( Reaffirmed 2001 )

IS : 11625- 1986

Indian Standard
CRITERIA FOR HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF PENSTOCKS
LICENSED TO RELIANCE ENERGY LIMITED NOIDA FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU.
Water Conductor Systems Sectional Committee, BDC 58

Chairman SHRIP.M. MANE 39, Shivaji Co-operative Housing So&Q, Members CEIEB ENUINEER DIRECTOR ( Alternate) CEIEF ENGINEER (HP) SUPERINTENDINQ ENGINEER CEIE~ ENQINEER ( GENERAL ) Mukerian

Pune

Rsjmmxting Hyde1 Project Design, Chandigarh

Tamil Nadu Electricity Board, Coimhatore ( Alternate) Public Works Department, Government of Tamil Nadu, Madras CHIEF ENGINEER ( IRRITATION ) ( Alternate ) CEIEF ENQINEER ( CIVIL Drss~oxs ) Karnataka Power Corporation Limited, Bangalore SHRI P. R. MALLIKARJUNA ( Alternate ) Bhakra Beas Management Board, Chandigarh CHIEF ENQINEER SHRI SUNDERSHAN KUMAIL ( Altwnate) Works and Electricity Department, f.%Sr~;ra~~~~~~~ ( IRRITATION Public Government of Karnataka, Mysore SUPERINTENDING ENQINEER ( Alternate ) In personal capacity ( P. 0. Muttada, TTiVandTum) SHRI C. ETTY DARWIN Central Soils and Materials Research Station, DIRECTOR New Delhi DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( A&ernate ) Central Water Commission, New Delhi DIRECTOR ( HCD-I ) DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( HCD-I ) ( Alternate ) Central Mining Research Station Unit, Roorkee DR A. K. DUBE DR J. L. JETHWA ( Alternate) Water Resources Development Training Centre, DR B.PANT Roorkee Power House Designs, Irrigation Department, SHRI J. P. GUPTA Roorkee SHRI A. P. GUPTA ( Alternate ) SHRI M.V.S.IYENaAR SHRI M. G. KHAN Hmdustan ( Alternate) 0 INDIAN Copyright 1986 INSTITUTION Construction Co Ltd, New Delhi

( Continued on page 2 )

STANDARDS

This publication is protected under the Indian Cofiyright Act ( XIV of 1957 ) and reproduction in whole or in part by any means except with written permissionof the publisher shall be deemed to be an infringement of copyright under the said Act.

IS:11625 - 1986
( Continued.from page 1 ) MtWltWS 1 OINT DI,~E~TOR I (GE-II) SHRI P. N. KIIAR SHRI A. K. MEHTA R~J~A~CK Research Designs Lucknow Representing and Standards Organization,

SHI~I S. C. R,\LI ( Alternate ) Mnxmx ( CIVIL ) Kerala State Electricity Board, Trivandrum SHIU G. PANT Geological Survey of India, New Delhi SHRI N. K. MANUW~L ( Alternate ) SHXI A. R. RAI~HUR In personal capacity ( 147, Garodianagar, Bombay ) SHRI Y. KA~A KIUSHNA RAO Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board, Hyderabad SUPERIRTFNUING ENGINEER ( DESIGN ANU PLANNING ) ( Alternate ) SHRI G. V. SATHI~YE Central Designs Organization, Nasik DR H. R. SHAI%HA* CentralElectricity Authority, New Delhi SHRI s. c. SEN Assam State Electricity Board, Guwahati SHRI N. I<. DAS (Alternate ) Himachal Pradesh State Electricity Board, SHRI A. K. SRIKANTIAH Sundernaear SHXI RANJODH SINQH ( Ahnate) Central Water and Power Research Station, REPRESENTATIVE Pune SHRI A. V. GOPALAKRISHNA ( Alternate ) SHRI G. RAMAN, Director Generai, IS1 ( Ex-ofiio Member ) Director ( Civ Engg ) Secretary SHRI HEMANT KUMAR Deputy Director (Civ Engg ), IS1

National Projects Construction Limited, New Delhi

National Hydroelectro Power Corporation Ltd, New Delhi

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Corporation

Panel for Penstocks

Convener KUMAIU E. DIVATIA Members
SHRI M. L. AOGARWAL SHRI Y. P. NAYAR ( Alternate )

and Anchor

Blocks,

BDC 58 : P6

Refiresenting National Hydroelectric Limited, New Delhi Bhakra Beas Management Central Water Commission, Power Corporation

Board, Chandigarh New Delhi of Punjab,

DIRECTOIL ( HCD-I ) DEPUTY DIRECTOR ( HCD ) ( DIRECTOR ( D&P )

Irrigation Works, Chandigarh SENIOR DESIGN ENUINEER ( Alternate )

Alternate)

Government

( Continued on page 15 )
*Chairman for the meeting.

IS : 11625 - 1986

Indian Standard
CRITERIA HYDRAULIC DESIGN
0.

FOR OF PENSTOCKS

LICENSED TO RELIANCE ENERGY LIMITED NOIDA FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU.

FOREWORD

0.1 This Indian Standard was adopted by the Indian Standards Institution on 28 February 1986, after the draft finalized by the Water Conductor System Sectional Committee had been approved by the Civil Engineering Division Council. 0.2 The water is taken from the forebary to the power station through the penstocks. These may be pressure conduits or shafts. The penstocks shall carry water to the turbines with the least possible loss of head consistent with the overall economy of the project. For successful operation, the size of the pipe for a given discharge may vary between wide limits, but there is usually one size that will make for the greatest economy and design. Hence the diameter of the penstocks isdetermined from the consideration of economy and is checked to see that the acceptable ve!ocities are not exceeded.

1. SCOPE 1.1 This standard 2. GENERAL 2.1 The hydraulic design of penstocks covers hydraulic design of intake for penstocks, hydraulic losses in penstock, pressure rise or pressure drop due to turbine or pump operations and ascertaining most economic diameter of penstock on the basis of available data.
3. HYDRAULIC covers the criteria for hydraulic design of penstocks.

DESIGN

OF INTAKE

FOR PENSTOCK
components
intakes.

3.1 The
accordance

hydraulic design of the main with IS : 9761-1981.

of intake

shall be in

*Criteria for hydraulic design of hydropower

IS : 11625 - 1986 4. HYDRAULIC 4.1 The hydraulic

a) Head b) Head

LOSSES IN PENSTOCK
losses in the penstock entrance, comprise the following:

loss at trash rack, loss at intake

c) Friction losses, and d) Other losses as at bends,

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bifurcations,

transitions,

valves, etc. to be applied

These head losses are expressed in terms of coefficient to the velocity head at the section in question. 4.2

Head Loss at Trash Rack 4.2;1 The head loss through

trash rack (ht) may be expressed by the given below: ht = where k,+

formula

ht =
kt = u = P 3

trash rack head loss, loss coefficient, actual velocity through rack opening, and with IS : 4880 acceleration due to gravity. in accordance

The loss corfficient ( Part 3 )-1976*. 4.3

kt shall be calculated

Head Loss at Intake Entrance

4.3.1 The magnitude of head loss at entrance depends upon the shape of intake mouth. For bell mouth shape shown in Fig. 1, losses-are given by the following formula: h, = k,$
where

h, = head loss at entrance, k, = loss coefficient at entrance,

u =f velocity g at entrance, and k, shall
water

i= acceleration

due to gravity. coefficient be in accordance with

design

4.3.2 The value of loss IS : 4880 ( Part 3 )-1976*.

*Code of practice for design

of tlmncls

conveying

: Part 3 Hydraulic

( jirsl rmkkm ). 4

IS : 11625 - 1986 4.4 Friction Losses in pipes may be estimated from the

4.4.1 Head loss due to friction formulae given in 4.4.1.1 to 4.4.1.2. 444.1.1 Darcy-Waisbach

formula: hl = fLv_ 2C!P

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where

hf =

friction

head

loss in pipe in m; upon type, conditions of the which may be obtained from

loss coeficient depending pipe and Reynolds number Fig. 2; L = length of pipe in m; t -= velocity I) = diameter through of pipe. formula formula ~ =
Ral3 S/z n

pipe in m/set; and

bulent

4.4.1.2 flow.

Mannings Mannings

may be used in case

of fully rough

tur-

where R = S n hydraulic radius ( gradient; area wrttedseter . -) in m;

= slope of energy and -; roughness coefficient, shall vary from 0.012 to 0.014 for concrete pipes and for steel pipes the valve of n shall vary from 0.008 to 0*012. Losses

4.5

Other

4.5.1 In a penstock other losses include losses due to bends, expansion or contraction, obstruction caused by valve passage and losses in penstock branches and wyes. friction loss for a circular 4.5.2 Rend Loss .- The bend loss excluding conduit depends U~OLI the shape of bend, deflection angle and ratio of radius of bend to diameter of pipe. The bend loss may be calculated from the following formula: h,, = kb

2.9

h3:11625-1986
where hb = head loss due to bend, kb = bend loss coefficient which may be obtained from Fig. ~3 for various R/D ratios and deflection angles, and v = 4.5.3 velocity in pipe.

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Loss Due to Expansion

and Contraction expansion h,, may be estimated

4.5.3.1 Head from the formula:

loss due to gradual

where VI = velocity at upstream end in m/set; V, = ve1ocit.y at downstream end in m/set, and k,, - loss coefficient depending upon the cone angle and shall be in accordance with IS : 2951 (Part 2) - 1965*.

Fro.

IA

BELL

MOUTH of flow

DETAILS of liquids

Contd in closed conduits : Part

2

*Recommendations for estimation Head loss in valves and fittings.

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9861- - 52911 : SI I

LICENSED TO RELIANCE ENERGY LIMITED NOIDA FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU.

-N

Ln

LOSS PIPE

OF COEFFICIENTS BENDS OF sMOOTl %I v

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R,=225,000= V- VELOCITY D= DIAMETER 0.20 i--0.1 = KINEMATIC

VISCOSITY

O.lL

I PIJ I
I
I /./

I Yk
/-I I/ I_/ A I I I I I

t
kb Oat2

IW,I

/,I

L - !

O-08

1,

10

15

I 20

I 2S

I 30

I 35

I LO0

I 45

I 50 ANGLE,A+

I 55

I 60

I 65

I 70

I 75

I 80

I 85

1 90

B
I 5

DEFLECTION

FIG. 3

Loss

COEFFICIENTS

FOZ PIPE BENIX OFSMOOTH INTERIOR

IS:11625

- f986
Head formula: loss in reducer piece h, may he estimated by the

4.5.3.2
following

where k, = loss coefficient for contraction, section, and section. with IS v, = velocity v, = velocity The 1976*. 4.5.?;3 When a diffuser follows immediately after a bend without a straight length in-between, the loss in the diffuser will be more than that given in 4.5.3.2. It is recommended to provide a straight length equal to the diameter of the pipe between the bend and the diffuser. 4.5.4 Losses in Valve Passages value in normal

LICENSED TO RELIANCE ENERGY LIMITED NOIDA FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU.

at the contraction

of k, shall

be in accordance

: 4880 ( Part

3 )-

4.5.4.1 Valves are usually installed at two places in the penstocks of a hydro power station - one at the upstream end and the other at the downstream end immediately ~ahend of the turbine. The former called as control or penstock valve is usually a butterfly valve and the latter known as inlet valve is either butterfly valve or a spherical valve. These valves remain either in fully closed or open position. Under fully opened position the losses through spherical valves are negligible. The value of loss coefficient for butterfly valve may be obtained from Fig. 4. 4.5.5 Losses in Penstock Branches and Wles as a wye and when of bifurare:

4.5.5.1 A penstock bifurcation into two is termed more than two, it is termed as manifold. cation, 4.5.5.2 ratio 4.5.5.3

The hydraulic losses at wyes are governed by angle of cross-sectional area, +ype and shape of bifurcation. Various types of wyes and branches with sharp transition, with conical with rounded
of tunnels

generally and

adopted

a) Wyeslbranches b) Wyeslbranches c) Wyeslbranches

transition, corners.
conveying

*Code of practice for design

( first revision ).

water: Part 3 Hydraulic

design

10

IS : 11625 - 1986

1.0 0.9 0-B

Q
0
Ag= REFERENCE FOR V2/2,, 0

AREA

A0
AREA

LICENSED TO RELIANCE ENERGY LIMITED NOIDA FOR INTERNAL USE AT THIS LOCATION ONLY, SUPPLIED BY BOOK SUPPLY BUREAU.

0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2

0.1 0

L REDUCED AREA, AR

40
VALVE

80

120

160

200

DIAMETER

(cm1

FIG. 4

GENERAL

TREND OF VALVE Loss COEFFICIENT AND RESTRICTION OF PASSAGE FOR BUTTERFLY VALVES loss-coefficient for branches with

4.5.5.4 Figure 5 gives the head sharp, rounded and conical transitions. 5. PRESSURE

RISE AND PRESSURE

DROP

5.1 The

criteria to be adopted for the calculation of pressure rise and pressure drop, and method of computations are covered in the Indian Standard Code of practice for design of water hammer in water conductor systems ( under Preparation ) .

6. ECOINOMIC 6.1 The

DIAMETER

OF PENSTOCK
the and etc,

economic diameter of penstock is the diameter for which annual cost, which includes the cost of power lost due to friction charges for amortization of construction cost, maintenance, operation, is the minimum.

6.2 The economic diameter is calculated by evaluating annual power loss and annual cost for maintcn;mce and equating first derivative with respect

11

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CJ/O

FOR

DblD

=0~58(MUNICH1

CYLINDRICAL SHARP EDGE

SHARP

FnGF

DEFLN

\\\

ii

.#

k?x\kOUh

&

r; jui
DEFLECTION

000

Vb/v -.-.--.~~~
MUNICH MODEL TEST ---_----Z--

. HI

- 01
90

0.1

1.0

vb/

10.0

SO DEFLECTION 45 DEFLECTION

FIG. 5

Loss AT PIPE JUNCTIONS WITH DIVIDING FLOW

IS:11625

- 1986

to D to zero and is given by the following equation based on Mannifigs formula. The derivation of the formula is given at Appendix A.
DWs =

2.36

106 x

Qs x ne

et, x

C,
+

l-39 C, +

O-6 C, +

21 Hc;a(;,

c
where Cc = C, = C, = C, = unit cost of concrete unit cost of excavation cost of 1 kWh of energy cost of steel in Rupees/kg; of the penstock; efficiency of plant; of penstock; including water overall lining in Rupees/ma; in RupeesIms; in Rupees;

. 1

x p

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D
e et H i

= diameter
= = = = joint

efficiency

head on penstock

hammer

in m; due to

percentage by which steel in penstock is overweight ~provision of stiffeners, corrosion allowance, etc; Rugosity coefficient in Mannings formula; and maintenance

= ratio of annual fixed operation ; to construction cost of penstock; pI = annual load factor; and Q = discharge through penstock

charges

in ms/s.

APPENDIX ( Clause 6.2 )

tiI)ERIVATION OF THE FORMULA THE ECONOMIC DIAMETER A-l. A-1.1 COST OF POWER LOST in Penstock/Metre
formula: 10.29
jp/3

FOR CALCULATING OF PENSTOCKS

Head Loss

Length
Q n2

Head

loss due to fric-

tion is given by Manning?

his.------=
Annual

va ne
R4/3

cost of power lost (E,) = 9.804 E = O-88 x 106 Q3 n* e pf cp

f DI6/3

x Q x hf

ep, x

8 7606,

13

IS t 11625- 1986 A-2. ANNUAL CHARGES ON CAPITAL COST

A-2.1 Cost of Excavation - The cost due to excavation for laying the penstock is calculated considering the tunnel diameter to be 0.33 D in excess of penstock diameter total cost/unit length of penstock is given by: ___ i = (D + 0.33 D ) x C,

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1.39 D= C,

NOTE - 033 D to be varied between 0.2 D to 0.33 D depending on the c&meter of penstock such that the excavated diameter is not greater than the penstock diameter by about 90 cm.

A-2.2 Cost of Concrete has been calculated taking crete lining is given by: =

Lining Cost of concrete lining in penstock thickness of lining as 0.165 D. Thus cost of conD ) x 0.165 D x C,

7c ( D + 0,165 0.6 02 C,

NOTE - 0165 D to be varied between 0.1 D to 0165 D, depending on the diameter of penstock such that concrete lining thickness is not greater than 30 cm.

A-2.3

Cost of Steel in Penstock Steel lining thickness = =

t = 2ae = a 1

Pd

-__ 2 ba ej

0.1 HD

Penstock

cost

x Dt (1 + 2) 7 850 x Cs _--~-__--2 ua x 9.81 x ej 120.93 HD2 x C, (1 + ;) The annual cost of penstock @a X el

A-2.4 Annual Charges is expressed by: E, A-3. A-3.1 _ [D2 (1.39 _______

on Capital

Cost

C, ______ C, + + 0.6

ba ej

120.93 HC, (1 + i)] x /J ___-~---

ECONOMIC Total Economical

DIAMETER Cost (E) = E, is obtained _ o

Q3x112x efif XC, ._____~

Annual

+ by:

E,

diameter 4 SD E,) 2*36x

8 (E,
02213 = _~_

106x

1.39 C, +

0.6 C, + 14

12 yx$+
a

) ]

x p

fS:11625-1986
( Continued from page 2 Members SHR~ N. C. JAIN DR ZAEAR MEHDI SHRI J. L. KHOSA ( Alternate ) SHRI C. GANESA PILLAI SHRI A.-R. R~QRAVAN SHRI T. RAMASWAXY SHRI B. RAMASWAMY ( Alternate DR H. R. SHARMA SHRI B. THOMAS SHRI R. VIJAYAN SHRI N. G. KURUP ( Alternate )

)
Representing Irrigation Department, Pradesh, Lucknow Bharat Heavy Electricals Government Ltd, Bhopal of Uttar

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Kerala State Electricity Board, Trivandrum Tamilnadu Electricity Board, Madras Indian Hume Pipe Co Ltd, Bombay ) Central Electricity Authority, New Delhi Central Water &kPower Research Station, Pune In personal capacity [ 351136 (2) Kamaldoth Lane, Cochin ]

INTERNATIONAL
Ease Units Quantity -Length Mass Time Electric current Thermodynamic temperature Luminous intensity Amount of substance Supplementary Qoanfity Plane Solid angle angle Units Units

SYSTEM

OF UNITS

( SI UNITS)

Unit metre kilogram second ampere kelvin candela mole

Symbol

m kg

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: K cd mol

Unit

Symbol

radian steradian

rad sr

Derived

Quantity

Unif

Symbol N

Oepnitlon

Force Energy Power Flux Flux density Frequency Electric conductance Electromotive force Pressure, stress

newton joule watt weber tesla hertz siemens volt Pascal

1 1

N = J = = = = =
=

1 kg.m/ss 1 N.m %J/s 1 V.s 1 Wb/ms 1 c/s (s-1)

1 A/V

W Wb T t-fz S V Pa

I W 1 Wb 1 T 1 Hz
1 I S

V = Pa -

1 W/A 1 N/ms