Name:

Period:

Chapter 3: States of Matter

Solid

Liquid

Gas

Kinetic energy

Pressure

Absolute zero

Charless law

Boyles law

Phase change

Endothermic

Heat of fusion

Exothermic

Vaporization

Heat of vaporization

Evaporation

Vapor pressure

Condensation

Sublimation

Deposition

Pressure

Absolute zero

Charless law

Boyles law

Phase change

Endothermic

Heat of fusion

Exothermic

Vaporization

Heat of vaporization

Evaporation

Vapor pressure

Condensation

Sublimation

Deposition

3.1 Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Objectives
3.1.1 ______________________________________________________________________________
3.1.2 ______________________________________________________________________________
3.1.3 ______________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
Describing the States of Matter
What state of matter is the sample on the lab bench?

Can you describe what method you used to classify the material?

__________________ can be classified as __________________, __________________, or

__________________ based on whether their __________________and __________________
are __________________or __________________.
Shape and volume are ____________________ to how the ____________________ within a
material are ____________________.
Solids
__________________ is the state of matter in which materials have a
_______________________________ and a ____________________________________.
The term definite means that ________________ the ________________ doesnt change the
________________ or ________________ of a solid.

However, the term definite doesnt mean that the shape or volume can ________________
________________. You can change the shape of a pencil by __________________________ it,
or the shape of a copper wire by ____________________ it.
Liquids
A ________________ always has the _______________________________ as its
____________________ and can be ________________ from one ___________________ to
another.
Liquid is the state of matter in which a material has a ________________________________
but not a ________________________________.
Gases
________________ is the state of matter in which a material has ________________________
________________________________ nor a _____________________________________.
A gas takes the ________________ and ________________ of its ________________.
________________ are usually filled with ______________, a colorless gas that is _________
dense than air.
The ________________ of the helium in a balloon is the ________________ as the shape of
the balloon itself.
The ________________ of the helium in a balloon is ________________ to the
________________ of the balloon.
The helium atoms in a balloon are __________________________________________________
__________________________________ they are at ______________________________________
throughout the balloon.
There is ________________________________ between two _____________________________
in a balloon than between two _______________________________ in ____________________
copper or ___________________ mercury.
Because of the ________________ between helium atoms, a large amount of helium can be

__________________________ into a ______________________________________.

When helium flows from the cylinder into a balloon, the helium atoms _________________
________________.
If 200 balloons are filled from a single cylinder, the __________________________________
of the balloons will be ________________________________ than the _____________________
of the cylinder.
Other States of Matter
On Earth, almost all matter exists in a _______________________, ______________________,
or ________________________ state.
But ________________________________ of all the matter that can be observed in the
___________________ exists in a state that is not as common on Earth.
At extremely ________________________________________________, such as those found on
the ________________, matter exists as ______________________.
In the 1920s ____________________________________, a physicist from India, wrote a
paper about the behavior of ________________.
After ________________________________________ read the paper, he realized that the
behavior described could apply to __________________ under certain conditions.
Einstein predicted that a fifth state of matter would exist at extremely ________________
________________________________.
At temperatures near ______________________________________, groups of atoms would
behave as though they were a ________________________________________________.
In 1995, scientists produced this fifth state of matter, which is called a ________________
________________________________________________.
Kinetic Theory
The word _____________________ comes from a Greek word meaning to move.
_________________________________ is the energy an object has due to its ______________.

The __________________ an object moves, the __________________ its kinetic energy is.
A ball thrown at ________________________________________________ has _______________
kinetic energy than a ball thrown at ________________________________________________.
The kinetic theory of matter says that _______________________________________________
________________________________________________
The theory was developed in the mid-1800s to explain the ___________________________
________________________________.
It can also help to explain the behavior of ___________________________________________.
Explaining the Behavior of Gases
You can compare the motion of the ________________________________ in a gas to the
movement of balls during a game of billiards.
When a cue strikes a billiard ball the ball moves in a ________________________________
until it strikes the side of the billiard table or another ball.
When a moving ball strikes a ball at rest, the first ball ________________________________
and the second ball begins to move.
Kinetic energy is ________________________________ during those collisions.
Motion in Gases
Unlike billiard balls, the particles in a gas are ________________ at rest.
At ______________________________________, the ___________________ speed of the
particles in a sample of gas is about _______________________________________________
_________________________________.
There are forces of _____________________ among the particles in all __________________.
However, if the particles are _______________________________________________________,
as in a gas, the attractions are ______________________________________________________
____________________________.
Under _____________________________________________, scientists can ignore the forces

of attraction in a gas.
Kinetic Theory of Gases
The ______________________________________ explains the general properties of a gas.
The _____________________________________________ of particles in a gas allows a gas to
________________a container of any ________________or ________________.
The kinetic theory as applied to gases has ___________________________________________.
Particles in a gas are in ___________________, ___________________________________.
The motion of one particle is __________________ by the motion of other particles unless
the particles ______________________.
Forces of attraction among particles in a gas can be __________________________________
___________________________________________________________________.
Explaining the Behavior of Liquids
The particles in liquids also have ____________________________________________.
The __________________________________ of a mercury atom is much ________________
than the average speed of a helium atom at the same temperature.
A mercury atom has about ______________________________________ of a helium atom.
This greater mass is only _____________________________________ for the slower speed.

What other factor is responsible?

The particles in a liquid are more ________________________________than the particles in
a gas. Therefore, _______________________ between the particles in a liquid _____________
__________________________ the movement of the particles.
A liquid takes the ___________________ of its container because particles in a liquid can
________________ to new locations.
The __________________ of a liquid is __________________ because forces of attraction
keep the particles ________________________________________________.
Because forces of attraction limit the motion of particles in a liquid, the particles in a

liquid cannot ________________________________ and ________________ a container.

Explaining the Behavior of Solids
Strong attractions among the atoms in a solid ___________________________________
_____________ and keep each atom in a __________________________________________
relative to its neighbors.
Each atom ___________________ around its location but it does not ________________
______________________ with a neighboring atom.
Solids have a ___________________________________________________________________

Draw and describe the particles of a solid, liquid, and gas

Solid:

Liquid:

Gas:

Key Concepts
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Pressure
__________________ is the result of a ______________ distributed over
an ___________.
If the ___________ of a hockey puck hits the glass surrounding a
rink, it exerts _________________________ than if the ___________ of
the puck hits the glass at the _________________________________.
The SI unit of pressure is ________________ from SI units for
______________ and ______________.
Force is measured in ______________ (N) and area in
____________________________ (m2).
When a force in Newtons is divided by an area in square meters the
unit of pressure is __________________________________________ (N/m2).
The SI unit for pressure, the ______________(Pa), is shorthand for
Newtons per square meter. One Pascal is a ______________ amount of
pressure so scientists often express larger amounts of pressure in
____________________________.
Pressure is also measured in ______________ (atm), and
__________________________________________ (mmHg)
1 atmosphere is the ____________________________ of air pressure on
Earth at ____________________________.

_______ atm = ________ mmHg = _________ kPa

The pressure produced by a single helium atom colliding with a wall
is extremely ______________.
However, there are more than 1022 helium atoms in a small balloon.
When so many particles collide with the walls of a container at the
same time, they produce a measurable pressure.
Collisions between particles of a gas and the walls of the container
cause the pressure in a closed container of gas.
The ______________ of the particles and their ______________ also
effect the pressure.
Factors That Effect Gas Pressure
Think about the collisions that produce gas pressure. What changes
might affect the pressure of a gas in a container?

Temperature
If you checked the tire pressures of a car after a few hours on the
highway, what would you expect to find?

As the ______________ rises, the ____________________________________

of the particles in the air ______________.
With increased kinetic energy, the particles move ______________ and
collide with the inner walls of the tires __________________________
and with ____________________________.
This causes an increase in the ______________ of the air in the
tires.

Raising the ______________ of a gas will increase its ______________

if the ______________ of the gas and the number of ______________ are
______________.
Volume
What happens when a sealed plastic bottle is squeezed?

The pressure you feel is a result of the increased pressure of the

air trapped inside the bottle.
As the ______________ is ______________, particles of trapped air
collide ____________________________ with the walls of the bottle.
______________ the ______________ of a gas ______________ its
______________ if the ___________________ of the gas and the number
of particles are constant.
Number of Particles
What will happen to the pressure when you add more gas to a
container?

At some point the material from which the container is made will not
be ____________________________ to withstand the ______________
pressure and _______________.
______________ the number of particles will increase the
______________ of a gas if the __________________ and the volume are
______________.

Charless Law
The French physicist Jacques Charles

Volume vs Temperature

collected data on the relationship

between the _________________ and
______________ of gases.
When he graphed the data, the graph
was a straight line, which shows that

the volume of a gas increases at the _________________________ as the

temperature of the gas.
____________________________ states that the volume of a gas is
______________ proportional to its temperature in ______________ if
the pressure and the number of particles of the gas are ____________.
Charless law can be written as

Sample Problem:
A balloon with a volume of 20 L is cooled from 400 K to 200 K, what
is its new volume?

The __________________ must be expressed in ______________.

If temperatures in degrees ______________ are used in the expression,
the volume will __________ be directly proportional to the
temperature.

Boyles Law
Robert Boyle was the first to describe the relationship between the
______________ and ______________of a gas.
____________________________ states that the ______________ of a gas
is ________________ proportional to its _________________ if the
temperature and the number of particles are constant.
Boyles law can be expressed mathematically as

Sample Problem:
A balloon with a volume of 20 L and pressure of 300 kPa is shrunk to
5 L, what is its new pressure?

The Combined Gas Law

A single law can describe the relationship between ______________ Law
and ________________ Law.
The _______________________________ describes the relationship among
the ________________, ______________, and ______________ of a gas
when the number of particles is constant.
The Combined Gas Law

____________________________ are filled with hydrogen or helium and

carry a package of weather instruments to measure _________________,
______________, and ____________________________ at different levels
in the ____________________.
What will happen to the volume of the weather balloon as it rises
through the atmosphere? Keep in mind that both pressure and
temperature decrease as the altitude increases in Earths atmosphere.

Sample Problem:
A weather balloon with a volume of 200 L , a pressure of 1 atm, and
temperature of 300 K ascends high into the stratosphere, where the
pressure is 0.5 atm and the temperature is 250 K. What is the volume
of the balloon?