THERMAL DESIGN OF HEAT-TRANSFER EQUIPMENT

TABLE 11-7 Jacket fluid Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam Brine Brine Brine Brine Brine Heat-transfer oil Heat-transfer oil Heat-transfer oil Heat-transfer oil Heat-transfer oil Steam Steam Steam Steam Steam Brine Brine Brine Brine Brine Heat-transfer oil Heat-transfer oil Heat-transfer oil Heat-transfer oil Heat-transfer oil Jacketed Vessels: Overall Coefficients Overall U* Fluid in vessel Water Aqueous solution Organics Light oil Heavy oil Water Aqueous solution Organics Light oil Heavy oil Water Aqueous solution Organics Light oil Heavy oil Water Aqueous solution Organics Light oil Heavy oil Water Aqueous solution Organics Light oil Heavy oil Water Aqueous solution Organics Light oil Heavy oil Wall material Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel Stainless steel Glass-lined CS Glass-lined CS Glass-lined CS Glass-lined CS Glass-lined CS Glass-lined CS Glass-lined CS Glass-lined CS Glass-lined CS Glass-lined CS Glass-lined CS Glass-lined CS Glass-lined CS Glass-lined CS Glass-lined CS Btu/(h ft2 F) 150300 80200 50150 60160 1050 40180 35150 30120 35130 1030 50200 40170 30120 35130 1040 70100 5085 3070 4075 1040 3080 2570 2060 2565 1030 3080 2570 2565 2070 1035 J/(m2 s K) 8501700 4501140 285850 340910 57285 2301625 200850 170680 200740 57170 2851140 230965 170680 200740 57230 400570 285480 170400 230425 57230 170450 140400 115340 140370 57170 170450 140400 140370 115400 57200

11-27

*Values listed are for moderate nonproximity agitation. CS = carbon steel.

jH = 0.14(NRe /)0.68

(11-53b)

In Eqs. (11-53a) and (11-53b), NRe is based on particle diameter and superficial fluid velocity. Zenz and Othmer (see Introduction: General References) give an excellent summary of fluidized bed-to-wall heat-transfer investigations. Solidification involves heavy heat loads transferred essentially at a steady temperature difference. It also involves the varying values of liquid- and solid-phase thickness and thermal diffusivity. When these are substantial and/or in the case of a liquid flowing over a changing solid
TABLE 11-8

layer interface, Siegel and Savino (ASME Paper 67-WA/Ht-34, November 1967) offer equations and charts for prediction of the layer-growth time. For solidification (or melting) of a slab or a semi-infinite bar, initially at its transition temperature, the position of the interface is given by the one-dimensional Newmanns solution given in Carslaw and Jaeger (Conduction of Heat in Solids, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959). Later work by Hashem and Sliepcevich [Chem. Eng. Prog., 63, Symp. Ser. 79, 35, 42 (1967)] offers more accurate second-order finite-difference equations. The heat-transfer rate is found to be substantially higher under conditions of agitation. The heat transfer is usually said to occur by com-

External Coils; Typical Overall Coefficients* U expressed in Btu/(h ft2 F) Coil spacing, in. 2 3f 6d 12a or greater 2 3f 6d 12a or greater Fluid in coil 5 to 50 lb./sq. in. gage steam 50 lb./sq. in. gage steam Fluid in vessel Water under light agitation Temp. range, F. 158210 158210 158210 158210 158258 158258 158240 158238 212 158212 228278 130150 130150 U without cement 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 29 830 615 7 4 U with heattransfer cement 4246 5053 6064 6972 2030 2538 3040 3546 4854 1948 2456 15 919

Type of coil r in. o.d. copper tubing attached with bands at 24-in. spacing r in. o.d. copper tubing attached with bands at 24-in. spacing Panel coils

No. 6 fuel oil under light agitation Boiling water Water No. 6 fuel oil Water No. 6 fuel oil

50 lb./sq. in. gage steam Water Water

*Data courtesy of Thermon Manufacturing Co. External surface of tubing or side of panel coil facing tank. For tubing, the coefficients are more dependent upon tightness of the coil against the tank than upon either fluid. The low end of the range is recommended. NOTE: To convert British thermal units per hour-square foot-degrees Fahrenheit to joules per square meter-second-kelvins, multiply by 5.6783; to convert inches to meters, multiply by 0.0254; and to convert pounds-force per square inch to kilopascals, multiply by 6.895.