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Pesticide toxicity to bees

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Jump to: navigation, search Pesticides vary in their effects on bees. Contact pesticides are usually sprayed on plants and can kill bees when they crawl over sprayed surfaces of plants or other media. Systemic pesticides, on the other hand, are usually incorporated into the soil or onto seeds and move up into the stem, leaves, nectar, and pollen of plants.
[1]

Dust and wettable powder pesticides tend to be more hazardous to bees than solutions or emulsifiable concentrates for contact pesticides. Actual damage to bee populations is a function of toxicity and exposure of the compound, in combination with the mode of application. A systemic pesticide, which is incorporated into the soil or coated on seeds, may kill soil-dwelling insects, such as grubs or mole crickets as well as other insects, including bees, that are exposed to the leaves, fruits, pollen, and nectar of the treated plants.[2][3]

Contents
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1 Classification 2 Colony collapse disorder 3 Bee kill rate per hive 4 Pesticides o 4.1 Common insecticides toxic to bees and used on soybeans o 4.2 Highly toxic and banned in the US 4.2.1 Lawsuit against the EPA in the United States 5 See also 6 References 7 External links

[edit] Classification
Insecticide toxicity is generally measured using acute contact toxicity values LD50 the exposure level that causes 50% of the population exposed to die. Toxicity thresholds are generally set at[4] [5]

highly toxic (acute LD50 < 2g/bee) moderately toxic (acute LD50 2 - 10.99g/bee) slightly toxic (acute LD50 11 - 100g/bee) non-toxic (acute LD50 > 100g/bee) to adult bees.

[edit] Colony collapse disorder

Colony collapse disorder (CCD) is a syndrome that is characterized by the sudden loss of adult bees from the hive. Many possible explanations for CCD have been proposed, but no one primary cause has been found. The
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US Department of Agriculture (USDA) has indicated in a report to Congress that a combination of factors may be causing CCD, including pesticides, pathogens, and parasites, all of which have been found at high levels in affected bee hives.[6] For the majority of pesticides that are registered in the United States, EPA only requires a short-term contact toxicity test on adult honeybees. In some cases, the agency also receives short-term oral toxicity tests, which are required in Europe. EPA's testing requirements do not account for sub-lethal effects to bees or effects on brood or larvae. Their testing requirements are also not designed to determine effects in bees from exposure to systemic pesticides. With Colony Collapse Disorder, whole hive tests in the field are needed in order to determine the effects of a pesticide on bee colonies. To date, there are very few scientifically valid whole hive studies that can be used to determine the effects of pesticides on bee colonies.[7]

[edit] Bee kill rate per hive

The kill rate of bees in a single bee hive can be classified as:[8] < 100 bees per day - normal die off rate 200-400 bees per day - low kill 500-900 bees per day - moderate kill > 1000 bees per day - high kill

[edit] Pesticides
Common name (ISO) Aldicarb Carbaryl [9] Examples of Brand names Temik Sevin, (b) Sevin XLR foraging even 10 hours after spraying; 37 days (b) 8 hours @ 1.5 lb/acre (168 g/Ha) or less. Pesticide Class Carbamate Carbamate High risk to bees length of residual toxicity Comments apply 4 weeks before bloom Bees poisoned with carbaryl can take 23 days to die, appearing inactive as if cold. It allows them time to take contaminated nectar and pollen back to the colony. Some crops treated with Sevin under the wrong conditions (in bloom, using a dust formulation, with large numbers of bees in the field) have been responsible for disastrous kills. Sevin is one of the United States' most widely used insecticides for a Bee toxicity Relatively non-toxic highly toxic

Carbofuran [10]

Furadan

Carbamate

Methomyl [11]

Lannate, Nudrin

Carbamate

wide variety of insect pests. It is also one of the most toxic to honey bees, in certain formulations. These should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination. There are formulations, however, which are determined to be less toxic (see tables). Usually, applicatorbeekeeper communication can effectively be used to adequately protect bees from Sevin poisoning. 7 14 U.S. Environmental days Protection Agency ban on use on crops grown for human consumption (2009) carbofuran (banned in granular form)[10] 2 hours + Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination.

highly toxic

highly toxic

Methiocarb mexacarbate[12] Pirimicarb Propoxur [13] Acephate [14] Azinphos-methyl

[15]

Mesurol Zectran Pirimor, Aphox Baygon Orthene Guthion, MethylGuthion Dursban, Lorsban

Carbamate Carbamate Carbamate Carbamate Organophosphate Organophosphate Organophosphate 3 days 2.5 days banned in the European Union since 2006.[16] banned in the US for home and garden use Should

highly toxic highly toxic Relatively non-toxic highly toxic Moderately toxic highly toxic highly toxic
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Chlorpyrifos [17]

Coumaphos [18]

Checkmite

Organophosphate

Demeton[19] Demeton-Smethyl Diazinon [20]

Systox Meta-systox Spectracide

Organophosphate Organophosphate Organophosphate

<2 hours

Dicrotophos[21] Dichlorvos[22] Dimethoate [23]

Bidrin DDVP, Vapona Cygon, De-Fend

Organophosphate Organophosphate Organophosphate 3 days

Fenthion [24]

Fenitrothion [25] fensulfothion Fonofos[26] Malathion

Entex, Baytex, Baycid, Dalf, DMPT, Mercaptophos, Prentox, Fenthion 4E, Queletox,Lebaycid Sumithion Dasanit Dyfonate EC Malathion USB, ~ EC, Cythion,

Organophosphate

never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination. This is an insecticide Relatively that is used inside the non-toxic beehive to combat varroa mites and small hive beetles, which are parasites of the honey bee. Overdoses can lead to bee poisoning. highly toxic Moderately toxic Residential uses of highly diazinon were toxic outlawed in the U.S. in 2004. Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination. highly toxic highly toxic Should never be highly sprayed on flowering toxic crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination. Should never be highly sprayed on flowering toxic crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination. highly toxic highly toxic highly toxic highly toxic
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Organophosphate Organophosphate Organophosphate Organophosphate 3 hours >8 fl oz/acre List of Schedule 2 substances (CWC)

maldison, mercaptothion Methamidophos

[27]

(58 L/km) 5.5 days Organophosphate Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination. Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination. By far the most potentially damaging pesticides for honey bees are those packaged in tiny capsules (microencapsulated). Microencapsulated methyl parathion (PennCap M), for example, is a liquid formulation containing capsules approximately the size of pollen grains, which contain the active ingredient. When bees are out in the field, these capsules can become attached electrostatically to the pollen-collecting hairs of the insects, and at times are collected by design. When stored in pollen, the slowrelease feature of the capsules allows the methyl parathion to be a potential killer for several months. At the present time, there is no way to detect whether bees highly toxic

Monitor, Tameron

Methidathion [28]

Supracide

Organophosphate

highly toxic

methyl parathion

Parathion,[29] Penncap-M

Organophosphate

58 days

highly toxic

are indeed poisoned by microencapsulated methyl parathion, so a beekeeper potentially could lose replacement bees for those already poisoned by the pesticide. It is, therefore, strongly recommended by experts that this formulation be used only when honey bee exposure is not a possibility. It is classified as a UNEP Persistent Organic Pollutant and WHO Toxicity Class, "Ia, Extremely Hazardous". Mevinphos[30] Monocrotophos[31] Phosdrin Azodrin Organophosphate Organophosphate Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination. 16 hours Should never be sprayed on flowering crops especially if bees are active and the crop requires pollination. <2 hours 5 hours highly toxic highly toxic

Naled[32] Omethoate

Dibrom

Organophosphate Organophosphate

highly toxic highly toxic

Oxydemetonmethyl[33] Phorate[34] Phosmet [35] phosphamidon pyrazophos tetrachlorvinphos

Metasystox-R Thimet EC Imidan Dimecron Afugan Rabon, Stirofos, Gardona, Gardcide

Organophosphate Organophosphate Organophosphate Organophosphate Organophosphate Organophosphate

fungicide

highly toxic highly toxic highly toxic highly toxic highly toxic highly toxic
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Trichlorfon, Metrifonate Permethrin [36]

Dylox, Dipterex Ambush, Pounce

Organophosphate Synthetic pyrethroid 12 days

3 6 hours safened by repellency under arid conditions. Permethrin is also the active ingredient in insecticides used against the Small hive beetle, which is a parasite of the beehive in the temperate climate regions. Less than Cypermethrin is 2 hours found in many household ant and cockroach killers, including Raid and ant chalk. 1 day safened by repellency under arid conditions

Relatively non-toxic highly toxic

Cypermethrin [37]

Ammo, Raid

Synthetic pyrethroid

highly toxic

Fenvalerate [38] Resmethrin[39][40]

[41] [42] [43]

Asana, Pydrin Chrysron, Crossfire, Pynosect, Raid Flying Insect Killer, Scourge, Sun-Bugger #4, SPB-1382, Synthrin, Syntox, Vectrin, Whitmire PT-110 DMDT, Marlate Thiodan

Synthetic pyrethroid Synthetic pyrethroid

highly toxic highly toxic

Methoxychlor [44] Endosulfan [45]

Chlorinated cyclodiene Chlorinated cyclodiene Neonicotinoid

2 hours 8 hours

Clothianidin

Poncho

available as a General Use Pesticide banned in European Union (2007?), New Zealand (2009) Banned in Germany In June 2008, the Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (Germany) suspended the registration of eight neonicotinoid

highly toxic moderately toxic Highly Toxic[47]

Thiamethoxam Imidacloprid

Actara Confidor, Gaucho, Kohinor, Admire, Advantage, Merit, Confidor, Hachikusan, Amigo, SeedPlus (Chemtura Corp.), Monceren GT, Premise, Prothor, and Winner

Neonicotinoid Neonicotinoid

pesticide seed treatment products used in oilseed rape and sweetcorn, a few weeks after honey bee keepers in the southern state of Baden Wrttemberg reported a wave of honey bee deaths linked to one of the pesticides, clothianidin.[46] Clothianidin is a major metabolite of Thiamethoxam. (see also Imidacloprid effects on bee population)Banned in France since 1999

Highly Toxic highly toxic

dicofol petroleum oils 2,4-D[48]

[49]

Acaricide

ingredient in over 1,500 products

Synthetic auxin herbicide

Relatively non-toxic Relatively non-toxic Relatively non-toxic

[edit] Common insecticides toxic to bees and used on soybeans

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Many insecticides used against soybean aphids are highly toxic to bees.[50]

Orthene 75S (acephate) Address 75 WSP (acephate) Sevin (Carbaryl) Lorsban 4E (Chlorpyrifos) Dimate (Dimethoate) Steward 1.25 SC (Indoxacarb) Lannate (Methomyl) Cheminova Methyl 4EC (Methyl Parathion) Penncap M (microencapsulated Methyl Parathion) Tracer (Spinosad)

[edit] Highly toxic and banned in the US

Aldrin banned by US EPA in 1974[51] Dieldrin banned by US EPA in 1974[52] Heptachlor[53] lindane, BHC (banned in California)

[edit] Lawsuit against the EPA in the United States In August 2008, the Natural Resources Defense Council, a New York environmental advocacy group, filed a lawsuit against the federal Environmental Protection Agency accusing the agency of withholding information about the risks pesticides pose to honeybees.[54]

Honeybee Love: Keeping Honeybees Safe While Using Pesticides

by Genevieve on May 16, 2010

Weve all heard about the plight of the honeybees by now pesticides, hive infections, and other causes are combining to make it a very hard time to be a honeybee. If youre thinking to yourself that its not the worst thing in the world to have one less type of stinging insect around remember honeybees are extremely sweet little critters, completely unlike wasps. Ive had to prune plants that they were happily buzzing and swarming for the nectar, and they took my activities with a cheerful
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spirit. In 14 years of gardening professionally, I have never once been stung by a honeybee, even though Ive sheared, lopped, and pruned shrubs and flowers they were drinking from. If thats not enough keep in mind, our food supply still gets pollinated the old-fashioned way, with insects and lots and lots of honeybees. A drastic reduction in their numbers means terrible things for our plates. A Cornell University study estimated that every third bite of food in America is pollinated by honeybees. What can you do? While we dont know all the causes of their problems, a couple of things are certain to help. We can be mindful of the pesticides we use, even the organic ones, and we can plant things in our gardens that provide nectar and pollen for them to eat. Today well talk about which pesticides you can use to kill the bad bugs while keeping honeybees alive and well.

Pesticides that harm honeybees

Some common pesticides you may have that are toxic to bees: Orthene (Acephate) Seven (Carbaryl) Diazinon (Spectracide, others) Bayer systemic (Imidacloprid), which gets into the pollen, may cause disorientation and death in bees Ambush, Pounce (Permethrin) Crossfire, Raid Flying Insect Killer (Resmethrin)

Safe only if sprayed at dawn or dusk, when bees arent active

These pesticides can hurt bees when wet, but arent harmful when dry, so if you use with care, can be beesafe: Spinosad (insecticide) Pyrethrum (insecticide) Neem oil (fungicide, insecticide)

Honeybee-safe pesticides
While its not nice to spray while bees are around, these are fairly non-toxic to them: Sulfur (fungicide) Serenade (biological fungicide) Insecticidal soap Petroleum-based oils B.T. or Bacillus thuringiensis (biological control for caterpillars)
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Herbicides like Roundup and 2,4-D (though I much prefer organic herbicides) Of course, prevention of pests and attraction of beneficials using plants can also help reduce the need for pesticides, as can the use of biological controls and beneficials, like hypoaspis miles mites for thrips or ladybugs or lacewings for aphids.

Other tips for keeping bees safe while using pesticides:

When in doubt, dont spray anything thats in full bloom. Bees arent attracted to plants that are budded or are at the point where their blossoms have dropped their petals. Spray anything you need to in the very early morning or right before dark so that bees are already safely home, and the pesticide can dry before bees come into contact with them. Careful not to contaminate the water that bees drink! Dont dump out your leftover pesticide in a way that leaves a puddle that bees might drink from. Use less-toxic formulations: Dusts are more hazardous to bees than liquids, and if you see any of the new micro-encapsulated formulas, just avoid them. These tiny capsules are the same size as pollen spheres, so are carried back to the colony and shared. If youve got something thats particularly attractive to bees right next to your problem plant, consider not spraying or holding off till the other plant is no longer in bloom. One last note a big portion of the problem for honeybees also comes from agricultural uses, so eating organic really helps. In particular, the pesticides used on non-organic soy cause problems to honeybees.

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Pesticides and Honey Bees

Toxicity of pesticides. Many materials that are used to control insects, weeds, and plant diseases are toxic to honey bees. These pesticides are placed in three groups in relation to their effects on bees. Highly toxic** materials are those that kill bees on contact during application and for one or more days after treatment. Bees should be moved from the area if highly toxic materials are used on plants the bees are visiting. Among the materials in this group are the foilsmang:

(Trade -name and/or common name)

aldrin Guthion, azinphos-methyl Ambush, permethrin heptachlor arsenicals Imidan, phosmet Avermectin Lannate, methomyl Azodrin, monocrotophos Lorsban, chlorpyrifos Baygon, propoxur malathion Baytex, fenthion Matacil, aminocarb Bidrin, dicrotophos Mesurol, methiocarb Bux, bufencarb methyl parathion carbosulfan, FMC- 35001 Monitor, methamidophos Cygon, dimethoate Nemacur, fenamiphos Cythion, malathion Nudrin, methomyl Dasanit, fensulfothion Orthene, acephate DDVP, dichlorvos parathion Dibrom, naled* Pay-Off, flucythrinate Decis, decamethrin Phosdrin, mevinphos* De-Fend, dimethoate Pounce, permethrin diazinon, Spectracide Pydrin, fenvalerate dieldrin Sevin, carbaryl Dimecron, phospliamidon Spectracide, diazinon Dursban, chlorpyrifos Surnithion, fenitrothion Ekamet, ctrimfos Sumithrin, d-phenothrin EPN Supracide, methidathion Ethyl Gutbion, azinphos- ethy Synthrin, resmethrin Famophos, famphur Tamaron, methamidophos Ficam, bendiocarb Temik, aldicarb Folithion, fenitrothion tepp* Furadan, carbofuran Vapona, dichlorvos Gardona, tetrachlorvinphos *Short residual activity. Can usually be applied safety when bees are not in flight. Do not apply over hives.

Moderately toxic** materials can be used with limited damage to bees if they are not applied over bees in the field or at the hives. Correct dosage, timing, and method of application are essential. This group includes the following:
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(Trade name and/or common name)

Abate, temephos Agritox, trichloronate Bolstar, sulprophos Carzol, formetanate hydrochloride chlordane Ciodrin, crotoxyphos Counter, terbufos Croneton, ethiofencarb Curacron, profenofos DDT Di-Syston, disulfoton Dyfonate, fonofos endrin Korlan, ronnel

Larvin, thiodicarb Metasystox-R, oxydemethon- methyl Mocap, ethoprop Perthane, ethylan Pyramat Sevin 4-Oil, carbaryl Sevimol, carbaryl Systox, demeton Thimet, phorate Thiodan, endosulfan Trithion, carbophenothion Vydate, oxamyl Zolone, phosalone

The greatest number of materials are included in the relatively nontoxic group.** These pesticides can be used around bees with few precautions and a minimum of injury to bees. The following list includes some of the materials in this group:

Insecticides and Acaricides (trade name and/or common name)

Acaraben, chlorobenzilate alletbrin, Pynamin Altosid, methoprene Baam, amitraz Bacillus thuringiensis, Bactur Bactospeine, Bakthane, Dipel, Thuricide Birlane, chlorfenvinphos Delnav, dioxathion Dessin, dinobuton Dimilin, diflubenzuron Dylox, trichlorfon ethion Fundal, chlordimeform Galecron, chlordimeform Heliothis polyhedrosis virus Kelthane, dicofol

Mavrik, fluvalinate methoxychlor, Marlate Mitac, amitraz Morestan, oxythioquinox Morocide, binapacryl Murvesco, fenson nicotine Pentac, dienochlor Plictran, cyhexatin pyrethrum (natural) rotenone sabadilla Sevin XLR, carbaryl Tedion, tetradifon Torak, dialifor toxaphene

Fungicides (trade name and/or common name)

Benlate, benomyl Bordeaux mixture Bravo, chlorothalonil captan copper oxychloride sulfate Cyprex, dodine cupric hydroxide, Kocide

Du-Ter, fentin hydroxide Dyrene, anilazine ferbam glyodin Karathane, dinocap Morestan, oxythioquinox Mylone, dazomet sulfur 13

Difolatan, captafol Dithane M-22, maneb Dithane Z-78, zineb

Vitavax, carboxin ziram, Zerlate

Herbicides, Defoliants, and Desiccants (trade name and/or common name)

AAtrex, atrazine Arniben, chloramben Animate, AMS Balan, beriefin Banvel, dicamba Bladex, cyanazine 2,4-D dinoseb, dinitrobutylphenol Hyvar, bromacil Kerb, pronamide

Lasso, alachlor Lorox, linuron Prarnitol, prometon Princep, simazine Prowl, pendimethalin Sencor, metribuzin Surflan, oryzalin Sutan+, butylate Telvar, monuron Treflan, trifluralin

**Information extracted from Division of Agricultural Sciences, University of California, Leaflet 2883, February 1981, entitled "Protecting Honey Bees from Pesticides." Pesticides damage colonies in several ways. Most often the), kill the field bees without other effects on the colony. In some instances the bees die in large numbers after returning to the hive Many bees are also lost in the field and the colony is weakened but not usually killed. Sometimes materials are carried by the bees to the hive where they kill brood, young bees, or the entire colony. Encapsulated pesticides, such as Penncap-M, have this potential of being carried to the hive. Methods of application. Losses from pesticides can be minimized by cooperation among beekeepers, farmers, and spray operators. Several basic principles should be followed to prevent losses of bees and to avoid injury to people and farm animals. The first of these is to apply the proper dosages and follow the recommendations on the label. The method of application is also a factor to consider. Ground application is generally safer than air application. The material and its formulation play important roles in its toxicity to bees. In general, sprays are safer than dusts, and emulsifiable concentrates are less toxic than wettable powders. Materials applied as granules are the least hazardous. At present there are no safe, effective repellents that can be used to keep bees away from treated areas. Proper timing of applications of pesticides allows the use of moderately toxic materials on crops visited by bees. Bees visit different crops at different times and for different periods during the day. The timing of treatment of a crop should relate to these bee visits. Squashes, pumpkins, and melons are attractive to bees early in the day but close their blossoms in the afternoon. Afternoon and evening treatments, after the flowers close, are safest for bees. Sweet corn sheds pollen early and is visited by bees most heavily in the morning. Applications of insecticides to sweet corn are least dangerous when made as late as possible in the day, especially if the insecticide is kept off the tassels. For most crops, pesticide applications are safest for bees if they are made between 7 p.m. and 7 a.m.

Table 1. Relative toxicity of pesticides to honey bees determined by laboratory and field tests.
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(CALIFORNIA, 1950 through 1980) (Number-keyed notes on their uses can be found at the end of this section)

Group 1 -- Highly toxic:

Severe losses may be expected if used when bees are present at treatment time or within a day thereafter, except where noted to the contrary.
------------------------------------------Pesticides (trade name and/or common name) ------------------------------------------aldrin2 Ambush? 2,18, permethrin arsenicals 1,2 Asana? esfenvalerate , Avermectin? 17 Azodrin? 1,2, monocrotophos Baygon? 2, propoxur Baytex? 2, fenthion Bidrin? 1,2, dicrotophos Bux? bufencarb , carbosulfan 2, FMC-35001 Cygon? 2, dimethoate Cythion? 2,4, malathion Dasanit? 5, fensulfothion DDVP? 2, dichlorvos Dibrom? 2,3, naled Decis? 2, decamethrin De-Fend? 2, dimethoate diazinon 2, Spectracide? dieldrin 1,2 Dimecron? 2, phosphamidon Dursban? 2, chlorpyrifos Ekamet? etrimfos , EPN 1,2 Ethyl Guthion? azinphos-ethyl , Famophos? famphur , Ficam? bendiocarb , Folithion? fenitrothion , Furadan? 2,5, carbofuran Gardona? 1,2, stirofos Guthion? 1,2, azinphos-methyl heptachlor 1,2 Imidan? 2, phosmet Lannate? 2, methomyl Lorsban? chlorpyrifos , malathion 2,4 Matacil? aminocarb , Mesurol? methiocarb , methyl parathion 1,2,11,12 Monitor? 2, methamidophos Nemacur? 5, fenamiphos Nudrin? 2, methomyl Orthene? 2, acephate parathion 1,2 Pay-Off? Phosdrin? 1,2,3, mevinphos phosphamidon 2, Dimecron? Pounce? 2,18, permethrin Pydrin? 2, fenvalerate

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resmethrin, Synthrin? Sevin? 2, carbaryl Spectracide 2, diazinon Sumithion? fenitrothion , Sumithrin? d-phenothrin , Supracide? 2, methidathion Tamaron? 2, methamidophos Temik? 1,2,5,7, aldicarb tepp 1,2,3 Vapona? 2, dichlorvos TM -------------------------------------------

Group II -- Moderately toxic:

Can be used around bees if dosage, timing, and method of application are correct, but should not be applied directly on bees in the field or on the hives.
-------------------------------------------------Insecticides (trade name and/or common name) -------------------------------------------------Abate? 2, temephos Agritox? trichloronate , Bolstar? sulprophos , Carzol? 2, formetanate hydrochloride chlordane 2 Ciodrin? crotoxyphos , Counter? terbufos , Croneton? ethiofencarb , Curacron? profenofos , DDT 1,2,10 Di-Syston? 1,2,6,18, disulfoton Dyfonate? fonofos , endrin 1,2 Korlan? ronnel , Larvin? 2, thiodicarb Metasystox-R? 2, oxydemeton-methyl Mocap? ethoprop , Perthane? ethylan , Pyramat? Sevin? 4-Oil2, carbaryl Sevimol? 2, carbaryl Syston? 1,2,18, demeton Thimet? 1,2,6, phorate Thiodan? 2, endosulfan Trithion? 2, carbophenothion Vydate? 2, oxamyl Zolone? phosalone , --------------------------------------------------

Group III -- Relatively nontoxic:

Can be used around bees with minimum injury.
------------------------------------------------------------Insecticides and Acaracides (trade name and/or common name) -------------------------------------------------------------

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Acaraben? chlorobenzilate , allethrin, Pynamin? Altosid? 17, methoprene Baam? amitraz , Bacillus thuringiensis 17, Bactur? Bactospeine? Bakthane? Dipel? Thuricide? , , , Birlane? chlorfenvinphos , Comite? propargite , cryolite 2, Kryocide? Delnav? dioxathion , Dessin? dinobuton , Dimilin? 17, diflubenzuron Dylox? 2, trichlorfon ethion Fundal? chlordimeform , Galecron? chlordimeform , Heliothis polyhedrosis virus Kelthane? 1, dicofol Mavrik? 2, fluvalinate methoxychlor 2, Marlate? Mitac? amitraz , Morestan? oxythioquinox , Morocide? binapacryl , Murvesco? fenson , nicotine 2 Omite? propargite , Pentac? dienochlor , pirimor? 2, pirimicarb Plictran? 2, cyhexatin pyrethrum (natural) rotenone 2 sabadilla 2 Sayfos? menazon , Sevin? SL2, carbaryl , Sevin? SLR2, carbaryl Smite? sodium azide , Tedion? tetradifon , Tetram? Tokuthion? prothiophos , Torak? dialifor , toxaphene 1,2 Zardex? cycloprate , ------------------------------------------------------------Fungicides (trade and/or common name) ------------------------------------------------------------Afugan? 2, pyrazophos Arasan? thiram , Bayleton? triadimefon , Benlate? benomyl , Bordeaux mixture 2 Bravo? chlorothalonil , captan 11 copper oxychloride sulfate copper 8-quinolinolate copper sulfate cuprex? dodine , cupric oxide cupric hydroxide, Kocide? Delan? dithianon , Dessin? dinobuton ,

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Difolatan? captafol , Dithane? D-14, nabam Dithane? M-22, maneb Dithane? M-45, manzeb Dithane? Z-78, zineb Du-Ter? fentin hydroxide , Dyrene? anilazine , ferbam glyodin Hinosan? edifenphos , Indar? butrizol , Karathane? dinocap , Lesan? fenaminosulf , Morestan? oxythioquinox , Morocide? binapacryl , Mylone? dazomet , Phaltan? folpet , Plantvax? oxycarboxin , Polyram? metiram , Ridomil? Sisthane? fenapanil , Smite? sodium azide , sulfur 2 Thiram, Thylate? Thyfural Vitavax? carboxin , ziram, Zerlate? ------------------------------------------------------------Herbicides, Defoliants, and Desiccants (trade and/or common name) ------------------------------------------------------------Aatrex? atrazine , Alachlor Alanap? naptalam , Alopex? clofop-isobutyl , Amex? 820, butralin Amiben? chloramben , amitrole Ammate? AMS , Aquathol K? endothall, dipotassium , Avenge? difenzoquat , Balan? benefin , Banvel, dacamba Basagran? bentazon , Basalin? fluchloralin , Betanal? phenmedipham , Betanex? desmedipham , Bladex? cyanazine , Blazer? acifluorfen , butachlor butam cacodylic acid 1 Cambilene? 1, 2.3.6-TBA Caparol? prometryn , Casoron? dichlobenil , Chloro IPC? chlorpropham , Cotoranr, fluometuron 2,4-D 1,2 DEF? 8 Desiccant L-10? 1,9, arsenic acid Devrinol? napromamide ,

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Dichlorprop 1, 2.4-DP dinoseb 9, dinitrobutylphenol diquat 8,9 Dual? metalachlor , endothall, sodium salt, Accelerate? Eptam? EPTC , Eradicane? EPTC+safener , Evik? ametryn , Evital? norflurazon , Folex? 1,8, merphos Garlon? triclopyr , Goal? oxyfluorfen , Hoelon? diclofop-methyl , Hydrothol 191? endothall , monopotassium salt Hyvar? bromacil , Igran? terbutryn , IPC? propham , Karmex? diuron , Kerb? pronamide , Lasso? alachlor , Lorox? linuron , Maloran? chlorbromuron , MCPA 1 Methar? 1, DSMA Milogard? propazine , Modown? bifenox , MSMA 1 Mylone? dazomet , Nortron? ethofumesate , Paarlan? isopropalin , paraquat 1,9 Planavin? nitralin , Pramitol? prometon , Preforan? fluorodife , princep? simazine , Probe? methazole , Prowl? pendimethalin , Ramrod? propachlor , Randox? CDAA , Ronstar? oxydiazon , Roundup? glyphosate , Sancap? dipropetryn , Sencor? metribuzin , silvex 1, 2.4.5-TP Sinbar? terbacil , Smite? sodium azide , Surflan? oryzalin , Sutan? +, butylate 2.4.5-T 1,2 Telvar? monuron , Tenoran? chloroxuron , TOK? nitrofen , Tolban? profluralin , Tordon? picloram , Treflan? tribluralin , Turf Herbicide? endothall, disodium , Vegadex? CDEC , Zorial? norflurazon ,

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------------------------------------------------------------Nematicides and Miscellaneous (trade and/or common name) ------------------------------------------------------------endothall 13 Exhalt? 800 14 gibberellic acid 13 Mocap? 5, ethoprop Mylone? 5, dazomet N-Serve? 15, nitrapyrin Polaris? 16, glyphosine Smite? 5, sodium azide Sustar? 13,16 -------------------------------------------------------------

Number-keyed Notes on Pesticide Use

1. California state regulations require permits for most uses of these chemicals, also for 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T as herbicides but not as sprays on citrus. 2. Laboratory- and field-tested mainly on alfalfa, citrus, cotton, ladino clover, milo and sweet corn; all other chemicals were laboratory-tested only. 3. Dibrom? Phosdrin? and tepp have such short residual activity that they kill only bees , , contacted at treatment time or shortly thereafter. Usually safe to use when bees are not in flight; not safe to use around colonies. 4. Malathion has been applied on thousands of acres of alfalfa in bloom without serious loss of bees. However, occasional heavy losses have occurred, particularly under high temperature conditions. If applied to alfalfa in bloom it should be only as a spray, and application should be made during the night or early in the morning when bees are not foraging in the field. Undiluted technical malathion spray (ULV) should not be used around bees. 5. Nematicide. 6. Di-Syston? (disulfoton) and other systemic pesticides used as seed treatments have not caused bee losses. 7. Temik? (aldicarb), although highly toxic to bees as a contact poison, is used only in granular form, and extensive field usage has not caused bee losses. 8. Defoliant. 9. Desiccant. 10. DDT has been withdrawn for most uses in U.S.A. 11. Field doses have caused brood damage. 12. The microencapsulated formulation of methyl parathion, known as Penncap-M? is highly toxic to foraging bees, young hive bees, and brood. Overall, it is 13 times more hazardous to honey bees than the EC (emulsifiable concentrate) formulation. Penncap-M? is too hazardous to be applied to any area or within 1 mile of any area where and when bees are present. 13. Plant growth regulator. 14. Sticker/extender. 15. Nitrification inhibitor. 16. Chemical ripener. 17. Insect growth regulator. 18. Honey bee repellent.
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19. The following groups found in Table 6-1, Relative Toxicity of Pesticides to Honeybees, (chemicals

used with fruit crops) show the relative toxicity of pesticides to honeybees as determined by laboratory and field tests.

Table 6-1. Relative Toxicity Of Pesticides To Honeybees Group I - Pesticides Highly Toxic to Bees Group II - Pesticides Moderately Toxic to Bees Group III - Pesticides Relatively Non-Toxic to Bees

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Severe losses may be expected if the following materials are used when bees are present at treatment time or within a few days thereafter: Admire Agri-Mek 1.9EC APM 50W Instapak Cygon 480 Cymbush 250 EC Decis 5EC Diazinon 500 E DiazinonI 50W DZN 600 WDG Furadan 480F Guthion Solupak Imidan 50 WP Lorsban 4E Malathion 25W Matador 120EC Parathion 15W Pounce Pyramite Ripcord 400EC Sevin XLR Plus Success 480 SC Sniper Sniper 240 E Vydate

These can be used around bees if dosage, timing, and method of application are correct, but do not apply them directly on bees, in the field or at the colonies: Carzol SP Dikar Endosulfan 50W Lannate T-N-G Metasystox R 240EC Nustar Pirimor 50DF Thiodan 4EC Thiodan 50WP Zolone

Aliette WDG Apollo SC Benlate T-N-G Bioprotec CAF Botran 75W Bravo 500 Captain 80 WDG Confirm 240F Copper 53W Dipel 2X DF Dithane DG Dithane M45 Elevate 50 WDG Equal 65 WP Ferbam 76 WDG Folpan 50WP Foray 48BA Funginex 190 EC Gavel 75 DF Kelthane 50W Kumulus DF Manzate 200 DF Manzate 200 WP Maestro 80 DF Mitac W Nova 40W Penncozeb 75DF Polyram DF Ridomil Gold 480 EC Ridomil Gold MZ Ridomil Copper Ronilan EG Rovral Senator 70WP Streptomycin 17 Topas 250E Vangard 75EG Zineb 80W

20.Extremely Toxic to Bees

21. FURADAN 480F 22. This insecticide has caused more loss (confirmed cases of poisoning) to bees in Ontario than any other of the materials mentioned in this publication. Fruit growers and apiarists require close liaison when and where Furadan is used. 23. For more detailed information on the toxicity of specific pesticides to honeybees refer to the pesticide label.

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