1

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 303 (11330) Tutorial 1

1. Are the following two signals periodic? If so, find their period.
(a) ( )
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
= t t t x
3
1
cos 2
5
1
sin
(b) ( ) ( ) ( ) t t t x sin 2 2 sin + =



2. Sketch the following signals, and show whether the signals are energy or power
or neither.
(a) ) ( ) ( t Au t x =
(b) ) ( ) ( t tu t x =
where

<
>
=
0 0
0 1
) (
t
t
t u
and A is a constant.



3. The output of a nonlinear device is given by
). ( ) (
2
t x t y =

Given ( ) ( ) ( ) cos 600 2cos 6800 x t t t = + .

(a) Determine ( ). y t
(b) Sketch the amplitude spectrum of (i) the input signal ( ) x t , and (ii) the output
signal ( ). y t
(c) Comment on the spectral components observed at the output of the nonlinear
device.



4. A channel has the following amplitude response ( ) H f , and phase response ( ) f :
10
( ) 100 4000
( ) 20 100 4000 .
H f f Hz
f
f f f Hz
=
=


The signal at the input of the channel is given by
( ) ( ) ( ) cos 600 2cos 6800 x t t t = + .

(a) Determine the signal, ( ) y t , at the output of the channel.
(b) Comment on the influence of the channel on the input signal.
2

5. A periodic signal ( ) t x of period
o
T is expressed in terms of its complex exponential
Fourier series as
( ) t jn c t x
o
n
n
exp ) (

=
=

where
o
o
T

2
= is the fundamental angular frequency, n is an integer, and
n
c
correspond to the Fourier coefficients, given by
dt t jn t x
T
c
o
T
o
o
n
) exp( ) (
1
0

= .

Given that ( ) t x is a rectangular pulse train of pulse duration
4
o
T
= and
amplitude A Volts.

(c) Derive an expression for
n
c , and express it in terms of

) sin(
.
(d) Tabulate the values of
n
c for |n| up to 8.
(e) Calculate the power P
t
of ) (t x in the time domain.
(f) Calculate the power P
f
of ) (t x in the frequency domain using the values of
n
c
for |n| up to 8.
(g) Comment on the values of P
t
and P
f
obtained.






1
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 601 (11330) Tutorial 2


1. Given the Fourier transforms of the following two functions:
( ) fT T
T
t
rect sinc
|
.
|

\
|
, and

(

|
.
|

\
|
+ +
|
.
|

\
|

|
.
|

\
|
T
f
T
f
A
T
t
A
2
1
2
1
2
cos

.


(a) Determine the Fourier transforms of the two half-cosine pulses g
1
(t) and g
2
(t), as
shown in Fig. 1a and Fig. 1b, respectively.











(b) Show that the above two pulses have the same amplitude response, and energy
spectral density given by
.
) 1 4 (
) ( cos 4
) (
2 2 2 2
2 2 2

=
f T
Tf T A
f e

2 A trapezoidal pulse is shown in Fig. 2.









(a) Use the property
( )
( 2 ) ( )
n
n
n
d g t
j f G f
dt

, and show that the Fourier

transform of the trapezoidal pulse g(t) is given by
)]. ( sin[ )] ( sin[
) (
) (
2 2
a b a b
a b
t t f t t f
t t f
A
f G +

(b) Express ( ) G f in terms of sinc( ) function, where
sin( )
sinc( )
A
A
A

= .
(c) Find the Fourier transform of ( ) g t if
a b
t t = .
(d) Given that 0
a
t = , derive the Fourier transform of ( ) g t .

g
1
(t)
-T/2 0 T/2
A
t
Fig.1a
g
2
(t)
A
t
0 T
Fig.1b
-t
b
-t
a
0 t
a
t
b

t
A
g(t)
Fig. 2
2

3 Evaluate the transfer function of the following linear system.










4 A signal ) (t s consists of three components ), (
1
t s ) (
2
t s , and ) (
3
t s , such that
). 5000 cos( 5 ) 1500 cos( 3 ) 200 cos( 2 ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
3 2 1
t t t t s t s t s t s + + = + + =

The signal ) (t s is transmitted through a linear time invariant network with the transfer
function given by
)] ( exp[ | ) ( | ) ( f j f H f H = .

(a) The resultant output signal ) (t s
o
remains distortionless. Determine the amplitude
response | ) ( | f H and phase response ) ( f , given that the output signal
component due to ) (
1
t s is given by
). 100 200 cos( 3 ) (
1
= t t s
o


(b) Write down an expression for the output signal, ) (t s
o
.

+
Delay

t
dt

+
-
x(t) y(t)
1
DIGTAL COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 601 (11330) Tutorial 3



1. Given the signal
). 160 8000 sin( ) 40 2000 cos( 2 ) ( + = t t t x

(i) What is the minimum sampling rate required to avoid aliasing in the sampled
signal?

(ii) Determine the average power of ) (t x .


2. A signal ) (t y is given by
) 320 sin( 2 ) 200 cos( ) ( t t t y + = .

) (t y is ideally sampled at 300 =
s
f Hz, and the sampled signal ) (t z passes through
an ideal lowpass filter with a cutoff frequency of 250 Hz.

Determine the frequency components that appear at the output of the lowpass filter.


3. An analogue signal, ) 4000 cos( 5 . 0 ) 4000 sin( 2 ) ( t t t x + = , is sampled at a rate of 8000
samples/second. Show that the average power ) (t x is given by

2
1
0
] [
1

=
=
N
n
n x
N
P , where N is the number of samples in one period of ) (t x .


4. A bandlimited signal has a maximum frequency component at B Hz, and an average
power of S watts. Gaussian noise with a uniform spectral density of S
6
10 2
W/Hz from 0 to 4B Hz is added to this signal. The resultant signal plus noise is then
sampled using an impulse train at a rate of 3B Hz.

Calculate the signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) of the sampled signal in a bandwidth
from 0 to B Hz.



5. An analogue signal, ( ) sin(600 ) 2cos(2000 ) 2cos(6800 ), x t t t t = + + is sampled
using a sample-and-hold device at a rate of 8000 samples/second.

Determine the spectral components at the output of the sample-and-hold device for
frequencies up to half the Nyquist sampling frequency.

1
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 601 (11330) ___ Tutorial 4


1. Design a uniform quantiser for an input signal with a dynamic range of 10 V. Its
output is represented by four binary bits. Find the quantiser output value and the
quantisation error for an input signal of amplitude 1.2 V if the quantiser is of the (i)
midrise type, and (ii) midtread type. The quantisation error is taken to be the
difference between the output and input of the quantiser.

Hint: Draw the transfer function of the quantiser and calculate the relevant step size.


2. To demonstrate the advantage of using logarithmic companding for low-level signals,
we use the same linear midrise quantiser of (1). This time the linear quantiser is
preceded by a = 255 compandor. The -law compression ) (x F

and its inverse

) (
1
x F

characteristics are given by

1 1 for
) 1 ln(
|) | 1 ln(
) sgn( ) (
+
+
= x
x
x x F

and ) sgn( 1 ) 1 (
1
) (

1
x x F
x
(

+ =

where

<

=
0 for 1
0 for 1
) sgn(
x
x
x ,
) ( log ) ln( x x
e
with the normalised input
max , i
i
v
v
x = , and
1 1 x is normalised w.r.t. the maximum input.

Calculate the quantisation error for a 1.2 V input signal after companding.

Hint: You may consider a -law nonlinear quantiser to be realised by subjecting the
input signal through ) (x F

followed by the linear midrise quantiser. The quantised

output x is then subjected to the inverse function ) (
1
x F

to reconstruct the final

output.


3. Each of two stereo signals in a compact disk (CD) is recorded with 16-bit resolution
sampled at 44.1 kHz
(a) Determine the output signal-to-quantisation distortion ratio, in dB, for a full-scale
sinusoid.
(b) In addition to the digitised data, additional bits, represent 100 % overhead, are
required for error correction, clock extraction, and display and control purposes.
Calculate the output bit rate of the CD.
(c) What is the total numbers of bits in an hour?
2

4. A signal ) (t v bandlimited to 3 kHz is sampled at a rate %
3
1
33 higher than the
Nyquist sampling rate. The maximum acceptable quantisation error is 0.5 % of the
peak amplitude
p
v of ) (t v . The quantised samples are then binary encoded.

Find the transmission rate of the resulting binary coded signal. What is the theoretical
minimum transmission bandwidth for this signal?


5. An analog signal with frequency components ranging from 300 Hz to 3400 Hz is
sampled, quantised, and encoded into a PCM signal. The input signal is assumed to be
sampled at a rate 25% above the Nyquist sampling rate, and that the sampled signal is
quantised into 256 levels.

The PCM signal is then transmitted using discrete pulse amplitude modulation (i.e.,
M-ary PCM) over a baseband transmission link. Determine the minimum
transmission rate if each signalling pulse is allowed to take on the following number
of amplitude levels: (i) 3, and (ii) 8.



Supplementary Note:

A basic relationship in communication states that a maximum of 2B independent pieces
of information per second can be transmitted, error free, over a noiseless channel of
bandwidth B Hz.

This statement is the result of sampling theorem. A noise-free channel of bandwidth B Hz
can support an error-free transmission of a signal of bandwidth B Hz. Now, this B Hz
signal can be exactly reconstructed from its Nyquist samples at a rate of 2B samples/sec
(or Hz). This suggests that the B Hz signal can be completely specified by 2B independent
pieces of information per second. As the channel is able to transmit this B Hz signal
error-free, then it should also be able to transmit, error-free, 2B independent pieces of
information per second.

This relationship leads us to conclude that the theoretical minimum bandwidth of the
channel for the binary PCM system of 1(a) is equal to 34
2
68
= kHz.
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 601 (11330) Tutorial 5


1. Additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) has a probability density function given by

=
2
2
2
exp
2
1
) (

v
v p
where is the rms value of the AWGN.

What is the probability that the noise is larger than A Volts? You may express your result in
terms of the complementary error function given by

=
x
z
dz e x erfc
2
2
) (

.


2. In a baseband ternary transmission system, the received signal at the decision instant is either
0 or A or A. The threshold levels used in the decision device are set at
2
A
. The noise at the
receiver input is white and Gaussian with a probability density function given by

=
2
2
2
exp
2
1
) (

n
n p

where is the rms value of the noise at the input of the decision device.

Assuming that the three signaling levels are equally likely, and the symbols transmitted in
adjacent time slots are statistically independent, derive the average probability of symbol
errors,
e
P , of this system.



1

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 601 (11330) __ Tutorial 6


1. The Fourier transform R() of a basic pulse r(t) used in a binary transmission system is given
by

=
elsewhere 0
10 2 | | for 1
| ) ( |
4

R
and constant a is and all for ) ( =

where |R()| and () are the amplitude response and phase response of R(),
respectively.

(a) Show that this pulse r(t) satisfies the Nyquist criterion for zero intersymbol interference.
(b) What is the transmission rate (in bits per second) that could be supported by this basic
pulse r(t) to achieve zero intersymbol interference at the decision instant?

2. A binary data source is transmitted over a channel of bandwidth 60 kHz using a 4-level
signaling in a system with raised cosine spectrum. The roll-off factor is 0.5.

(a) Calculate the signaling rate.
(b) What is the data rate of the binary source?

3. The received signal at the detection node of a regenerator is represented by
) ( ) ( nT t g b t r
n
n
=

=


where 1 =
n
b is the
th
n binary data bit, and T is the bit period. The isolated waveform
) (t g is given by

|
|
.
|

\
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
302 . 2 exp ) (
T
t
t g .

(i) Determine the signal levels at each decision instant. You may neglect any value of
001 . 0 | ) ( | t g .
(ii) Specify the data patterns that give rise to the worst case eye opening.
(iii) The received signal is corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise with the probability
of its amplitude exceeding A Volts given by
|
.
|

\
|
= >
2
2
1
) (
A
erfc A n p

Assume the input binary data is random, derive an expression for the average bit-error
rate,
e
P .
2

4. In a binary communication system, the received waveform r(t) of an isolated pulse has the
following values:

(0) 1
( ) 0.3
( ) 0.1
( ) 0 for 2, 3, ... .
b
b
b
r
r T
r T
r nT n
=
=
=
= =

where T
b
is the signalling bit period, and 0 = t corresponds to the decision instant.

(i) Assuming that unipolar signalling is used, determine all the possible signal values at a
decision instant.
(ii) Specify the data bit patterns that contribute to the worst case eye-opening?
(iii) The received signal is corrupted by additive white Gaussian noise with the probability
of its amplitude exceeding A Volts given by

1
( ) .
2 2
A
p n A erfc

(
> =
(


where is the rms value of the noise at the input of a threshold detector.

Assume random input binary data, derive an expression for the probability of bit errors, P
e
,
based on the worst-case eye-opening.

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 601 (11330) Tutorial 7



1. Determine the information capacity of a 1 Mb/s random binary data stream. This
binary sequence is then encoded into a 4-level code by transforming a 4-bit binary
word into a 2-symbol 4-level word. Assuming that all four levels are equal, determine
the transmission efficiency of this 4-level code.

2. Consider the binary sequence 1010110001. Draw the waveforms for the following
signaling formats.

(a) Unipolar NRZ signaling
(b) Polar RZ signaling
(c) Manchester signaling
(d) AMI NRZ signaling

For the AMI NRZ signalling of (d), an error occurs at the 5
th
pulse position during
transmission. Comment on the detection process caused by this single transmission
error.

3. Determine the HDB3 encodings of the following two binary sequences:

(i) 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1, .
(ii) 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1, .

You may use the + and signs to denote the positive and negative pulses,
respectively.

4. A binary data stream is encoded using B6ZS, the resulting coded sequence is given
by

(i) + 0 0 0 + 0 + 0 0 + + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0
(ii) 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 0

Determine the two original binary data sequences.



DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERING 601 (11330) Tutorial 8


1. A pulse s(t) is shown in Fig. 1.

(a) Determine and sketch the impulse response of a filter matched to s(t).
(b) Plot the output of the matched filter as a function of time.
(c) What is the peak value of the matched filter output?














2. The amplitude of the pulse s(t) in Fig. 1 is halved. Determine how the duration of the
pulse has to be changed, so that a filter matched to this new pulse has the same
performance as the matched filter in question (1). You may assume that both cases
operate with the same additive white Gaussian noise.


3. A 2 kb/s input binary data is transmitted using an AMI-RZ signaling format. An
integrate-and-dump device is used for matched filter detection. It is assumed that the
signaling pulse is rectangular with a unity mark-space ratio. The amplitude of the
signaling pulse is 2 Volts.

(a) Determine and sketch the output of the integrate-and-dump device for the input
binary data sequence:
1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 1, 1, 1.

(b) Comment on the output of the integrate-and-dump device if the signaling pulse
is non return-to-zero.

s(t)
t 0
A
-A
T/2
T
Fig. 1.