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Use of antibiotics in pig and poultry farms in Malaysia

Wang Yan & Liang Juan Boo

Contents
Introduction & Objective Type of Antibiotic used in Malaysia Concentration of Tcs and SAs used in Malaysia

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Introduction
Antibiotics are widely used in livestock not only to treat illness and disease, but also to promote growth and reduce stress.

Poultry farm

Pig farm

Poultry farm

Use of veterinary drugs as feed additive is being prohibited in EU countries (2006), but they are still being use in most developing countries.

Farm folly? Animal antibiotic use may contribute to microbial resistance, making it important to track these drugs.

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Annual consumption of antibiotics in veterinary medicine in European Union was estimated to be 4700 tons and USA 13 million pounds. And consumption for the two most widely used antibiotics, tetracyclines (TCs) and sulfonamides (SAs) are: Holland and Belgium 200 tons each Denmark and Switzerland 40 tons each.

The actual consumption of the above veterinary drugs in most developing countries including Malaysia is not known It is believed that intensive livestock farming, particularly pig and poultry use considerably large quantity of these drugs.

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Most of the antibiotics are poorly absorbed by the animals About 25% to 75% of the antibiotics excreted unaltered via feces or urine and enter the environment mainly via the application of manure for crops production (Diaz-Cruz, et.al. 2003)

However, limited research has been conducted on the use of antibiotic and their residue in developing countries including Malaysia

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Objective
To investigate the status of use of veterinary drugs, and their residues in the feces from selected intensive pig and boiler farms in Peninsular Malaysia.

Type of Antibiotic use in Malaysia

Twelve pig and poultry farms , representing the various farm sizes/location will be selected for this survey.

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Penang

Antibiotic in Pig Feed

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Antibiotic in Poultry Feed

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Conclusion
Antibiotic are widely used for pig and Poultry production due to their high efficiency and low price. Tetracycline, sulfonamide, penicillin and tylosin are the most widely used antibiotic in Malaysian pig and poultry farm.

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Concentration of Antibiotic in Malaysian Pig and Boiler Farms

Samples collected include:
Feed Feces

Laboratory analyses
Extraction of OTC and sulfachlorpyridazine will be achieved by introducing 20 ml of ethyl acetate and 10 g of anhydrous Na2SO4 for solid sample. While the wastewater samples will be centrifuged prior to filter through 1.2 m glass-fiber filter For the purification step, a cation-exchange solidphase extraction (SPE) column is used. The TCs and SAs will be determined by liquid chromatography/electrospray-mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS) in positive-ion mode using a 2695 HPLC and ZQ MS. (Vet Food Agro Diagnostics (M) Sdn Bhd)

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LC-MS/MS chromatogram of TCs and SAs

Limit of TCs and SAs detection in LC-MS/MS

LC-MS/MS Sulphonamides Limit of detection (ng/g) LC-MS/MS Tetracyclines Limit of detection (ng/g) Sulfadiazine 10.0 Tetracycline 20.0 Sulfamethazine 10.0 Oxytetracycline 20.0 Sulfadimethoxine Sulfachinoxalin 10.0 Chlortetracycline 20.0 10.0 Doxycycline 20.0

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Antibiotics concentrations (ng/g) in diets of different production stages of pig and poultry
Sample (Stage) Pig (weaner) Pig (grower) Pig (finisher) Broiler (starter) Sulfamethazine Tetracycline Chlortetracycline Oxytetracycline

407.0

1481.7 Not detected 72.9 Not detected

20492.9 Not detected 323.0 Not detected

Not detected 205.4 54.8 Not detected

51948.5 11624.2
117.9

Broiler (grower)
Broiler (finisher)

28791.1
969.7

Not detected
7814.5

25.3

Not detected
43.1

132046.6

Estimated antibiotics consumption (g) of different production stages of pig and poultry
Sample (Stage) Sulfamethazine Tetracycline Chlortetracycline Oxytetracycline

Pig (weaner)
Pig (grower) Pig (finisher)

102

370
Not detected 219

5123
Not detected 969

Not detected
205 164

51948 34873
7
4319 194

Broiler (starter)
Broiler (grower) Broiler (finisher)

Not detected
Not detected 1563

Not detected
4

Not detected
Not detected 9

26409

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Antibiotics concentrations (ng/g) in feces of different production stages of pig and poultry
Sample (Stage) Pig (weaner) Pig (grower) Pig (finisher) Broiler (starter) Broiler (grower) Broiler (finisher) Sulfamethazine 44.4 38.5 Chlortetracycline 23.9 66.3 Doxycycline Not detected Not detected Not detected 271.9 Not detected Not detected

130.0
62.2

129.2
45.1 Not detected Not detected

380.4
103.0

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Conclusion
The survey farms used high concentration of Sulfamethazine (51948.5 ng/g in pig grower and 11624.2 ng/g in pig finisher) and Chlortetracycline (132046.6 ng/g in boiler finisher) in diet of pig and poultry. High consumption of Sulfamethazine (51948 g in pig grower and 34873 g in pig finisher) and Chlortetracycline (26409 g in boiler finisher) were found in diet of pig and poultry. High concentration of Sulfamethazine (130 ng/g in pig finisher) and Chlortetracycline (129.2 ng/g in pig fisher and 380.4 ng/g in boiler grower ) in the pig and boiler feces in the surveyed farm.

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