuals of the West made a great contribution to the rise of revolution in Russia. Different Russian writers such as Tolstoy etc. infused revolutionary ideas in to the minds of the Russian youths arid they 'Started demanding the same rights as were available to the people in the western countries. The Czar turned down their demands and this brought about the revolution. Q------ What were the causes of Russian revolution? Causes that brought about. the Russian Revolution. Ans. The Russian Revolution broke out in 1917 A.D. The conditions in Russia were quite ripe for it. The main factors responsible for the growth of the revolutionary movement in Russia or the main causes responsible for the Russian Revolution were the following : (I) The condition of the farmers had become very miserable.:--- When the First World War (1914-1918) was still going on there took place a revolution in Russia in 1917 A.D. It was a political revolution as it was a social and economic revolution. Russia was a backward agricultural country even up to the 19th century. Feudalism formed the basis of agriculture and serfdom prevailed there up to 1861 A.D. The peasants worked as serfs on the land and much of their produce went into the hands of the higher classes. Serfdom was no doubt abolished in 1861 A.D. but the condition of the peasants still remained miserable. A large number of them owned only 2.5 acres of land. They used primitive tools and methods of cultivation. The burden of taxation also fell on them and they had no money to make improvements in the lands owned by them. About 70% of the farmers could. not get even a square meal a day. Land hunger among the peasants was a dominant factor in the Russian society (2) The condition of the workers,was also very deplorable:-- The Industrial Revolution in Russia, like in any other country, gave a great impetus to many industries. The capitalists invested huge sums in various industries to amass huge wealth. It is estimated that more than half the capital for investment came from foreign investors, who were more interested in making huge profits than in improving the conditions of the workers. Both the foreign and Russian capitalists began to exploit the workers for their selfish ends. Consequently, the workers had to work from 12 to 14 hours a day. Their wages were very low. They could not form trade unions to improve their lot. As a. result of this, their condition remained very miserable and they had to lead a wretched life. They had no political rights nor any hope of gaining any reforms. (3) The autocratic rule of the Czar had become quite inefficient:--- It was the second phase of the Russian Revolution of 1917, after the February Revolution, a provisional Government was formed under Kerensky. But as he failed to fulfill the demands of the people, he lost their support. He could not bring peace, failed to give land to the tiller and control of industry to the worker, and could not give equal status to the non-Russian

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nationalities. The result was another revolution in Russia on 7th November, 1917 which forced Kerensky to run for his life. This event is known as the October Revolution, (though it took place on 7th November) because it took place on 25th October according to the old Russian calendar which is 13 days earlier than the international calendar (4) The teachings of Karl Marx also encouraged the people to raise a standard of revolt. :---- Karl Marx was a German Jew but he lived mostly in Britain. He was a supporter of socialism deadly against capitalism and private property. According to him, the whole society has common control over the means of production. All the units of production be nationalized. Capitalism can be rooted out only through revolution and by establishing dictatorship of the proletariat or the workers. The teachings of Karl Marx and other intellectuals of the West made a great contribution to the rise of revolution in Russia. Different Russian writers such as Tolstoy etc. infused revolutionary ideas in to the minds of the Russian youths arid they 'Started demanding the same rights as were available to the people in the western countries. The Czar turned down their demands and this brought about the revolution. 5) The Revolution of 1905 also proved a dress rehearsal of the Revolution of1917:---. The revolutionary movement in Russia had been growing when a war broke out between Russia and Japan in 1904 A.D( The defeat of Russia in this war proved a bolt from the blue to the' Czar. The people turned against him and soon a revolution broke out in 1905 A.D. When a procession of peaceful workers was going to present a petition to the Czar, they were fired at and more than a thousand were killed and many thousands of them were wounded. This led to the unprecedented disturbances through out Russia. Even some sections of the army and the navy revolted. 'Soviets' or the councils of workers and peasants were formed to conduct the affairs. Soon, the Czar yielded and promised to establish a constitutional monarchy as in England But the. Czar soon relapsed into his own Ways. Still the Revolution of 1905 proved a dress rehearsal of the revolution of 1917 AD (6) Last but not the least, the Czar's participation and defeat in the First World War proved the last straw to break the camel's back. :---- Russia joined the Allies in the First World War in 1914 A.D. She gained some success in the beginning but after 1915 A.D. she had to face defeat after defeat. It became difficult for the Russians to fight due to the shortage of war-material and food stuffs. The untrained farmers were sent to the front in large numbers to fight in the war. As such, Russia suffered heavy losses both in men and money. By February, 1917 A.D. about 6;00,000 Russian soldiers had been killed in the war. The shortage of food grains and clothes created a great unrest among the people. Consequently, there was a great crisis in Russia. The whole machinery of the state was out of gear and the national' life was completely paralysed. So the only solution was the revolution against the autocratic rule of the Czar. If the Czar had not taken part in the 1st World War, and the Russian army had not been routed the Czar could have easily crushed any opposition of the people. Thus Russia's participation in the 1st World War greatly helped the fall of the Russian autocracy. It has been rightly said, " The war produced the opportunity. Fate produced the leader in Lenin. His great intellectual and personal powers enabled him to dominate the situation. He saw the opportunity when others did not. Consequences of the Russian Revolution. :-----

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The October Revolution is regarded as an important event not only in the History of Russia but that of the whole world. Its immediate consequences in the following fields are worth mention: Consequences of the October Revolution on Russia's Participation in the 1st World War:--When the 1st World War began in 1914, the Czar of Russia took an active part in it. As this country was the nearest to Germany so he had also to bear the brunt of the war. Up to 1917, about 6,00,000 Russian soldiers were killed and many more were injured. Much of his territories were also overrun by the enemy. But still he was stubborn enough to continue taking part in the war. But the Russian Revolution of 1917 took him by surprise. He was not only 'captured but hanged along with many of his relatives and advisers. Soon after this, Russia, under Lenin, withdrew from the war though she had to pay a. heavy price for that and cede many of her territories to Germany. Consequences of the October Revolution on Agriculture and the Ownership of Land:--Before the October Revolution of 1917, the plight of the peasants in Russia was a miserable one. They worked as serfs on the land and much of their produce went in the hands of the higher classes. Their fields were very small and with their best labour they could hardly get even square meal a day. It was because of this situation that the peasants in their largest number took part in the October-Revolution. When this revolution proved successful it was bound to change the whole structure of the ownership of land. The estates of the Czar, the landlords and the Church were confiscated and transferred to peasants' societies to be further allotted to peasant families to be cultivated without any hired labour. All the produce was to be handed over to the Government. In this system, there was no incentive to work hard. Consequently, the farm produce was greatly reduced and there was a famine in Russia in 1921, in which thousands of people died. Lenin was thus forced to form a New Economic Policy. According to this policy, the peasants were to pay a fix tax to the government in cash or kind and they were not forced to surrender the whole produce. Changes brought in the Field of Industry:-- In Russia, both foreign and Russian capitalists greatly exploited the workers and made huge profits at their expense. Hence, there was a great demand by the workers to control the industry by themselves. So, as soon as the Czar was removed, the control of the industries were transferred to the committees of the workers. The Government nationalised all the big factories. The foreign capitalists were provided facilities to invest in large industries. Everybody, even the capitalists were made to work in factories and earn their livelihood rather than live on exploitation of the workers. Effects of the October Revolution on the Position of the Non-Russian Nationalities of the Russian Empire :---The Czar had established a vast empire comprising of various nationalities. His relations with the non-Russian nationalities were very harsh and he had spared no stones unturned to suppress them. The Russian language was enforced on them caring little for their own cultures. The empire of the Czars was nothing less than a 'museum of diverse nationalities'. But the success of the October Revolution had a great bearing on the fate of the non-Russian nationalities of the Russian empire. Now, all the nationalities were given equality of status. Their areas became a part of the U.S.S.R. in the form of republics. Equal representation was assured to all nationalities in one of the two chambers of the U.S.S.R. legislature by the Constitution of 1923 and later under the 1935 Constitution. The autonomy provided to the different republics enabled them to develop their languages and cultures. Within few years, under planned economy and spread of education, they marched ahead in the field of

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modernization and advancement. What a transition from colonial subjugation to modernisation of the non-Russian nationalities of the Russian, empire.

Social reforms
Q1) . What was the social impact of the British Rule on India? Ans. The British conquest had also a far reaching impact on the Indian Society: (I) In the early period, some British administrators, through social legislation tried to reform the Indian society of its ills like the Sati, the child infanticide and the low status of women. (2) The educational system was reorganised. Though this step was undertaken to train the Indians for clerical and low jobs, it brought the people in close contact with the modem ideas of democracy and nationalism. , (3) An important effect of the British rule was the emergence of new social classes in India, such as the middle class, the industrialists, the working class, the professional people and the landless peasants. The emergence of these new social classes played an important part in the 19th century. Q2) What were the new social classes that arose in India during the British Rule? Ans. After the establishment of the British Rule in India, a number of new social classes arose which contributed a lot in the awakening of the people. These social classes were the following: 1. The Middle Class. With the rise of the new landlords, grew the middle class. They did not cultivate land but were interested in it because of the rent they received from it. Such people lived in cities, received higher education and sought jobs in public service, business and industries. '

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2. The Industrialists and the Working Class. With the beginning of industry arose a class of industrialists, working labourers and big and small traders, who played a significant role in the society. 3. The Professional People. Another class which arose after the establishment of the British Rule in India was that of the professional people, comprising the lawyers, doctors, teachers, journalists, technicians, intelligentia and the officials. This group of people was more liberal in ideas, because it drew its strength from its own professional competence rather than from any hereditary privilege. ' 4. The Landless Peasants. The British rule also created a large number of landless peasants by its defective land revenue policy resulting from excessive land revenue and rigid method of it collection. The creation of this class led to many problems later on. Q3) Who was the founder of Brahmo Samaj ? What steps didit take in the field of social reforms? OR What measures did Brahmo Samaj take to reform the Hindu society and religion? OR Describe three steps taken by Raja Rammohan Roy to modernise the Indian society. Ans. The Brahmo Samaj was founded by Raja Rammohan Roy in 1828 A.D. This Samaj was the fIrst attempt by the Indians in the 19th century to reform the Hindu society. Under Keshab Chandra Sen, this Samaj greatly expanded its areas and set up many branches throughout India. The Brahmo Samaj took the following steps in the field of social reform or Raja Rammohan Rai initiated the following significant social reforms which resulted in the modemising of the Indian society : (1) It organised a movement to bring an end to the practice of Sati as this practice was inhuman and degrading. (2) It propagated the widow-remarriage and encouraged inter-caste marriage. (3) It strongly opposed the caste-system because that created disunity and hindered the feeling of patriotism. (4) It actively opposed the chil1 marriage and the polygamy. (5) It opposed the worship of so many gods and believed. in one omnipotent God. (6) The Brahmo Samaj preached against useless practices. Costly sacrifices and superstitions. (7) It favoured the introduction of the western education to enlighten the people Q4):-State two social reforms advocated by the Arya Samaj. What were the important teachings of Swami Dayanand? Ans. Another important movement which tried to reform the Hindu society was the Arya Samaj which was founded by Dayanand Saraswati in 1875 A.D. Swami Dayanand or the Arya Samaj made the following contributions to introduce social and religious reforms in the Indian society : (1) The Arya Samaj strongly opposed the caste-system and propagated against the practice of untouchability. (2) The Arya Samaj strongly condemned the practice of sati and child marriage. (3) The Arya Samaj prevented the conversion of the Hindus to other religions and thus saved the Hindu religion. . (4) The Arya Samaj worked actively for the uplift of women and spread of education among them.

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(5) The Arya Samaj started a network of schools and colleges for the spread of education. These institutions, known as D.A.V. Schools or Colleges, work even up to this day. (6) According to the Arya Samaj, the Vedas are infallible and Hinduism should be purified by returning to the Vedas. (7) The Arya Samaj condemned the idol worship and useless religious rites and repudiated the authority of the Brahmans. Q5) .. Compare the teachings of Raja Ram Mohan Roy with those of Swami Dayanand. Ans. Both Swami Dayanand Saraswati and Raja Rammohan Roy were great Indian reformers. Both attacked social evils like the caste-system, untouchability and idol worship and paid their attention to the betterment of the Indian women and the spread of education. But still on many points they differed with each other. The significant difference in the ideas of Raja Rammohan Roy and Swami Dayanand Saraswati was this that while Swami Dayanand had full faith in the Indian culture, Raja Rammohan Roy believed that western culture alone would regenerate the Indian society. Raja Rammohan Roy wanted to learn so much from the west. Secondly, whereas Raja Rammohan Roy had full faith in the goodness of the British Government and wanted its help in reforming the Indian society, Swami Dayanand Saraswati had no faith in the integrity of the British Government and wanted to get rid of it as early as possible to make India free. Thirdly, for Swami Dayanand, the Vedas were infallible which meant that human reason is not to be the final deciding factor. For Raja Rammohan Roy human reason was supreme. According to him, one should not hesitate to depart from holy books and scriptures if human reason so dictates. . Fourthly, whereas Raja Rammohan Roy had admiration for all religions and as such he did not try to stop conversion of the Hindus to other religions. On the other hand, Swami Dayanand in order to prevent the conversion of the Hindus to other religions started a crusade against other religions. In his book entitled the 'Satyarth Prakash' we come to know the greatness of the Vedic religion in comparison to other religions of the world. Q6) . What is the contribution of Ramakrishna Mission or Swami Vivekanand in the field of social and religious reforms? Ans. Swami Vivekanand (1863-1902) founded the Ramakrishna Mission in 1896 A.D. to propagate the teaching of his master Ramakrishna Paramhansa. Ramakrishna Mission or Swami Vivekanand made the following contributions in the spheres of social and religious reforms: (I) The Ramakrishna Mission strongly condemned the caste system, ritual ceremonies and superstitions in the religious sphere. (2) The Ramakrishna Mission preached humanism and urged the people to imbibe the spirit of equality, liberty and free-thinking. (3) The Ramakrishna Mission condemned and preached against untouchability. (4) The Ramakrishna Mission established educational institutions, orphanage, hospitals and dispensaries and libraries. (5) The Ramakrishna Mission laid a great emphasis on social good rather than on personal salvation. (6) Vivekanand preached the essential oneness of all religions and condemned narowness in the religious matters.

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Q7:----State the significant educational and literary activities of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Or Mention the role of Sir Sayyed Ahmed Khan in uplifting the Muslim Society . Ans. Alike the Hindus various reforms movements arose among the Muslims to reform their society and religion. The chief among them were the following: 1. The Mohammedan Literary Society. In 1863 A.D., Nawab Abdul Latif founded the Mohammedan Literary Society in Calcutta to advocate the learning of the English language and science among the Muslims. It opened several educational institutions in Bengal and thus enlightened the Muslims. 2. The Aligarh Movement and Sir Syed Ahmed Khan. Sir Syed Ahmed did a lot for the upliftment of the Muslims in the religious and social spheres. The movement he started to achieve these aims is known as the Aligarh Movement. His contributions were as follows: (i) He strongly recommended the western education and knowledge for the Muslims as he believed that they could make progress like other Indian communities only by receiving western education. . (ii) He believed that their' social ills can only be removed with the light of western education so he laid emphasis on acquiring western scientific knowledge. (iii) As an official he opened various schools in several villages and towns to encourage modem education. (iv) Side by side he got translated several of the English works into Urdu so that even ordinary people could acquire the western knowledge. (v) Above all he founded the 'Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College', at Aligarh in1873 A.D. to promote western scientific knowledge, culture and education among the Muslims for the improvement of the religious and social life. (vi) He founded institutions like 'Desh Bhagat Sangthan', 'Upper Indian Muslim Security Orgamsation', etc. for the upliftment, unity and organisation of the Muslims. (vii) He strongly advocated the removal of the 'purdah system' and spread of education among the Muslim women for raising their social status. (viii) He strongly condemned the social evils of polygamy and divorce which were prevalent in the Muslim society. . (ix) He regarded the Hindus and the Muslims as one 'Qaum'. Thus more than any body else, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was much responsible for the awakening of the Muslims. Q8:Why was social reform necessary in 19th century India? Examine the evils that crept in the society and religion of that period ? Ans. Why was Social Reform necessary in the 19th century? (1) In the 19th century, India and Indian society was plagued with many social and religious evils; as such it could not make any progress in any direction. It was only through social reforms that the diseased society could be cured and made healthy enough to make progress in different fields. (2) The Indian society was also suffering from many superstitions. Some even thought to be a sin to travel to foreign countries. It was through social reforms only that such superstitions could be checked and corrected and path of progress cleared. (3) The different social and religious evils had degenerated the Indian society to such an extent that the country fell a prey to foreign powers and lost its Independence. It was

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through social reforms that -the people could be cured and united and they could be made free and independent. . Evils that crept in the Society and Religion of 19th century India. The Indian Society and Religion in the 19th century were plagued with so many social ills. The chief among them were the following: (I) The Caste System (2) The Idol-Worship (3) The Polygamy (4) The Purdah System (5) The Child Marriage (6) The Sati System (7) The Female Infanticide (8) No Provision for Widow Remarriage. (9) Deplorable Condition of Women. The different social reform movements like the Brahmo Samaj, the Arya Samaj, the Ramakrishana Mission, the Theosophical Society, the Indian Social Conference, the Mohammedan Literary Society, the Aligarh Movement, the Ahmediya Movement etc., were directed against these evils. Q9--Describe the social evils prevalent in the 19th century India. What were the steps taken to elevate the position of Indian Women? Ans. Social Evils prevalent in the 19th Century The Indian societies in the 19th century were plagued with so many social ills. The chief among them were the following: (1) The Caste System (2) The Idol-Worship (3) The Polygamy (4) The Purdah System (5) The Child Marriage (6) The Sati System (7) The Female Infanticide (8) No provision for widow remarriage. (9) Deplorable condition of women. The different social reform movements like the Brahmo Samaj, the Arya Samaj, the Ramakrishana Mission, the Theosophical Society, the Indian Social Conference, the Mohammedan Literary Society, the Aligarh Movement, the Ahmediya Movement etc. were directed against these evils. Three main evils from which the Indian society suffered in the early 19th century were, however, the following: Deplorable Condition of Women. The condition of women was very deplorable due to the social, religious and economic conditions prevailing in the traditional Indian society. They suffered a lot because of many social evils like the Sati and the Purdah systems, the child marriage, illiteracy, female infanticide, etc. The widows were not also allowed to remarry. In addition, women were assigned a very low status in the society as compared to men and they were compelled to remain completely dependent upon men socially as well as economically. But because of the modem reform movements, many reformers, reform societies, religious organisations, etc. made efforts to spread education among women, in order to stop the child marriage, to end the purdah system, to enforce widow remarriage, to stop femaleinfanticide, to enable women to be at par with me!! socially as well economically, etc., The names of Raja Rammohan Roy, Pandit Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar, Swami Dayanand, Swami Vivekanand and Annie Besant are worth mention in this respect. The nationalist movement during the early 20th century also made the women folk self-dependent and soon they gained equal status with men by attaining equal political, economic and social rights.

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The Caste System. Modem social reformers found it necessary to launch at attack on the caste system because they considered it to be an inhuman and degrading social evil responsible for social disintegration. This evil further gave rise to' certain economic, political and social imbalance in the Indian social life which caused a great harm to the society. But the modem reforms in the field of economy, society and political sphere greatly weakened this evil. The development in the means of transport and modem industries, equality in the field of justice and the modem educational system created the feelings of equality and uniformity in the minds of the Indian people and as such all caste distinctions and narrow outlooks vanished away. Many social reformers also raised their voice against the caste system by condemning it as an inhuman institution. The development 'of the national movement also did a very praiseworthy work in the removal of untouchability .Now, in Free India, the caste system and the practice of untouchability have been forbiden by removing the social disabilities and distinctions by creating enlightenment among the lower castes. But, a lot is still to be done to remove the evils of the caste system and touchability in rural areas. The Child Marriage. The child marriage was another important social ill from .'which the Indian society suffered. The practice told heavily on the health of the married hildren beside producing many evil effects on the society. That is why, many reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Keshab Chandra Sen, Mahadev Govinda Ranade and Swami Dayanand, openly attacked the child-marriage and campaigned for its abolition. It was . cause of their efforts that a law was passed in 1860 A.D., raising the marriageable age of the girls to ten, which was significant advancement in those days. In 1872 A.D. another t was passed which altogether forbade the child marriage. Q10) . What were some of the disabilities from which women suffered in traditional Indian society? Discuss the steps taken by the modern 'reform movements for their emancipation. Or What steps were taken by the social and religious reformers to improve the status of women in the Indian society during the 19th century? Or How did the reform movements of the 19th century improve the condition of Indian women-? . Ans. Disabilities from which Indian Women Suffered (1) Low Status of Women. A woman was socially subordinated to man in one way or the other. She had never been permitted to live independently. She was considered inferior to man. Saints like Tulsidas had also suggested severe restrictions on a woman. In her childhood she should depend on her father, in youth she should live in subordination to her husband and in old age, she should depend on her sons. (2) Female Infanticide. To some people, birth of a daughter was a curse. As such they used to kill them the moment they were born. It shows that at some places, women had no right even to live. (3) Neglect of Female Education. Women were often neglected in the field of education. It was considered quite useless to give them education as they were neither required to seek employment nor to study scriptures. Female education was frowned upon because it was considered as granting them undesirable liberty which would prove quite harmful to the

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society. As a result; they were kept in purdah and were denied any freedom to move about freely. (4) The Dowry System. Marriage of a girl was almost impossible without a suitable dowry. Many a poor girls had to remain unmarried or commit suicide to relieve the agony of their parents. (5) Absence of an Independent Stafus. A woman without her husband was a nonentity. In no other position except as a house-wife could she live in the society. Families being patriarchal were dominated by the husband whose wish was the deciding factor in the family. Her other position in the family was that of an assistant to her husband. (6) The Child Marriage. Children were married at very young age when the ceremony carried no meaning for them sometimes their parents took them in their lap to perform the marriage ceremony, as they were too young even to walk round the altar. In case, the childhusband died the child-bride became a widow to suffer a long life of agony or to lead a sinful life. (7) No Permission for Widow Remarriage. Man could marry as many wives as he liked but a woman, if widowed, was regarded as a burden both on the family and the society. She commanded no respect and lived a life of neglect and despise. She was sometimes forced to kill herself to escape taunts of her own people which made her life too miserable to live. For her, death was better than life in this cruel world. Many widows left their houses in disgust. (8) The Sati System. It was regarded as the noblest virtue for a widow to bum her self in the funeral pyre of her dead husband. If she hesitated, the so-called priests and relatives would push her into the flames. Sometimes a dead king's funeral pyre became the pyre of his hundred wives whom he had married out of pleasure. But it was never heard or mentioned that at any time a man burnt himself or died in grief because of his love for his deceased wife. It only proves how the selfish society had tortured the women-folk. (9) No Right of a Hindu Woman to Inherit Property. In the Hindu society, a woman had no right to inherit the property of her husband. (10) Sad Plight of the Muslim Women. Divorce among Muslims is so simple that generally the Muslim Women dreaded it. Beside, the custom of polygamy, which allowed their men to marry more than one wife, made the life of Muslim women more miserable than the life of the Hindu women. Measures taken by Reform Movements to improve the condition of Women. The modem reform movements laid much stress on the pitiable condition of women and ied to improve their plight. Chief among them were Raja Rammohan Roy who founded e Brahmo Samaj and laid stress on women's education and the widow remarriage. He also gave suggestions to Lord William Bentinck to prohibit the Sati system by law. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar founded many educational institutions, encouraged widow remarriage and started the movement against the child marriage. Swami Dayanand Saraswati founded the Arya Samaj and laid stress on equality of th the sexes and advocated the education of women. He also campaigned against the sati System and the female infanticide. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan demanded a ban on the purdah system and polygamy in the Muslim Society. He called the custom of an easy divorce, by simple repeating thrice the word divorce, as an injustice to women and devoid of all logic He also advocated education for the Muslim women.

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To some extent the efforts of the religious and social reformers of the 19th century provided solace to the poor women. Educational institutions, exclusively for women, were opened. Polygamy was looked down upon and the widow remarriage was accepted. The Sati system and the child marriage were legally banned. Female infanticide was also prohibited by Law. Now the purdah system also was despised. Unless all these evils were totally eradicated neither education could spread among women nor they could take part other fields of life. Q 11) why did the religious and social reform movements gather a momentum in the later half the 19th century? Ans. The religious and social reform movements gathered a momentum in the later half of the 19th century because of the following reasons: (1) Effect of the Western Education. There is no denying the fact that the modern education did help a lot in the awakening of India. Whatever might have been the aim of the British Government in introducing western education, it did certainly awaken the Indians. It brought the Indian people in close contact with the western social reformers and philosophers. The Indians were also inspired to reform their society, by a comparison to the western society. (2) Realization of the Backwardness of their Society and Religion. The educated people could no longer sit idle and see the wretched and deplorable condition of their society. They were pained to see their society suffering from many ills like the caste distinctions, polygamy, child-marriage, the Sati-System, the deplorable condition of women, the female infanticide, the so-called dowry system and neglect of female education etc. The people now realized to reform the society and religion of these evils. (3) The Emergence of Great Social Reformers in the 19th Century. India was fortunate that many devoted reformers were born in India in the 19th century. Some of these reformers like Raja Rammohan Roy, Ishwar Chandra Vidya Sagar, Swami Dayanand, Keshav Chandra Sen, Mahadev Govinda Ranade, Syed Ahmed Khan etc., were' men of great devotion, integrity and enthusiasm. They took the cause of social reform very seriously even at the risk of their own lives. (4) The Rise' of National Movement. The rise of the national movement in the latter half of the 19th century had also a great impact on the social and religious movements. The national leaders soon realized that they could not fight for the freedom of their country unless and until their religion and society were first purified, reformed and set-right. Q.12. What was the economic impact of the British Rule on India? Or What was the impact of the British rule on the agriculture in India? Or Why did the condition of Indian peasantry deteriorate during the British Rule? Or How far did the British economic policy lead to the ruin of the Indian artisans and craftsmen Ans. The economic impact of the British Rule on India proved very disastrous as it completely disrupted the traditional economy .of India. India was transformed into an economic colony under the British Rule because the economic policies, as were followed by the British Government, were framed and determined to serve only the needs of the British economy. This resulted in the disruption of the traditional economy of India and, consequently, she was by and by reduced to a poor nation. The economic policies of the British Government adversely affected all the sections of the Indian society. It is clear from the following facts:

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1. Ruin of the Artisans and Craftsmen. The economic policy followed by the British Government brought a quick ruin of the Indian artisans and craftsmen. The import of cheap machine-made goods from England, export of all raw materials, free entry of foreign goods, heavy duties on the export Of Indian goods, heavy taxes on the manufacture of Indian goods, oppressions practised by the employees of the Company on the craftsmen, etc. compelled the Indian artisans and craftsmen to abandon their ancestral professions. They were forced to seek employment in the Company's factories and to accept far less wages. They were thus almost starved and ruined. 2. Impoverishment of the Peasantry. The economic condition' of the peasants also deteriorated under the British rule and they fell a prey to poverty. Excessive land revenue, ever-increasing pressure of population on agriculture, the continuous cycles of famines, spending very little on the improvement of agriculture by the Government, etc., ruined the Indian peasantry. 3. New Landlordism. Land revenue policy of the British Rule ruined the old Zamindars and a new line of landlords came up. The new class of landlords were rich merchants, capitalists and people belonging to the moneyed class who were quite faithful to the British rule. 4. Stagnation of Agriculture. Under the British Rule, Indian agriculture also began to stagnate. The agricultural produce also dropped much as a result of the revenue policy of the British Government and also due to the poverty and indebtedness of the peasants and sub-division and fragmentation of the land. The British Government also did not do anything to improve the agriculture. She only required the raw-material for the factories of England. 5. Elimination of Traders. When the Indian industry was deliberately destroyed by the British Government, and India was merely reduced to a source of raw-materials, which the Government bought directly from the producers, the traders also suffered a lot. Slowly and slowly, they were eliminated from the internal and external trade of India. Q. 13. Write an essay on the life and work of Rammohan Roy. Describe the contribution of Raja Rammohan Roy to the social and cultural awakening in India in the 19Th century. (OR) Why is Rammohan Roy called the "Father of Modern India "?( OR) In what way did Raja Rammohan Roy and his work represent the modern thought and ideals? Ans. 1. Life of Raja Rammohan Roy. Raja Rammohan Roy was born in a celebrated family of Bengal in 1772 A.D. He learnt many languages, such as the Arabic, Persian, Sanskrit, and the English. He also studied Hindu scriptures like the Vedas, the Upanishad, etc. He was fond of studying religious books of other religions as well. He joined the service of the East India Company in 1805 A.D. and gradually rose to higher offices. He went to England in 1830 to plead the case of Mughal Emperor Akbar II (1806-37) for an enhanced pension. He, however, died in England in 1833 A.D. when he was still pursuing his mission there. 2. Work of Raja Rammohan Roy. Raja Rammohan Roy was one of the greatest reformers that India has ever produced. He greatly loved his people and country, and throughout his life worked hard for the social, religious, intellectual and political regeneration of the country. In the first half of the 19th century or during the life time of Raja Rammohan Roy, the Indian society suffered from various social and religious ills. The caste system and the traditionalism were quite predominant. Illiteracy, fatalism and blind reliance were

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rampant. The upper classes and the priests were all very selfish. The state of women was also quite miserable. In such a state of affairs Raja Ram Mohan Roy played an important role in the social and cultural awakening of the country. He attacked the age-old practices and customs and in this way he heralded the dawn of Modem India. He is rightly called the "Father of Modem India". His contributions in bringing about the dawn of modem thought and ideals are quite appreciable. (1) Rammohan Roy vigorously attacked the caste system and declared it as inhuman. According to him, It has been the source of want of unity among us. He believed that the caste-system was doubly evil, it created inequality and divided the people and deprived them of patriotic feelings. (2) He raised his voice against the in human practice of Sati. He cited the authority of the oldest sacred books and showed that the Hindu religion at its best was opposed to this practice. It was much because of his efforts that Sati was abolished by Lord William Bentinck. (3) He was a great champion of women's rights. He stood for equal rights for women and made a demand for granting the right of property and inheritance to them for raising their social status. He also advocated the right of widows to remarry . . (4) He tried his level best to persuade the government to abolish the child marriage. (5) To do away with meaningless religious 'evils, he greatly condemned idolatry and the worship of so many gods and goddesses, he founded the Brahmo Samaj, especially to preach monotheism or worship of one Almighty God. (6) He laid a great stress on learning' the western literature, education and sciences in order to eradicate useless traditions and blind-faiths. (7) He was an internationalist who supported the cause of freedom everywhere. He was sad when the uprising in Naples to unite Italy failed in 1821 A.D. However, he gave a public dinner when the revolution in Spanish America proved successful in 1823 A.D. He condemned the miserable condition of the people of Ireland who were suffering under the British rule. . (8) Last but not the least, he founded the Brahmo Sama} in 1828 A.D. which continued the work of removing evils from the Hindu society even after his death Q.14. Explain in 30 words what you mean by the domestic system. Ans. Domestic System. By the domestic system, we mean the system by which things are produced at home by employing the different members of a family, and by using the local know-how. Under such a system, simple tools are used to produce a variety of things like coarse cloth, earthen wares, wooden articles etc. for local use. . Q.15. Explain in 30 words what you mean by the Anglicists. . Ans. Anglicists. Anglicists were those persons, who like Macaulay, advocated the teaching of western learning by employing English as the medium of instruction. They believed that such persons would be more faithful to the British empire. They would serve their purpose most honestly and that too with lower pay. Q16. Explain in 30 words what do you mean by the Orientalists Ans. Orientalists. There were those persons, who, like H.H. Wilson, advocated the teaching of oriental learning through local-languages like Sanskrit, Persian and Arabic. But stich people were vehemently opposed by the Anglicists and the British Government also did not agree to their view and decided to impart knowledge through the medium of English.

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Q.17. Explain in 30 words what you mean by the Sati System. Ans. Sati In India, a woman who used to bum herself to death on the pyre of her dead husband, used to be called a Sati. In the beginning, it was a self- imposed practice but, later on, it degenerated into a forced practice, so people like Raja Rammohan Roy raised their voice against this inhuman practice and ultimately they succeeded in getting it abolished.

THE WORLD FROM 1919 TO THE IIND. WORLD WAR


Q1) What were the main features of the Fascist and Nazi movement? Ans--factors contributed which led to the rise of Fascism in Itlay: . Soon after the First World War, there arose Fascism or dictatorship in Italy under the leadership of Benito Mussolini. The chief features of the Fascist Movement were the following : (1) Fascism was antithesis of democracy. "In place of majorities and quantities, it sought to substitute the leader. . (2) Fascism was the supporter of one party and one leader or in other words, it was the supporter of dictatorship. "All parties must and, must fall," once Mussolini remarked. (3) Fascism preferred the state to man. According to the Fascist movement, " The individual exists only for the society. " (4) Fascism laid stress on nationalism rather than on intemationa1ism. (5) Fascism was also hostile to Socialism and Communism. (6) Fascism was in favour of enlarging the power and prestige of the state by making it all powerful. (7) Fascism was the supporter of an imperialist and aggressive foreign policy. Fascism glorified the war and openly advocated a policy of expansion. According to it,

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nations which do not expand cannot survive for long. factors contributed which led to the rise of Nazism in Germany Nazism literally means dictatorship. The Nazi Movement arose in Germany under the leadership of Adolf Hitler soon after the conclusion of the First World War. In order to understand its meaning in detail, the chief features of Nazism must be 'kept in mind. The chief features of this movement were as under: (1) The state is above all. According to this Nazi philosophy, " People exist/or the state rather the state/or the people".(2) It was in favour of ending all types of parliamentary institutions and glorified the rule of a great leader. (3) It extolled war and glorified the use of force. (4) It was in favour of completely rooting out liberalism, socialism and communism. (5) It preached extreme hatred against the German Jews who were much responsible for the economic misery of the people. (6) It was in favour of crushing any types of opposition and all sorts of party formations. (7) It aimed at increasing the German empire and acquiring all the colonies which she had been occupying before the war. (8) It aimed at increasing the German military power and wanted to increase the German influence all Over the world. Q.2) Bring out the similarities between the uprising of Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany. Ans. The rise of Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany was much due to the injustice done to these countries by the Treaty of Versailles. Italy was dissatisfied with the Treaty of Versailles because her imperialist designs were completely ignored and she got nothing from the colonial dinner. Likewise, Germany was annoyed with the Treaty of Versailles because very harsh and disgraceful terms were forced on her by this treaty. This feeling of frustration against the Treaty of Versailles led to the rise of Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany. (2) The sufferings caused by the Economic Crisis of 1929-33 paved the way for the rise of Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany because it made the existinggovernments quite unpopular. The confusion and frustration thus caused gave rise to dictatorship in both the countries. (3) The instability caused by different political parties in both these countries because of their mutual differences, rivalries and enmities weakened the existing governments to such an extent that they easily paved the way for the rise of dictatorship ill both these countries. (4) In both the countries, the Socialists and Communist .poisoned the atmosphere by their revolutionary teachings to such an extent that lawlessness and insecurity prevailed all around. Such a situation gave rise to dictatorship in both these countries. (5) Lastly, in both these countries, the rise of dictators was quite identical. .The rise of

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Mussolini in Italy and Hitler in Germany looks quite similar. They made use of the confusion prevailing in their countries in quite the same way and showed themselves' as great leaders. Q.3) Explain the consequences of the economic crisis of 1929- 1933? Ans. There was a world-wide economic crisis in 1929, and if continued up to 1933. The consequences of these crises were: 1. It affected the economy of all the capitalist countries of the world. 2.It brought about large scale unemployment, poverty and starvation. 3. The industries produced too many goods and unsold stock of goods began to pile up. 4. Many factories banks, business enterprises' closed down. 5. Industrial production fell by about 35 per cent and in some countries by about 50 per cent. 6. There was labour unrest and strikes. Hunger marches were organised in many countries. 7 The whole world was in the worst economic depression. This was the worst in the history. 8. The theory of socialism and socialist ideas got wind and began to gain strength and popularity. Q4) what is meant by the term "Axis Power? .

Ans. During the Second World War Germany, Italy and Japan were called "Axis Powers". These three countries started a series of aggressions in Europe, Asia and Africa. In 1937, they formed the Anti communism Pact to fight against communism. It caused occasional conflicts and in the end of First World War became a great enemy to the peace and security. The Axis Powers violated Munich Pact. They did not stick to any agreement and proposal for peace. They were intoxicated with war materials and their dictatorial acts resulted in the World War Second. Q. 5. Describe the consequences of the Victory of Fascism in Italy and Nazism in Germany. Ans. Consequences of the Victory of Fascism on Italy (1) All the opposition was crushed and law and order was established in the state. (2)

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Various reforms were introduced to improve the economic condition of the people. Many new factories were set up. Means of transport and communication were improved and great emphasis was laid on the production of electricity. More attention was paid to the improvement of agriculture. Many facilities were provided both to the workers and the peasants. (3) Corruption and inefficiency were removed from the country. (4)A systematic campaign of terrorism was launched in Italy against the Socialists and the Communists. Many of their leaders were either jailed or killed. (5) In 1926, all political parties except Mussolini's party were banned. (6) The victory of Fascism in Italy led to the destruction of democracy. (7) It also led to militarism and preparation for war. (8) Fascists openly advocated that nations which do not expand cannot survive 'or long. Consequences of the Victory of Fascism or Nazism on Germany In 1934, Hitler became the dictator of Germany and his party i.e. the Nazi Party became all powerful. The victory of Nazism produced far reaching effects on Germany: (1) Hitler tried to pull his country out of the economic crisis that had befallen on Germany as a result of her defeat in the First World War. Different types of industries were set up to provide work to the workmen. Trade was encouraged, with the same aim in mind (2) Hitler tried to make Germany a powerful country and enhanced her military power in all possible ways. (3) All political parties except that of the Nazi Party were banned. And then a reign of terror was let loose in Germany. Assassination of antiNazi leaders was organized on a large scale. (4) The communist parties were also banned. (5) Trade unions were suppressed. (6) Thousands of Socialists and Communists were sent in the Concentration Camps. (7) Besides the Socialists and Communists, the Jews were also given a harsh treatment because they were blamed for the defeat of Germany in the First World War.(8) A massive programme of militarism was launched and preparation for war began in a big way. Thus the victory of Nazism in Germany ultimately led to the Second World. It thus proved a calamity both for Germany and the entire Europe. Q. 6 What were the main aims of the foreign policies of Italy, German and of Japan? Ans. The main aims of the foreign policy of Italy, Germany and Japan: 1. Expansionism, colonialism, Imperialism and militarism were the characteristics of their foreign policy during the two World Wars. 2; they were opposed to all sort of international cooperation. 3. They were opposed to democracy, liberalism, Socialism and communism which were threats to their power.

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4. They formed the Anti-Communist Pact in 1937 to fight against communism. They all wanted another re division of the world. 5) They helped their allies in expansion and were instrumental in bringing about the Second World War. Q7) Describe the main events between 1936 and 1939 which created conditions for another World War. Ans. The following are the main events between 1936 and 1939 which created atmosphere for the Second World War: 1. in 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia and defeated her in 1936. The other European countries did nothing to punish Italy. 2. in 1936, Hitler's forces entered Rhineland violating the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles. 3. in 1936, a Popular Front, consisting of the communist, socialists, and other leftist, and anti-fascist parties obtained power through elections in Spain. When General Franco revolted against the popularly elected government, Germany and Italy supported Franco's fascist regime. 4. As a result of Francos grabbing power in Spain there began a civil war. The invasion of Austria by Hitler in 1938 did not evoke any anguish among the other European powers. 5. in 1938, Hitler turned towards Czechoslovakia by occupying Sudetenland. 6. in 1939, Hitler occupied whole of Czechoslovakia. The other western powers did not protest. Rather they started policy of appeasement towards Germany. 7. When, again in 1939, Germany invaded Poland, Britain and France were forced to declare war on Germany on September 3. 1939. Q.8). Describe the growth of national movements in Asia after the First World War? Ans. The World War I helped create a situation in which the nationalist movement in Asia grew very fast. Many leaders of the dependencies fought in the hope that after the war, they would obtain freedom; but that did not happen so easily. And yet, the imperialist nations got weakened and the nationalist movements, in the process, got strengthened in Asia. However, these nationalist movements of Asia had obtained the moral support of the USSR. The following national movements grew in Asia after the First World War: I. Afghanistan. Amman Ullah, the King of Afghanistan, proclaimed complete

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independence of his country in 1919. 2. China. One of the most powerful movements began in China under the leadership of Dr. Sun Vat Sen. the national movement in China aimed at the overthrow of foreign domination and the unification of China. 3. Egypt. Through an uprising against Britain in Egypt, Britain was forced in 1922 to grant independence of Egypt. 4. India. The freedom movement became a mass movement under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi in India 5. Iran. In 1917 after the Russian Revolution, the Soviet Government had given up the sphere under her control over Iran. The British, however, tried to extend their influence over the whole of Iran which was met with a widespread up-rising. In 1921, power was seized by RazaKhan and Iran got her independence. 6. Syria. From the very beginning France met with intense opposition there .In 1925 there was an open rebellion in Syria and resistance to French rule continued there as a strong movement. . 7. Turkey. The national awakening of the people after the First World War was the revolution in Turkey. The Turkish movement was organised to prevent the domination of the country by the Allied powers. It also opposed the annexation of parts of Turkey by Greece and Italy Mustafa Kamal enabled Turkey in obtaining her long-needed independence. Q.9) What did the western powers do to counter the aggressive acts of Japan between A.D. 1931 and 1938 ? Ans. The Japanese invasion of China in 1931 was an act of aggression after the World War I. A minor incident involving a railway lime owned by the Japanese in Manchuria, the north eastern province of China, became the excuse for the Invasion. Ch ina, a member of the League of Nations, appealed to the League for sanctions against Japan. Britain and France, the leading countries in League, were indifferent to the appeal and rather, silently approved the attack. Japan occupied Manchuria, installed a puppet government there and proceeded to conquer more areas. After quitting the League of Nations in 1933, Japan started seizing the British and American property in China. Still, the appeasement of Japan continued Q.10a). What is meant by the term Phoney War ? AnS. On 1st September 1939, when German armies marched into Poland, the Second World War started. The German armies completed the conquest of Poland in Less than three weeks. During the winter of 1939-1940 fighting was at a standstill. The

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"Lightening War" was over for the time being. In spite of the declaration of war and the promise of aid to Poland from Britain and France, there was little actual fighting between September 1939 to April 1940. This is called the 'Phoney War'. Q. 10b) what is meant by the term Second Front? Ans. In August 1942, the German troops reached the out skirts of Stalingrad where for five months, the battle regard there. It involved about 2 million men, 2000 tanks and 2000 aero planes. In February 1943 about 90,000 German officers and soldiers surrendered. In all Germany had lost about 300,000 men in this battle. To further weaken Germanys armed strength on 6 June, 1944 more than 100,000 British and American troops landed on the coast of Normandy in France. By September their number had reached 2,000,000. The opening of this front played a crucial role in the defeat of Germany. This is known as the opening of the "Second Front". From this time onwards, the German armies were on the run on all fronts. Q.10c). What is meant by 'The Battle of Britain'? The Battle of Britain. After the fall of France in mid August, Britain was the only major power left in Europe. To make her surrender, the German air force began bombing raids on her in August, 1940. This battle is called the Battle of Britain. the Royal Air Force of Britain played an important and important part in defense against air raids and conducted counter air raids on German territories. Under the leadership of Winston Churchill, the people of Britain successfully resisted the German air raids with courage. THINGS TO THINK ABOUT AND DISCUSS: Q. 1. Do you think that the Western policy of appeasement of two fascist powers brought about the Second World War? Why? or Why not? An5. When the fascist powers like Germany, Italy and Japan pursued the policy of expansionism, the Soviet Union and the socialist leaders of various countries appealed to take a collective action against these fascist powers. But their appeal was not heeded to. Furthermore, the provisions of the League of Nations were not involved against the aggression made by Germany, Italy and Japan on Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia and Manchuria. No action was taken against these fascist powers. Rather, the Western powers began pursuing policy of appeasement towards the fascist powers. Even they made the League inactive over such aggressive overtones. It is no exaggerating a truth that the western powers' policy of appeasement made these fascist powers, more aggressive. Had the Western powers contained them in the beginning, there would not have been World War II. Indifference to aggressions by the fascists on the part of the Western powers encouraged fascism and gave them a free hand to launch further offensives against the weaker states. Such aggressive designs were sure to lead to conflicts and create Conditions for another World War.

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Q. 2. What was the basic reason for the policy of appease

ment?

Ans. Basic reasons for the Policy of Appeasement The appeasement means a conciliating attitude towards an aggressive power. It refers to accommodating an aggressor at the cost of a relatively weaker power. It is an undue pleasing an aggressor more under fear or pressure than as a matter of right. The examples of appeasement are the western powers' appeasement when the Japanese attacked Manchuria. Italy invaded Ethiopia, and Germany grabbed Czechoslovakia. When Japan, Italy and Germany did these aggressions in 1931, 1936 and 1938, the western powers did not do anything. Basic reasons for the adoption of the Policy of Appeasement were: 1. Fear of the spread of communism in other parts of Europe; 2 As the Fascists and the Nazis declared that they were to smash and destroy the Bolsheviks, the Western powers believed them and saw in fascism a potential enemy of communism; 3. The possessing classes such as the capitalists, the industrialists, the landlords, the priests found in the workers their potential destroyers; they aligned with the fascists and the Nazis in the hope that fascism would help them against possible workers revolution. Hence, the so-called democratic government, assisted by the possessing classes, rallied around the fascist powers in pleasing and appearing them; 4. The fascist powers not only obtained strength from their possessing classes in their own respective countries, they also got it from the people living in Britain and France. Hence appeasement policy from these countries towards the fascist powers was an obvious outcome. Q3) Do you think the United States was justified in using the atom bomb against Japan? Discuss. Ans. NO one would support that the using of atom bomb by USA against Japan was proper and justified. It was a cruel act of America. The Government of America used two atom bombs on two Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The two bombs killed over one lakh people. It was, the slaughter of humanity because it brought about untold misery to the people of these two cities. In fact, the use of atom bomb by USA in Japan led to the race for armaments. With in few years. Russia and some other big powers also had atom bomb. Thus, a race had started among the big powers of the world to achieve the nuclear power Q. What were the results of German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 ? Ans. Having conquered almost the entire Europe except Britain, Germany attacked the Soviet Union on 22 June 1941. At first Germany did achieve significant victories

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and conquered vast areas of the Soviet Union. As Leningrad was besieged, German troops were marching towards Moscow. Soviet Union resisted the German invasion. The result was the emergence of the British-Soviet-American unity against Germany. Q:--How far was the United States justified in using the atom bomb against Japan? Ans. The Government of the United States justified the use of the atom bomb on the grounds that it brought the Second World War at once to a close and saved many lives and the war continued. Many other people criticized its use on the following grounds: 1. Germany had already surrendered which was the powerful ally of Japan. 2. The war was over in Europe and Japan was not in a position to continue it. Her defeat was a matter of days. 3. The United States of America used the atom bomb only to demonstrate her supremacy in the world. 4. It was also feared that its use will lead to a race of armaments which came to be true. Now there are countries which have developed weapons more destructive than the atom bomb and it and when used, they can destroy all life on this globe.

THE WORLD AFTER SECOND WORLD WAR


Q:-What were the immediate consequences of the Second World War in Europe? Or Examine the results of World War II (Or) examine the effects of World War II. Why the world was divided into two power blocks after the Second World War Or Give arguments to prove that the Second World War was the most destructive war of the 20th century. (most important) ANS. The results of the Second World War were mote destructive than those of the First World War. Not only the defeated countries like Japan, Germany, Italy etc. were destroyed but victorious countries like England and France also became much weaker. Some of the results of this war are as follows: 1. Destruction. The war proved very destructive. There was a great loss of life and property. Over 50 million people were killed in the Second' World War - about 22 million were soldiers and 28 million civilians. More than 10 million soldiers were wounded. 49

Millions of civilian population was killed as a result of the air raids and bombardment. About 12 million people lost their lives in the Concentration Camps. Some were burnt in the gas chambers while others were made to dig their own graves and then they were shot and buried there. Besides the loss of human lives, the Second World War resulted in a great loss of material resources. The economy of many countries of Europe was badly damaged. The Allies had to spend billions of rupees ($ 1,384,900,000,000) in this war. Such a huge was the expenditure of the Axis Powers also. 2. It led to Race for Armaments. During this war, very destructive weapons, like the Atom Bombs, were used for the first time. Naturally, the use of such dreadful weapons led to the race for armaments. Within a few years after the Second World War, some other countries (like Russia, Britain, France etc.) also developed atomic weapons and nuclear weapons, thousand times more destructive than were used during the Second World War. Naturally, the development of such dangerous weapons is a serious thing for all of us to ponder because they can at any time destroy all human life on this earth. 3. It weakened Germany. After her defeat, Germany became very weak. It was divided into two parts. Russia took control of the eastern part while England, France and America occupied the western part. The German capital Berlin was also divided into two parts. Millions of the German people, both civilian and military, had been killed during the war. The German army was reduced and all her war material was snatched away from her. The Allies tried the war criminals and some stalwarts of the Nazi Party were executed. It brought about the end of the Nazism in Germany. 4. Effects on Japan and Italy. Japan and Italy also became very weak. The Japanese Emperor was deprived of his power and prestige. The American General Mac Arthur, was given the complete control of Japan. He established a limited monarchy over there. Both Japan and Italy were deprived of their conquests and colonies. Their military power was reduced and they were forced to pay heavy war indemnity. Fascism came to an end in Italy as was the case with Nazism in Germany. 5. Effects on England and France. The defeated countries like Germany, Japan, Italy, etc. had to suffer a lot due to their defeat but victorious countries like England and France had also to suffer a lot and they also became weaker than before. The economic loss suffered by England made her a second-rate power in Europe. France witnessed political instability. They no longer remained very powerful countries of the world. 6. Effects on Russia and America. Russia and America became Super Powers. Both the countries gained the most by this war and they became the two Super Powers in the world. Russia's prestige rose high as a result of the war. The Russian empire Was greatly expanded. She captured half of Poland, Latvia, Finland and many parts of Germany. Russia became a dominant power under the leadership of Stalin. America also emerged as a major World Power. 7. Division of the World into Two Blocs. The British Empire broke up and England lost the leadership of the; world. Now the American and Russian influence began to increase and the world was divided into two blocs - (i) the Democratic and Capitalist Bloc under the leadership of America, and (ii) the Communist Bloc under the leadership of Russia. 8. Foundation of the United Nations Organisation. There was an uproar on all sides after such a great destruction. Now all the' countries of the World realized the importance of peace. Encouraged by the desire of establishing peace, the United Nations Organisation (U.N.O.) was established in 1945 A.D. All the people of the world felt that if there would

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be another such war, then nobody would survive in this world. Consequently every country of the world became quite prepared to give every sort of help to the UN.O.for the establishment of peace in the world. Q.1. What were the main aims of the foreign policy of the United States after the Second World War? (OR) Describe with examples, the main features of the foreign policy of USA during the first ten years after the end of the Second World War. Ans. After the Second World War, the main aims of the foreign policy of the United States were the following: 1. To check the spread of socialism and communism in any part of the world. 2. To render all types of military and economic aid to the different capitalist countries so that they did not become communist. It was with this aim in view that the United States gave massive aid to different West European countries when their economies had suffered a serious setback soon after the Second World War. 3. To look upon every development in the World from this point of view whether it promoted or helped in checking Communism or not. 4. To look with suspicion upon those countries which promote relations with the Soviet Union or other Communist countries? 5. To form military alliances ( like NATO, SEATO, CENTO etc. ) with like-minded countries for common defence against the Soviet Union. 6. To establish military bases all over the world for use against the danger of the communist aggression. 7. To invent the most latest weapons both for defence and offence. 8. To render all possible help to any country if she was busy in crushing the communist elements. It was with this aim in mind that the United States interfered in China, Korea, Vietnam and in Israel-Arab conflict. Q2 How was the political map of Europe after the Second World War different from the pre-war days? (Or) Under what circumstances was Germany divided into two independent countries? What was the difference in the policies of these two states? Ans:-- In the pre-war days or before 1939, Germany had annexed the Rhineland in 1936, Austria in 1938, Sudetenland in 1938 and Czechoslovakia in 1939 and had thus greatly expanded her territory. Italy had annexed Albania. During the early phases of the war, the Axis-Powers ( Germany, Italy and Japan ) had

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overrun a vast part of Europe including Belgium, Holland, France, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Poland, Hungary, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece and a large portion of Russia. During the last phases of the Second World War, all the above countries Austria, Czechoslovakia, Belgium, Holland, France, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Poland, Hungary, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Greece, Albania, etc. were liberated from the German occupation. After the war, Germany was divided among the victors- Britain; France, the United States of America and Russia in four zones. Even Berlin was not spared, one part of Berlin was put under the control of Russia while the other under the control of the Allies, especially America. Russia got built a huge wall to separate East Berlin from the West Berlin. It came to be known as the Berlin Wall. In 1949, Britain, France and the United States got merged their zones and thus was formed the Federal Republic of Germany with its capital at Bonn. The eastern part of Germany under Russia came to be known as the German Democratic Republic. The Federal Republic of Germany or the Western Germany, with its capital at Bonn, followed the capitalist line of economy. The private sector continued to dominate and play an important part in the country's economy. The factories were run by the individual concerns with the least state interference. In the political field, the different parties were allowed to contest the elections. The two major parties were, however, the Christian Democratic Party and the Social Democratic Party. The German Democratic Republic or East Germany, with its capital at Berlin, came to have the socialistic economy. The industries were taken over from private' hands and, made the property of the state. Likewise land was taken from the landlords and distributed among the peasants. Only one political party known as the Socialist Unity Party of Germany was allowed to exist. To facilitate One Party-Government, the Communist Party and Social Democratic Party got merged to form the Socialist Unity Party in East Germany which became the ruling party in the German Democratic Republic. Thus Germany came to be divided into two parts. But after, a lapse .of about four decades, both East Germany and West Germany once again got merged into one state on Oct. 3, 1990. The United Germany is now a powerful state in the present world. Q. 3 Throw some light on the rise of China in the 20th century. (Or) Trace the changes that took place in China after the Second World War. What were their international consequences? Ans. Upto the end of the 19th century, the various imperialist powers ( like, Britain; France, Germany; Japan, America etc.) exploited China in every possible way. In 1911 A.D., there was a revolution in China which established a republic there. However, the power passed into the hands of the corrupt governors. So, a national movement was started by Dr. Sun- Yat-Sen, who set up a government at Canton in South China in 1917 AD.

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Russia had given all help to China after 1917 as such, the Communist Party was formed in China in 1921 A.D. In 1924 the Kuomintang Party formed by Dr. Sun- Yat-Sen and the Communist Party decided to work together. After the death of Dr. Sun- Yat~Sen in 1925 A.D., the unity between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party, was broken and there ensued a civil war. In 1931 A.D., Japan invaded China and occupied Manchuria, one of her provinces. Under the foreign pressure, both the parties once again decided to work together but this co-operation was short-lived. Q.4 Describe the main stages in the struggle for the independence and unification of Vietnam. Or What was the reason for military intervention of the United States in Vietnam? What were its consequences? Or What factors contributed for the emergence of Vietnam as a united and independent nation OR Describe the various stages of Vietnamese struggle for freedom. Why did U.S. finally decide to withdraw? Ans. Vietnam, along with Laos and Cambodia, comprises Indo-China which were under the dominance of the French Government for the last so many years. When Germany overran France in 1940 A.D., Indo-China came under the control of Japan in 1941 A.D. The Vietnamese organized a people's army called the Viet-Minh under their leader Ho-ChiMinh and resisted the Japanese occupation. By the end of the Second World War, they had liberated a large part of Vietnam. In August, 1945 A.D., the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was proclaimed with Ho-Chi-Minh as the president. Soon some British troops as well as troops of Chiang-Kai-Shek arrived in Vietnam on the pretext of completing the surrender of the Japanese troops there.In October, the French troops also arrived there with a view to restore the French rule. Thus, there started a war between Viet-Minh and the French troops which lasted for about eight years. In the end, the French were defeated at the fortress of Dieu Bien Phu in 1954 A.D. By the Geneva Conference, Vietnam was temporarily divided into North Vietnam and South Vietnam and it was also decided to hold elections within two years to decide the fate of Vietnam. The Government of South Vietnam, backed by the United States, refused to hold elections. The United States intervened in Vietnam because she did not want the unification of Vietnam under the leadership of the Communist Party. Consequently, in 1960 A.D. there broke out an uprising against the government of South Vietnam. Soon the United States sent hundreds of thousands of American troops in Vietnam with most advanced equipment to suppress the popular rising. The war that ensued lasted for several years. No doubt, the American troops carried the war into the

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North Vietnam and caused incalculable damage to that country but they themselves suffered heavy casualties. By 1975, they lost as many as 54,000 soldiers, so opposition to the war grew in the United State's itself. Scores of other governments also condemned the United States for undue interference in the internal affairs of Vietnam. At last in April i974 A.D., the American troops began to withdraw from Vietnam. As soon as the American troops left South Vietnam, Saigon fell and both North and South Vietnam became a united country on 30th April, 1975 A.D. After the Japanese invasion, there again started a long civil war between the Kuomintang under the Chiang-Kai-Shek and the Communist Party under Mao- TseTung. The government of the United States gave all possible help to Chiang-Kai-Shek while Russia gave massive help to the Communist Party under Mao- Tse- Tung. Ultimately, by 1949, the armies of Chiang-Kai-Shek were completely routed and he was forced to move to Formosa. On October 1, 1949, the People's Republic of China was proclaimed. 'Thus the revolution of China proved a world-shaking event. It further weakened imperialism and shook the capitalist countries. Along with Russia, China strengthened the Communist bloc which was a good challenge to the capitalist bloc especially to the United States. All this led to the rise of the Cold War which was a source of tension for the whole world upto 1990-91, when the disintegration of the Soviet Union took place. Q:--Name the chief causes which led to the rise of the freedom movements in Africa and Asia after the world war second? (OR) Discuss the causes of the national awakening among the people of Asia after the world war second. (OR) Examine the various reasons for the strengthening of National Movements in Asia and Africa after the Second World War. (Or) Describe the factors which were responsible for the weakening of imperialism after the Second World War. Ans. The following were the chief (five) causes which weakened imperialism as a whole after the Second World War and led to the rise of the freedom movements in Africa: (I) The different imperialistic countries of Europe had greatly exploited the Asians and Africans economically as such there was a great resentment among the Asians and Africans against their exploitation. (2) The different colonial countries had treated the Asians and the Africans very "badly and had oppressed them like animals. Naturally, there was much resentment among the Asians and Africans against this oppression. (3) The Second World. War had resulted in the general weakening of imperialism. The defeat of certain colonial powers like France and Belgium had shattered the view that they were invincible. This thing gave a great impetus to nationalism in Africa and Asia. (4) The collapse of colonialism throughout the world within a few years after the Second World War also had a tremendous effect on the freedom movements in Asia and Africa. (5) The international situation further strengthened these movements. The Allies had said over and over again during the Second World War that they were fighting for freedom and democracy as such how could they keep the Asians and Africans under them after the war?

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Q:- What is meant by Apartheid? What were its effects on the people of South Africa? (Or) What are the countries in Africa in which the struggle for liberation is still going on? (OR) Describe the changes which have taken place in south Africa after 1989(OR)Trace the changes that have taken place in South Africa in recent times. Ans. Till 1993, the Republic of South Africa remained the only country in Africa in which the struggle for freedom still continued. In South Africa, a minority of the whites ruled over the majority of the population which comprises black and coloured people. Militarily South Africa was very strong. Its government was the most oppressive, regime in the world. For a long time, it practiced the policy of apartheid or racial discrimination between blacks and white communities as well as people of Indian origin. It simply meant denial of human rights to majority of the people. The African National Congress had been carrying on the freedom struggle in this country for a long time. All sorts of atrocities were being committed on the people. Though some European countries maintained economic and military connections with South Africa, most of the countries of the world, especially India, severed all connections with this country for a long time and imposed many sanctions against it 'Apartheid' or the policy of discrimination had a great effect on the people of South Africa: (I) For a long time, the Black people of South Africa suffered a lot as a result of this policy of apartheid. They were treated like animals. Neither they were allowed to enter the railway compartments in which the English were travelling nor could they enter the clubs, hotels etc. meant for the English. (2) They had no political rights either. They were in majority yet the white minority ruled over them. (3) They worked day and night, but still they were economically very backward and poor: However, since 1989, some changes took place in South Africa, which showed that this tough problem would also be solved amicably. Under world pressure, some of the whites of the ruling class began to realise that they could not continue the oppressive system for ever. That was why Nelson Mandela, the most popular leader of the African people, who had been in jail for several years ( about 27 years) was released from the jail in February, 1990. He proved quite successful in carrying on negotiations to bring to an end the policy of the apartheid or racial discrimination. The world heaved a sigh of relief when the South African government decided to give up the age-long policy of the apartheid. Many countries of the world, including India then established diplomatic relations with South Africa. As a result of this, the cricket team of South Africa visited India and many other countries and played many friendly matches there, thereby relieving the world pressure. The next important step towards the independence of South Africa was taken in 1994, when the South African Government declared to hold the first multi-racial elections in South Africa on 27th April, 1994. What a better step than this could be taken for establishing a truly democratic set-up in South Africa? When the elections were held in April, 1994, the African National Congress( or ANC) got

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62.65% votes. The White led National Party of the out-going President F.W. De Klark finished with 26.39 % of the votes. Another black party, the Zulu Nationalist Inkathe Freedom Party, got the third place with 10.54 % votes: As such, the African National Congress got 252 seats in the 400 member Parliament, while the National Party got 82 seats, the Inkathe Party got 43 seats and the rest went to other small groups. As far as the Provincial Legislatures were concerned, .the ANC got majority in seven of the nine provinces, the National Party won the province that includes Cape Towni while the Inkathe Party won in its stronghold provinces of Kawazulu-Natal. Thus, Nelson Mandela, the leader of the ANC, formed the new government. He became the first President of the newly created South African State. With this, curtain was hung ()n the whole episode of imperialism in Africa. Q. Do you think the Cold War has finally ended? (Or)'Do you think the post-Cold War world is a safer place to live in and there is no danger of any country dominating over other countries? (Or)The end of the Cold War is considered as the most significant and positive development of recent years." Give arguments to justify this statement. Ans. By the term 'Cold War' we mean such a situation when there is no actual fighting but a tense atmosphere prevails. There is no denying the fact that the current of the Cold War is still blowing because America along with her associates are still bound together into so many military pacts. But with the rise of the 'Third World' of Non-aligned countries like India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Burma or Myanmar, etc., the Cold War has abated to some extent. In 1961, there were only 25 countries which followed the policy of non-alignment but today about 113 countries are following this policy of non-alignment. This group is now more powerful to exert pressure on any aggressive state to remain within her limits. Thus for the first time, the creation of one world has become a possibility in which all people can contribute their best for a better world to live in. Recently, many new developments have greatly reduced the atmosphere of cold war. Particularly, the dismemberment of the Soviet Union into fifteen independent states in December 1991, has greatly eased the tense atmosphere of Cold War. Many agreements for reducing the stockpiles of destructive weapons, for the elimination of certain categories of nuclear weapons, for reducing of these agreements, the Cold War seems to have ended or at least much reduced. Undoubtedly, the post-Cold War world is a safe place to live in. However, there are certain apprehensions that since the United States has become 'the only super-power in the world and she is still maintaining her arsenal of nuclear weapons and again she has not dissolved the different military pacts, especially NATO Pact, the military bloc headed by her, she can dictate terms to other countries of the world. As such, there is a danger of her domination over other countries. Actually, where the truth lies only the time

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will tell. Q. Why was the United Nations Organisation set up? What were its chief aims? Ans. The United Nations Organisation ( U.N .0;) was set up after the Second world War on 24th April, 1945 to achieve the following aims : i) To maintain international peace and security. ii) To promote friendly relations among nations. iii) To achieve international co-operation in solving the world-wide economic, social and cultural problems. iv)To promote respect for human rights, dignity and freedom. v) To promote respect among the member-nations for fundamental rights and freedom of mankind. Q. What was the impact of the Portuguese revolution of 1974 on the Portuguese colonies in Africa? Ans.By 1970, most of the countries of Africa had become' Independent but still Angola, Mozambique. Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde Island were under the Portuguese control. The dictators of Portugal were not ready to set them free. But in April, 1974 A.D., the army which was much responsible for suppressing the freedom struggle in the colonies, with the solid support of the people, overthrew the dictatorship in Portugal. The new government that was set up in Portugal was opposed to the continuation of the Portuguese rule in Africa. The high-ups in the government entered into negotiations with the freedom-fighters of the colonies and consequently all the former, Portuguese colonies were set free by 1975 A.D. Q.What is meant by the Cold War? What were the factors which gave rise to it? Ans.Meaning of Cold War. By Cold War is meant neither war nor peace. It is, in other words, neither a situation of war nor a situation of peace. It is, so to say, to deterioration of relations and emergence of conflicts among the nations. It refers to a situation of tensions. After the World War II, such a situation of cold war arose between the groups led by the USA and the USSR. Factors Leading to Cold War During the war, Britain, the United States and the Soviet Union had fought together against the fascist countries. Many declarations were made by these countries for a durable peace and international brotherhood after the war. But the hopes of the world were falsified soon after the end of war. Cold War that crept up- had divided the world into two major blocsand United States and West: European countries forming one bloc and the Soviet Union and socialist countries of Eastern Europe forming the other. The important factors that gave rise to it were: 1. American and British fear of communism. The emergence of governments ruled by communist parties in eastern Europe and the growing strengths of communist parties in many countries of the eastern Europe alarmed the United States, Britain and other West European countries. The victory of the communist party of China in the civil war in China

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added to this alarm. 2. United States' hostility to communism. The United States openly declared that her policy was to prevent the spread of communism that was why she helped the West European countries. Britain and West European countries joined the United States to curb the growth of communism. Restrictions were imposed on liberties of people and the freedom movements were suppressed. Countries which wanted to pursue an independent policy and promote relations with the Soviet Union began to be looked upon with suspicion. 3. Formation of military blocs. The situation was worsened by the formation of military blocs. In 1949 was formed the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) for defence against the Soviet Union. Its members were the United States, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, Portugal, Britain, France, Belgium, Holland and Luxemburg .. Turkey, Greece and Federal Republic of Germany joined later. A NATO army was created. In 1954 was set up South-East Asia Treaty Organisation (SEATO). In 1955 the Baghdad pact was made. The United States established military bases all over the world. These alliances and military bases came to be looked upon by neutral countries as danger to peace and to their independence. These alliances were unpopular' in Asia and Africa. Against these alliances, the Soviet Union and the socialist countries of Europe-Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Rumania and Bulgaria-formed the Warsaw Pact. The Soviet Union had treaties of friendship and mutual assistance with China and the German Democratic Republic. 4. Race for weapons. Besides the formation of military alliance, there was a race for producing weapons of destruction. Atom bombs and nuclear weapons (hydrogen bombs) were developed. In spite of the strong protests lodged against the development and use of the nuclear weapons, their manufacture and tests have gone on unchecked. Bombers, submarines and missiles have been developed. The race for armaments which is a part of Cold War has created danger to the existence of human life. 5. Emergence of Communist Governments. The emergence of the communist governments in some east European countries generated the Bolshevik fear in the minds of the Westerners. They thought that a unity among the non-communist countries was something essential. Hence a bloc led by the U .S.A .against the one led by the USSR emerged. 6. Weaknesses of UNO. The United Nations could not prevent the emergence ef cold war. In the initial stages, the UNO, in fact, became a platform where the two groups came to face and challenge each other at every point. It was only after the strengthening of the "third world" that cold war came to be diffused. Q. Trace the history of freedom movement in Asian countries. Ans. History of freedom movements in Asian countries . Most of the countries in Asia won independence after the Second World War. Some won independence after a long and bitter armed struggle, while others won it without much blood shed, but not without a long

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struggle. The colonial powers left Asia only when they found it impossible to maintain their rule any more. Within a few years, after the Second World War, many Asian countries became independent. A brief history of some of the Asian countries is as under: 1) India. India was one of the first to win her independence. But she was partitioned and another independent state, Pakistan, was formed. The policies of free India under the leadership of her first Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, strengthened the freedom movements in other countries. 2. ) Burma. In 1944, the Anti-Fascist Peoples, Freedom League (AFPFL)- was formed in Burma to resist Japanese invasion and win independence. After the war, the British tried to restore their rule' over Burma, but the movement for freedom intensified and Burma became independent on 4 January 1948 3) Indonesia.After the defeat of Japan, Sukarno, one of the pioneers of freedom movement in Indonesia proclaimed the independence of the country. The British troops landed there to help the Dutch to restore their rule. The government formed by Sukarno resisted this attempt. Demands were made by many, countries to end the war that had been started to restore the Dutch rule the leaders of the Indian Freedom movement demanded the withdrawal of the Indian soldiers that had been sent to Indonesia of Part of the British army After Independence, India convened a conference of Asian nations in support of Indonesia. The conference met in New Delhi in January 1949 and called for the complete independence of Indonesia... As last, on 2 October, 1949 Holland recognised the independence of Indonesia 4) Srilanka, Thailand and the Philippines. Sri Lanka became free in February 1948. Thailand became independent after the defeat of Japan. In 1946, the United States agreed to the independence of the Philippines. In 1957, the British rule in Malaya ended and it became an independent state. 5. China. After the death of Sun- Yat-Sen there was civil war in China between the Kuomintang and the Communist Party. Even the two parties cooperated for sometime to resist the Japanese aggression, yet the conflict between them never caused. The Kuomintang represented the interests of capitalists and landlords. The Communist Party stood for the workers and peasants. The Communist Party had won millions of supporters. It had organised huge army called the people's Liberation Army. After the Japanese forces had been driven out of China, the civil war started again. The United States helped the Kuomintang and its lead Chiang Kai-She, but by 1949 his armies were routed. He ran away to Formosa which was under Japanese occupation. the People's Republic of China was proclaimed on 1 October, 1949, and the Communist Party under MaoTse- Tung came to power. 6. Korea. After Japan's defeat in the Second World War, Korea was divided into two zones, the northern being under Soviet occupation and the southern under American

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occupation. In 1948, two different governments were formed in Korea-the Democratic People's Republic of Korea {North Korea} under the communist and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) under the leadership of Syngman Rhee. Rhee was anti communist and wanted an alliance with Chiang-Kai Slick. Both the states organised their armies. There were clashes. In 1948 the Soviet troops and in 1949 the American troops withdrew from Korea. 1n 1950 war broke out between North and South Korea. The United Slates sent troops to support South Korea. Together with troops from other countries. They fought as troops of the United Nations. After the entry of the American forces in the war, the Chinese forces entered the war and the situation became very serious. War in Korea went on for 3 years, but it did not become a World War. Armistice was signed in 1953 and Korea remained divided into two separate states. 7 Syria and Lebanon:There was an uprising for freedom in West Asia after the Second World War. After the war, the French tried to restore their rule over Syria and Lebanon, but due to the opposition of these countries and the world opinion Syria and Lebanon became independent in 1946. 8) Arab Countries: The Arab countries became independent in 195 . It was a period for the growth of Arab nationalism. The Arab League was formed comprising all the Arab states. But the creation of the state of Israel became a source of tension and wars in West Asia. 9). Israel. Palestine, a British mandate in 1919, was occupied again by British troops on 1945. It was inhabited by the Arabs and the Jews. The Zionist movement claimed that Palestine was the homeland of all the Jews and should be restored to them. Nazi Germany in Europe had tried to exterminate them. The terrible tragedy that the Jews had suffered in Europe during the Second World War won them the sympathy of the world and strengthened their demand for a separate homeland. The British had allowed some Jews from outside to settle in Palestine. The Zionists had been campaigning for a Jewish state. The majority of inhabitants were Arabs. In 1947, by a resolution of the United Nations, Palestine was divided into an Arab state and a Jewish state. In 1948, the British troops were withdrawn and soon after, the state of Israel was proclaimed. This led to various wars between the Arab states and Israel. The creation of Israel caused tension in West Asia and forced thousands of Arabs to leave Palestine and take refuge in camps in various Arab states. In 1956, Israel joined Britain and France in invading Egypt. Later, as a result of wars, Israel occupied large parts of Arab territories. In spite of the resolutions of the United Nations, Israel refused to vacate Arab territories and restore rights of the Palestinian Arabs. The Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) aims at the establishment of secular state of Palestine Q. What is meant by non-alignment? Why did most of the newly independent countries follow this policy? Ans. The policy of non-alignment has been the policy of the third world countries. Its earliest advocates were India, Egypt and Yugoslavia. The policy of non-alignment was

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advocated by Jawaharlal Nehru (India), Colonel Nasser (Egypt) and Marshal Tito (Yugoslavia). Meaning of Non-alignment. Non-alignment is a policy which aims at strengthening the forces of independence and at ending colonialism. It urges its followers not to join any military bloc. It is, thus, a non-aligned movement, i.e., not joining any military power, and yet the non-alignment policy promotes world peace. It is a policy of non--involvement with military blocs and creating a better world. India, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, played a pioneering role in making nonalignment a major force in world politics. Other, leaders who supported the policy of nonalignment were President Nasser (Egypt), President Tito (Yugoslavia) and President Sukarno (Indonesia). The policy of non-alignment was followed because of the following purposes: 1. Reconstruction and modernisation of their respective developing countries; 2. Social and economic development of the under-developed world; 3. Preparation of the world atmosphere where peace was possible and where war could be prevented; 4. 5. 6. 7. S. Opposition of colonialism and imperialism of all sorts ; Opposition to all types of military alliances; Condemnation of racial discrimination and apartheid; Preparing countries to launch a massive programme of disarmament; Belief in Panchsheel principles. i.e., respecting each other's territorial integrity, non-interference, non-aggression, mutual help, peaceful co-existence ; bringing about

9. Diffusion of cold war situation; and 10. Strengthening the forces of peace and promoting UN efforts in the world security. '

The newly independent countries followed the policy of nonalignment because only through such a policy, they could (i) safe-guard their national sovereignty, (ii) reconstruct themselves socially and economically, (iii) promote world peace, (iv) avoid war which they could not afford because of their social and economic backwardness. The importance of non-alignment cannot be denied. Its existence means a world safer for democracy, peace and development. Its strength lies in preventing wars and creating a situation where mutual cooperation could be possible. Q. Give one term which is commonly used for each one of the following: (i) Separation of black and white communities. (ii) Conflict in the post-Second World War between U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. (iii) Policy of keeping away from military blocks.

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Ans. (i) Apartheid (ii) Cold War (iii) Policy of Non-Alignment

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