130

ABSTRACT
The rapid development of science and technology brought the world as a

global village. It enhanced the scope of business between various countries in the
world. The development in the business has generated the necessity of constructing of
multi-storied residential and commercial building to accommodate more number of
people to work at one place near urban area.
In this project a residential building of G+3 floors is planned, analyzed and
designed. The planning of a residential building is based on functional requirement with
required amenities. Each floor of the building has 6 flats with an area of 2927 sq.feet.
The loads coming on the structure are considered as per IS: 875-1987 part-I
and part-II for dead loads and live loads. The load will be calculated as per provisions of
IS: 456-2000.
The building is analyzed using STAAD PRO and limit state method of design is
adopted for designing slabs, beams, columns, footings, staircase with the help of SP16, designed-aids for R.C.C. to IS :456-2000.
NOTATIONS
Area
Breadth of beam, shorter dimension of a rectangular column
bef
Effective width of slab
bf
Effective width of flange
bw
Breadth of web or rib
Overall depth of beam or slab or diameter of column;

dimension of a rectangular column in the direction under consideration
Df
Thickness of flange/slab in flanged beam
Effective depth of beam or slab
d'
Depth of compression reinforcement from the highly

compressed face
DL
Dead load
Ec
Modulus of elasticity of concrete
Fck
Characteristic strength of Concrete
Fs
Steel stress of service load
Fy
characteristic strength of steel
Ieff
Effective moment of inertia
Stiffness of member
Constant or coefficient or factor
Ld
Development length
LL
Live load or Imposed load
Lx
Length of shorter side of slab

2
Ly
Length of longer side of slab
Bending moment
Mx
Moment coefficient in shorter span direction
My
Moment coefficient in longer span direction
Axial load on a compression member
qo
Calculated maximum bearing pressure at the base of a pedestal
Spacing of stirrups
Torsional moment
Shear force
Total load
WL
Wind load
wd
Distributed dead load per unit area
wl
Distributed live load per unit area
cbc
Permissible stress in concrete in bending compression
cc
Permissible stress in concrete in direct compression
sc
Permissible stress in steel in direct compression
st
Permissible stress in steel in tension
sv
Permissible tensile stress in steel in shear reinforcement
Shear stress
bd
Design bond stress
Shear stress in concrete
c(max)
v
Maximum shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement

Nominal shear stress
3
Diameter of bar
Ac
Area of Concrete
Asc
Area of compression reinforcement
Ast
Area of tension reinforcement
Asv
Total cross-sectional area of stirrup area of bent-up bars

within a distance equal to spacing of stirrup or bent-up bar
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER - I
INTRODUCTION
The object of reinforced concrete design is to achieve a structure that will result in a safe
& economical solution.
For a given structural system, the design problem consists of following steps.
i)
Idealization of structure for Analysis.
ii)
Estimation of loads
iii)
Analysis of idealized structural model to determine axial thrust, shears, bending

moments & Deflections.
iv)
Design of Structural Elements &
v)
Detailed Structural Drawings & Schedule of Reinforcing bars.
Three Philosophies for Design of Reinforced Concrete, Pre stressed Concrete as well as Steel
Structures.
Working Stress Method
Ultimate Load Method
Limit State Method
1.1
General
Working Stress Method was the principal method prevalent.
Later on the ultimate load method came in use because of its more rational approach.
6
There has been a transition to limit state method because of its still more rational
approach.
1.1.1 Working Stress Method
Traditional Method used for Reinforced Concrete design where it is assumed that
concrete is elastic, steel & concrete act together elastically, the relationship between
loads& stresses is linear right up to collapse of structure.
The basis of the method is that the permissible stress for concrete & steel are not
exceeded anywhere in structure subjected to working loads.
The sections are designed in accordance with Elastic theory of Bending assuming that
both materials obey Hookes Law.
The Elastic Theory assumes a linear variation of strain & stress from zero at neutral axis
to maximum at extreme fiber.
Stress Strain curve in working stress design

Where
At
Area of tension steel
width of section
total force of compression
depth of section
7
effective depth
jd
lever arm, distance b/w the point of application of force of

compression & force of Tension
Nd
depth of neutral axis.
total force of Tension
cb =
permissible compressive stress in concrete
St
permissible tensile stress in steel
compressive strain in concrete
St
tensile strain in steel
1.1.2 Assumptions
Bernoullis assumption stating, a section which is plane before bending remains plain after
bending.
Bond b/w steel & concrete is perfect within the elastic limit of steel.
The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.
Concrete is Elastic; the stress varies linearly form zero at neutral axis to maximum at the
extreme fiber.
The Modular Ratio m has the value ( 280/3 cb) .
The working stress method can be expressed as

R> L
= Inverse of factor of safety which is less than unity.
R = Resistance of structural Elements.
L = Working loads on structural Elements.
1.1.3 Draw Backs
Concrete is not elastic. The inelastic behavior of it starts right from very low stresses. The
actual stress distribution in a concrete section cannot be described by a triangular stress
diagram.
Since factor of safety is on stresses under working loads, there is no way to account for
different degrees of different types of loads.
With Elastic Theory, it is impossible to determine the actual factor of safety with respect to
loads.
It is difficult to account for shrinkage & creep effects by using the working stress method.
1.2
Limit State Method
Originated from Ultimate or Plastic design.
Object of design is to achieve probability that a structure will not become unserviceable
in its lifetime for the use for which it is intended, it will not reach a limit state.
Structure should be able to with stand safety all loads that are liable to act on it
throughout its life and it should also satisfy the serviceability requirements, such as
limitations on deflections & cracking.
Relevant Limit States must be considered in design to ensure and adequate degree of
safety & serviceability.
1.2.1 Limit State of Collapse
This state corresponds to the maximum load carrying capacity.
Violation of collapse limit state implies failure in sense that a clearly defined limit state
of structural usefulness has been exceeded.
However, it does not mean a complete collapse.
This limit state may correspond to

o Flexure
o Compression
9
o Shear
o Torsion
1.2.2 Limit State of serviceability
The state corresponds to development of excessive deformation and is used for checking
members in which magnitude of deformations may limit the use of structure or its components.
This limit state may correspond to

o Deflection
o Cracking
o Vibration
Limit state Design provides a unified rational basis for design of building structures of all
materials.
Expressed inequality:
R > iLi>
i=Type of load
& are called partial safety factors.
Limit state design (stress-strain curve)

10
1.2.3
Limit State Method Vs Working stress method
Design of reinforced concrete structural members involves the knowledge of loads

material properties and factor of safety.
The parameters that involve the element of prediction are referred to as Non deterministic
and there is no guarantee that they will actually occur. This forms the basis of limit state
design.
In Limit state design, parameters are determined based on observations taken over a
period of time. These parameters will thus be influenced by change or random effect.
Such a process is referred to as a stochastic process.
In Limit state design, stress in an element are obtained from design loads (including load
factors) and compared with design strengths (including safety factors)
In working stress design method the stresses in an element are obtained from working
loads and compared with permissible stresses.
The main distinction between two methods lies in the fact that in farmer, a member is
considered in its limit state. Where as in latter in its working stage.
Structural members designed on basis of permissible stresses using a factor of safety

regardless of different working conditions and load combinations actually had different
safety margins.
Limit state method is based on physical parameters. The partial safety factors are based
on statistical and probabilistic grounds and can be controlled.
Thus, it is a more scientific approach for the design of reinforced concrete structures.
11
1.2.4
Limit state of Collapse (Flexure)
Design for the limit state of collapse in flexure shall be based on assumptions given below.
Plane sections normal to the axis of bending remain plane after bending.
The maximum strain in concrete at the outermost compression edge is taken as 0.0035 in
bending.
The relationship between the compressive stress distribution and the strain in concrete
may be assumed to be rectangular, trapezoid, parabola or any other shape.
For Design purposes, the compressive strength of concrete in structure shall be assumed to be
0.67 times the characteristic strength.
Area of stress block = 0.36fck x
fck = characteristic compressive strength of concrete
x = depth of neutral axis.
X1 = height of rectangular part of stress block.
X2 = height of parabolic part of stress block.
X2/x = 0.002/0.0035 = 4/7
X2 = 4/7x and x1 = 3/7x
Area of parabolic part of stress block.
Representative stress Strain curves for Reinforcement
1.3
Maximum Depth of Neutral Axis
The Maximum depth of Neutral axis is governed by assumptions (b) and (f) in members
in flexure.
12
By geometry of strain diagram

X max/d xmax = 0.0035/0.87fy/Es +0.002
Xmax/d
= 0.0035/0.0035+0.87fy/Es+0.002
Xmax/d
= 0.0035/0.0055+0.87fy/Es
For example in case of mild steel of fy = 250 N/mm

Xmax/d = 0.0035/0.0055+0.87x250/2x10e5=0.53
The following table shows the values of xmax/d

For various grades of steel.
Fy N/mm
xmax/d
250
0.53
415
0.48
500
0.46
1.4
Analysis of Singly reinforced concrete sections in flexure
b Width of rectangular beam.

d Effective depth
Ast be area of steel provided
Position of Neutral axis
For longitudinal equilibrium, equating the total compression to total tension.

C=T
13
0.36 fck x b = 0.87 fy Ast

X = 0.87fy Ast/0.36fck b
Dividing both sides by d
X/d = 0.87fy Ast/0.36fck bd
X/d = 2.42fy Ast / fck bd
It should be noted that the value of x/d should not be taken greater than limiting value of
xmax/d
Movement of resistance of beam sections (M) = (total compression or total tension) x
(lever arm)
M = 0.36 fck xb (d-0.42 x) = 0.36fck x (1-0.42 x/d) bd
M = 0.36fck xu/d (1-0.42x/d)bd
M = 0.87fy Ast (d-0.42x) = 0.87fy Ast d(1-0.42x/d)
Substituting for x/d M=0.87fy Ast d (1-Ast/bd x fy/fck)
1.5
Doubly Reinforced Sections
1.5.1 Introduction
Reinforced concrete Beams provided with steel reinforcements in both the tension &
compression zones are called Doubly Reinforced Beams.
It is essential to provide steel in compression zone also when the area of concrete in
compression zone is inadequate to develop the full compression needed to resist the
induced moments.
Design of Doubly Reinforced section involves the determination of crosssectional

dimensions and areas of tension & compression reinforcements. The first step it to
determine whether compression steel is required.
14
1.5.2 Stresses in Compression Reinforcement

Stress in compression steel is obtained from strain compatibility method using basic
equations.
Strain at compression reinforcement +sc=0.0035( [1 d/x)]
Flanged Beam or T Beams
1.6
1.6.1 Introduction
In most reinforced concrete structures, concrete slabs & beams are cast monolithic. Thus
beams form part of floor system together with slab.
When the slab acts as a part of rib in resisting the bending moment is known as flanged beam or
T beam.
Designed as continuous slab resting on beams, either one way or two way slabs. The Beam has
no significance except its acts as a rigid support.
The width of slab is known as effective width of flange.
When
Bf = effective flange width
d = effective depth
bw = width of web or rib
Df = thickness of flange i.e. slab thickness.
The T beam action is more advantageously used in bridge ducks and long span halls.
15
1.6.2 Effective width of flange:

The actual width of slab is the distance between centre to centre of beam.
The effective width of slab which will resist compressive stress along with the rib will be
considerably wider than rib width.
For T beams, least of
a)
i)
bf = Lo/6+bw+6Df
ii)
Breadth of web (bw) +half the sum of clear distances to adjacent beam.
Where
bf = effective flange width
bw = breadth of rib (or) web
Lo = distance between points of zero moment in a beam.
Analysis of Design of Doubly Reinforced Beams:
The analysis is similar to that explained in the singly reinforced Beams.
Failure is assumed when compression strain reaches 0.0035.
The stresses in steel & concrete are computed from their strains.
The M.R of Doubly reinforced Beam will be the sum of M.Rs of Beams.
Let,
Mu1=Maximum moment the concrete beam can carry
= Mu lim
Mu1 = 0.87fy Ast (d-0.42xu max) or
= 0.36 f ck b Xu max (d-0.42) Xu max)
Where Ast 1 = area of tension steel corresponding to balanced singly reinforced section.
16
Mu2: the moment capacity the steel beam can carry (fsc-fcc) Asc (d-d)
Here the effect of replacement of concrete in compression zone by compression steel is taken.
Where fsc= stresses in compression steel corresponding to strain reached by it when extreme
concrete fiber reaches a strain of 0.0035
Fsc = stress in concrete at level of compression steel Neglecting fsc, the equation is
Mu2 = fsc Asc (d-d)
Asc = area of compression steel
The total moment capacity Mu is given as:
Mu
= Mu1+Mu2
Fsc Asc = 0.87fy Ast2

Total Tension steel Ast is given by
Ast=Ast1+Ast2
1.6.3 T Beam formula for Analysis & design :

The procedure for design of flanged beams consist of finding out the value of xu/d &the value of
As.
Depending upon the neutral axis whether within the flange or below the flange i.e web.
Neutral axis with in flange (design as rectangular beam)
a) The depth of neutral axis can be determined
Xu 0.87 fy Ast/0.36 fcu bf
b) If the value of xu/d is less than limiting value xu, max/d, then the section
is under reinforced section.
17
c)
Mu 0.87 fy Ast d (1-Ast fy/bf d fcu) . . . (ii)
Values of Mu & As for preliminary design.

A simple expression for M.R. of t beams can be obtained assuming that Neutral
Axis is at the bottom of slab and level arm length is (d-df/2).
The Equation for preliminary design can be obtained as
MU 0.30 fcu bf Df (d-df/2)
The area of flange width required for Neutral Axis to be at bottom of flange can
be obtained as
Bf 2Mu/0.36fcu Df (2d-Df)
Or bf 5.56 Mu/fcu df(2d-Dd)
This required width may be compared
with effective width of T beam to
determine whether the neutral axis will be in flange or below flange.

An approximate value of area of steel required can be determined from the
following expression
Mu 0.87fy Ast (d-Df/2)
Step by slip method of Designed of flanged Beam.
1)Determine the preliminary dimensions of beams overall Depth D including the
thickness of slabs is assumed as 1/12 of span to 1/15 of span depending on
intensity of loading.
2)Width of rib lies 230 300mm in general & can be 350 mm in particular cases.
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1.7
DESIGN METHODS:
Frames are idealized as plane frames by providing two way slabs between the keys.
Secondly beams are provided to take the load or partitions, the beam and column
moments and shears were obtained by annualizing for dead load sand live loads by
Moment distribution method.
For all slabs, beams, columns and footings, concrete M20 mix and
high yield reinforcing bars (Fe415 grade ) confirming to 1S-1139 are
used.
All the structural members have been designed by the Limit State Method.
1.8
SOIL CHARACTERISTICS:
It has hard dry and the bearing capacity of soil is 550 KN/sq.m.
19
PLAN
20
CHAPTER II
PLAN
The stages in the design of reinforced concrete structures are as follows:-
2.1
Planning and layouts of columns, beams and spanning of slabs.

This may be done on following principles.
Layout of beams shall be done first. Beams shall be located at the wall positions, in
general. To carry the wall loads and to support floor slab. In case of halls without walls, number
and positioning of beams will be decided by weather one-way or two-way slabs are to be provided.
For one-way slab design, there could be series of long beams with spacing approximately between
2mm to 5mm. For two-way slabs, cross beams shall be provided so that the smaller span of twoway panel lies between 4m to 6m. One-way spanning of slab is found useful and economical for
small spans upto 3.5m, while two-way spanning be adopted for short spans above 3m it may be
remembered that two-way slabs are not economical for short spans. In practice, therefore, even
though a slab may be supported on all four sides, still it is designed as one-way slab transferring
load only in one direction. It simplifies the design of slabs as well as beams, but it leads invariably
to cracks along the supports parallel to the span of the one-way slab due to differential deflections
between slab and beam.
Secondly, use of tor steel or high yield strength deformed (HYSD) bars always requires
more depth of slab and less steel; many times requiring just the minimum steel particularly in twoway slabs.
Provisions of crossbeams many times required provision of columns at the junction of two
beams, which may not sometimes be permitted where large open space is required.
21
Columns shall be positioned usually at junction of beams or at beam ends. The spacing of
columns should be such that the span of the beam is neither less than 2.5m nor greater than 10m.
Spans of 4m to 6m give normal sizes of beams. It may be noted that the cost of beams and slab
varies directly with the load and with square of the span while that of a short columns varies
essentially with the load.
The columns are always cheaper than beams and beams are cheaper than slabs considering
the cost of material per unit load carrying capacity.
2.2
Determination of design loads and design forces
This involves in first part the determination of loads acting on slabs, beams, columns, such
as self weight, live loads, etc., and in the second part the calculation of internal forces such as axial
columns, bending and twisting moment, shear forces in slabs, beams and columns etc. the first part
of this stage also requires a varied experience in the field.
The second part of this stage requires through understanding and insight into the behavior
of structure and its member, under the action of the loads, one of the difference causes of failure of
a structure is the lack of understanding of the part designer about the behavior of the structure and
lack of imagination about the possible loads and actions that a member or a structure would be
subjected to not only during the use of structure but during the construction stage also.
The second part of this stage requires through knowledge of the principles of structural
mechanics. It would be most advisable for beginners in the field to study and understand fully the
principles and theory of structures, they are required to design.
2.3 In general one may bear in mind the following points:-
1. In case of R.C. buildings of 2-3 storey heights on which effect of horizontal loads such as
wind loads is not appreciable or the building having permanent walls between the frame
work of beams and columns, beams may be assumed to be simply supported on columns
and may be designed independently without considering the frame action. When a framed
22
structure is more or less open, i.e., without walls between beams and columns and where
effect of wind or earthquake is applicable, entire frame has to be designed considering the
frame action. It necessitated rigid junction between the beam and column requiring
negative reinforcement in the properly anchored in
the column by a value equal to anchorage of bars. It is, however, not necessary to
analyze the entire structural frame. Substitute frame at different floor levels may be
considered separately and analyzed.
2. When a beam is assumed to be simply supported on the column or another beam at its
end, its mid span section is to be designed for maximum free span moment (WL/8 for
inform loading). However, such a beam shall be designed for negative moment at support
equal to 1/3rd the free span fixity that may arise due to walls, or due to similar other
reason.
3. For small routine structures when beams are assumed to be simply supported on the
columns, the columns are designed as axially loaded columns only giving some
allowance of 10% to 15% for edge columns and 25% to 33% for corner columns to
account for some moments that may arise due to partial fixity between the beams and
column. For large and important structure, many designers for preliminary design,
checking the column for combined effect of axial load and bending moment due to frame
action in the final design, follow this approach.
4. Edge beams or spandrel beams need not be designed for torsion when they are simply
supported at their ends.
5. Beams with overhanging chajjas or balconies will be required to be investigated and
analyzed for torsion.
6. Every cantilever member will invariably have equal counter balancing member or load on
the other side for equilibrium.
7. Analysis shall be done by considering all possible combinations of loads, in general. In
case of such structures, in which live load is less than 0.75 times the dead load; different
alternative positions of live loads for determination of maximum moments need not be
considered. Only the case of total load acting over all spans may be sufficient.
23
2.4
Determination of members sizes and Reinforcement:-
This stage involves determination of sizes of members and amount of reinforcement so that
they can safely resist the forces acting on them. The design of section for a member includes
determination of two quantities, namely, size of concrete member and the reinforcement. There
are, in general. Two approaches for design of a section. According to second, percentage of steel is
assumed first and than the size of a member is obtained corresponding to the assumed percentage
of steel. The first approach is usually adopted in practice but in requires some preliminary
knowledge of choice of dimension. The latter approach has significance only for determination of
depth of slab from serviceability criterion because allowable L/d ratio depends upon percentage of
steel required. For this purpose, it is necessary to assume some percentage in the beginning to
arrive at a trial depth of slab.
Of the two dimensions, namely, width and depth, the former is invariably assumed from
practical considerations. Usually the width of beam is kept equal to width of wall it supports.
In India, since 9 bricks are still in wide use the beams are usually 9 i.e., 230mm wide, while
the total depths are usually in multiples of 3 from the considerations of form work for beam.
This is the reason why values such as 230, 380, 530, 680 and 840mm have been included in this
handbook. While adopting the sizes, therefore, either a module of 50mm is followed or that of 3
be followed.
24
GROUND FLOOR PLAN

25
FIRST FLOOR PLAN

26
SECOND FLOOR PLAN

27
THIRD FLOOR PLAN

28
CENTER LINE DIAGRAM
29
SLABS
30
CHAPTER III
DESIGN OF SLABS
3.1
INTRODUCTION:
Slabs are plate elements forming floors and roofs of a building and carrying
distributed load primarily by flexure. Inclined slabs may be used ad ramps for
multistory car parks. A slab may be supported by beams or walls and may be
used as the flange of a T- beam or L- beam.
Slabs may be simply supported or continuous over one or more supports and
classified according to the manner of support.
a) One-way slabs spanning in one direction.
b) Two way slabs spanning in both directions.
c) Circular slabs.
d) Flat slabs resting directly on columns with no beams, and
e) Grid floors and ribbed slabs.
The following methods of analysis are available for the design of slab:
a) Elastic analysis idealization into strips or beams,
b) Semi- imperial coefficients as given in the code,
c) Yield line theory.
3.2
ONE WAY SLABS:
One way slabs are those in which the length is more than twice the breadth. A oneway slab can be either simply supported or continuous.
Continuous slabs should in principle be designed to withstand the most
unfavorable arrangement of loads. Because there greater opportunities of
redistribution of slabs, analysis nay however be simplified by the use of single
31
load system. Bending moment coefficients based on this simplified method

area provided for slabs which span in one direction with approximately equal
spans and also for flat slabs.
3.3
TWO-WAY SLABS:
a) When a slab is supported on all four sides it effectively spans in both
directions and is sometimes more economical to design a slab on this
basis.
b) The directions and bending moments in a two-way slab are considerably
reduced to those in one-way slab.
c) The amount of bending in each direction will depend on the ratio of the
two spans and the conditions of restraint at each support.
d) If slab is square and the restraints are similar along the four sides then the
load will span equally in all directions.
e) If the slab is rectangular the more than one half of the load will be carried
in the stiffer, shorter direction and less in the longer direction.
f) If one span is more longer than the other , larger portions of the load will
be carried out in the short direction and slab may be well designed in only
one direction.
Moments of each direction of span are generally calculated using
coefficients which area tabulated in the code. Areas of reinforcement to resist
the moments are determined independently for each direction of span. The
slab is reinforced with bars in both directions parallel to the spans with the
steel for the shorter span placed farthest from the neutral axis to give a greater
effective depth. The span, effective depth ratios area based on the shorter
span and the percentage of reinforcement in that direction.
32
3.4
DESIGN RULES:
The rules for the design of a two-way restrained slabs in accordance
with appendix C of the code area as follows:
a) The maximum positive and negative moments apply only to the
middle strips subject to the requirements for minimum areas of
reinforcement. The bars are uniformly spaced in the middle strips.
b) Curtailment of bars should be carried out at a distance equal to
1/8th of shorter span.
c) Negative moments arise at discontinuous edges.
Tension
reinforcement equal to 50% of that at the mid- span is provided.

d)
Minimum tension reinforcement should be provided in edge trips

parallel to that edge.
Torsion or corner reinforcement must be provided at corners of the slabs.
33
DISTRIBUTION OF LOADS ON SLABS
34
DESIGN PROCEDURE OF INDIVIDUAL SLABS

SLAB-1 : (1.22m x 3.35m)-ONE WAY SLAB
Let us assume, l/d = 40
1220/d = 40 d
=30.5mm
Let us provide, effective depth = 120mm
effective cover = 20mm
total depth, D = 140mm
A) Calculation of loads :Dead load = 0.15 x 25 =3.75 kN/m2
Live load = 2 kN/m2
Floor
finishings
=1.0kN/m2
-------------------------------------------------Total load =6.75 kN/m2
Factored load = 1.5 x 6.75 = 10.125 kN/m2

B) Calculation of effective depth :lx = 1220 + 120 = 1340mm
ly = 3350 + 120 = 3470mm
ly/lx = 3470/1340 = 2.58 > 2 (One way slab)
Consider unit width = 1000mm
Load, W = 10.125kN/m
Maximum
Moment=
Wl2/8
= 10.125 x 3.472/8
= 15.23kNm
C) Calculation of Ast required :Let us use Fe250 bars
C=T
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
15.23x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
Xu = 14.87mm
Ast = 620mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/620 = 81.06 mm
Provide Fe250 bars of 8mm dia. @140mm c/c spacing as main reinforcement.
Also Provide Fe250 bars of 8mm dia. @240mm c/c spacing as distribution
35
reinforcement.
SLAB-2 : (3.2m x 3.35m)-ONE SHORT EDGE DISCONTINUOUS

3200/d = 40
d = 80mm
Live load = 2 kN/m2
Floor finishings =1.0 kN/m2
-----------------------------------------------------Total load = 6.75 kN/m2
B) Calculation of effective depth :lx = 3200+ 120 = 3320mm ly
= 3350+ 120 = 3470mm
C) Calculation of Bending Moment co-efficients :ly/lx = 3470/3320 =1.05 (Two way slab)
a) Along short span :Negative moment at continuous edge = 0.041
Positive moment at mid-span = 0.03
b) Along long span :Negative moment at continuous edge = 0.037
D) Calculation of Bending Moments :a) Along short span :2
Negative moment at mid-span, Mx = wl
x
= 0.041x 10.125 x 3.322
= 4.57kNm
Positive moment at continuous end, Mx =x wl 2
= 0.03 x 10.125 x 3.322
= 3.35 kNm
36
b) Along long span :Negative moment at mid-span, Mx = wlx

= 0.037 x 10.125 x 3.472
=4.51kNm
= 0.028 x 10.125 x 3.472
= 3.41 kNm
E) Calculation of Ast required :a) Along short span :Let us consider, b = 1000mm
Let us use Fe250 bars
C=T
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
4.57x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 4.2mm
Ast = 41.38 x 4.2 = 178 mm2
Let us provide 8mm dia. bars,
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/178 = 282mm c/c
Let us provide Fe250 bars of 8mm dia. @ 225mm c/c along short
direction. b) Along long span :Let us consider, b = 1000mm
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
4.51x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 4.24mm
Ast = 41.38 x 4.24 = 175 mm2 (< Min. Ast = 225 mm2)
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/225 = 223.37mm c/c
Let us provide Fe250 bars of 8mm dia. @ 180mm c/c along long
direction.
37
F) Design for Torsional reinforcement :Mu = 3.41 kNm

C=T
Ast = 41.38xu
3.41x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu(120-0.42xu)
xu = 3.19mm
Ast = 41.38 x3.19 = 140mm2
For torsional reinforcement 3/4th of main reinforcement should be provided in a length of
0.2lx .
Ast to be provided = x 140 = 105mm2
Length of each strip = 0.2lx = 0.2 x 3320 = 664mm
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/105 = 478mm
Provide 8mm dia. bars @ 300mm c/c spacing as torsional reinforcement in the length
of 664mm at corners.

3050/d = 40
d = 76.25mm
Live load = 2 kN/m2
-----------------------------------------------------Total load = 6.75 kN/m2
ly = 3350+ 120 = 3470mm
38

D) Calculation of Bending Moments :-
a) Along short span :2

x
= 0.043 x 10.125 x 3.172
= 4.36 kNm
= 0.032 x 10.125 x 3.172
= 3.26kNm
= 0.037 x 10.125 x 3.472
= 4.51 kNm
= 0.028 x 10.125 x 3.472
= 3.41kNm
C=T
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
SLAB-4 : (3.43m x 3.35m)-TWO ADJACENT EDGES DISCONTINUOUS

3350/d = 40
d = 83.75mm
39
Live load = 2 kN/m2

-----------------------------------------------------Total load = 6.75 kN/m2
ly = 3350 + 120 = 3470mm
C) Calculation of Bending Moment co-efficients :lx/ly = 3550/3470 =1.02 (Two way slab)
Positive moment at mid-span =0.036
D) Calculation of Bending Moments :-
a) Along short span :2

x
= 0.048 x 10.125 x 3.472
= 5.85 kNm
= 0.036 x 10.125 x 3.472
= 4.39 kNm
= 0.047 x 10.125 x 3.552
= 6 kNm
= 0.035 x 10.125 x 3.552
= 4.5 kNm
C=T
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
5.85x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 5.52mm
40
Ast = 41.38 x 5.52 = 230 mm2

Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/230 = 220mm
direction. b) Along long span :Let us consider, b = 1000mm
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
6x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 49.655xu x (130-0.42xu)
xu = 5.67mm
Ast = 41.38 x 5.67 = 240 mm2
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/240 = 200 c/c
direction.
C=T
Ast = 41.38xu
4.5x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu(120-0.42xu)
xu = 4.23mm
Ast = 41.38 x 4.23 = 175 mm2
0.2lx .
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/140 = 350mm
41
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
4.51x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 49.655xu x (130-0.42xu)
xu = 4.24mm
Ast = 41.38 x 4.24 = 170 mm2
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/170 = 220mm c/c
direction.
b) Along long span :Let us consider, b = 1000mm
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
3.41x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 3.2mm
Ast = 41.38 x 3.2 = 140 mm2 (< Min. Ast = 225 mm2)
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/225 = 223.37mm c/c
direction.
C=T
Ast = 49.655xu
4.51x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu(120-0.42xu)
xu = 4.24mm
Ast = 41.38 x 4.24 = 140mm2
0.2lx .
42

Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/110 = 450mm

1220/d = 40 d
=30.5mm
Live load = 2 kN/m2
-----------------------------------------------------Total load = 6.75 kN/m2
ly = 5110+ 120 = 5230mm
ly/lx = 5110/1340 = 3.9> 2 (One way slab)
Maximum Moment = Wl2/8
= 10.125 x 5.232/8
=34.6kNm
C=T
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast =41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
34.6x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
Xu = 36.76mm
Ast = 1520mm2
43
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/1520 = 40 mm

Also Provide Fe250 bars of 8mm dia. @240mm c/c spacing as distribution
reinforcement.
SLAB-6 : (4.88m x 5.11m) INTERIOR PANEL

4880/d = 40 d =
122mm
Live load = 2 kN/m2
-----------------------------------------------------Total load = 6.75 kN/m2
B) Calculation of effective depth :lx = 4880+120 = 5000mm
ly = 5110+(120) = 5230mm
C) Calculation of Bending Moment co-efficients :Ly/lx = 5230/5000 =1.05 a)
Along short span :Negative moment at continuous edge = 0.035
Positive moment at mid-span=0.026
b)Along long span :Negative moment at continuous edge = 0.032
44
D) Calculation of Bending Moments :a) Along short span :Negative moment at continuous end, Mx = wlx2
= 0.035 x 10.125 x 52
= 8.86 kNm
Positive moment at mid-span, Mx =x wl 2
= 0.026 x 10.125 x 52
= 6.58 kNm
b) Along long span :Negative moment at continuous end, Mx = wlx2
= 0.032 x 10.125 x 5.232
= 8.86kNm
2
Negative moment at mid-span, Mx = wlx
= 0.024 x 10.125 x 5.232
= 6.65kNm
E) Calculation of Ast required :- a)
Along short span :Let us consider, b = 1000mm
Let us use Fe250 bars and M30 concrete mix
C=T
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
8.86x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 8.45mm
Ast = 41.38 x 8.45 = 350 mm2
Min. Ast required = 0.15%
= 0.15 x 1000 x 150/100
= 225 mm2
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/350 = 130mm c/c
Let us provide Fe250 bars of 8mm dia. @ 180mm c/c along the short span.
Let us use Fe250 bars and M30 concrete mix
C=T
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
45
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)

8.86x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 6.3mm
Ast = 41.38 x 6.3 = 260 mm2
= 0.15 x 1000 x 150/100
= 225 mm2
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/225 = 220mm c/c
Let us provide Fe250 bars of 8mm dia. @ 180mm c/c along the long span.
SLAB-7 : (4.8m x 5.11m)-ONE LONG EDGE DISCONTINUOUS

4800/d = 40
d = 110mm
Live load = 2 kN/m2
-----------------------------------------------------Total load = 6.75 kN/m2
= 5110 + 120 = 5230mm
C) Calculation of Bending Moment co-efficients :Ly/lx = 5230/4920 =1.06 (Two way slab)
b) Along long span :46
Negative moment at continuous edge = 0.037

x
= 0.0412 x 10.125 x 4.922
= 10.1 kNm
= 0.031 x 10.125 x 4.922
= 7.6 kNm
b) Along long span :Negative moment at mid-span, Mx = wlx2
= 0.037 x 10.125 x 5.232
= 10.25 kNm
= 0.028 x 10.125 x 5.232
= 7.75 kNm
C=T
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
10.1x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 9.68mm
Ast = 41.38 x 9.68 = 400 mm2
= 0.15 x 1000 x 150/100
= 225 mm2
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/400 = 120mm c/c
direction
. b) Along long span :Let us consider, b = 1000mm
47

0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.8xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
10.25x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.8xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 9.83mm
Ast = 41.38 x 9.83 = 410 mm2 (< Min. Ast = 225 mm2)
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/410= 120mm c/c
direction.
F) Design for Torsional reinforcement :Mu = 7.75kNm
C=T
Ast = 41.38xu
7.75x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu(120-0.42xu)
xu = 7.4mm
Ast = 41.38 x 7.4 = 310mm2
0.2lx .
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/230 = 200mm

1220/d = 40 d
=31mm
48

Live load = 2 kN/m2
-----------------------------------------------------Total load = 6.75 kN/m2
B) Calculation of effective depth :lx = 1220+ 120 =1340mm ly
= 2740 + 120 = 2860mm
ly/lx = 2860/1340 = 2.13 > 2 (One way slab)
Maximum Moment = Wl2/8
= 10.125 x 2.862/8
= 10.35kNm
C=T
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
10.35x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
Xu = 69.93mm
Ast = 420mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/420= 120 mm
Also Provide Fe250 bars of 8mm dia. @22.0mm c/c spacing as distribution
reinforcement.

1680/d = 40
d = 42mm
A) Calculation of loads :49
Dead load = 0.15 x 25 =3.75 kN/m2

Live load = 2 kN/m2
-----------------------------------------------------Total load = 6.75 kN/m2
ly = 2740 + 120 = 2860mm
C) Calculation of Bending Moment co-efficients :ly/lx = 2860/1800 =159 (Two way slab)
Positive moment at mid-span = 0.054 b)
Along long span :Negative moment at continuous edge = 0.037
x
= 0.0706 x 10.125 x 1.82
= 2.32kNm
= 0.054 x 10.125 x 1.82
= 1.65 kNm
= 0.037 x 10.125 x 2.862
= 3.06 kNm
= 0.028 x 10.125 x 2.862
= 1.72 kNm
C=T
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
50
2.32x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)

xu = 2.16mm
Ast = 41.387 x 2.16 = 89.38 mm2
= 0.15 x 1000 x 150/100
= 225 mm2
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/225 = 223.37mm c/c
direction.
0.36 x25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
3.06x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 2.86mm
Ast = 41.38 x 2.86 = 120 mm2 (< Min. Ast = 225 mm2)
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/225 = 223.37mm c/c
direction.
C=T
Ast = 41.38xu
1.72x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu(120-0.42xu)
xu = 1.6mm
Ast = 41.38 x 1.6 = 67mm2
0.2lx .
51
Ast to be provided = x 67 = 49.656mm2

Length of each strip = 0.2lx = 0.2 x 1800= 360mm
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/60= 120mm

4880/d = 40
d = 112mm
Live load = 2 kN/m2
-----------------------------------------------------Total load = 6.75 kN/m2
ly = 4880 + 120 = 5000mm
C) Calculation of Bending Moment co-efficients :lx/ly = 7050/5000 =1.41 (Two way slab)
x
= 0.0552 x 10.125 x 52
52
= 13.97 kNm
= 0.0413 x 10.125 x 52
= 10.45 kNm
= 0.037 x 10.125 x 7.052
= 18.6kNm
= 0.028 x 10.125 x 7.052
= 14.09 kNm
C=T
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
13.97x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 14mm
Ast = 41.38 x 14 = 580 mm2
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/580= 90mm c/c
Let us provide Fe250 bars of 8mm dia. @ 80mm c/c along short direction.
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
18.6x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 18.4mm
Ast = 41.38 x 18.4 = 760 mm2 (< Min. Ast = 225 mm2)
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/760 = 60mm c/c
53
Let us provide Fe250 bars of 8mm dia. @ 60mm c/c along long direction.
C=T
Ast = 41.38xu
14.09x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu(120-0.42xu)
xu = 13.7mm
Ast = 41.38 x 13.7 = 566mm2
0.2lx .
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/425= 120mm

4880/d = 40
d = 112mm
Live load = 2 kN/m2
-----------------------------------------------------Total load = 6.75 kN/m2
ly = 4880 + 120 = 5000mm
54
x
= 0.049 x 10.125 x 4.082
= 8.26 kNm
= 0.037 x 10.125 x 4.082
= 6.236 kNm
= 0.037 x 10.125 x 52
= 9.36kNm
= 0.028 x 10.125 x 52
= 7.08 kNm
C=T
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
8.26x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 49.655xu x (130-0.42xu)
xu = 7.86mm
Ast = 41.38 x 7.86 = 325 mm2
= 0.15 x 1000 x 150/100
= 225 mm2
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/325 = 154mm c/c
55
direction.
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
9.36x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 8.9mm
Ast = 41.38 x 8.9 = 369mm2 (< Min. Ast = 225 mm2)
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/369 = 136mm c/c
direction. F) Design for Torsional reinforcement :Mu =7.08 kNm
C=T
Ast = 41.38xu
7.08x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu(120-0.42xu)
xu = 6.7mm
Ast = 41.38 x 6.7 = 280mm2
0.2lx .
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/210 = 240mm
56
SLAB-13 :(3.2m x 3.77m)-TWO ADJACENT EDGES DISCONTINUOUS

3770/d = 40
d = 94.25mm
Live load = 2 kN/m2
-----------------------------------------------------Total load = 6.75 kN/m2
= 3770 + 120 = 3890mm
x
= 0.058 x 10.125 x 3.322
= 6.47 kNm
= 0.0435 x 10.125 x 3.322
= 4.85 kNm
= 0.047 x 10.125 x 3.892
= 7.2kNm
= 0.035 x 10.125 x 3.892
= 5.36 kNm
57
C=T
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
6.47x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 6.12mm
Ast = 41.38 x 6.12= 254 mm2
= 0.15 x 1000 x 150/100
= 225 mm2
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/254 = 197mm c/c
direction.
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
7.2x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 6.8mm
Ast = 41.38 x 6.8 = 282 mm2 (< Min. Ast = 225 mm2)
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/282 = 178mm c/c
direction.
58

C=T
Ast = 41.38xu
5.36x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu(120-0.42xu)
xu = 5mm
Ast = 41.38x 5 = 206.9mm2
0.2lx .
Ast to be provided = x 206.9= 155mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/155= 320mm
SLAB14 : (2.74m x 3.77m)-oNE short EDGE DISCONTINUOUS

3770/d = 40
d = 94.25mm
Live load = 2 kN/m2
-----------------------------------------------------Total load = 6.75 kN/m2
59
ly = 3770 + 120 = 3890mm

C) Calculation of Bending Moment co-efficients :ly/lx =3890 /2860 =1.36 (Two way slab)
Positive moment at mid-span=0.0402
x
= 0.0534 x 10.125 x 2.862
= 4.42kNm
= 0.0402 x 10.125 x 2.862
= 3.33 kNm
= 0.037 x 10.125 x 3.892
= 5.67kNm
= 0.028 x 10.125 x 3.892
= 4.29kNm
C=T
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
4.42x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.8xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 4.15mm
Ast = 41.38 x 4.15 = 172 mm2
= 0.15 x 1000 x 150/100
= 225 mm2
60
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2

Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/225 = 223.37mm c/c
direction.
0.36 x 25 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
5.67x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 5.35mm
Ast = 41.38 x 5.35 = 221 mm2 (< Min. Ast = 225 mm2)
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/225 = 223.37mm c/c
direction.
C=T
Ast = 49.655xu
4.29x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu(120-0.42xu)
xu = 4.03mm
Ast = 41.38 x 4.03 = 166mm2
0.2lx .
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/124.5 = 403mm
61
SLAB-15 :(4.953m x 3.7719m)-TWO ADJACENT EDGES DISCONTINUOUS

4953/d = 40
d = 113mm
Live load = 2 kN/m2
-----------------------------------------------------Total load = 6.75 kN/m2
B) Calculation of effective depth :lx = 3772+120=3892 mm
ly = 4953+120=5073mm
C) Calculation of Bending Moment co-efficients := 5073/3892 =1.30
(Two way slab)
Positive moment at mid-span = 0.049 b)
x
= 0.065 x 10.125 x 3.8922
= 9.969kNm
= 0.047 x 10.125 x 3.8922
= 7.515 kNm
= 0.047 x 10.125 x 5.0732
= 12.246kNm
62
= 0.035 x 10.125 x 5.0732

= 9.119 kNm
C=T
0.36 x 25x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
9.969x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 9.549mm
Ast = 41.38 x 9.549 = 396 mm2
= 0.15 x 1000 x 150/100
= 225 mm2
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/396 = 127mm c/c
direction.
0.36 x 250 x 1000 x (xu) = 0.87 x 250 x Ast
Ast = 41.38xu
Mu = 0.87 x fy x Ast x (d-0.42xu)
12.246x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu x (120-0.42xu)
xu = 11.83mm
Ast = 41.38 x 11.83 = 490 mm2 (< Min. Ast = 225 mm2)
Ast = x 82/4 = 50.26mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/490 = 102.67mm c/c
Let us provide Fe250 bars of 8mm dia. @ 80mm c/c along long direction.
63

C=T
Ast = 41.38xu
9.119x106 = 0.87 x 250 x 41.38xu(120-0.42xu)
xu = 8.70mm
Ast = 41.38 x 8.70 = 360mm2
0.2lx .
Ast to be provided = x 360= 270mm2
Spacing = 50.26 x 1000/270 = 186mm
of 780 mm at corners.
64
STAAD
ANALYSIS
65
CHAPTER - IV
STAAD ANALYSIS
STAAD INPUT
Joint
Numbers
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
X
Y
Z
cordinate cordinate cordinate
0
0
0
1
0
0
4
0
0
14.5
0
0
24.5
0
0
34.75
0
0
35.75
0
0
0
0
11
4
0
11
14.5
0
11
20
0
11
24.5
0
11
34.75
0
11
35.75
0
11
0
0
27.75
4
0
27.75
14.5
0
27.75
20
0
27.75
23.5
0
27.75
30.25
0
27.75
35.75
0
27.75
4
0
32.25
23.5
0
32.25
30.25
0
32.25
0
0
36.75
4
0
36.75
14.5
0
36.75
22.75
0
36.75
30.25
0
36.75
34.75
0
36.75
35.75
0
36.75
0
0
52.75
1
0
52.75
66
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
10.5
14.5
19.5
22.75
34.75
35.75
0
1
10.5
19.5
34.75
35.75
0
1
4
14.5
24.5
34.75
35.75
0
4
14.5
20
24.5
34.75
35.75
0
4
14.5
20
23.5
30.25
35.75
4
23.5
30.25
0
4
14.5
22.75
30.25
34.75
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
62.125
62.125
62.125
62.125
62.125
62.125
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
32.25
32.25
32.25
36.75
36.75
36.75
36.75
36.75
36.75
67
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
35.75
0
1
10.5
14.5
19.5
22.75
34.75
35.75
0
1
10.5
19.5
34.75
35.75
0
1
4
14.5
24.5
34.75
35.75
0
4
14.5
20
24.5
34.75
35.75
0
4
14.5
20
23.5
30.25
35.75
4
23.5
30.25
0
4
14.5
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
11.4829
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
36.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
62.125
62.125
62.125
62.125
62.125
62.125
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
32.25
32.25
32.25
36.75
36.75
36.75
68
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
22.75
30.25
34.75
35.75
0
1
10.5
14.5
19.5
22.75
34.75
35.75
0
1
10.5
19.5
34.75
35.75
0
1
4
14.5
24.5
34.75
35.75
0
4
14.5
20
24.5
34.75
35.75
0
4
14.5
20
23.5
30.25
35.75
4
23.5
30.25
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
22.9659
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
36.75
36.75
36.75
36.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
62.125
62.125
62.125
62.125
62.125
62.125
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
32.25
32.25
32.25
69
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
0
4
14.5
22.75
30.25
34.75
35.75
0
1
10.5
14.5
19.5
22.75
34.75
35.75
0
1
10.5
19.5
34.75
35.75
0
1
4
14.5
24.5
34.75
35.75
0
4
14.5
20
24.5
34.75
35.75
0
4
14.5
20
23.5
30.25
35.75
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
34.4488
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
36.75
36.75
36.75
36.75
36.75
36.75
36.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
62.125
62.125
62.125
62.125
62.125
62.125
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
27.75
70
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
Members
4
23.5
30.25
0
4
14.5
22.75
30.25
34.75
35.75
0
1
10.5
14.5
19.5
22.75
34.75
35.75
0
1
10.5
19.5
34.75
35.75
1
14.5
34.75
4
14.5
34.75
4
14.5
4
14.5
34.75
1
14.5
34.75
1
19.5
34.75
X
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
45.9318
-13.1234
-13.1234
-13.1234
-13.1234
-13.1234
-13.1234
-13.1234
-13.1234
-13.1234
-13.1234
-13.1234
-13.1234
-13.1234
-13.1234
-13.1234
-13.1234
-13.1234
Y
32.25
32.25
32.25
36.75
36.75
36.75
36.75
36.75
36.75
36.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
62.125
62.125
62.125
62.125
62.125
62.125
0
0
0
11
11
11
27.75
27.75
36.75
36.75
36.75
52.75
52.75
52.75
62.125
62.125
62.125
Z
71
cordinate cordinate
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
40
41
42
43
44
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
25
26
27
28
29
30
22
23
15
16
17
18
19
20
8
9
10
11
12
13
1
2
3
4
5
6
40
42
43
cordinate
41
42
43
44
45
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
26
27
28
29
30
31
23
24
16
17
18
19
20
21
9
10
11
12
13
14
2
3
4
5
6
7
32
34
36
72
42
43
44
45
46
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
45
32
37
39
25
23
29
24
31
15
16
18
21
8
9
10
12
14
85
86
87
88
89
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
70
71
72
73
74
75
67
68
60
61
62
63
39
25
28
31
15
19
24
20
21
8
9
11
14
1
3
4
5
7
86
87
88
89
90
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
71
72
73
74
75
76
68
69
61
62
63
64
73
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
64
65
53
54
55
56
57
58
46
47
48
49
50
51
85
87
88
90
77
82
84
70
68
74
69
76
60
61
63
66
53
54
55
57
59
41
43
44
33
35
38
26
65
66
54
55
56
57
58
59
47
48
49
50
51
52
77
79
81
84
70
73
76
60
64
69
65
66
53
54
56
59
46
48
49
50
52
86
88
89
78
80
83
71
74
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
27
30
16
17
9
10
13
2
4
6
130
131
132
133
134
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
115
116
117
118
119
120
112
113
105
106
107
108
109
110
98
99
100
101
102
103
72
75
61
62
54
55
58
47
49
51
131
132
133
134
135
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
116
117
118
119
120
121
113
114
106
107
108
109
110
111
99
100
101
102
103
104
75
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
91
92
93
94
95
96
130
132
133
135
122
127
129
115
113
119
114
121
105
106
108
111
98
99
100
102
104
175
176
177
178
179
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
160
161
162
92
93
94
95
96
97
122
124
126
129
115
118
121
105
109
114
110
111
98
99
101
104
91
93
94
95
97
176
177
178
179
180
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
161
162
163
76
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
163
164
165
157
158
150
151
152
153
154
155
143
144
145
146
147
148
136
137
138
139
140
141
175
177
178
180
167
172
174
160
158
164
159
166
150
151
153
156
143
144
145
164
165
166
158
159
151
152
153
154
155
156
144
145
146
147
148
149
137
138
139
140
141
142
167
169
171
174
160
163
166
150
154
159
155
156
143
144
146
149
136
138
139
77
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
147
149
220
221
222
223
224
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
205
206
207
208
209
210
202
203
195
196
197
198
199
200
188
189
190
191
192
193
181
182
183
184
185
186
220
222
140
142
221
222
223
224
225
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
206
207
208
209
210
211
203
204
196
197
198
199
200
201
189
190
191
192
193
194
182
183
184
185
186
187
212
214
78
298
299
300
301
302
303
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
223
225
212
217
219
205
203
209
204
211
195
196
198
201
188
189
190
192
194
86
88
89
78
80
83
71
72
75
61
62
54
55
58
47
49
51
131
133
134
123
125
128
216
219
205
208
211
195
199
204
200
201
188
189
191
194
181
183
184
185
187
131
133
134
123
125
128
116
117
120
106
107
99
100
103
92
94
96
176
178
179
168
170
173
79
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
116
117
120
106
107
99
100
103
92
94
96
176
178
179
168
170
173
161
162
165
151
152
144
145
148
137
139
141
41
43
44
33
35
38
26
27
30
16
17
9
10
13
161
162
165
151
152
144
145
148
137
139
141
221
223
224
213
215
218
206
207
210
196
197
189
190
193
182
184
186
240
241
242
237
238
239
234
235
236
232
233
229
230
231
80
383
384
385
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
2
4
6
26
22
71
67
116
112
161
157
206
202
226
227
228
22
16
67
61
112
106
157
151
202
196
ELEMENT INDICES SHELL
470
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
40
42
43
32
37
25
26
23
15
16
18
8
9
10
12
85
87
88
77
82
70
71
68
32
34
36
25
28
15
22
19
8
9
11
1
3
4
5
77
79
81
70
73
60
67
64
34
36
39
28
31
16
24
20
9
11
14
3
4
5
7
79
81
84
73
76
61
69
65
42
43
45
37
39
26
29
24
16
18
21
9
10
12
14
87
88
90
82
84
71
74
69
81
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
60
61
63
53
54
55
57
130
132
133
122
127
115
116
113
105
106
108
98
99
100
102
175
177
178
167
172
160
161
158
150
151
153
143
144
145
147
220
222
223
212
217
53
54
56
46
48
49
50
122
124
126
115
118
105
112
109
98
99
101
91
93
94
95
167
169
171
160
163
150
157
154
143
144
146
136
138
139
140
212
214
216
205
208
54
56
59
48
49
50
52
124
126
129
118
121
106
114
110
99
101
104
93
94
95
97
169
171
174
163
166
151
159
155
144
146
149
138
139
140
142
214
216
219
208
211
61
63
66
54
55
57
59
132
133
135
127
129
116
119
114
106
108
111
99
100
102
104
177
178
180
172
174
161
164
159
151
153
156
144
145
147
149
222
223
225
217
219
82
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
205
206
203
195
196
198
188
189
190
192
195
202
199
188
189
191
181
183
184
185
196
204
200
189
191
194
183
184
185
187
206
209
204
196
198
201
189
190
192
194
83
Nodes at foundation (top view)
84
Nodes at ground level (top view)
85
Nodes at 1st floor (top view)
86
Nodes at 2nd floor (top view)
87
Nodes at 3rd floor (top view)
88
Nodes at roof (top view)
89
BEAMS AT PLINTH LEVEL (top view)
90
BEAMS AT FIRST LEVEL (top view)
91
BEAMS AT SECOND LEVEL (top view)
92
BEAMS AT THIRD LEVEL (top view)
93
BEAMS AT FOURTH LEVEL (top view)
94
FOOTINGS (top view)
95
COLUMNS AT GROUND FLOOR (top view)
96
COLUMNS AT FIRST FLOOR (top view)
97
COLUMNS AT SECOND FLOOR (top view)
98
COLUMNS AT THIRD FLOOR (top view)
99
STAAD OUTPUT RESULTS
SUPPORT REACTIONS -UNIT KN
JOINT
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
METER
STRUCTURE TYPE = SPACE
LOAD
FORCE-X
FORCE-Y
FORCE-Z
MOM-X
MOM-Y
MOM Z
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
0.93
0.08
8.45
0.68
-5.93
-0.83
-13.66
-0.48
15.37
2.42
-8.95
-3.16
-11.77
-0.22
23.17
3.28
-5.09
0.60
12.18
1.56
-12.36
-2.79
-0.36
0.90
8.36
1.06
-8.21
-2.75
3.92
0.43
-3.91
442.14
29.15
915.53
102.82
436.54
36.91
1072.14
126.28
948.91
186.99
1323.69
191.30
1030.28
107.55
902.39
153.96
929.17
106.94
666.44
145.80
1558.63
179.39
889.41
105.33
836.39
177.30
893.34
127.21
406.84
30.84
892.73
1.31
0.15
4.52
1.14
-0.01
0.06
4.30
0.96
-0.57
-0.07
7.55
1.04
-1.08
-0.58
0.23
-0.31
-2.27
-0.06
0.34
0.26
-9.01
-0.76
-0.35
-0.09
0.71
-0.05
-0.27
-0.32
0.34
0.01
-5.38
2.18
0.27
8.88
1.89
0.38
0.11
8.62
1.71
2.20
0.29
12.61
1.59
1.50
-0.31
3.06
-0.11
-0.07
0.36
3.13
0.74
-9.45
-0.80
2.37
0.30
3.62
0.24
2.09
-0.22
0.87
0.08
-4.54
-0.01
0.00
0.07
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.11
0.05
0.20
0.07
0.37
0.10
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.02
0.06
0.04
0.06
0.06
-0.01
0.08
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.02
0.03
0.00
0.01
-0.07
-1.15
-0.01
-9.98
0.24
7.95
1.20
18.56
1.61
-19.12
-2.15
12.45
5.10
15.83
1.07
-29.73
-3.52
7.31
-0.02
-15.18
-1.27
16.92
4.44
0.95
-0.56
-10.42
-0.78
11.14
4.19
-5.18
-0.54
5.39
100
242
2
1
2
-0.29
-2.14
-0.47
MEMBER END FORCES
96.64
377.41
31.43
-1.30
-0.37
-0.08
-1.43
-0.13
-0.07
0.01
0.00
0.00
0.88
2.86
0.66
STRUCTURE TYPE = SPACE
ALL UNITS ARE -- KN METER
MEMBER
1
LOAD
JOINT
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
AXIAL
SHEARY
SHEARZ
TORSION MOM-Y
MOM-Z
40
41
40
41
1.62
-1.62
0.1
-0.1
-26.6
32.06
-1.29
1.38
0.62
-0.62
0
0
-0.46
0.46
0.01
-0.01
-0.09
-0.1
0.01
-0.01
-0.22
-8.72
-0.44
0.04
41
42
41
42
-3.64
3.64
-0.48
0.48
51.72
2.74
4.82
0.15
-0.07
0.07
-0.01
0.01
-2.77
2.77
-0.01
0.01
0.1
0.11
0.01
0.02
35.81
34.71
2.98
3.14
42
43
42
43
-4.37
4.37
-0.83
0.83
-13.33
64.33
-1.9
5.66
-0.08
0.08
-0.02
0.02
3.76
-3.76
0.15
-0.15
0.11
0.13
0.02
0.02
-38.83
-67.69
-3.66
-6.71
43
44
43
44
-1.55
1.55
-0.42
0.42
49.37
39.3
5.34
4.64
-0.02
0.02
0
0
-0.21
0.21
-0.06
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.01
0.01
44.18
-19.95
5.33
-2.39
44
45
44
45
1.42
-1.42
0.25
-0.25
37.73
-32.27
1.48
-1.38
0.08
-0.08
0.09
-0.09
2.03
-2.03
0.46
-0.46
-0.07
0.04
-0.02
-0.01
5.05
5.62
-0.88
1.31
32
33
32
33
0.85
-0.85
0.98
-0.98
-133.7
136.89
-11.19
11.38
-0.4
0.4
-0.15
0.15
-7.52
7.52
-1.3
1.3
0.18
-0.06
0.07
-0.02
-16.6
-24.64
-2.77
-0.66
101
1
2
1
2
1
2
10
1
2
11
1
2
12
1
2
13
1
2
14
1
2
15
33
34
33
34
1.24
-1.24
-0.2
0.2
30.04
8.25
9.51
5.03
-0.08
0.08
-0.01
0.01
-3.08
3.08
-0.29
0.29
0.1
0.13
0.01
0.02
22.6
10.65
7.2
2.02
34
35
34
35
5.82
-5.82
0.72
-0.72
-38.64
55.58
-8.29
15.72
0.37
-0.37
-0.02
0.02
6.97
-6.97
0.64
-0.64
-0.19
-0.26
0.02
0
-14.38
-42.87
-3.37
-10.96
35
36
35
36
-4.04
4.04
-0.52
0.52
100.89
-80.76
20.59
-12.98
-0.44
0.44
0
0
4.06
-4.06
1.09
-1.09
0.3
0.37
-0.01
0.01
99.27
38.44
18.47
5.98
36
37
36
37
-2.48
2.48
-0.23
0.23
62.37
-51.16
12.24
-10.27
0.62
-0.62
0.18
-0.18
-3.1
3.1
0.98
-0.98
-0.28
-0.33
-0.09
-0.1
-7.23
63.46
-0.3
11.44
37
38
37
38
-2.01
2.01
-0.69
0.69
-5.07
52.44
2.31
14.44
-0.03
0.03
-0.01
0.01
-0.8
0.8
-0.71
0.71
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.01
-42.36
-63.13
-6.68
-15.99
38
39
38
39
7.23
-7.23
2.41
-2.41
113.09
-109.9
10.85
-10.67
-0.51
0.51
0.26
-0.26
1.04
-1.04
1.37
-1.37
-0.05
0.21
-0.06
-0.02
8.72
25.25
-1.98
5.25
25
26
25
26
2.08
-2.08
1
-1
-88.5
102.2
-7.33
9.56
0.17
-0.17
0.1
-0.1
5.41
-5.41
0.88
-0.88
-0.07
-0.14
-0.05
-0.07
-16.46
-99.6
-2.23
-7.76
26
27
26
27
5.7
-5.7
0.21
-0.21
15.85
27.71
7.04
11
-0.03
0.03
0.01
-0.01
-0.29
0.29
-0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
-0.02
-0.03
6.27
-23.74
3.27
-7.18
27
-8.97
89.75
-0.05
-0.15
0.04
106.68
102
16
1
2
17
1
2
18
1
2
19
1
2
20
1
2
21
1
2
22
1
2
23
1
2
28
27
28
8.97
-1.69
1.69
-58.29
18.23
-8.46
0.05
-0.03
0.03
0.15
-1.01
1.01
0.08
0.03
0.05
77.8
18.2
12.72
28
29
28
29
-3.71
3.71
-0.77
0.77
-4.14
32.01
-0.39
8.09
0.11
-0.11
0.03
-0.03
14.17
-14.17
2.81
-2.81
-0.12
-0.13
-0.03
-0.03
-52.15
11.69
-8.3
-0.03
29
30
29
30
-7.09
7.09
-1.73
1.73
-97.62
113.15
-13.72
16.43
-1.59
1.59
-0.28
0.28
-21.27
21.27
-2.66
2.66
1.1
1.08
0.21
0.17
-33.54
-111.27
-3.92
-17.19
30
31
30
31
5.44
-5.44
1.2
-1.2
210
-206.86
19.38
-19.29
8.22
-8.22
0.52
-0.52
39.11
-39.11
2.41
-2.41
-1.18
-1.33
-0.13
-0.03
32.09
31.43
-0.51
6.4
22
23
22
23
0.98
-0.98
0.21
-0.21
38.86
25.89
4.37
3.31
-0.03
0.03
-0.01
0.01
0.73
-0.73
0.28
-0.28
0.07
0.09
0.02
0.02
42.18
-2.84
4.7
-0.26
23
24
23
24
-0.31
0.31
-0.07
0.07
-12.78
36.18
-0.54
4.77
0.11
-0.11
0.02
-0.02
14.12
-14.12
1.46
-1.46
-0.11
-0.12
-0.02
-0.02
-21.49
-29.11
-3.14
-2.69
15
16
15
16
1.08
-1.08
0.4
-0.4
-39.65
52.88
-1.87
3.35
0
0
0.04
-0.04
-0.19
0.19
0.08
-0.08
0
0
-0.03
-0.02
6.23
-62.63
0.13
-3.32
16
17
16
17
13.2
-13.2
1.6
-1.6
12.62
25.33
1.7
7.38
-0.05
0.05
-0.03
0.03
-0.16
0.16
-0.05
0.05
0.07
0.08
0.05
0.05
7.84
-25.74
0.67
-5.86
17
18
17
-12.97
12.97
-1.93
146.87
-128.21
23.47
0.16
-0.16
0.15
1.02
-1.02
1.85
-0.1
-0.17
-0.12
179.54
50.54
27.65
103
24
1
2
25
1
2
26
1
2
27
1
2
28
1
2
29
1
2
30
1
2
31
1
2
18
1.93
-20.66
-0.15
-1.85
-0.13
8.56
18
19
18
19
-2.38
2.38
-0.53
0.53
58.82
-47.34
9.44
-8.31
-1.45
1.45
-0.29
0.29
1.15
-1.15
-1.33
1.33
0.7
0.85
0.13
0.17
-3.12
59.87
-0.74
10.41
19
20
19
20
-0.14
0.14
-0.09
0.09
17.19
9.47
4.83
4.63
0.18
-0.18
0.04
-0.04
10.88
-10.88
1.09
-1.09
-0.19
-0.18
-0.04
-0.04
-29.56
37.9
-5.9
6.74
20
21
20
21
1.04
-1.04
0.16
-0.16
-21.81
40.48
-4.12
6.93
-0.47
0.47
-0.15
0.15
-2.39
2.39
-0.55
0.55
0.46
0.33
0.14
0.11
-37.52
-15.18
-8.05
-1.99
8
9
8
9
-1.5
1.5
-0.11
0.11
-45.04
58.26
-2.81
4.29
0.2
-0.2
0.04
-0.04
1.38
-1.38
0.06
-0.06
-0.11
-0.13
-0.03
-0.02
2.68
-65.65
-0.16
-4.17
9
10
9
10
5.01
-5.01
0.44
-0.44
17.17
23.99
4.55
9.65
0.06
-0.06
0.01
-0.01
0.48
-0.48
0.09
-0.09
-0.09
-0.11
-0.01
-0.02
12.56
-21.05
2.74
-6.99
10
11
10
11
-4.57
4.57
-0.79
0.79
106.3
-85.91
21.38
-15.8
-0.08
0.08
-0.01
0.01
-9.37
9.37
-2.82
2.82
0.03
0.1
0
0.01
110.82
50.26
21.42
9.71
11
12
11
12
0.71
-0.71
-0.47
0.47
12.14
4.05
4.25
-0.48
0.39
-0.39
0.05
-0.05
7.56
-7.56
2.18
-2.18
-0.24
-0.29
-0.03
-0.04
-39.67
45.22
-6.04
9.29
12
13
12
13
-2.35
2.35
-0.94
0.94
-20.84
61.94
-1.08
16.41
0.1
-0.1
0.02
-0.02
0.84
-0.84
0.42
-0.42
-0.13
-0.2
-0.03
-0.04
-54.14
-76.28
-10.22
-18.86
104
32
1
2
33
1
2
34
1
2
35
1
2
36
1
2
37
1
2
38
1
2
39
1
2
40
13
14
13
14
7.52
-7.52
2.68
-2.68
204.06
-200.87
21.97
-21.78
-8.61
8.61
-1.24
1.24
-47.62
47.62
-6.39
6.39
0.91
1.71
0.12
0.25
17.52
44.19
-1.7
8.35
1
2
1
2
-0.24
0.24
-0.08
0.08
-31.51
36.98
-1.81
1.9
1.62
-1.62
0.21
-0.21
9.54
-9.54
0.67
-0.67
-0.39
-0.11
-0.06
-0.01
5.02
-15.46
0.12
-0.68
2
3
2
3
-1.46
1.46
-0.17
0.17
54.06
-37.44
3.85
-3.2
0.03
-0.03
0.01
-0.01
1.12
-1.12
-0.27
0.27
0.08
-0.1
0
-0.02
21.91
19.89
1.26
1.9
3
4
3
4
-0.67
0.67
-0.21
0.21
15.1
44.86
0.74
4.38
0.04
-0.04
0.01
-0.01
0.09
-0.09
0.05
-0.05
-0.07
-0.05
-0.01
-0.01
-7.94
-39.68
-1.13
-4.69
4
5
4
5
-4.43
4.43
-0.61
0.61
70.82
-13.87
6.44
-1.79
0.01
-0.01
0
0
0.95
-0.95
-0.37
0.37
0
-0.02
0
-0.01
80.74
48.33
7.59
4.95
5
6
5
6
-4.31
4.31
-0.56
0.56
1.55
57.47
-0.19
5.97
0.03
-0.03
0.01
-0.01
-0.5
0.5
0.42
-0.42
-0.05
-0.06
-0.02
-0.02
-44.27
-42.61
-4.45
-4.43
6
7
6
7
3.65
-3.65
0.59
-0.59
29.83
-24.36
1.02
-0.93
-0.05
0.05
-0.12
0.12
-0.26
0.26
-0.04
0.04
0.09
-0.07
0.03
0.01
1.7
6.56
-1.3
1.6
40
32
40
32
0.18
-0.18
-0.07
0.07
17.24
35.99
0.81
3.27
-0.08
0.08
-0.01
0.01
2.9
-2.9
0.23
-0.23
0.11
0.13
0.02
0.02
2.87
-29.66
-0.02
-3.5
42
34
0.49
-0.49
13.9
20.02
-0.07
0.07
0.06
-0.06
0.09
0.1
3.93
-12.68
105
41
42
34
0.14
-0.14
3.93
4.23
-0.01
0.01
0.17
-0.17
0.02
0.02
1.34
-1.78
43
36
43
36
-0.47
0.47
-0.13
0.13
28.8
5.12
6.3
1.86
-0.06
0.06
-0.01
0.01
-5.31
5.31
-0.95
0.95
0.09
0.09
0.02
0.02
30.27
3.56
7.08
-0.73
45
39
45
39
-0.03
0.03
-0.06
0.06
16.31
36.92
0.43
3.65
-0.07
0.07
-0.01
0.01
-0.81
0.81
-0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.02
0.02
-3.05
-26.4
-0.83
-3.76
32
25
32
25
-1.44
1.44
-0.37
0.37
52.79
41.13
6.39
5.51
-0.02
0.02
0
0
3.14
-3.14
0.21
-0.21
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.01
47.58
-19.14
6.13
-3.99
37
28
37
28
0.12
-0.12
0.14
-0.14
31.48
32.31
11.55
11.82
-0.02
0.02
0
0
-0.98
0.98
-0.01
0.01
0.04
0.05
0.01
0.01
24.1
-26.13
7.98
-8.63
39
31
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2
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44
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48
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21
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1
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1
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3
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3
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65
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7
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7
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-1.32
1.32
0.01
-0.01
15.23
-3.34
1.5
0.75
-0.13
0.13
-0.04
0.04
-12.56
12.56
-1.7
1.7
0.07
0.11
0.02
0.03
4
8.84
0.01
0.68
22
16
22
16
-1.23
1.23
0.06
-0.06
-32.84
44.15
-4.07
5.37
0.43
-0.43
0.18
-0.18
13.49
-13.49
1.81
-1.81
-0.29
-0.29
-0.12
-0.12
-22.24
-30.67
-2.14
-4.51
71
67
71
67
0.24
-0.24
0.03
-0.03
15.48
-3.59
1.48
0.76
0.01
-0.01
0
0
-12.34
12.34
-1.68
1.68
-0.01
0
0
0
4.43
8.75
-0.03
0.7
1
2
382
383
1
2
384
1
2
385
1
2
461
1
2
462
1
2
463
1
2
146
464
1
2
465
1
2
466
1
2
467
1
2
468
1
2
469
1
2
470
1
2
67
61
67
61
0.33
-0.33
0.05
-0.05
-32.19
43.49
-4.07
5.37
-0.02
0.02
0.01
-0.01
12.97
-12.97
1.74
-1.74
0.02
0.01
0
-0.01
-22.02
-29.99
-2.19
-4.46
116
112
116
112
-0.2
0.2
0.03
-0.03
15.53
-3.64
1.42
0.82
0.01
-0.01
0
0
-12.36
12.36
-1.69
1.69
-0.01
-0.01
0
0
4.55
8.71
-0.11
0.69
112
106
112
106
-0.3
0.3
0.06
-0.06
-31.97
43.27
-4.16
5.46
-0.02
0.02
0.01
-0.01
13.04
-13.04
1.77
-1.77
0.01
0.02
0
-0.01
-22
-29.71
-2.18
-4.59
161
157
161
157
0.3
-0.3
-0.07
0.07
15.84
-3.95
1.47
0.77
0.03
-0.03
-0.02
0.02
-12.28
12.28
-1.68
1.68
-0.02
-0.01
0.02
0.02
4.95
8.73
-0.04
0.7
157
151
157
151
0.55
-0.55
-0.06
0.06
-31.58
42.88
-4.05
5.35
-0.17
0.17
0.12
-0.12
13.04
-13.04
1.71
-1.71
0.13
0.11
-0.08
-0.08
-21.93
-29.25
-2.21
-4.42
206
202
206
202
1.43
-1.43
-0.26
0.26
5.68
-4.28
1.2
1.04
0.26
-0.26
0.13
-0.13
-6.45
6.45
-1.75
1.75
-0.12
-0.23
-0.07
-0.1
1.43
5.52
-0.3
0.59
202
196
202
196
0.55
-0.55
-0.54
0.54
-15.2
16.01
-4.54
5.84
-0.87
0.87
-0.53
0.53
6.45
-6.45
1.92
-1.92
0.56
0.63
0.35
0.37
-9.23
-12.29
-2.05
-5.25
147
STAAD OUTPUT DIAGRAM
148
FOOTINGS
149
CHAPTER - V
FOOTINGS
An isolated footing may be square, rectangular or circular in plan.
Further it may be axially loaded to eccentrically loaded. The design of square
footing involves the determination of size and depth of the footing and the
amount of main reinforcement and dowels.
Rectangular footing may be used in locations where space is restricted
and it is not possible to provide a square footing. Rectangular footings are
also provided for rectangular columns of pedestals. The method of designing
a rectangular footing is essentially identical to that of a square footing except
that each projection has to be designed separately.
In designing a circular footing which supports a circular column of
pedestal, the circular column or pedestal is replaced by an equivalent square
column or pedestal which can be inscribed within its parameter.
Then the design procedure of the footing is identical with that of the square
footing.
5.1
Depth of foundation is governed by the following factors:
To secure safe bearing capacity.

To penetrate below the zone where seasonal weather changes area likely
To cause significant moment due to swelling and shrinkage of soils, and
To penetrate below the zone where seasonal weather changes are likely to
cause significant moment due top swelling and shrinkage of soils and
150
To penetrate below the zone which may be affected by frost. IS-1080-1962

requires that in all soils, a minimum depth of 50 cms is necessary.
However if good rock is net at smaller depths, only removal of topsoil may be
sufficient.
As estimate of depth of footing below ground level may be
obtained by listing the rank formula i.e.

H= P (1-sin) 2
Y (1+sin) 2
Where
h= Minimum depth of foundation
Approx.
P= Cross bearing capacity
550
Y= Density of soil
1.8t.lcu.m
= Angle of repose of soil
30 0
= 550/1.8 (1-sin 30) 2
1.85m
(1+sin 30)2
5.2
ANALYSIS OF FOUNDATION
A foundation is assumed to act as a rigid body, which is in equilibrium
under the action of applied forces from the structure and the stress in
the soil. It is assumed that soil behaves elastically and the stress and
strain distribution in the soil immediately underneath the base is linear.
This permits the use of theory of bending to determine the stress
distribution in soil for the giben axial load and moment. Just like any
structural member a foundation must be designed to sustain the applied
loads, moments and the induced reactions and that safe bearing
capacity of the soil is not exceeded.
151
5.3
BENDING MOMENT
The critical section for computing maximum bending moment for
design of an isolated concrete footing supporting different types of
structures is as follows:
1. At the face of the column, pedestal or wall for footings supporting a

concrete column pedestal or wall.
2. Half way between the centerline and the edge of the wall for footings
under masonry walls and
3. Half way between the face of the column or pedestal and the edge of the
gusseted base for footings under gusseted base.
5.4
SHEAR
The sum of vertical forces due to soil pressure on the footing outside
the critical section is called one way shear. The critical section for
this condition shall be assumed as vertical section located from the
face of the pedestal at a distance equal to effective depth of footing.
The sum of vertical loads outside the appropriate perimeter defined
by IS 456-2000 is known as Two way shear. The critical section is
taken at d/2 from the periphery of the pedestal.
5.5
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH
The critical section for checking the development length in footing shall be assumed at
the same planes as those for B.M. and also at the vertical planes where about changes of section
occur.
152
Isolated Footing Design (IS 456-2000)
Footin
g No.
Foundation Geometry
Length
Width
Thickness
226
1.550m
1.550m
0.305m
Footin
g No.
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Footing Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
226
6 @ 60 mm
c/c
6 @ 60 mm
c/c
6 @ 70 mm
c/c
6 @ 70 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Length
Width
Thickness
227
2.300m
2.300m
0.466m
Footin
g No.
Foundation Geometry
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
227
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Length
Width
Thickness
228
1.600m
1.600m
0.305m
Footin
g No.
Foundation Geometry
153
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
228
6 @ 55 mm
c/c
6 @ 60 mm
c/c
6 @ 70 mm
c/c
6 @ 70 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Length
Width
Thickness
229
2.500m
2.500m
0.466m
Footin
g No.
Foundation Geometry
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
229
8 @ 80 mm
c/c
8 @ 70 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Length
Width
Thickness
230
2.350m
2.350m
0.466m
Footin
g No.
Foundation Geometry
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
230
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Length
Width
Thickness
231
2.750m
2.750m
0.566m
Foundation Geometry
154
Footin
g No.
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
231
8 @ 70 mm
c/c
8 @ 65 mm
c/c
8 @ 70 mm
c/c
8 @ 70 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Length
Width
Thickness
232
2.450m
2.450m
0.466m
Footin
g No.
Foundation Geometry
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
232
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 75 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Length
Width
Thickness
233
2.350m
2.350m
0.416m
Footin
g No.
Foundation Geometry
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
233
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 75 mm
c/c
6 @ 50 mm
c/c
6 @ 50 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Length
Width
Thickness
234
2.300m
2.300m
0.466m
Foundation Geometry
155
Footin
g No.
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
234
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Length
Width
Thickness
235
10
2.000m
2.000m
0.355m
Footin
g No.
Foundation Geometry
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
235
6 @ 60 mm
c/c
6 @ 50 mm
c/c
6 @ 60 mm
c/c
6 @ 60 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Length
Width
Thickness
236
11
3.000m
3.000m
0.566m
Footin
g No.
Foundation Geometry
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
236
8 @ 60 mm
c/c
8 @ 55 mm
c/c
8 @ 70 mm
c/c
8 @ 70 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Foundation Geometry
Length
Width
156
Thickness
237
12
Footin
g No.
2.200m
2.200m
0.466m
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
237
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Length
Width
Thickness
238
13
2.200m
2.200m
0.405m
Footin
g No.
Foundation Geometry
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
238
6 @ 55 mm
c/c
8 @ 80 mm
c/c
6 @ 55 mm
c/c
6 @ 55 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Length
Width
Thickness
239
14
2.250m
2.250m
0.465m
Footin
g No.
Foundation Geometry
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
239
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Foundation Geometry
157
Length
Width
Thickness
240
15
1.550m
1.550m
0.305m
Footin
g No.
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
240
6 @ 65 mm
c/c
6 @ 65 mm
c/c
6 @ 70 mm
c/c
6 @ 70 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Length
Width
Thickness
241
16
2.250m
2.250m
0.466m
Footin
g No.
Foundation Geometry
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
241
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
8 @ 85 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
Footin
g No.
Group ID
Length
Width
Thickness
242
17
1.450m
1.450m
0.305m
Footin
g No.
Foundation Geometry
Pedestal
Reinforcement
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mz )
Bottom
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Top
Reinforcement(
M z)
Top
Reinforcement(
Mx )
Main
Steel
Trans
Steel
242
6 @ 70 mm
c/c
6 @ 70 mm
c/c
6 @ 70 mm
c/c
6 @ 70 mm
c/c
N/A
N/A
158
FOOTING DESIGN EXAMPLE:Isolated Footing 226
159
Column Dimensions
Column shape: Rectangular
Column Length - X (Pl): 0.300m
Column Width - Z (Pw) : 0.300m
Pedestal
Include Pedestal:No
Pedestal Shape: N/A
Pedestal Height (Ph): N/A
Pedestal Length - X (Pl): N/A
Pedestal Width - Z (Pw): N/A
Design Parameters
Concrete and Rebar Properties
Unit Weight of Concrete : 25.000kN/m3
Strength of Concrete : 25.000N/mm2
Yield Strength of Steel : 415.000N/mm2
Minimum Bar Size : 6
Maximum Bar Size : 32
Minimum Bar Spacing : 50.000mm
Maximum Bar Spacing : 500.000mm
Pedestal Clear Cover (P, CL) : 50.000mm
Footing Clear Cover (F, CL) : 50.000mm
160
Soil Properties
Soil Type : Drained
Unit Weight : 18.000kN/m3
Soil Bearing Capacity : 200.000kN/m2
Soil Surcharge : 0.000kN/m2
Depth of Soil above Footing : 0.000mm
Cohesion : 0.000kN/m2
Min Percentage of Slab in Contact: 0.000
Sliding and Overturning

Coefficient of Friction : 0.500
Factor of Safety Against Sliding : 1.500
Factor of Safety Against Overturning : 1.500
Design Calculations
Load Combination/s- Service Stress Level
Load Combination
Number
Load Combination Title
DEAD LOAD
LIVE LOAD
Load Combination/s- Strength Level

Load Combination
Number
Load Combination Title
DEAD LOAD
LIVE LOAD
Applied Loads - Service Stress Level

LC
1
2
Axial
(kN)
442.139
29.154
Shear X
(kN)
-0.926
-0.076
Shear Z
(kN)
-1.307
-0.148
Moment X
(kNm)
-2.177
-0.267
Moment Z
(kNm)
1.149
0.007
Applied Loads - Strength Level

LC
Axial
(kN)
Shear X
(kN)
Shear Z
(kN)
161
Moment X
(kNm)
Moment Z
(kNm)
1
2
442.139
29.154
-0.926
-0.076
-1.307
-0.148
-2.177
-0.267
1.149
0.007
------------------------------------------------------
Footing Size
Initial Length (Lo) = 1.000m
Initial Width (Wo) = 1.000m
Uplift force due to buoyancy = 0.000kN
Effect due to adhesion = 0.000kN
Area from initial length and width, Ao =Lo X Wo = 1.000m2
Min. area required from bearing pressure, Amin =P / qmax = 2.249m2
Note: Amin is an initial estimation.
P = Critical Factored Axial Load(without self
weight/buoyancy/soil).
qmax = Respective Factored Bearing Capacity.
Final Footing Size

Length (L2) =
1.550
Governing Load Case :
#1
Width (W2) =
1.550
#1
Depth (D2) =
0.305
#1
Area (A2) =
2.403
m2
Depth is governed by Ultimate Load Case

(Service check is performed with footing thickness requirements from concrete check)
Final Pedestal Height =
0.000
Final Soil Height =
0.000
------------------------------------------------------
162
Pressures at Four Corner
Load Case
Pressure at
corner 1 (q1)
(kN/m2)
Pressure at
corner 2 (q2)
(kN/m2)
Pressure at
corner 3 (q3)
(kN/m2)
Pressure at
corner 4 (q4)
(kN/m2)
Area of
footing in
uplift (Au)
(m2)
198.1142
193.5013
185.2017
189.8146
0.000
198.1142
193.5013
185.2017
189.8146
0.000
198.1142
193.5013
185.2017
189.8146
0.000
198.1142
193.5013
185.2017
189.8146
0.000
If Au is zero, there is no uplift and no pressure adjustment is necessary. Otherwise, to account for
uplift, areas of negative pressure will be set to zero and the pressure will be redistributed to
remaining corners.
Summary of adjusted Pressures at Four Corner

Load Case
Pressure at
corner 1 (q1)
(kN/m2)
Pressure at
corner 2 (q2)
(kN/m2)
Pressure at
corner 3 (q3)
(kN/m2)
Pressure at
corner 4 (q4)
(kN/m2)
198.1142
193.5013
185.2017
189.8146
198.1142
193.5013
185.2017
189.8146
198.1142
193.5013
185.2017
189.8146
198.1142
193.5013
185.2017
189.8146
163
Details of Out-of-Contact Area

(If Any)
Governing load case = N/A
Plan area of footing = 2.403sq.m
Area not in contact with soil = 0.000sq.m
% of total area not in contact = 0.000%
------------------------------------------------------
Check For Stability Against Overturning And Sliding

-
Factor of safety against sliding
Factor of safety against overturning
Load Case
No.
Along XDirection
Along ZDirection
Resultant
W.R.T. X-Direction
W.R.T. Z-Direction
248.617
176.099
143.702
138.554
249.288
313.629
160.275
142.719
118.017
1223.400
Critical Load Case And The Governing Factor Of Safety For Overturning and
Sliding X Direction
Critical Load Case for Sliding along X-Direction : 1
Governing Disturbing Force : -0.926kN
Governing Restoring Force : 230.229kN
Minimum Sliding Ratio for the Critical Load Case : 248.617
Critical Load Case for Overturning w.r.t. X-Direction : 2
Governing Overturning Moment : -0.312kNm
Governing Resisting Moment : 36.791kNm
Minimum Overturning Ratio for the Critical Load Case : 118.017
Critical Load Case And The Governing Factor Of Safety For Overturning and Sliding Z Direction
Critical Load Case for Sliding along Z-Direction : 2
Governing Disturbing Force : -0.148kN
Critical Load Case for Overturning w.r.t. Z-Direction : 1
Governing Overturning Moment : 1.431kNm
164
Governing Resisting Moment : 356.849kNm

Minimum Overturning Ratio for the Critical Load Case : 249.288
Critical Load Case And The Governing Factor Of Safety For Sliding Along Resultant Direction
Critical Load Case for Sliding along Resultant Direction : 2
Governing Disturbing Force : 0.166kN
------------------------------------------------------
Moment Calculation
Check Trial Depth against moment (w.r.t. X Axis)
Critical Load Case = #1
= 0.252m
Effective Depth =
Governing moment (Mu) = 58.939kNm

As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G-1.1C
= 0.479107
Limiting Factor1 (Kumax) =
= 3444.291146kN/m2
Limiting Factor2 (Rumax) =
= 339.019527kNm
Limit Moment Of Resistance (Mumax) =
Mu <= Mumax hence, safe

Check Trial Depth against moment (w.r.t. Z Axis)
= 0.252m
Effective Depth =
Governing moment (Mu) = 58.531kNm

As Per IS 456 2000 ANNEX G G-1.1C
= 0.479107
Limiting Factor1 (Kumax) =

165
= 3444.291146kN/m2
Limiting Factor2 (Rumax) =
= 339.019527kNm
Limit Moment Of Resistance (Mumax) =
Mu <= Mumax hence, safe

------------------------------------------------------
Shear Calculation
Check Trial Depth for one way shear (Along X Axis)
(Shear Plane Parallel to X Axis)
Critical Load Case = # 1

DX = 0.373m
Shear Force(S) = 112.629kN
Shear Stress(Tv) = 288.348628kN/m2
Percentage Of Steel(Pt) = 0.1695
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 40 Table 19
Shear Strength Of Concrete(Tc) = 307.303kN/m2
Tv< Tc hence, safe
Check Trial Depth for one way shear (Along Z Axis)
(Shear Plane Parallel to Z Axis)
166
Critical Load Case = # 1

DZ = 0.373m
Percentage Of Steel(Pt) = 0.1707
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 40 Table 19
Shear Strength Of Concrete(Tc) = 308.286kN/m2
Tv< Tc hence, safe
Check Trial Depth for two way shear
167

As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 31.6.3.1
Ks =
= 1.000
Shear Strength(Tc)=
= 1250.0000kN/m2
Ks x Tc = 1250.0000kN/m2
Tv<= Ks x Tc hence, safe
------------------------------------------------------
Reinforcement Calculation
Calculation of Maximum Bar Size
Along X Axis
Bar diameter corresponding to max bar size (db) = 12mm
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.2.1
Development Length(ld) =
168
= 0.484m
Allowable Length(ldb) =
= 0.575m
ldb >=ld hence, safe
Along Z Axis
Bar diameter corresponding to max bar size(db) = 12mm
As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.2.1
Development Length(ld) =
Allowable Length(ldb) =
= 0.484m
= 0.575m
ldb >=ld hence, safe
Bottom Reinforcement Design Along Z Axis
For moment w.r.t. X Axis (Mx)

As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1
Minimum Area of Steel (Astmin) = 567.300mm2
Calculated Area of Steel (Ast) = 666.689mm2
169
Provided Area of Steel (Ast,Provided) = 666.689mm2

Astmin<= Ast,Provided Steel area is accepted
Selected bar Size (db) = 6

Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = 46.000mm
Selected spacing (S) = 62.783mm
Smin<= S <= Smax and selected bar size < selected maximum bar size...
The reinforcement is accepted.
Based on spacing reinforcement increment; provided reinforcement is
6 @ 60.000mm o.c.
Bottom Reinforcement Design Along X Axis
For moment w.r.t. Z Axis (Mz)

As Per IS 456 2000 Clause 26.5.2.1
170


Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = = 50.000mm
6 @ 60.000mm o.c.
Top Reinforcement Design Along Z Axis

Governing Moment = 2.565kNm
171

Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = 50.000mm
6 @ 70.000mm o.c.
Top Reinforcement Design Along X Axis

Governing Moment = 2.565kNm

172
Minimum spacing allowed (Smin) = = 50.000mm

6 @ 70.000mm o.c.
Crack Width Calculation (for Mz)

Modulus of Elasticity of
Concrete(Ec)
= 25000000.000kN/m2
Clause No.
6.2.3.1
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel(Es)
= 200000000.000kN/m2
Annexure F
Depth of Neutral Axis(Xu)
= 0.121m
Annexure G,
Clause No. G1.1.a
Effective MOI(Ieff)
= 0.001m4
Average Steel Strain at Considered

Level(m)
= 0.000 X 10-5
Distance from Nearest Tension

Rod (acr)
= 0.062m
Crack Width (Wcr)
= 0.000mm
Annexure F
From IS 456-2000 Clause No.

35.3.2
Section is uncracked.
Crack Width Calculation (for Mx)

Modulus of Elasticity of
= 25000000.000kN/m2
Concrete(Ec)
Modulus of Elasticity of Steel(Es) = 200000000.000kN/m2
Depth of Neutral Axis(Xu) = 0.121m
Effective MOI(Ieff) = 0.001m4
Average Steel Strain at Considered = 0.000 X 10-5
Level(m)
173
Clause No. 6.2.3.1

Annexure F
Annexure G,
Clause No. G1.1.a
Distance from Nearest Tension Rod

= 0.062m
(acr)
Crack Width (Wcr) = 0.000mm
From IS 456-2000 Clause No.
35.3.2
Section is uncracked.
------------------------------------------------------
174
Annexure F
OUTPUT OF FOOTINGS
Footing 226
175
Footing 227
176
Footing 228
177
Footing 229
178
Footing 230
179
Footing 231
180
Footing 232
181
Footing 233
182
Footing 234
183
Footing 235
184
Footing 236
185
Footing 237
186
Footing 238
187
Footing 239
188
Footing 240
189
Footing 241
190
Footing 242
191
LAYOUT OF ALL FOOTINGS
192
COLUMNS
193
CHAPTER - VI
COLUMNS
6.1
INTRODUCTION:
A column may be defined as an element used primarily to support
axial compressive loads and with a height of at least three times its least
lateral dimension. A compression member subjected to pure axial load rarely
occurs in practice. All columns are subjected to some moment which may be
due to accidental eccentricity or due top end restraint imposed by the
monolithically placed beams or slabs. The strength of a column depends on
the strength of the materials, shape and size of the cross section, length and
the degree of positional and directional restraints at its ends. A column may
be classified based on different criteria, such as,
a) Shape of cross section
b) Slenderness ratio
c) Type of loading
d) Pattern of lateral reinforcement
A column may be rectangular, square, circular or polygon in cross
section. The code specifies certain minimum reinforcement bars depending
on its shape.
According to IS 456 2000 column may be classified as short or long
column depending on its effective slenderness ratio. The ratio of effective
column length to least lateral dimension is referred to as effective slenderness
ratio. A short column has a maximum slenderness ratio is 12. Its design is
based on the strength of materials and the applied loads. A long column has a
slenderness ratio > 12. However, maximum slenderness ratio of a column
194
should not exceed 56. A long column is designed to resist the applied loads
plus additional bending moments induced due to its tendency to buckle.
A column may be classified as following based on type of loading
i)
Axially loaded column.
ii)
A column subjected to axial load and uniaxial loading.
iii)
A column subjected to axial load and biaxial loading.
A reinforced concrete column can also be classified according to the

manner in which the longitudinal bars area laterally supported.
Tied column
Spiral column.
On the basis of slenderness
Pedestal
Short columns
Long columns
6.2
DESIGN CRETERIA
The design of column is building since it is subjected to axial load and
moment, which would be varied to a large extent independently. The first step
is the design of column is the analysis of structure for evaluating the loads and
moments coming on individual column elements. Depending on the
magnitude of moment, section subjected to combined and uniaxial moment
may result in untracked (or) cracked section. If the B.M. is smaller as
compared to the axial load, the section may be entirely in compression or
tensile stress developed will exceed the permissible value resulting in cracked
section. The design of uncracked section is done by elastic theory assuming
transformed cross-section.
195
Design requirement for longitudinal steel according to I.S code is as

follows. Minimum area = 0.8% of gross sectional area of column. Maximum
area = 6.0% gross sectional area of columns. However, to avoid congestion of
bars especially when they are to overlap, maximum percentage is limited to
4.0%. The minimum number of bars 4 for rectangular column and 6 for
circular column. The spacing of bars (min. diameter of bars + 12mm)
measured along the periphery of the column should not exceed 300mm.
Closely spaced ties must be provided at the two ends of the column over a
length not less than larger dimension of the column, one-sixth the column
height or 450 mm over the distance specified in item above and below beamcolumn junction, the vertical spacing of ties in columns should not exceed D/4
where D is the smallest dimension of column. This should not be less than
75mm or more than 100mm.
196
Columns cross section
All units are in mm
197

All units are in mm
198

All units are in mm
199

All units are in mm
200
BEAMS
201
CHAPTER - VII
BEAMS
7.1
INTRODUCTION:
Beams are members that are subjected to bending. Bending causes

compressive as well as tensile stresses in the same cross section depending upon the
position of particles and the type of end supports.
7.2
Singly Reinforced Beams:
A singly reinforced beam is a beam provided with longitudinal reinforcement in the

tension zone only.
The analysis and design of a reinforced concrete member subjected to bending
are based on the following assumptions.
-
Plane sections transverse to the center line of a member before

bending remain plane sections after bending.
Elastic modulus of concrete has the same value with in the limits
of deformation of the member.
Elastic modulus for steel has the same value within the limits of
deformation of the member.
The reinforcement does not slip from concrete surrounding it.
Tension is borne entirely by steel.
The steel is free from initial stresses when embedded in concrete.
There is no resultant thrust on any transverse section of the

member.
7.3
Doubly Reinforced Beams:

A doubly reinforced concrete beam is reinforced in both
compression and tension regions. The section of the beam may be a rectangle,
202
T or L-section. The necessity of using steel in the compression region arises

due to two main reasons:
When depth of beam is restricted, the strength available from a singly
reinforced beam is in adequate.
At a support of a continuous beam where bending moment changes

sign. Such a situation may also arise in the design of a beam circular in plan.
Under Reinforced Section: when the percentage of steel in a section
is less that required for a balanced section, the section is under forced section.
Over Reinforced Section: when the percentage of steel in a section is
more that required for a balanced section, the section is over Reinforced
section.
7.4
Design conditions:
1. Effective span is calculated using IS 456-2000 of cause 21.1
2. Effective width of the flange is determined using IS 456-2000 of
clause 2.2
3. Surface depth is fixed arbitrarily.
4.
Form moment distribution method , maximum B.M. for each

beam are taken. They are grouped into 4 groups.
The maximum moment is taken for design consideration moment
of resistance of the section is greater than B.M. assumed depth is O.K

otherwise either. Depth of the beam is increased or increase the reinforced
section in compression side also in addition to tension side. If the main
reinforcement of slab in addition to tension side. If the main reinforcement of
slab is parallel to the beam. Transverse reinforcement shall be provided. Such
reinforcement should not be less than 60% of the main reinforcement at mid
span of the slab. At least of total reinforcement provided for negative
203
moment for at the support shall be extended beyond the effective depth of the
member (or) 12 times of diameter bar whichever is greater. In normal causes,
point of inflection lies at 0.15L from continuous support. The bars are
extended from center of the support upto a distance equal to 0.25L. Where L
is the span of the beam. Checks for shear development length etc., are made as
per IS 456-2000.
204
Cross section of beams

All units are in mm
205
All units are in mm
206

All units are in mm
207
All units are in mm
208
All units are in mm
209

All units are in mm
210

All units are in mm
211

All units are in mm
212

All units are in mm
213

All units are in mm
214

All units are in mm
215

All units are in mm
216
All units are in mm
217
All units are in mm
218

All units are in mm
219

All units are in mm
220

All units are in mm
221

All units are in mm
222

All units are in mm
223
STAIR CASE
224
CHAPTER VIII
DESIGN OF STAIR CASE
8.1
Introduction
The purpose of a staircase is to provide pedestrian access to different levels within a
building. The geometrical forms of staircases may be quite different depending on the individual
circumstances involved there are two main components of a staircase; stairs and landing slab.
The stairs and landing slab can arranged in
different in different forms to get different types of staircase. The shape and structural
arrangement of a staircase would generally depend on two main factors.
I. Type of construction of the structure around the staircase.
II. Availability of the space.
Rise and going are two terms associated with a stair. The term rise refers to the vertical
height of a steep and going its represents horizontal dimension.
8.2
General Rules
1. Between consecutive floors there should be an equal rise for every parallel step
similarly, there should be equal going.
2. The sum of going of a single step plus twice the rise should be between 550 mm and
700 mm.
3. The rise of a step should not be more than about 200 mm and going not les than 240
mm.
4. The slope or pitch of stair case should be more than about 38
225
Tread:
The tread means the horizontal upper portion of a step.
Riser:
This is the vertical portion of the step. Riser means the vertical distance between the
horizontal surfaces of two consecutive steps.
Landing:
This is a horizontal platform provided at the head of a series of steps. A landing extending right
across a staircase is called a half space landing. If a landing extends only half across a
staircase, it is called quarter space landing.
Flight: This consists of a series of steps provided between landings.
Nosing: This is the outer projecting edge of a tread.
226

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ABSTRACT

The rapid development of science and technology brought the world as a

Breadth of beam, shorter dimension of a rectangular column

Effective width of slab

Effective width of flange

Breadth of web or rib

Overall depth of beam or slab or diameter of column;

Thickness of flange/slab in flanged beam

Effective depth of beam or slab

Depth of compression reinforcement from the highly

Modulus of elasticity of concrete

Characteristic strength of Concrete

Steel stress of service load

characteristic strength of steel

Effective moment of inertia

Constant or coefficient or factor

Live load or Imposed load

Length of shorter side of slab

Length of longer side of slab

Moment coefficient in shorter span direction

Moment coefficient in longer span direction

Axial load on a compression member

Calculated maximum bearing pressure at the base of a pedestal

Distributed dead load per unit area

Distributed live load per unit area

Permissible stress in concrete in bending compression

Permissible stress in concrete in direct compression

Permissible stress in steel in direct compression

Permissible stress in steel in tension

Permissible tensile stress in steel in shear reinforcement

Design bond stress

Shear stress in concrete

Maximum shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement

Area of compression reinforcement

Area of tension reinforcement

Total cross-sectional area of stirrup area of bent-up bars

Idealization of structure for Analysis.

Analysis of idealized structural model to determine axial thrust, shears, bending

Design of Structural Elements &

Detailed Structural Drawings & Schedule of Reinforcing bars.

Working Stress Method

Ultimate Load Method

Limit State Method

Working Stress Method was the principal method prevalent.

1.1.1 Working Stress Method

Stress Strain curve in working stress design

Area of tension steel

total force of compression

lever arm, distance b/w the point of application of force of

depth of neutral axis.

total force of Tension

permissible compressive stress in concrete

permissible tensile stress in steel

compressive strain in concrete

tensile strain in steel

The tensile strength of concrete is ignored.

The Modular Ratio m has the value ( 280/3 cb) .

The working stress method can be expressed as

1.1.3 Draw Backs

Limit State Method

Originated from Ultimate or Plastic design.

1.2.1 Limit State of Collapse