Remdedial.civilprocedure.

2012 4e'eral (uri$dic#io')

OUTLINE REVIEWER IN CIVIL PROCEDURE

CLA I!ICATION O! COURT IN T"E P"ILIPPINE

Cour#$ o% &e'eral (uri$dic#io')

compe#e'# #o decide #*eir o+' (uri$dic#io' a'd #o #a,e co&'i-a'ce o% all ,i'd$ o% ca$e$. u'le$$ o#*er+i$e provided /0 #*e la+ Cour#$ o% $pecial or limi#ed (uri$dic#io') *ave 'o po+er #o decide #*eir o+' (uri$dic#io' a'd ca' o'l0 #r0 ca$e$ permi##ed /0 $#a#u#e Cour#$ o% ori&i'al (uri$dic#io') cour#$ i' +*ic*. u'der #*e la+. ac#io'$ or proceedi'&$ ma0 /e ori&i'all0 comme'ced Cour#$ o% appella#e (uri$dic#io' ) cour#$ +*ic* *ave #*e po+er #o revie+ o' appeal #*e deci$io' o% order$ o% a lo+er cour# I'%erior cour#$) lo+er i' ra', a'd $u/(ec# #o revie+ a'd $upervi$io' /0 #*e la##er Cour#$ o% record) #*o$e +*o$e proceedi'&$ are e'rolled a'd +*ic* are /ou'd #o ,eep a +ri##e' record o% all #rial$ a'd proceedi'&$ *a'dled /0 #*em Cour#$ 'o# o% record) cour#$ +*ic* are 'o# re1uired #o ,eep a +ri##e' record or #ra'$crip# o% proceedi'&$ *eld #*erei' Co'$#i#u#io'al cour#$) #*o$e +*ic* o+e #*eir crea#io' a'd e2i$#e'ce #o #*e Co'$#i#u#io' a'd. #*ere%ore. ca''o# /e le&i$la#ed ou# o% e2i$#e'ce or deprived /0 la+ o% #*e (uri$dic#io' a'd po+er$ u'1uali%iedl0 ve$#ed i' #*em /0 #*e Co'$#i#u#io' #a#u#or0 cour#$) crea#ed. or&a'i-ed a'd +i#* (uri$dic#io' e2clu$ivel0 de#ermi'ed /0 la+

#*e po+er #o ad(udica#e all co'#rover$ie$ e2cep# #*o$e e2pre$$l0 +i#**eld %rom #*e ple'ar0 po+er$ o% #*e cour# pecial or limi#ed (uri$dic#io') re$#ric#$ #*e cour#5$ (uri$dic#io' o'l0 #o par#icular ca$e$ a'd $u/(ec# #o $uc* limi#a#io'$ a$ ma0 /e provided /0 #*e &over'i'& la+ Ori&i'al (uri$dic#io') #*e po+er o% #*e cour# #o #a,e (udicial co&'i-a'ce o% a ca$e i'$#i#u#ed %or (udicial ac#io' %or #*e %ir$# #ime u'der co'di#io'$ provided /0 la+ Appella#e (uri$dic#io') #*e au#*ori#0 o% a cour# *i&*er i' ra', #o ree2ami'e #*e %i'al order or (ud&me'# o% a lo+er cour# +*ic* #ried #*e ca$e 'o+ eleva#ed %or (udicial revie+ E2clu$ive (uri$dic#io') #*e po+er #o ad(udica#e a ca$e or proceedi'& #o #*e e2clu$io' o% all o#*er cour#$ a# #*a# $#a&e Co'curre'# (uri$dic#io') $ome#ime$ re%erred #o a$ co'%lue'# or coordi'a#e (uri$dic#io' Po+er co'%erred upo' di%%ere'# cour#$. +*e#*er o% #*e $ame or di%%ere'# ra',$. #o #a,e co&'i-a'ce a# #*e $ame $#a&e o% #*e $ame ca$e i' #*e $ame or di%%ere'# (udicial #erri#orie$ Dele&a#ed (uri$dic#io') #*e &ra'# o% au#*ori#0 #o i'%erior cour#$ #o *ear a'd de#ermi'e cada$#ral a'd la'd re&i$#ra#io' ca$e$ u'der co'di#io'$ Terri#orial (uri$dic#io') #*e &eo&rap*ical area +i#*i' +*ic* i#$ po+er$ ca' /e e2erci$ed.

CLA

I!ICATION O! COURT 3A ED ON IT NATURE 1

6URI DICTION VENUE T*e au#*ori#0 #o *ear T*e place +*ere #*e a'd de#ermi'e a ca$e ca$e i$ #o /e *eard or #ried

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 A ma##er o% A ma##er o% $u/$#a'#ive la+ procedural la+ E$#a/li$*e$ a rela#io' A rela#io' /e#+ee' /e#+ee' #*e cour# plai'#i%% a'd a'd #*e $u/(ec#) de%e'da'#. or ma##er pe#i#io'er a'd de%e'da'# !i2ed /0 la+ a'd 7a0 /e co'%erred /0 ca''o# /e co'%erred #*e ac# or a&reeme'# /0 #*e par#ie$ o% #*e par#ie$ RE8UI ITE !OR T"E E9ERCI E O! 6URI DICTION Over #*e plai'#i%% or #*e pe#i#io'er: %ili'& o% #*e complai'#. pe#i#io' or i'i#ia#or0 pleadi'& /e%ore #*e cour# /0 #*e plai'#i%%;pe#i#io'er Over #*e de%e'da'# or re$po'de'# volu'#ar0 appeara'ce or $u/mi$$io' /0 #*e de%e'da'# or re$po'de'# #o #*e cour# or /0 coercive proce$$ i$$ued /0 #*e cour# #o *im 30 #*e $ervice o% $ummo'$ Over #*e $u/(ec# ma##er: co'%erred /0 la+ Over #*e i$$ue$ o% #*e ca$e: /0 #*e pleadi'&$ %iled i' #*e ca$e /0 #*e par#ie$. or /0 #*eir a&reeme'# i' a pre)#rial order or $#ipula#io' Over #*e re$: #*e proper#0 or #*i'& +*ic* i$ #*e $u/(ec# o% li#i&a#io' Ac1uired /0 #*e ac#ual or co'$#ruc#ive $ei-ure /0 #*e cour# o% #*e #*i'& i' 1ue$#io'. #*u$ placi'& i# i' cu$#odial e&i$ 30 provi$io' o% la+ +*ic* reco&'i-e$ i' #*e cour# #*e po+er #o deal +i#* #*e proper#0 or $u/(ec#)ma##er +i#*i' i#$ #erri#orial (uri$dic#io'. T*e cour# ac1uire$ (uri$dic#io' #o #r0 #*e ca$e. eve' i% i# *a$ 'o# ac1uired (uri$dic#io' over #*e per$o' o% a 'o're$ide'# de%e'da'#. a$ lo'& a$ i# *a$ (uri$dic#io' over #*e re$ 2

RULE ON AD"ERENCE O! 6URI DICTION: T*e (uri$dic#io' o% a cour#. +*e#*er i' crimi'al or civil ca$e$. o'ce i# a##ac*e$ ca''o# /e ou$#ed /0 $u/$e1ue'# *appe'i'&$ or eve'#$ al#*ou&* o% a c*arac#er +*ic* +ould *ave preve'#ed (uri$dic#io' %rom a##ac*i'& i' #*e %ir$# i'$#a'ce a'd i# re#ai'$ (uri$dic#io' u'#il i# %i'all0 di$po$e$ o% #*e ca$e. u/$#a'#ive La+) par# o% #*e la+ +*ic* crea#e$ ri&*#$ co'cer'i'& li%e. li/er#0 o% proper#0. or #*e po+er$ o% i'$#rume'#ali#ie$ %or #*e admi'i$#ra#io' o% pu/lic a%%air$ #*e ad(ec#ive la+$ +*ic* pre$cri/e rule$ a'd %orm$ o% procedure i' order #*a# cour#$ ma0 /e a/le #o admi'i$#er (u$#ice #*e mode o% proceedi'& /0 +*ic* a le&al ri&*# i$ e'%orced #*e delic# or +ro'&%ul ac# or omi$$io' commi##ed /0 #*e de%e'da'# i' viola#io' o% #*e primar0 ri&*#$ o% #*e plai'#i%% #*e remedial ri&*# or ri&*# #o relie% &ra'#ed /0 la+ #o a par#0 #o i'$#i#u#e a' ac#io' a&ai'$# a per$o' +*o *a$ commi##ed a delic# or +ro'& a&ai'$# *im.

Procedural La+) Procedure) Cau$e o% ac#io') Ri&*# o% ac#io')

T*e 1ue$#io' a$ #o +*e#*er #*e plai'#i%% *a$ a cau$e o% ac#io' i$ de#ermi'ed /0 #*e averme'#$ i' #*e pleadi'& re&ardi'& #*e ac#$ commi##ed /0 #*e de%e'da'# Relie%) #*e redre$$. pro#ec#io'. a+ard or coercive mea$ure +*ic* #*e plai'#i%% pra0$ #*e cour# #o re'der i' *i$ %avor a$ a co'$e1ue'ce o% #*e delic#. commi##ed /0 #*e de%e'da'# Remed0) #*e procedure or #0pe o% ac#io' +*ic* ma0 /e availed /0 #*e plai'#i%% a$ #*e mea'$ #o o/#ai' #*e relie% de$ired u/(ec#)ma##er) #*e #*i'&. +ro'&%ul ac#. co'#rac# or proper#0 +*ic* i$ direc#l0 i'volved i' #*e ac#io'. co'cer'i'& +*ic* #*e +ro'& *a$ /ee' do'e a'd +i#* re$pec# #o +*ic* #*e co'#rover$0 *a$ ari$e'.

T*e $u/(ec#)ma##er o% a &ive' ca$e i$ de#ermi'ed 'o# /0 #*e 'a#ure o% #*e

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 ac#io' #*a# a par#0 i$ e'#i#led #o /ri'& /u# /0 #*e 'a#ure a'd c*arac#er o% #*e pleadi'&$ a'd i$$ue$ $u/mi##ed /0 #*e par#ie$. CLA I!ICATION O! ACTION

Real Ac#io')

o'e /rou&*# %or #*e pro#ec#io' o% real ri&*#$. la'd. #e'eme'#$ or *eredi#ame'$ or o'e %ou'ded o' privi#0 o% e$#a#e o'l0 Per$o'al ac#io') o'e +*ic* i$ 'o# %ou'ded upo' #*e priv0 o% real ri&*#$ or real proper#0 7i2ed ac#io') o'e /rou&*# %or pro#ec#io' or recover0 o% real proper#0 a'd al$o %or a' a+ard o% dama&e$ $u$#ai'ed Ac#io' i' rem) o'e +*ic* i$ 'o# direc#ed o'l0 a&ai'$# par#icular per$o'$ /u# a&ai'$# #*e #*i'& i#$el% a'd #*e o/(ec# o% +*ic* i$ #o /ar i'di%%ere'#l0 all +*o mi&*# /e mi'ded #o ma,e a'0 o/(ec#io' a&ai'$# #*e ri&*# $ou&*# #o /e e'%orced. *e'ce #*e (ud&me'# i$ /i'di'& upo' #*e +*ole +orld Ac#io' i' per$o'am) o'e +*ic* i$ direc#ed a&ai'$# par#icular per$o'$ o' #*e /a$i$ o% #*eir per$o'al lia/ili#0 #o e$#a/li$* a claim a&ai'$# #*em a'd #*e (ud&me'# +*erei' i$ /i'di'& o'l0 upo' #*e par#ie$ impleaded or #*eir $ucce$$or$)i')i'#ere$# Ac#io' 1ua$i i' rem) o'e direc#ed a&ai'$# par#icular per$o'$ /u# #*e purpo$e o% +*ic* i$ #o /ar a'd /i'd 'o# o'l0 $aid per$o'$ /u# a'0 o#*er per$o' +*o claim$ a'0 i'#ere$# i' #*e proper#0 or ri&*# $u/(ec# o% #*e $ui# Tra'$i#or0 ac#io') o'e #*e ve'ue o% +*ic* i$ depe'de'# &e'erall0 upo' #*e par#ie$ re&ardle$$ o% +*ere #*e cau$e o% ac#io' aro$e Local ac#io') o'e +*ic* i$ re1uired /0 #*e rule$ #o /e i'$#i#u#ed i' a par#icular place i' #*e a/$e'ce o% a' a&reeme'# #o #*e co'#rar0 6URI DICTION IN CIVIL CA E SUPREME COURT ORI4INAL E2clu$ive

Pe#i#io'$ %or cer#iorari. pro*i/i#io' or ma'damu$ a&ai'$# Cour# o% Appeal$ Cour# o% Ta2 Appeal$ a'di&a'/a0a' Commi$$io' o' Elec#io'$ Commi$$io' o' Audi# Co'curre'# With the Court of Appeals Pe#i#io'$ %or cer#iorari. pro*i/i#io' or ma'damu$ a&ai'$# Re&io'al Trial Cour#$ Civil ervice Commi$$io' Ce'#ral 3oard o% A$$e$$me'# Appeal$ Na#io'al La/or Rela#io'$ Commi$$io' O#*er 1ua$i)(udicial /odie$

With the Court of Appeals and Regional Trial Courts Pe#i#io'$ %or cer#iorari. pro*i/i#io' or ma'damu$ a&ai'$# cour#$ o% #*e %ir$# level a'd o#*er /odie$ Pe#i#io'$ %or *a/ea$ corpu$ a'd 1uo +arra'#o With the Regional Trial Courts Ac#io'$ a&ai'$# am/a$$ador$. o#*er pu/lic mi'i$#er$ a'd co'$ul$ APPELLATE <

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Pe#i#io'$ %or revie+ o' cer#iorari a&ai'$# o Cour# o% Appeal$ o Cour# o% Ta2 Appeal$ o a'di&a'/a0a' o Re&io'al Trial Cour#$ i' ca$e$ i'volvi'& Co'$#i#u#io'ali#0 or validi#0 o% a #rea#0. i'#er'a#io'al or e2ecu#ive a&reeme'#$. la+. pre$ide'#ial decree. proclama#io'. order. i'$#ruc#io'. ordi'a'ce or re&ula#io' Le&ali#0 o% #a2. impo$#. a$$e$$me'#. #oll or a pe'al#0 i' rela#io' #*ere#o O'l0 error$ or 1ue$#io'$ o% la+ 6uri$dic#io' o% a lo+er cour# COURT OF APPEALS ORI4INAL E2clu$ive Ac#io'$ %or a''ulme'# o% (ud&me'#$ o% Re&io'al Trial Cour#$ Co'curre'# With the Supreme Court Pe#i#io'$ %or cer#iorari. pro*i/i#io' or ma'damu$ With the Regional Trial Court Pe#i#io'$ %or cer#iorari. pro*i/i#io' or ma'damu$ a&ai'$# cour#$ o% %ir$# i'$#a'ce Pe#i#io'$ %or *a/ea$ corpu$ a'd 1uo +arra'#o APPELLATE >

Ordi'ar0 appeal$ %rom RTC$. e2cep# i' ca$e$ e2clu$ivel0 appeala/le #o #*e upreme Cour# a'd !amil0 Cour#$ Appeal /0 pe#i#io' %or revie+ %rom Civil ervice Commi$$io' Ce'#ral 3oard o% A$$e$$me'# Appeal$ ecuri#ie$ a'd E2c*a'&e Commi$$io' La'd Re&i$#ra#io' Au#*ori#0 ocial ecuri#0 Commi$$io' O%%ice o% #*e Pre$ide'# Civil Aero'au#ic$ 3oard 3ureau$ u'der #*e I'#ellec#ual Proper#0 O%%ice Na#io'al Elec#ri%ica#io' Admi'i$#ra#io' E'er&0 Re&ula#or0 3oard Na#io'al Telecommu'ica#io'$ Commi$$io' Depar#me'# o% A&raria' Re%orm 4over'me'# ervice I'$ura'ce 0$#em Emplo0ee$ Compe'$a#io' Commi$$io' A&ricul#ural I've'#io'$ 3oard I'$ura'ce Commi$$io' P*ilippi'e A#omic E'er&0 Commi$$io' 3oard o% I've$#me'#$ Co'$#ruc#io' I'du$#r0 Ar/i#ra#io' Commi$$io' O%%ice o% #*e Om/ud$ma'. i' admi'i$#ra#ive di$cipli'ar0 ca$e$ A'0 o#*er 1ua$i)(udicial a&e'c0. i'$#rume'#ali#0. /oard or commi$$io' i' #*e e2erci$e o% i#$ 1ua$i)(udicial= %u'c#io'$ $uc* a$ volu'#ar0 ar/i#ra#or$ Pe#i#io'$ %or revie+ %rom #*e RTC$ i' ca$e$ appealed #*ere#o %rom #*e lo+er cour#$ REGIONAL TRIAL COURTS ORI4INAL

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 E2clu$ive Ac#io'$ #*e $u/(ec# ma##er$ +*ereo% are 'o# capa/le o% pecu'iar0 e$#ima#io' Ac#io'$ i'volvi'& #i#le #o or po$$e$$io' or a' i'#ere$# #*erei'. +*ere #*e a$$e$$ed value o% $uc* proper#0 pe$o$ P20.000.00 or. %or civil ac#io'$ i' 7e#ro 7a'ila. +*ere $uc* value e2ceed$ P?0.000.00 e2cep# %orci/le e'#r0 a'd u'la+%ul de#ai'er ca$e$ Ac#io'$ i' admiral#0 a'd mari#ime (uri$dic#io' +*ere #*e e2ceed$ P100.000.00 or. i' 7e#ro 7a'ila. +*ere $uc* dema'd or claim e2ceed$ T+o *u'dred #*ou$a'd pe$o$ P200.000.00 7a##er$ o% pro/a#e. #e$#a#e or i'#e$#a#e. +*ere #*e &ro$$ value o% #*e e$#a#e e2ceed$ +*ere #*e &ro$$ value o% #*e e$#a#e e2ceed$ P100.000.00 or. i' pro/a#e ma##er$ i' 7e#ro 7a'ila. +*ere $uc* &ro$$ value P200.000.00 Ca$e$ 'o# +i#*i' #*e e2clu$ive (uri$dic#io' o% a'0 cour#. #ri/u'al. per$o' or /od0 e2erci$i'& (udicial or 1ua$i)(udicial %u'c#io'$ Ac#io'$ a'd $pecial proceedi'&$ +i#*i' #*e e2clu$ive ori&i'al (uri$dic#io' o% #*e Cour# o% A&raria' Rela#io'$

Ac#io'$ a%%ec#i'& am/a$$ador$. o#*er pu/lic mi'i$#er$ a'd co'$ul$ With the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals Pe#i#io'$ %or cer#iorari. pro*i/i#io' a'd ma'damu$ Pe#i#io'$ %or *a/ea$ corpu$ a'd 1uo +arra'#o APPELLATE All ca$e$ decided /0 lo+er cour#$ i' #*eir re$pec#ive #erri#orial (uri$dic#io'. FAMILY COURTS ORI4INAL E2clu$ive Pe#i#io'$ %or 4uardia'$*ip. cu$#od0 o% c*ildre'. *a/ea$ corpu$ i' rela#io' #o #*e la##er Adop#io' o% c*ildre' a'd #*e revoca#io' #*ereo% uppor# a'd;or ac,'o+led&me'# Declara#io' o% $#a#u$ o% c*ildre' a$ a/a'do'ed. depe'de'# or 'e&lec#ed c*ildre'. %or #*e volu'#ar0 or i'volu'#ar0 commi#me'# o% c*ildre'. a'd %or #*e $u$pe'$io'. #ermi'a#io'. or re$#ora#io' o% pare'#al au#*ori#0 T*e co'$#i#u#io' o% #*e %amil0 *ome Complai'# %or a''ulme'# o% marria&e. declara#io' o% 'ulli#0 o% marria&e a'd #*o$e re$ul#i'& #o mari#al $#a#u$ a'd proper#0 rela#io'$ o% *u$/a'd a'd +i%e or #*o$e livi'& #o&e#*er u'der di%%ere'# $#a#u$ a'd a&reeme'#$. a'd pe#i#io'$ %or di$$olu#io' o% co'(u&al par#'er$*ip o% &ai'$ ummar0 (udicial proceedi'&$ /rou&*# u'der #*e provi$io'$ o% #*e !amil0 Code ?

O#*er ca$e$ +*ere #*e dema'd. e2clu$ive o% i'#ere$#. dama&e$. a##or'e05$ %ee$. li#i&a#io' e2pe'$e$ a'd co$#$. or #*e value o% #*e proper#0 e2ceed$ 100.000@ or. i' $uc*
o#*er ca$e$ i' 7e#ro 7a'ila. +*ere #*e dema'd e2clu$ive o% #*e a/oveme'#io'ed i#em$ e2ceed$ P200.000.00 Co'curre'# With the Supreme Court

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Ca$e$ o% dome$#ic viole'ce a&ai'$# +ome' a'd c*ildre' a$ de%i'ed u'der #*e provi$io'$ o% #*e !amil0 Code /u# +*ic* do 'o# co'$#i#u#e crimi'al o%%e'$e $u/(ec# #o crimi'al pro$ecu#io' a'd pe'al#ie$ METROPOLITAN, MUNICIPAL AND MUNICIPAL CIRCUIT TRIAL COURTS Ori&i'al pecial E2clu$ive Ac#io'$ i'volvi'& per$o'al proper#0 valued a# 'o# more #*a' P<00.000.00 or i' 7e#ro 7a'ila. P>00.000.00 Ac#io'$ dema'di'& $um o% mo'e0 'o# e2ceedi'& 200.000 or i' 7e#ro 7a'ila <00.000 e2clu$ive o% i'#ere$# dama&e$. a##or'e05$ %ee$. li#i&a#io' e2pe'$e$ a'd co$#$ Ac#io'$ i' admiral#0 a'd mari#ime ca$e$ +*ere #*e dema'd or claim doe$ 'o# e2ceed P<00.000.00 or. i' 7e#ro 7a'ila. +*ere $uc* dema'd or claim e2ceed$ T+o *u'dred #*ou$a'd pe$o$ P>00.000.00. e2clu$ive o% i'#ere$#. dama&e$. a##or'e05$ %ee$. li#i&a#io' e2pe'$e$ a'd co$#$ Pro/a#e proceedi'&$. #e$#a#e or i'#e$#a#e. +*ere #*e &ro$$ value o% #*e e$#a#e e2ceed$ +*ere #*e &ro$$ value o% #*e e$#a#e doe$ 'o# e2ceed P<00.000.00 or. i' pro/a#e ma##er$ i' 7e#ro 7a'ila. +*ere $uc* &ro$$ value P>00.000.00 !orci/le e'#r0 a'd u'la+%ul de#ai'er ca$e$ Ac#io'$ i'volvi'& #i#le #o. or po$$e$$io' o% real proper#0 or a'0 i'#ere$# #*erei' +*ere #*e a$$e$$ed value doe$ 'o# e2ceed P<00.000 or i' 7e#ro 7a'ila >00.000 e2cludi'& i'#ere$#. dama&e$. a##or'e05$ %ee$. li#i&a#io' e2pe'$e$ a'd co$#$. C Pe#i#io'$ %or *a/ea$ corpu$ i' #*e a/$e'ce o% all #*e RTC (ud&e$ i' #*e provi'ce or ci#0 ummar0 procedure !orci/le e'#r0 a'd u'la+%ul de#ai'er ca$e$ All o#*er ca$e$ e2cep# pro/a#e proceedi'&$ +*ere #*e #o#al claim doe$ 'o# e2ceed 100.000 or i' 7e#ro 7a'ila 200.000 e2clu$ive o% i'#ere$#$ a'd co$#$ DOCTRINE O! PRI7ARA 6URI DICTION: Cour#$ +ill 'o# re$olve a co'#rover0 i'volvi'& a 1ue$#io' +*ic* i$ +i#*i' #*e (uri$dic#io' o% a' admi'i$#ra#ive #ri/u'al e$peciall0 +*ere #*e 1ue$#io' dema'd$ #*e e2erci$e o% $ou'd di$cre#io' re1uiri'& #*e $pecial ,'o+led&e. e2perie'ce a'd $ervice$ o% #*e admi'i$#ra#ive #ri/u'al #o de#ermi'e #ec*'ical a'd i'#rica#e ma##er$ o% %ac# DOCTRINE O! CONTINUITA O! 6URI DICTION BAd*ere'ce o% 6uri$dic#io'@: O'ce a cour# *a$ ac1uired (uri$dic#io'. #*a# (uri$dic#io' co'#i'ue$ u'#il #*e cour# *a$ do'e all #*a# i# ca' do i' #*e e2erci$e o% #*a# (uri$dic#io' T*e cour# ma0 o' i#$ o+' i'i#ia#ive o/(ec# #o a' erro'eou$ (uri$dic#io' a'd ma0 ex mero motu #a,e co&'i-a'ce o% lac, o% (uri$dic#io' a# a'0 poi'# i' #*e ca$e a'd *a$ a clearl0 reco&'i-ed ri&*# #o de#ermi'e i#$ o+' (uri$dic#io'. Provi$io'al remedie$ +*ere #*e pri'cipal ac#io' i$ +i#*i' #*eir (uri$dic#io' Dele&a#ed Cada$#ral or la'd re&i$#ra#io' ca$e$ coveri'& lo#$ +*ere #*ere i$ 'o co'#rover$0 or oppo$i#io'. or co'#e$#ed lo#$ #*e value o% +*ic* doe$ 'o# e2ceed 100.000 a$ ma0 /e a$$i&'ed /0 #*e upreme Cour#

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 T*e earlie$# oppor#u'i#0 o% a par#0 #o rai$e #*e i$$ue o% (uri$dic#io' i$ i' a mo#io' #o di$mi$$ %iled /e%ore #*e %ili'& or $ervice o% a' a'$+er. CERTAIN 3A IC PRINCIPLE TO 3E RE7E73ERED IN CIVIL CA E U36ECT TO U77ARA PROCEDURE 1. No# all pleadi'&$ i' a' ordi'ar0 civil ac#io' are allo+ed i' a $ummar0 procedure 2. T*e cour# ma0 di$mi$$ #*e ca$e ou#ri&*# o' a'0 o% #*e &rou'd$ %or #*e di$mi$$al o% a civil ac#io' <. T*ere $*all /e a prelimi'ar0 co'%ere'ce *eld /u# #*ere $*all /e 'o #rial. >. Wi#*i' #*ir#0 da0$ %rom #*e receip# o% #*e la$# a%%idavi#$ a'd po$i#io' paper$. or #*e e2pira#io' o% #*e period %or %ili'& #*e $ame. #*e cour# $*all re'der (ud&me'# ?. A mo#io' #o di$mi$$ i$ 'o# allo+ed e2cep# o' #*e %ollo+i'& &rou'd$: Lac, o% (uri$dic#io' over #*e $u/(ec# ma##er !ailure #o compl0 +i#* #*e /ara'&a0 co'cilia#io' proceedi'&$ C. Pro*i/i#ed pleadi'&$: 7o#io' #o di$mi$$ #*e complai'# or #o 1ua$* #*e complai'# or i'%orma#io' e2cep# o' #*e &rou'd o% lac, o% (uri$dic#io' over #*e $u/(ec# ma##er. or %ailure #o compl0 +i#* #*e precedi'& $ec#io' 7o#io' %or a /ill o% par#icular$ 7o#io' %or 'e+ #rial. or %or reco'$idera#io' o% a (ud&me'#. or %or ope'i'& o% #rial Pe#i#io' %or relie% %rom (ud&me'# 7o#io' %or e2#e'$io' o% #ime #o %ile pleadi'&$. a%%idavi#$ or a'0 o#*er paper 7emora'da Pe#i#io' %or cer#iorari. ma'damu$. or pro*i/i#io' a&ai'$# a'0 i'#erlocu#or0 order i$$ued /0 #*e cour# G

7o#io' #o declare #*e de%e'da'# i' de%aul# Dila#or0 mo#io'$ %or po$#po'eme'# Repl0 T*ird)par#0 complai'#$ I'#erve'#io'$

TOTALITA RULE: W*ere #*ere are $everal claim$ or cau$e$ o% ac#io'$ /e#+ee' #*e $ame or di%%ere'# par#ie$. em/odied i' #*e $ame complai'#. #*e amou'# o% #*e dema'd $*all /e #*e #o#ali#0 7ALL CLAI7 CA E Pro*i/i#ed mo#io'$ a'd pleadi'&$ Purpo$e o% #*e proce$$: provide a' i'e2pe'$ive a'd e2pedi#iou$ mea'$ #o $e##le di$pu#e$ over $mall amou'#$

CLAI7 OR DE7AND RE!ERRED TO: ) ) ) 7o'e0 o+ed ari$i'& %rom co'#rac# o% lea$e. co'#rac# o% loa'. co'#rac# o% $ervice$. co'#rac# o% $ale or co'#rac# o% marria&e Dama&e$ ari$i'& %rom %aul# or 'e&li&e'ce. 1ua$i)co'#rac# or co'#rac# !or e'%orceme'# o% a /ara'&a0 amica/le $e##leme'# or a' ar/i#ra#io' a+ard i'volvi'& mo'e0 claim$

DAc#io'$ i'capa/le o% pecu'iar0 e$#ima#io'E F mo'e0 claim i$ merel0 I'cide'#al RULE 1 General Provisions Sec 1. Title of the Rules.
These Rule shall be known and cited as the Rules of Court.

Sec . In what courts applicable.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
These Rules shall apply in all the courts, except as otherwise provided by the Supreme Court.

Sec !. Cases governed.

These Rules shall govern the procedure to be observed in actions, civil or criminal and special proceedings. (a ! civil action is one by which a party sues another for the enforcement or protection of a right, or the prevention or redress of a wrong, ! civil action may either be ordinary or special. "oth are governed by the rules for ordinary civil actions, sub#ect to the specific rules prescribed for a special civil action. (b ! criminal action is one by which the State prosecutes a person for an act or omission punishable by law. (c ! special proceeding is a remedy by which a party seeks to establish a status, a right, or a particular fact.

A$ lo'& a$ #*e complai'# +*ic* comme'ce$ #*e ac#io' i$ %iled +i#*i' #*e pre$crip#ive period. #*e claim alle&ed #*erei' i$ 'o# /arred eve' i% $ummo'$ +a$ $erved o' #*e de%e'da'# a%#er #*e pre$crip#ive period. T*e da#e o% maili'& #*e complai'# i$ co'$idered #*e da#e o% %ili'& o% $aid complai'#. "o+ever. i% #*e re1ui$i#e doc,e# %ee +a$ ac#uall0 paid. ei#*er per$o'all0 or al$o /0 mail. $u/$e1ue'# #o #*e maili'& o% $aid complai'#. #*e da#e o% $uc* pa0me'# or #*e maili'& o% $aid amou'# #*ere%or $*all /e co'$idered a$ #*e da#e o% #*e %ili'& o% #*e complai'#. T*e Cour# ac1uire$ (uri$dic#io' over #*e ca$e o'l0 upo' %ull pa0me'# o% $uc* pre$cri/ed doc,e# %ee. All complai'#$. pe#i#io'$. a'$+er$ a'd $imilar pleadi'&$ mu$# $peci%0 #*e amou'# o% dama&e$ /ei'& pra0ed %or /o#* i' #*e /od0 o% #*e pleadi'& a'd i' #*e pra0er #*erei'. a'd $aid dama&e$ $*all /e co'$idered i' #*e a$$e$$me'# o% #*e %ili'& %ee$. Sec $. Construction.
These Rules shall be liberally construed in order to promote their ob#ective of securing a #ust, speedy and inexpensive disposition of every action and proceeding.

Sec ". In what case not applicable.

These Rules shall not apply to$ election cases, land registration, cadastral, naturali%ation and insolvency proceedings, and other cases not herein provided for, except by analogy or in a suppletory character and whenever practicable and convenient

Civil Ac%ions
Ordi'ar0 Civil Ac#io'$ RULE Ca&se o' Ac%ion Sec 1. Ordinary civil actions. basis of
'very ordinary civil action must be based on a cause of action.

Sec #. Commencement of action.

! civil action is commenced by the filing of the original complaint in court. &f an additional defendant is impleaded in a later pleading, the action is commenced with regard to him on the dated of the filing of such later pleading, irrespective of whether the motion for its admission, if necessary, is denied by the court.

Sec . Cause of action. defined.

! cause of action is the act or omission by which a party violates a right of another.

A ca&se o' ac%ion i$ #*e delic# or +ro'&%ul ac# or omi$$io' commi##ed /0 #*e de%e'da'# i' viola#io' o% #*e primar0 ri&*# o% #*e plai'#i%%. H

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 W*ere #*ere i$ o'l0 o'e delic# or +ro'&. #*ere i$ /u# a $i'&le cau$e o% ac#io' re&ardle$$ o% #*e 'um/er o% ri&*#$ viola#ed /elo'&i'& #o o'e per$o'. ELE7ENT O! A CAU E O! ACTION ) ) ) A ri&*# i' %avor o% #*e plai'#i%% /0 +*a#ever mea'$ a'd u'der +*a#ever ma+ i# ari$e$ or i$ crea#ed. A' o/li&a#io' o' #*e par# o% #*e 'amed de%e'da'# #oo re$pec# or 'o# #o viola#e $uc* ri&*#. Ac# or omi$$io' o' #*e par# o% $uc* de%e'da'# i' viola#io' o% #*e ri&*# o% #*e plai'#i%% or co'$#i#u#i'& a /reac* o% #*e o/li&a#io' o% #*e de%e'da'# #o #*e plai'#i%% %or +*ic* #*e la##er ma0 mai'#ai' a' ac#io' %or recover0 o% dama&e$ or o#*er appropria#e relie%.

4ROUND !OR DI 7I AL

Rai$ed i' a mo#io' #o di$mi$$ u'der Rule 1C /e%ore a re$po'$ive pleadi'& i$ %iled a'd ca' /e de#ermi'ed o'l0 %rom #*e alle&a#io'$ o% #*e pleadi'& a'd 'o# %rom evide'#iar0 ma##er$

Rai$ed i' a demurrer #o evide'ce u'der Rule << a%#er #*e plai'#i%% *a$ re$#ed *i$ ca$e a'd ca' /e re$olved o'l0 o' #*e /a$i$ o% #*e evide'ce *e *a$ pre$e'#ed i' $uppor# o% *i$ claim

T*e cau$e o% ac#io' mu$# u'mi$#a,a/l0 /e $#a#ed or alle&ed i' #*e complai'#. All #*e eleme'#$ o% #*e cau$e o% ac#io' re1uired /0 $u/$#a'#ive la+ mu$# clearl0 appear %rom #*e mere readi'& o% #*e complai'#. W*ere #*ere i$ a doc,e# %ee or a' i'$u%%icie'c0 i' #*e $#a#eme'# o% #*e cau$e o% ac#io'. a complai'# ma0 /e di$mi$$ed 'o# /ecau$e o% a' a/$e'ce or a lac, o% cau$e o% ac#io' /u# /ecau$e #*e complai'# D$#a#e$ 'o cau$e o% ac#io'E !ailure #o $#a#e cau$e o% ac#io') #*e plai'#i%%5$ alle&a#io'$ are i'$u%%icie'# %or #*e cour# #o ,'o+ #*a# #*e ri&*#$ o% #*e plai'#i%% +ere viola#ed /0 #*e de%e'da'# Eve' i% i'deed #*e plai'#i%% $u%%ered i'(ur0. i% #*e $ame i$ 'o# $e# %or#* i' #*e complai'#. #*e pleadi'& +ill $#a#e 'o cau$e o% ac#io' eve' i% %ac#uall0 or i' reali#0 #*e plai'#i%% *a$ a cau$e o% ac#io' a&ai'$# #*e de%e'da'# !AILURE TO TATE CAU E O! ACTION LACI O! A CAU E O! ACTION

!ailure #o e$#a/li$* a cau$e o% ac#io') #*ere i$ a $u%%icie'c0 o% #*e alle&a#io'$ i' #*e pleadi'& /u# #*e evide'ce$ pre$e'#ed do 'o# prove #*e cau$e o% ac#io' T*e declara#io' #*a# a plai'#i%% %ailed #o e$#a/li$* a cau$e o% ac#io' i$ po$#po'ed u'#il a%#er #*e par#ie$ are &ive' #*e oppor#u'i#0 #o pre$e'# all releva'# evide'ce o' 1ue$#io'$ o% %ac#. Te$# o% #*e $u%%icie'c0 o% #*e $#a#eme'# o% a cau$e o% ac#io': W*e#*er or 'o# admi##i'& #*e %ac#$ alle&ed. #*e cour# could re'der a valid verdic# i' accorda'ce +i#* #*e pra0er o% #*e complai'# Sec !. One suit for a single cause of action.
! party may not institute more than one suit for a single cause of action.

Sec ". Splitting a single cause of action= effect of

&f two or more suits are instituted on the basis of the same cause of action, the filing of one or a #udgment upon the merits in any one is available as a ground for the dismissal of the others.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 pli##i'& a $i'&le cau$e o% ac#io')

#*e ac# o% i'$#i#u#i'& #+o or more $ui#$ %or #*e $ame cau$e o% ac#io'

) )

I' $pli##i'& a cau$e o% ac#io'. #*e pleader divide$ a $i'&le cau$e o% ac#io'. claim or dema'd i'#o #+o or more par#$. /ri'&$ a $ui# %or o'e o% $uc* par#$ +i#* #*e i'#e'# #o re$erve #*e re$# %or a'o#*er $epara#e ac#io' remed0 o% #*e de%e'da'#: 7ove #o di$mi$$ u'der Rule 1C o' #*e &rou'd #*a# #*ere i$ a'o#*er ac#io' pe'di'& /e#+ee' #*e $ame par#ie$ %or #*e $ame cau$e. or li#i$ pe'de'#ia or i% #*e %ir$# ac#io' *a$ alread0 /ee' %i'all0 #ermi'a#ed. o' #*e &rou'd o% re$ (udica#a A$ #o +*ic* ac#io' $*ould /e di$mi$$ed +ould depe'd upo' #*e (udicial di$cre#io' a'd #*e prevaili'& circum$#a'ce$ o% #*e ca$e. Sec #. !oinder of causes of action.
! party may in one pleading assert, in the alternative or otherwise, as many causes of action as he may have against an opposing party, sub#ect to the following conditions$ (a The party #oining the causes of action shall comply with the rules on #oinder of parties( (b The #oinder shall not include special civil actions or actions governed by special rules( (c )here the causes of action are between the same parties but pertain to different venues or #urisdictions, the #oinder may be allowed in the Regional Trial Court provided one of the causes of action falls within the #urisdiction of said court and the venue lies therein( and (d )here the claims in all the causes action are principally for recovery of money, the aggregate amount claimed shall be the test of #urisdiction.

T*e par#0 (oi'i'& #*e cau$e$ o% ac#io' $*all compl0 +i#* #*e rule$ o' (oi'der o% par#ie$ T*e (oi'der $*all 'o# i'clude $pecial civil ac#io'$ &over'ed /0 $pecial rule$ W*ere #*e cau$e$ o% ac#io' are /e#+ee' #*e $ame par#ie$ /u# per#ai' #o di%%ere'# ve'ue$ or (uri$dic#io'$. #*e (oi'der ma0 /e allo+ed i' #*e Re&io'al Trial Cour# provided o'e o% #*e cau$e$ o% ac#io' %all$ +i#*i' #*e (uri$dic#io' o% $aid cour# a'd #*e ve'ue lie$ #*erei' W*ere #*e claim$ i' all #*e cau$e$ ac#io' are pri'cipall0 %or recover0 o% mo'e0. #*e a&&re&a#e amou'# claimed $*all /e #*e #e$# o% (uri$dic#io'

Sec $. "is#oinder of causes of action.

*is#oinder of causes of action is not a ground for dismissal of an action. ! mis#oined cause of action may, on motion of a party or on the initiative of the court, be severed and proceeded with separately.

RULE ! Par%ies %o Civil Ac%ions

Sec 1. Who may be parties( plaintiff and defendant. + ,nly natural or juridical persons, or entities authorized by law may be parties in a civil action. The term -plaintiff- may refer to the claiming party, the counter. claimant, the cross.claimant, or the third (fourth, etc. + party plaintiff. The term -defendant- may refer to the original defending party, the defendant in a counter. claim, the cross.defendant, or the third (fourth, etc. + party defendant.

Plai'#i%%)

#*e claimi'& par#0 or more appropria#el0. #*e ori&i'al claimi'& par#0 a'd i$ #*e o'e +*o %ile$ #*e complai'# 7a0 al$o appl0 #o a de%e'da'# +*o %ile$ a cou'#erclaim. a cro$$)claim or a #*ird)par#0 complai'#

(oin)er o' ca&ses o' ac%ion i$ #*e a$$er#io' o% a$ ma'0 cau$e$ o% ac#io' a$ a par#0 ma0 *ave a&ai'$# a'o#*er i' o'e pleadi'& alo'e. I# i$ #*e proce$$ o% u'i#i'& #+o or more dema'd$ or ri&*#$ o% ac#io' i' o'e ac#io'.

6URIDICAL PER ON A PARTIE CONDITION PRECEDENT 10 ) T*e #a#e a'd i#$ poli#ical $u/divi$io'$

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 ) O#*er corpora#io'$. i'$#i#u#io'$ a'd e'#i#ie$ %or pu/lic i'#ere$# or purpo$e. crea#ed /0 la+ ) Corpora#io'$. par#'er$*ip$ a'd a$$ocia#io'$ %or priva#e i'#ere$# or purpo$e #o +*ic* #*e la+ &ra'#$ a (uridical per$o'ali#0. $epara#e a'd di$#i'c# %rom #*a# o% eac* $*are*older. par#'er or mem/er

4e'eral Rule: O'e +*o i$ 'o# a priv0 #o a co'#rac# ma0 'o# /ri'& a' ac#io' #o e'%orce i# E2cep#io'$: co'#rac#$ co'#ai'i'& $#ipula#io'$ pour au#rui or #*o$e $#ipula#io'$ e2pre$$l0 co'%erri'& /e'e%i#$ #o a 'o')par#0

RE7EDIE Plai'#i%% i$ 'o# a 'a#ural or a (uridical per$o' or a' e'#i#0 au#*ori-ed /0 la+: mo#io' #o di$mi$$ o' #*e &rou'd #*a# #*e plai'#i%% *a$ 'o le&al capaci#0 #o $ue De%e'da'# i$ 'o# a'0 o% #*e a/ove: mo#io' #o di$mi$$ o' #*e &rou'd #*a# #*e pleadi'& a$$er#i'& #*e claim $#a#e$ 'o cau$e o% ac#io' or %ailure #o $#a#e a cau$e o% ac#io' T*ere ca''o# /e a cau$e o% ac#io' a&ai'$# o'e +*o ca''o# /e a par#0 #o a civil Ac#io'. Plai'#i%% *a$ capaci#0 o#o $ue /u# *e i$ 'o# #*e real)par#0)i')i'#ere$#: mo#io' #o di$mi$$ o' #*e &rou'd o% %ailure #o $#a#e cau$e o% ac#io' Sec . $arties in interest.
! real party in interest is the party who stands to be benefited or in#ured by the #udgment in the suit, or the party entitled to the avails of the suit. /nless otherwise authori%ed by law or these Rules, every action must be prosecuted or defended in the name of the real party in interest.

Sec !. Representatives as parties.

)here the action is allowed to be prosecuted and defended by a representative or someone acting in a fiduciary capacity, the beneficiary shall be included in the title of the case and shall be deemed to be the real property in interest . ! representative may be a trustee of an expert trust, a guardian, an executor or administrator, or a party authori%ed by law or these Rules. !n agent acting in his own name and for the benefit of an undisclosed principal may sue or be sued without #oining the principal except when the contract involves things beloning to the principal.

CLA

I!ICATION O! PARTIE IN INTERE T a real par#0 i' i'#ere$# +i#*ou# +*om 'o %i'al de#ermi'a#io' ca' /e *ad o% a' ac#io'

I'di$pe'$a/le par#ie$)

T*e pre$e'ce o% i'di$pe'$a/le par#ie$ i$ a co'di#io' %or #*e e2erci$e o% (uridical po+er a'd +*e' a' i'di$pe'$a/le par#0 i$ 'o# /e%ore #*e cour#. #*e ac#io' $*ould /e di$mi$$ed. i'ce #*e (oi'der o% i'di$pe'$a/le par#ie$ i$ compul$or0. #*e ac#io' $*ould /e di$mi$$ed +*e' i'di$pe'$a/le par#ie$ are 'o# impleaded or are 'o# /e%ore #*e cour#. T*e %ailure #o (oi' a' i'di$pe'$a/le par#0 doe$ 'o# re$ul# i' #*e ou#ri&*# di$mi$$al o% #*e ac#io'. i# i$ +*e' #*e order o% #*e cour# #o implead a' i'di$pe'$a/le par#0 &oe$ u'*eeded ma0 #*e ca$e /e di$mi$$ed. Nece$$ar0 par#ie$) 'o# i'di$pe'$a/le /u# ou&*# #o /e par#ie$ i% comple#e relie% i$ #o /e accorded a$ #o #*o$e alread0 par#ie$. or %or a comple#e de#ermi'a#io' or $e##leme'# o% #*e claim $u/(ec# o% #*e ac#io'

To /e a real par#0 i' i'#ere$#. #*e i'#ere$# mu$# /e real. #*a# i$. a pre$e'# $u/$#a'#ial i'#ere$# +i#* a' i'#ere$# #*a# i$ ma#erial a'd direc#. T*e o+'er o% #*e ri&*# viola#ed $#a'd$ #o /e #*e real par#0 i' i'#ere$# a$ plai'#i%% a'd #*e per$o' re$po'$i/le %or #*e viola#io' i$ #*e real par#0 i' i'#ere$# a$ de%e'da'#.

11

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 T*e 'o')i'clu$io' o% a 'ece$$ar0 par#0 doe$ 'o# preve'# #*e cour# %rom proceedi'& i' #*e ac#io'. a'd #*e (ud&me'# re'dered #*erei' $*all /e +i#*ou# pre(udice #o #*e ri&*#$ o% $uc* 'ece$$ar0 par#0 8ua$i par#ie$) par#ie$ i' +*o$e /e*al% a cla$$ or repre$e'#a#ive $ui# i$ /rou&*# !ormal or proper par#ie$) #*o$e +*o *ave 'o i'#ere$# i' #*e co'#rover$0 /e#+ee' #*e immedia#e li#i&a'#$ /u# *ave a' i'#ere$# i' #*e $u/(ec# ma##er +*ic* ma0 /e co've'ie'#l0 $e##led i' #*e $ui#. a'd #*ere/0 preve'# %ur#*er li#i&a#io' T*e0 ma0 /e made par#ie$ or 'o# a# #*e op#io' o% #*e complai'a'# Nomi'al par#ie$) #*o$e +*o are (oi'ed a$ plai'#i%%$ or de%e'da'#$. 'o# /ecau$e #*e0 *ave a'0 real i'#ere$# i' #*e $u/(ec# ma##er or /ecau$e a'0 relie% i$ dema'ded a$ a&ai'$# #*em /u# merel0 /ecau$e #*e #ec*'ical rule$ o% pleadi'&$ re1uire #*eir pre$e'ce o' #*e record.

fact common to all such plaintiffs or to all such defendants may arise in the action( but the court may make such orders as may be #ust to prevent any plaintiff or defendant from being embarrassed or put to expense in connection with any proceedings in which he may have no interest.

RE8UI ITE !OR PER7I ) ) )

IVE 6OINDER O! PARTIE

T*e ri&*# #o relie% mu$# ari$e ou# o% #*e $ame #ra'$ac#io' or $erie$ o% #ra'$ac#io'$ T*ere mu$# /e a 1ue$#io' o% la+ or %ac# commo' #o all #*e plai'#i%%$ or de%e'da'#$ uc* (oi'der mu$# 'o# o#*er+i$e /e pro$cri/ed /0 #*e provi$io'$ o% #*e rule$ o' (uri$dic#io' a'd ve'ue

Sec *. Compulsory #oinder of indispensable parties.

2arties in interest without whom no final determination can be had of an action shall be #oined either as plaintiffs or defendants.

Sec ". Spouses as parties.

0usband and wife shall sue or be sued #ointly, except as provided by law.

Sec +. %ecessary party.

! necessary party is one who is not indispensable but who ought to be #oined as a party if complete relief is to be accorded as to those already parties, or for a complete determination or settlement of the claim sub#ect of the action.

Sec ,. %on&#oinder of necessary parties to be pleaded.

)henever in any pleading in which a claim is asserted a necessary party is not #oined, the pleader shall set forth his name, if known, and shall state why he is omitted. Should the court find the reason for the omission unmeritorious, it may order the inclusion of the omitted necessary party if #urisdiction over his person may be obtained. The failure to comply with the order for his inclusion, without #ustifiable cause, shall be deemed a waiver of the claim against such party. The non-inclusion of a necessary party does not prevent the court from proceeding in the action, and the judgment rendered therein shall be without prejudice to the rights of such necessary party.

Sec #. "inor or incompetent persons.

! minor or a person alleged to be incompetent, may sue or be sued with the assistance of his father, mother, guardian, or if he has none, a guardian ad litem.

Sec $. $ermissive #oinder of parties.

!ll persons in whom or against whom any right to relief in respect to or arising out of the same transaction or series of transactions is alleged to exist, whether #ointly, severally, or in the alternative, may, except as otherwise provided in these Rules, #oin as plaintiffs or be #oined as defendants in one complaint, where any 1uestion of law or

12

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec 1-. 'nwilling co&plaintiff

&f the consent of any party who should be #oined as plaintiff can not be obtained, he may be made a defendant and the reason therefor shall be stated in the complaint.

T*e par#ie$ /ri'&i'& #*e cla$$ $ui# are $u%%icie'#l0 'umerou$ or repre$e'#a#ive o% #*e cla$$ a'd ca' %ull0 pro#ec# #*e i'#ere$#$ o% all co'cer'ed

Sec 11. "is#oinder and non&#oinder of parties.

3either mis#oinder nor non.#oinder of parties is ground for dismissal of an action. 2arties may be dropped or added by order of the court on motion of any party or on its own initiative at any stage the action and on such terms as are #ust. !ny claim against a mis#oined party may be severed and proceeded with separately.

T*e complai'# mu$# $peciall0 $#a#e #*a# #*e $ame i$ /ei'& /rou&*# i' /e*al% o% #*e o#*er$ +i#* +*om #*e par#ie$ $*are a commo' i'#ere$#. A cla$$ $ui# ca''o# /e compromi$ed or di$mi$$ed +i#*ou# #*e approval o% #*e cour#. A cla$$ $ui# doe$ 'o# re1uire a commo'ali#0 o% i'#ere$# i' #*e 1ue$#io'$ i'volved i' #*e $ui#. W*a# i$ re1uired i$ a commo' or &e'eral i'#ere$# i' #*e $u/(ec# ma##er o% #*e li#i&a#io'. T*e p*0$ical. #*e #*i'&$ real or per$o'al. #*e mo'e0. la'd$. c*a##el$ a'd #*e li,e. i' rela#io' #o #*e $ui# +*ic* i$ pro$ecu#ed. W*e' #*e i'#ere$#$ o% #*e par#ie$ i' #*e $u/(ec# ma##er are co'%lic#i'&. a cla$$ $ui# +ill 'o# pro$per DERIVATIVE UIT A corpora#e la+ co'cep# +*ic* i$ %iled /0 a $#oc,*older i' /e*al% o% #*e corpora#io' REA ON !OR Pro#ec# #*e i'#ere$#$ o% !ILIN4 T"E UIT #*e $#oc,*older. i$ a$$er#ed /ecau$e o% #*e %ailure o% #*e 3oard #o ac# i' pro#ec#io' o% #*e corpora#io' NATURE CAU E O! ACTION 3elo'&$ #o corpora#io' CLA UIT A procedural device availed o% /0 per$o'$ *avi'& a commo' or &e'eral i'#ere$# i' a $u/(ec# ma##er To ma,e prac#ica/le +*a# +ould o#*er+i$e /e imprac#ica/le /ecau$e o% #*e co'$idera/le 'um/er o% per$o' %ili'& or *avi'& $ame cau$e o% ac#io' #*e 3elo'&$ #o #*e mem/er$ o% #*e cla$$

A par#0 i$ .is/oine) +*e' *e i$ made par#0 #o #*e ac#io' al#*ou&* *e $*ould 'o# /e impleaded. A par#0 i$ no% /oine) +*e' *e i$ $uppo$ed #o /e (oi'ed /u# i$ 'o# impleaded i' #*e ac#io'. Par#ie$ ma0 /e dropped or added /0 order o% #*e cour# o' mo#io' o% a'u par#0 or o' i#$ o+' i'i#ia#ive a# a'0 $#a&e o% #*e ac#io' a'd o' $uc* #erm$ a$ are (u$#. O/(ec#io'$ #o de%ec#$ i' #*e par#ie$ impleaded $*ould /e made a# #*e earlie$# oppor#u'i#0. #*e mome'# $uc* de%ec#$ /ecome appare'#. /0 a mo#io' #o $#ri,e #*e 'ame$ o% #*e par#ie$ impleaded Sec 1 . Class suit.
)hen the sub#ect matter of the controversy is one of common or general interest to many persons so numerous that it is impracticable to #oin all as parties, a number of them which the court finds to be sufficiently numerous and representative as to fully protect the interests of all concerned may sue or defend for the benefit of all. !ny party in interest shall have the right to intervene to protect his individual interest.

RE8UI ITE O! A CLA ) )

UIT

T*e $u/(ec# ma##er o% #*e co'#rover$0 i$ o'e o% commo' or &e'eral i'#ere$# #o ma'0 per$o'$ T*e par#ie$ a%%ec#ed are $o 'umerou$ #*a# i# i$ imprac#ica/le #o /ri'& #*em all /e%ore #*e cour# 1<

Sec 1!. Alternative defendants.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
)here the plaintiff is uncertain against who of several persons he is entitled to relief, he may #oin any or all of them as defendants in the alternative, although a right to relief against one may be inconsistent with a right of relief against the other. executor or administrator for the estate of the deceased and the latter shall immediately appear for and on behalf of the deceased . The court charges in procuring such appointment, if defrayed by the opposing party, may be recovered as costs.

Sec 1". 'n(nown identity or name of defendant

)henever the identity or name of a defendant is unknown, he may be sued as the unknown owner heir devisee, or by such other designation as the case may re1uire, when his identity or true name is discovered, the pleading must be amended accordingly.

E!!ECT O! DEAT" O! A PARTA On the attorney&client relationship+ e2#i'&ui$*ed a'd #*e cou'$el i$ dive$#ed o% *i$ au#*ori#0 #o repre$e'# #*e clie'# On the case upon receipt of notice of death+ #*e cour# $*all de#ermi'e +*e#*er or 'o# #*e claim i$ e2#i'&ui$*ed /0 $uc* dea#* I% claim $urvive$: #*e cour# $*all order #*e le&al repre$e'#a#ive;$ o% #*e decea$ed #o appear a'd /e $u/$#i#u#ed %or #*e decea$ed +i#*i' #*ir#0 da0$ %rom 'o#ice

Pre$uppo$e$ #*a#:

#*e plai'#i%% reall0 doe$ 'o# ,'o+ #*e ide'#i#0 a'd;or addre$$ o% #*e de%e'da'# or i$ 'o# i' a po$i#io' #o a$cer#ai' $uc* ide'#i#0 or +*erea/ou#$

Sec 1#. )ntity without #uridical personality as defendant.

)hen two or more persons not organi%ed as an entity with #uridical personality enter into a transaction, they may be sued under the name by which they are generally or commonly known. &n the answer of such defendant, the name and addresses of the persons composing said entity must all be revealed.

I% dea#* o% par#0 e2#i'&ui$*e$ #*e ac#io' : $u/$#i#u#io' +ould 'o# /e ordered I% #*e decea$ed *a 'o *eir$: #*e cour# $*all re1uire #*e appoi'#me'# o% a' e2ecu#or or admi'i$#ra#or I% #*e *eir i$ a mi'or: #*e cour# ma0 appoi'# a &uardia' ad li#em %or $aid mi'or *eir

Sec 1$. *eath of party= duty of counsel.

)henever a party to a pending action dies, and the claim is not thereby extinguished, it shall be the duty of his counsel to inform the court within thirty (45 days after such death of the fact thereof, and to give the name and address of his legal representative or representatives. 6ailure of counsel to comply with his duty shall be a ground for disciplinary action. The heirs of the deceased may be allowed to be substituted for the deceased, without re1uiring the appointment of an executor or administrator and the court may appoint a guardian ad litem for the minor heirs. The court shall forthwith order said legal representative or representatives to appear and be substituted within a period of thirty (45 days from notice. &f no legal representative is named by the counsel for the deceased party, or if the one so named shall fail to appear within the specified period, the court may order the opposing party, within a specified time to procure the appointment of an

T*e cour# ma0 order #*e oppo$i'& par#0 #o procure #*e appoi'#me'# o% a' e2ecu#or or admi'i$#ra#or %or #*e e$#a#e o% #*e decea$ed +*e': ) ) T*e cou'$el %or #*e decea$ed doe$ 'o# 'ame a le&al repre$e'#a#ive. or T*ere i$ a repre$e'#a#ive 'amed /u# *e %ail$ #o appear +i#*i' #*e $peci%ied period

ervice o% $ummo'$ i$ 'o# re1uired #o e%%ec# a $u/$#i#u#io'. 1>

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Purpo$e o% $u/$#i#u#io': #*e pro#ec#io' o% #*e ri&*# o% ever0 par#0 #o due proce$$ To e'$ure #*a# #*e decea$ed +ould co'#i'ue #o /e properl0 repre$e'#ed i' #*e $ui# #*rou&* #*e dul0 appoi'#ed le&al repre$e'#a#ive o% #*e e$#a#e No')complia'ce +i#* #*e rule$ o' $u/$#i#u#io' o% a decea$ed par#0 re'der$ #*e proceedi'&$ o% #*e #rial cour# i'%irm /ecau$e #*e cour# ac1uired 'o (uri$dic#io' over #*e per$o' o% #*e le&al repre$e'#a#ive o% *eir$ o% #*e decea$ed. Rea$o': No ma' $*ould /e a%%ec#ed /0 a proceedi'& #o +*ic* *e i$ a $#ra'&er. ACTION W"IC" URVIVE T"E DEAT" O! A PARTA ) ) ) ) ) ) ) T*o$e ari$i'& %rom delic#$ T*o$e #*a# are /a$ed o' #*e #or#uou$ co'duc# o% #*e de%e'da'# Ac#io'$ #o recover real a'd per$o'al proper#0 Ac#io'$ #o e'%orce a lie' Ac#io'$ %or 1uie#i'& o% #i#le E(ec#me'# ca$e$ Ac#io'$ %or recover0 o% mo'e0. ari$i'& %rom a co'#rac# e2pre$$ or implied

Sec 1+. Incompetency or incapacity of a party during the pendency of the action.
&f a party becomes incompetent or incapacitated, the court, upon motion with notice, may allow the action to be continued by or against the incompetent or incapacitated person assisted by his legal guardian or guardian ad litem.

Sec 1,. Transfer of interest.

&n case of any transfer of interest, the action may be continued by or against the original party, unless the court upon motion directs the person to whom the interest is transferred to be substituted in the action or #oined with the original party. (75

Sec -. Action and contractual money claims.

)hen the action is for recovery of money arising from contract, express or implied, and the defendant dies before entry of final #udgment in the court in which the action was pending at the time of such death, it shall not be dismissed but shall instead be allowed to continue until entry of final #udgment. ! favorable #udgment obtained by the plaintiff therein shall be enforced in the manner especially provided in these Rules for prosecuting claims against the estate of a deceased person.

Sec 1. Indigent party.

! party may be authori%ed to litigate his action, claim or defense as an indigent if the court, upon an ex parte application and hearing, is satisfied that the party is one who has no money or property sufficient and available for food, shelter and basic necessities for himself and his family. Such authority shall include an exemption from payment of docket and other lawful fees, and of transcripts of stenographic notes which the court may order to be furnished him. The amount of the docket and other lawful fees which the indigent was exempted from paying shall be a lien on any #udgment rendered in the case favorable to the indigent, unless the court otherwise provides. !ny adverse party may contest the grant of such authority at any time before #udgment is rendered by the trial court. &f the court should determine after hearing that the party declared as an indigent is in fact a person with sufficient income or property, the proper docket and other lawful fees shall be assessed and collected by the clerk of court. &f payment is not made within the time fixed by the court, execution shall issue or the payment thereof, without pre#udice to such other sanctions as the court may impose.

Sec 1*. *eath or separation of a party who is a public officer.

)hen a public officer is a party in an action in his official capacity and during its pendency dies, resigns, or otherwise ceases to hold office, the action may be continued and maintained by or against his successor if, within thirty (45 days after the successor takes office or such time as may be granted by the court, it is satisfactorily shown to the court by any party that there is a substantial need for continuing or maintaining it and that the successor adopts or continues or threatens to adopt or continue to adopt or continue the action of his predecessor. "efore a substitution is made, the party or officer to be affected, unless expressly assenting thereto, shall be given reasonable notice of the application therefor and accorded an opportunity to be heard.

1?

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 T*e applica#io' a'd #*e *eari'& #o li#i&a#e a$ a' i'di&e'# li#i&a'# ma0 /e made e2 par#e. Sec . %otice to the Solicitor ,eneral.

!ctions affecting title to or possession of real property, or interest therein, shall be commenced and tried in the proper court which has jurisdiction over the area wherein the real property involved, or a portion thereof, is situated. orcible entry and detainer actions shall be commenced and tried in the municipal trial court of the municipality or city wherein the real property involved, or a portion thereof, is situated.

&n any action involving the validity of any treaty, law, ordinance, executive order, presidential decree, rules or regulations, the court, in its discretion, may re1uire the appearance of the Solicitor 8eneral who may be heard in person or a representative duly designated by him.

O'l0 #*e olici#or 4e'eral ca' /ri'& a'd de%e'd ac#io'$ o' /e*al% o% #*e Repu/lic o% #*e P*ilippi'e$ a'd #*e ac#io'$ %iled i' #*e 'ame o% #*e Repu/lic o% i#$ a&e'cie$ a'd i'$#rume'#ali#ie$. i% 'o# i'i#ia#ed /0 #*e olici#or 4e'eral +ill /e $ummaril0 di$mi$$ed. I' a'0 ac#io' i'volvi'& #*e validi#0 o% a'0 #rea#0. la+. ordi'a'ce. e2ecu#ive order. pre$ide'#ial decree. rule or re&ula#io'$. #*e cour#. i' i#$ di$cre#io'. ma0 re1uire #*e appeara'ce o% #*e olici#or 4e'eral +*o ma0 /e *eard i' per$o' or #*rou&* a repre$e'#a#ive dul0 de$i&'a#ed /0 *im RULE " 0en&e o' Ac%ions 0en&e i$ #*e place. or #*e &eo&rap*ical area +*ere a' ac#io' i$ #o /e %iled a'd #ried. I# rela#e$ o'l0 #o #*e place o% #*e $ui# a'd 'o# #o #*e (uri$dic#io' o% #*e cour#. T*e #rial cour# ca''o# mo#u proprio di$mi$$ a ca$e o' #*e &rou'd o% improper ve'ue. U'le$$ a'd u'#il #*e de%e'da'# o/(ec#$ #o ve'ue i' a mo#io' #o di$mi$$. #*e ve'ue ca''o# /e #rul0 $aid #o /e improperl0 laid. /ecau$e #*e ve'ue al#*ou&* #ec*'icall0 +ro'& ma0 /e accep#a/le #o #*e par#ie$ %or +*o$e co've'ie'ce #*e rule$ o' ve'ue *a$ /ee' devi$ed W*e' #*e ac#io' i$ covered /0 #*e rule$ o' ummar0 Procedure. #*e cour# ma0 ma,e a mo#u proprio di$mi$$al. Sec 1. -enue of real actions. 1C

W*ere #*e $u/(ec#)ma##er o% #*e ac#io' i'volve$ variou$ parcel o% la'd$ $i#ua#ed i' di%%ere'# provi'ce$. #*e ve'ue i$ de#ermi'ed /0 #*e $i'&ulari#0 or plurali#0 o% #*e #ra'$ac#io'$ i'volvi'& $aid parcel o% la'd Parcel$ o% la'd are #*e o/(ec#$ o% o'e a'd #*e $ame #ra'$ac#io': a'0 o% #*e provi'ce$ +*erei' a parcel o% la'd i$ $i#ua#ed. #*e RTC o%

Parcel$ o% la'd are $u/(ec# o% $epara#e a'd di$#i'c# #ra'$ac#io'$: 'o commo' ve'ue. $epara#e ac#io'$ $*ould /e laid i' #*e RTC o% #*e provi'ce +*erei' eac* parcel o% la'd i$ $i#ua#ed. Sec . -enue of personal actions.
!ll other actions may be commenced and tried where the plaintiff or any of the principal plaintiffs resides, or where the defendant or any of the principal defendants resides, or in the case of a non.resident defendant where he may be found, at the election of the plaintiff.

T*e re$ide'ce o% #*e per$o' i$ *i$ per$o'al. ac#ual or p*0$ical *a/i#a#io' or *i$ ac#ual re$ide'ce or place o% a/ode +*e#*er perma'e'# or #emporar0 a$ lo'& a$ *e re$ide$ +i#* co'#i'ui#0 a'd co'$i$#e'c0 #*ereo'. Sec !. -enue of actions against nonresidents.
&f any of the defendants does not reside and is not found in the 2hilippines, and the action affects the personal status of the plaintiff, or any property of said defendant located in the 2hilippines, the action may be commenced and tried in the court of the place where the plaintiff resides, or where the property or any portion thereof is situated or found.

Sec ". When Rule not applicable.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
This Rule shall not apply. (a &n those cases where a specific rule or law provides otherwise( or (b )here the parties have validly agreed in writing before the filing of the action on the exclusive venue thereof.

2. Du#0 o% cour# upo' de#ermi'a#io' #*a# #*e ca$e %all$ u'der $ummer0 procedure: Di$mi$$ #*e ca$e ou#ri&*# o' a'0 o% #*e &rou'd$ appare'# #*ere%rom %or #*e di$mi$$al o% a civil ac#io' I% 'o &rou'd %or di$mi$$al i$ %ou'd. i# $*all %or#*+i#* i$$ue $ummo'$ +*ic* $*all $#a#e #*a# #*e Rule o' ummar0 Procedure $*all appl0 Re&leme'#ar0 period %or %ili'& a' a'$+er: +i#*i' #e' da0$ %rom $ervice o% $ummo'$. A%%irma#ive a'd 'e&a#ive de%e'$e$ 'o# pleaded #*erei' $*all /e deemed +aived. e2cep# %or lac, o% (uri$dic#io' over #*e $u/(ec# ma##er. Cro$$)claim a'd compul$or0 cou'#erclaim$ 'o# a$$er#ed i' #*e a'$+er $*all /e co'$idered /arred. Re&leme'#ar0 period %or a'$+er$ #o cou'#erclaim$ or cro$$ claim$: +i#*i' #e' da0$ %rom $ervice o% #*e a'$+er i' +*ic* #*e0 are pleaded E%%ec# o% %ailure #o a'$+er: #*e cour#. mo#u proprio. or o' mo#io' o% #*e plai'#i%%. $*all re'der #*e (ud&me'# a$ ma0 /e +arra'#ed /0 #*e %ac#$ alle&ed i' #*e complai'# a'd limi#ed #o +*a# i$ pra0ed %or #*erei' <. No# la#er #*a' #*ir#0 da0$ a%#er #*e a'$+er i$ %iled. a prelimi'ar0 co'%ere'ce $*all /e *eld. E%%ec# o% %ailure o% plai'#i%% #o appear: di$mi$$al o% #*e complai'# T*e de%e'da'# +*o appear$ i' #*e a/$e'ce o% #*e plai'#i%% $*all /e e'#i#led #o (ud&me'# o' *i$ cou'#erclaim. All cro$$)claim$ $*all /e di$mi$$ed. >. Wi#*i' %ive da0$ a%#er #*e #ermi'a#io' o% #*e prelimi'ar0 co'%ere'ce. #*e cour# $*all i$$ue a' order $#a#i'& #*e ma##er$ #a,e' up #*erei'. i'cludi'& /u# 'o# limi#ed #o: a. W*e#*er #*e par#ie$ *ave arrived a# a' amica/le $e##leme'#. a'd i% $o. #*e #erm$ #*ereo% /. T*e $#ipula#io' or admi$$io'$ e'#ered i'#o /0 #*e par#ie$ 1G

T*e par#ie$ ma0 $#ipula#e o' #*e ve'ue a$ lo'& a$ #*e a&reeme'# i$: ) ) ) I' +ri#i'& 7ade /e%ore #*e %ili'& o% #*e ac#io' E2clu$ive a$ #o #*e ve'ue

T*e mere $#ipula#io' o' #*e ve'ue o% a' ac#io'. *o+ever. i$ 'o# e'ou&* #o preclude par#ie$ %rom /ri'&i'& a ca$e i' o#*er ve'ue$. T*e par#ie$ mu$# /e a/le #o $*o+ #*a# $uc* $#ipula#io' i$ e2clu$ive. I' #*e a/$e'ce o% 1uali%0i'& or re$#ric#ive +ord$. #*e $#ipula#io' $*ould /e deemed merel0 a$ a' a&reeme'# o' a' addi#io'al %orum. 'o# a limi#i'& ve'ue #o #*e $peci%ied place. RULE # Uni'or. Proce)&re In Trial Co&r%s Sec 1. 'niform procedure.
The procedure in the *unicipal Trial Courts shall be the same as in the Regional Trial Courts, except !a" where a particular provision expressly or impliedly applies only to either of said courts, or !b" in civil cases governed by the #ule on Summary $rocedure.

Sec . "eaning of terms.

The term -*unicipal Trial Courts- as used in these Rules shall include *etropolitan Trial Courts, *unicipal Trial Courts in Cities, *unicipal Trial Courts, and *unicipal Circuit Trial Courts.

REVI ED RULE ON U77ARA PROCEDURE 1. All pleadi'&$ $*all /e veri%ied

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 c. W*e#*er. o' #*e /a$i$ o% #*e pleadi'&$ a'd #*e $#ipula#io'$ a'd admi$$io'$ made /0 #*e par#ie$. (ud&me'# ma0 /e re'dered +i#*ou# #*e 'eed o% %ur#*er proceedi'&$. i' +*ic* eve'# #*e (ud&me'# $*all /e re'dered +i#*i' #*ir#0 da0$ %rom i$$ua'ce o% #*e order. d. A clear $peci%ica#io' o% ma#erial %ac#$ +*ic* remai' co'#rover#ed e. uc* o#*er ma##er$ i'#e'ded #o e2pedi#e #*e di$po$i#io' o% #*e ca$e

Pleadi'&$ are 'ece$$ar0 #o i'vo,e #*e (uri$dic#io' o% #*e cour#. I# i$ 'ece$$ar0. i' order #o co'%er (uri$dic#io' o' a cour#. #*a# #*e $u/(ec# ma##er /e pre$e'#ed %or i#$ co'$idera#io' i' a mode $a'c#io'ed /0 la+ a'd #*i$ i$ do'e /0 #*e %ili'& o% a complai'# or o#*er pleadi'& Purpo$e: Pleadi'&$ are de$i&'ed #o pre$e'#. de%i'e a'd 'arro+ #*e i$$ue$. #o limi# #*e proo% #o /e $u/mi##ed i' #*e #rial. #o advi$e #*e cour# a'd #*e adver$e par#0 o% #*e i$$ue$ a'd +*a# are relied upo' a$ #*e cau$e$ o% ac#io' or de%e'$e.

?. Wi#*i' #e' da0$ %rom receip# o% #*e order. #*e par#ie$ $*all $u/mi# #*e a%%idavi#$ o% #*eir +i#'e$$e$ a'd o#*er evide'ce o' #*e %ac#ual i$$ue$ de%i'ed i' #*e order. #o&e#*er +i#* #*eir po$i#io' paper$ $e##i'& %or#* #*e la+ a'd #*e %ac#$ relied upo' /0 #*em C. Wi#*i' #*ir#0 da0$ a%#er receip# o% #*e la$# a%%idavi#$ a'd po$i#io' paper$. or #*e e2pira#io' o% #*e period %or %ili'& #*e $ame. #*e cour# $*all re'der (ud&me'#. *ould #*e cour# %i'd i# 'ece$$ar0 #o cer#i%0 cer#ai' ma#erial %ac#$. i# ma0. duri'& #*e $aid period. i$$ue a' order $peci%0i'& #*e ma##er$ #o /e clari%ied. a'd re1uire #*e par#ie$ #o $u/mi# a%%idavi#$ or o#*er evide'ce o' #*e $aid ma##er$ +i#*i' #e' da0$ %rom receip# o% $aid order. 6ud&me'# $*all /e re'dered +i#*i' %i%#ee' da0$ a%#er #*e receip# o% #*e la$# clari%ica#or0 a%%idavi#$. or #*e e2pira#io' o% #*e period %or %ili'& #*e $ame Proce)&re In Re1ional Trial Co&r%s RULE $ 2in)s O' Plea)in1s Sec 1. $leadings defined.
$leadings are the written statements of the respective claims and defenses of the parties submitted to the court for appropriate #udgment.

All pleadi'&$ $*all /e li/erall0 co'$#rued. T*e i'#e'#io' o% #*e pleader i$ #*e co'#rolli'& %ac#or i' co'$#rui'& a pleadi'& a'd $*ould /e read i' accorda'ce +i#* i#$ $u/$#a'ce. 'o# i#$ %orm. Sec . $leadings allowed.
The claims of a party are asserted in a complaint, counterclaim, cross.claim, third (fourth, etc. .party complaint, or complaint.in.intervention. The defenses of a party are alleged in the answer to the pleading asserting a claim against him. !n answer may be responded to by a reply.

PLEADIN4 ALLOWED UNDER T"E RULE PROCEDURE ) ) ) ) Complai'# Compul$or0 cou'#erclaim Cro$$)claim pleaded i' #*e a'$+er A'$+er$ #*ere#o

ON

U77ARA

PLEADIN4 NOT ALLOWED IN A PETITION !OR A WRIT O! A7PARO OR "A3EA DATA ) ) 1H Cou'#erclaim Cro$$)claim

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 ) T*irdKpar#0 complai'# ) ) Rrepl0 Pleadi'&$ i' i'#erve'#io'

o o o

former recovery, discharge in bankruptcy, and any other matter by way of confession and avoidance.

Sec !. Complaint.
The complaint is the pleading alleging the plaintiff9s cause or causes of action. The names and residences of the plaintiff and defendant must be stated in the complaint.

Sec $. Counterclaim.
! counterclaim is any claim which a defending party may have against an opposing party.

Sec ". Answer.

!n answer is a pleading in which a defending party sets forth his defenses.

Sec *. Compulsory counterclaim.

! compulsory counterclaim is one which, being cogni%able by the regular courts of #ustice, arises out of or is connected with the transaction or occurrence constituting the sub#ect matter of the opposing party9s claim and does not re1uire for its ad#udication the presence of third parties of whom the court cannot ac1uire #urisdiction. Such a counterclaim must be within the #urisdiction of the court both as to the amount and the nature thereof, except that in an original action before the Regional Trial Court, the counter.claim may be considered compulsory regardless of the amount.

Sec #. *efenses.
:efenses may either be negative or affirmative. (a ! negative defense is the specific denial of the material fact or facts alleged in the pleading of the claimant essential to his cause or causes of action. (b !n affirmative defense is an allegation of a new matter which, while hypothetically admitting the material allegations in the pleading of the claimant, would nevertheless prevent or bar recovery by him. The affirmative defenses include$ o o o o o o o fraud, statute of limitations, release, payment, illegality, statute of frauds, estoppel,

I# i$ a 'e+ $ui# i' +*ic* #*e par#0 'amed a$ #*e de%e'da'# i$ #*e plai'#i%% a'd #*e plai'#i%% /ecome$ #*e de%e'da'#. A 3er.issive co&n%erclai. doe$ 'o# ari$e ou# o% 'or i$ i# 'ece$$aril0 co''ec#ed +i#* #*e $u/(ec# ma##er o% #*e oppo$i'& par#05$ claim. A plai'#i%% +*o c*oo$e$ 'o# #o a'$+er a compul$or0 cou'#erclaim ca''o# /e declared i' de%aul# o' $uc* cou'#erclaim Sec +. Cross&claim.
! cross-claim is any claim by one party against a co.party arising out of the transaction or occurrence that is the sub#ect matter either of the original action or of a counterclaim therein. Such cross.claim may include a claim that the party against whom it is asserted is or may be liable to the cross.claimant for all or part of a claim asserted in the action against the cross.claimant.

Sec ,. Counter&counterclaims and counter&crossclaims . 1J

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
! counter.claim may be asserted against an original counter.claimant. ! cross.claim may also be filed against an original cross.claimant.

e# %or#* i' #*e pleadi'& #*e $u/$#a'ce o% #*e i'$#rume'# or #*e docume'#. a'd #o a##ac* #*e ori&i'al or #*e cop0 o% #*e docume'# #o #*e pleadi'& a$ a' e2*i/i# a'd +*ic* $*all %orm par# o% #*e pleadi'& e# %or#* i' #*e pleadi'& $aid cop0 o% #*e i'$#rume'# or docume'#

Sec 1-. Reply.

! reply is a pleading, the office or function of which is to deny, or allege facts in denial or avoidance of new matters alleged by way of defense in the answer and thereby #oin or make issue as to such new matters. &f a party does not file such reply, all the new matters alleged in the answer are deemed controverted. &f the plaintiff wishes to interpose any claims arising out of the new matters so alleged, such claims shall be set forth in an amended or supplemental complaint.

T*e %ailure o% a par#0 #o ma,e a repl0 doe$ 'o# mea' #*a# *e i$ deemed #o *ave co'#rover#ed #*e i$$ue$ rai$ed i' #*e a'$+er. A par#0 ca''o#. i' *i$ repl0. ame'd *i$ cau$e o% ac#io' 'or i'#roduce #*erei' 'e+ or addi#io'al cau$e$ o% ac#io'. Sec 11. Third. /fourth. etc 01party complaint.
! third (fourth, etc. + party complaint is a claim that a defending party may, with leave of court, file against a person not a party to the action, called the third (fourth, etc. + party defendant for contribution, indemnity, subrogation or any other relief, in respect of his opponent9s claim.

T"E !IILIN4 O! A REPLA I CO7PUL ORA AND 7U T 3E !ILED WIT"IN T"E TEN)DAA PERIOD W"ERE: ) ) T*e a'$+er alle&e$ #*e de%e'$e o% u$ur0 i' +*ic* ca$e a repl0 u'der oa#* i$ re1uired. o#*er+i$e #*e alle&a#io'$ o% u$ur0 are deemed admi##ed T*e a'$+er i$ /a$ed o' a' ac#io'a/le docume'# i' +*ic* ca$e a veri%ied repl0 i$ 'ece$$ar0. o#*er+i$e #*e &e'ui'e'e$$ a'd due e2ecu#io' o% $aid ac#io'a/le docume'# are &e'erall0 deemed admi##ed. #*e #*e #*e #*e #*e

TE T TO DETER7INE W"ET"ER T"E T"IRD)PARTA CO7PLAINT I IN RE PECT O! PLAINTI!!5 CLAI7 ) W*ere i# ari$e$ ou# o% #*e $ame #ra'$ac#io' o' +*ic* #*e plai'#i%%5$ claim i$ /a$ed= or +*e#*er #*e #*ird)par#0 claim. al#*ou&* ari$i'& ou# o% a'o#*er or di%%ere'# co'#rac# or #ra'$ac#io'. i$ co''ec#ed +i#* #*e plai'#i%%5$ claim W*e#*er #*e #*ird)par#0 de%e'da'# +ould /e lia/le #o #*e plai'#i%% or #o #*e de%e'da'# %or all or par# o% #*e plai'#i%%5$ claim a&ai'$# #*e ori&i'al de%e'da'#. al#*ou&* #*e #*ird)par#0 de%e'da'#5$ lia/ili#0 ari$e$ ou# o% a'o#*er #ra'$ac#io' W*e#*er #*e #*ird)par#0 plai'#i%% *a$ or ma0 *ave #o #*e plai'#i%%5$ claim

T"E RULE ON ACTIONA3LE DOCU7ENT : W*e'ever a' ac#io' or de%e'$e i$ /a$ed upo' a +ri##e' i'$#rume'# or docume'#. $u/$#a'ce o% $uc* i'$#rume'# or docume'# $*all /e $e# %or#* i' pleadi'&. a'd #*e ori&i'al or a cop0 #*ereo% $*all /e a##ac*ed #o pleadi'& a$ a' e2*i/i#. +*ic* $*all /e deemed #o /e a par# o% pleadi'&. or $aid cop0 ma0 +i#* li,e e%%ec# /e $e# %or#* i' pleadi'& Du#0 o% #*e pleader:

Sec 1 . 2ringing new parties. 20

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
)hen the presence of parties other than those to the original action is re1uired for the granting of complete relief in the determination of a counterclaim or cross.claim, the court shall order them to be brought in as defendants, if #urisdiction over them can be obtained. . designation, . the allegations of the party9s claims or defenses, . the relief prayed for, and . the date of the pleading. (a Paragraphs. + The allegations in the body of a pleading shall be divided into paragraphs so numbered to be readily identified, each of which shall contain a statement of a single set of circumstances so far as that can be done with convenience. ! paragraph may be referred to by its number in all succeeding pleadings. (b Headings. + )hen two or more causes of action are #oined the statement of the first shall be prefaced by the words -first cause of action,99 of the second by -second cause of action-, and so on for the others. )hen one or more paragraphs in the answer are addressed to one of several causes of action in the complaint, they shall be prefaced by the words -answer to the first cause of action- or -answer to the second cause of action- and so on( and when one or more paragraphs of the answer are addressed to several causes of action, they shall be prefaced by words to that effect. (c Relief. + The pleading shall specify the relief sought, but it may add a general prayer for such further or other relief as may be deemed #ust or e1uitable. (d Date. + 'very pleading shall be dated.

Sec 1!. Answer to third /fourth. etc 01party complaint.

! third (fourth, etc. + party defendant may allege in his answer his defenses, counterclaims or cross.claims, including such defenses that the third (fourth, etc. + party plaintiff may have against the original plaintiff9s claim. &n proper cases, he may also assert a counterclaim against the original plaintiff in respect of the latter9s claim against the third.party plaintiff.

RULE * Par%s o' a Plea)in1 Sec 1. Caption.

The caption sets forth the$ ) ) ) name of the court, the title of the action, and the docket number if assigned.

The title of the action indicates the names of the parties. They shall all be named in the original complaint or petition( but in subse1uent pleadings, it shall be sufficient if the name of the first party on each side be stated with an appropriate indication when there are other parties. Their respective participation in the case shall be indicated.

Ever0 pleadi'&. i'cludi'& #*e complai'#. i$ 'o# $uppo$ed #o alle&e co'clu$io'$. A pleadi'& mu$# o'l0 aver %ac#$ /ecau$e co'clu$io'$ are %or #*e cour#$ #o ma,e. !ollo+i'& #*e averme'#$ o% #*e cau$e o% ac#io' o% #*e plai'#i%%. #*e complai'# mu$# co'#ai' a $#a#eme'# o% #*e relie% $ou&*# %rom #*e cour# a'd #o +*ic* *e /elieve$ *e i$ e'#i#led. T*i$ por#io' o% #*e complai'# i$ o%#e'#ime$ re%erred #o a$ #*e 3ra4er or $ome#ime$ loo$el0 called #*e 56ere'ore cla&se. I# i$ #*e ma#erial alle&a#io'$ o% #*e complai'#. 'o# #*e le&al co'clu$io'$ made #*erei' or #*e pra0er #*a# de#ermi'e$ #*e relie% #o +*ic* #*e plai'#i%% i$ e'#i#led. 21

I# i$ 'o# #*e cap#io' o% #*e pleadi'& /u# #*e alle&a#io'$ #*erei' +*ic* de#ermi'e #*e 'a#ure o% #*e ac#io' a'd #*e cour# $*all &ra'# relie% +arra'#ed /0 #*e alle&a#io'$ a'd proo% eve' i% 'o $uc* relie% i$ pra0ed %or. Sec . The body.
The body of the pleading sets forth its

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 ) Sec !. Signature and address.

'very pleading must be signed by the party or counsel representing him, stating in either case his address which should not be a post office box. The signature of counsel constitutes a certificate by him that$ ) ) ) he has read the pleading( that to the best of his knowledge, information, and belief there is good ground to support it( and that it is not interposed for delay.

Wi#* #*e +ri##e' co'$e'# o% #*e a##or'e0 #o /e $u/$#i#u#ed. or +i#* proo% o% $ervice o% 'o#ice o% $aid mo#io' #o #*e a##or'e0 #o /e $u/$#i#u#ed

Sec ". -erification.

&xcept when otherwise specifically re'uired by law or rule, pleadings need not be under oath, verified or accompanied by affidavit . ! pleading is verified by an affidavit that the affiant has ) ) read the pleading and that the allegations therein are true and correct of his knowledge and belief.

%n unsigned pleading produces no legal effect. 0owever, the court may, in its discretion, allow such deficiency to be remedied if it shall appear that the same was due to mere inadvertence and not intended for delay. Counsel who deliberately files an unsigned pleading, or signs a pleading in violation of this Rule, or alleges scandalous or indecent matter therein, or fails promptly report to the court a change of his address, shall be sub#ect to appropriate disciplinary action.

! pleading re1uired to be verified which contains a verification based on -information and belief-, or upon -knowledge, information and belief-, or lacks a proper verification, shall be treated as an unsigned pleading.

i&'i%ica'ce o% veri%ica#io':

I' #*e a/$e'ce o% a proper 'o#ice #o #*e cour# o% a c*a'&e o% addre$$. $ervice upo' #*e par#ie$ mu$# /e made a# #*e la$# addre$$ o% #*eir cou'$el o% record. A COUN EL W"EN "E: ) ) ) ) "ALL 3E U36ECT TO DI CIPLINARA ACTION E%%ec# o% lac, o% veri%ica#io':

i# i$ i'#e'ded #o $ecure a' a$$ura'ce #*a# #*e alle&a#io'$ i' a pleadi'& are #rue a'd correc# a'd 'o# #*e produc# o% #*e ima&i'a#io' or a ma##er o% $pecula#io'. a'd #*a# #*e pleadi'& i$ i' &ood %ai#* #*e pleadi'& $*all /e #rea#ed a$ a' u'$i&'ed pleadi'&. #*ere%ore produci'& 'o le&al e%%ec#

Deli/era#el0 %ile$ a' u'$i&'ed pleadi'& i&'$ a pleadi'& i' viola#io' o% #*e Rule$ Alle&e$ i' #*e pleadi'& $ca'dalou$ or i'dece'# ma##er !ail$ #o promp#l0 repor# #o #*e cour# a c*a'&e o% *i$ addre$$. :

Sec #. Certification against forum shopping.

The plaintiff or principal party shall certify under oath in the complaint or other initiatory pleading asserting a claim for relief, or in a sworn certification annexed thereto and simultaneously filed therewith$ (a that he has not theretofore commenced any action or filed any claim involving the same issues in any court, tribunal or 1uasi.#udicial agency and, to the best of his knowledge, no such other action or claim is pending therein( (b if there is such other pending action or claim, a complete statement of the present status thereof( and (c if he should thereafter learn that the same or similar action or claim has been filed or is pending, he shall report that fact within five (; days

NO U3 TITUTION O! ATTORNEA WILL 3E ALLOWED UNLE ) ) T*ere i$ a +ri##e' re1ue$# %or $uc* $u/$#i#u#io' !iled +i#* #*e +ri##e' co'$e'# o% #*e clie'#

22

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
therefrom to the court wherein his aforesaid complaint or initiatory pleading has been filed. ailure to comply with the foregoing re'uirements shall not be curable by mere amendment of the complaint or other initiatory pleading but shall be cause for the dismissal of the case without prejudice, unless otherwise provided, upon motion and after hearing. The submission of a false certification or non.compliance with any of the undertakings therein shall constitute indirect contempt of court, without pre#udice to the corresponding administrative and criminal actions. &f the acts of the party or his counsel clearly constitute willful and deliberate forum shopping, the same shall be ground for summary dismissal with pre#udice and shall constitute direct contempt, as well as a cause for administrative sanctions.

Li%is 3en)en%ia re1uire$ #*e co'curre'ce o% #*e %ollo+i'& re1ui$i#e$: ) ) ) Ide'#i#0 o% par#ie$. or a# lea$# $uc* par#ie$ a$ #*o$e repre$e'#i'& #*e $ame i'#ere$#$ i' /o#* ac#io'$ Ide'#i#0 o% ri&*#$ a$$er#ed a'd relie%$ pra0ed %or. #*e relie%$ /ei'& %ou'ded o' #*e $ame %ac#$ Ide'#i#0 +i#* re$pec# #o #*e #+o precedi'& par#icular$ i' #*e #+o ca$e$

I# i$ #*e pe#i#io'er a'd 'o# #*e cou'$el +*o i$ i' #*e /e$# po$i#io' #o ,'o+ +*e#*er *e or i# ac#uall0 %iled or cau$ed #*e %ili'& o% a pe#i#io'. E!!ECT O! NON)CO7PLIANCE: 1. T*e %ailure #o compl0 +i#* #*e re1uired cer#i%ica#io' i$ 'o# cura/le /0 a mere ame'dme'# a'd $*all /e a cau$e %or #*e di$mi$$al o% #*e ac#io'. 2. I% #*e ca$e i$ di$mi$$ed %or %ailure #o compl0 +i#* #*e cer#i%ica#io' re1uireme'#. #*e di$mi$$al i$. a$ a rule D+i#*ou# pre(udiceE. u'le$$ #*e order o% di$mi$$al o#*er+i$e provide$. E%%ec# o% +ill%ul a'd deli/era#e %orum $*oppi'&: I# $*all /e a &rou'd %or $ummar0 di$mi$$al No mo#io' #o di$mi$$ a'd *eari'& are re1uired. T*e di$mi$$al i$ +i#* pre(udice a'd $*all co'$#i#u#e direc# co'#emp#. a$ +ell a$ cau$e %or admi'i$#ra#ive $a'c#io'$. E%%ec# o% $u/mi$$io' o% a %al$e cer#i%ica#io': Co'$#i#u#e$ a' i'direc# co'#emp# o% cour# +i#*ou# pre(udice #o #*e corre$po'di'& admi'i$#ra#ive a'd crimi'al $a'c#io'$

For&. s6o33in1 e2i$#$ +*e' a par#0 i'$#i#u#e$ #+o or more $ui#$ i' di%%ere'# cour#$. ei#*er $imul#a'eou$l0 or $ucce$$ivel0. i' order #o a$, #*e cour#$ #o rule o' #*e $ame or rela#ed cau$e$ a'd;or #o &ra'# #*e $ame or $u/$#a'#iall0 #*e $ame relie%$ o' #*e $uppo$i#io' #*a# o'e or #*e o#*er cour# +ould ma,e a %avora/le di$po$i#io' or i'crea$e T"E CERTI!ICATION A4AIN T !ORU7 T"AT: "OPPIN4 CERTI!IE

) T*e par#0 *a$ 'o# comme'ced a'0 ac#io' or %iled a'0 claim i'volvi'& #*e $ame i$$ue$ i' a'0 cour#. #ri/u'al or 1ua$i)(udicial a&e'c0 a'd. #o #*e /e$# o% *i$ ,'o+led&e. 'o $uc* o#*er ac#io' or claim i$ pe'di'& ) i% #*ere i$ $uc* o#*er pe'di'& ac#io' or claim. a comple#e $#a#eme'# o% #*e pre$e'# $#a#u$ #*ereo%= a'd ) i% *e $*ould #*erea%#er lear' #*a# #*e $ame or $imilar ac#io' or claim *a$ /ee' %iled or i$ pe'di'&. *e $*all repor# #*a# %ac# +i#*i' %ive B?@ da0$ #*ere%rom #o #*e cour# +*erei' *i$ a%ore$aid complai'# or i'i#ia#or0 pleadi'& *a$ /ee' %iled. !orum $*oppi'& e2i$#$ +*e' #*e eleme'#$ o% li#i$ pe'de'#ia are pre$e'# or +*ere a %i'al (ud&me'# i' o'e ca$e +ill amou'# #o re$ (udica#a i' a'o#*er 2<

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 RULE + Manner o' Ma7in1 Alle1a%ions in Plea)in1s Sec 1. In general.

'very pleading shall contain in a methodical and logical form, a plain, concise and direct statement of the ultimate facts on which the party pleading relies for his claim or defense, as the case may be, omitting the statement of mere evidentiary facts. &f a defense relied on is based on law, the pertinent provisions thereof and their applicability to him shall be clearly and concisely stated. 6acts showing the capacity of a party to sue or be sued or the authority of a party to sue or be sued in a representative capacity or the legal existence of an organi%ed association of person that is made a party, must be averred. ! party desiring to raise an issue as to the legal existence of any party or the capacity of any party to sue or be sued in a representative capacity, shall do so by specific denial, which shall include such supporting particulars as are peculiarly within the pleader9s knowledge.

Sec #. 3raud. mista(e. condition of the mind.

&n all averments of fraud or mistake the circumstances constituting fraud or mistake must be stated with particularity. *alice, intent, knowledge, or other condition of the mind of a person may be averred generally.

Ul%i.a%e 'ac%s are #*e impor#a'# a'd $u/$#a'#ial %ac#$ +*ic* ei#*er direc#l0 %orm #*e /a$i$ o% #*e plai'#i%%5$ primar0 ri&*# a'd du#0 or direc#l0 ma,e up #*e +ro'&%ul ac#$ or omi$$io'$ o% #*e de%e'da'#. A %ac# i$ essen%ial i% i# ca''o# /e $#ric,e' ou# +i#*ou# leavi'& #*e $#a#eme'# o% #*e cau$e o% ac#io' or de%e'$e i'$u%%icie'#. Evi)en%iar4 'ac%s are #*o$e +*ic* are 'ece$$ar0 #o prove #*e ul#ima#e %ac# or +*ic* %ur'i$* evide'ce o% #*e e2i$#e'ce o% $ome o#*er %ac#$. Sec . Alternative causes of action or defenses.
! party may set forth two or more statements of a claim or defense alternatively or hypothetically, either in one cause of action or defense or in separate causes of action or defenses. (hen two or more statements are made in the alternative and one of them if made independently would be sufficient, the pleading is not made insufficient by the insufficiency of one or more of the alternative statements.

Sec $. !udgment.
&n pleading a #udgment or decision of a domestic or foreign court, #udicial or 1uasi. #udicial tribunal, or of a board or officer, it is sufficient to aver the #udgment or decision without setting forth matter showing #urisdiction to render it.

Sec *. Action or defense based on document.

)henever an action or defense is based upon a written instrument or document, the substance of such instrument or document shall be set forth in the pleading, and the original or a copy thereof shall be attached to the pleading as an exhibit, which shall be deemed to be a part of the pleading, or said copy may with like effect be set forth in the pleading.

Sec +. 4ow to contest such documents.

)hen an action or defense is founded upon a written instrument, copied in or attached to the corresponding pleading as provided in the preceding Sec, the genuineness and due execution of the instrument shall be deemed admitted unless the adverse party, under oath specifically denies them, and sets forth what he claims to be the facts, but the re1uirement of an oath does not apply when the adverse party does not appear to be a party to the instrument or when compliance with an order for an inspection of the original instrument is refused.

Sec !. Conditions precedent.

&n any pleading a general averment of the performance or occurrence of all conditions precedent shall be sufficient.

W*ere #*e ac#io'a/le docume'# i$ properl0 alle&ed. #*e %ailure #o de'0 #*e $ame re$ul#$ i' #*e admi$$io' o% #*e D&e'ui'e'e$$ a'd due e2ecu#io'E o% $aid docume'#. e2cep# +*e': ) 2> T*e adver$e par#0 +a$ 'o# a par#0 #o #*e i'$#rume'#

Sec ". Capacity.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 ) A' order %or #*e i'$pec#io' o% #*e docume'# +a$ 'o# complied +i#* 4e'ui'e'e$$) #*e docume'# i$ 'o# $puriou$. cou'#er%ei#. or o% di%%ere'# impor# o' i#$ %ace %rom #*e o'e e2ecu#ed /0 #*e par#0. or #*a# #*e par#0 +*o$e $i&'a#ure i# /ear$ *a$ $i&'ed i# a'd #*a# a# #*e #ime i# +a$ $i&'ed. i# +a$ i' +ord$ a'd %i&ure$ e2ac#l0 a$ $e# ou# i' #*e pleadi'&$

30 a' alle&a#io' o% lac, o% ,'o+led&e or i'%orma#io' $u%%icie'# #o %orm a /elie% a$ #o #*e #ru#* o% #*e averme'# i' #*e oppo$i'& par#05$ pleadi'& #*a# %orm o% de'ial +*ic* a# #*e $ame #ime i'volve$ a' a%%irma#ive implica#io' %avora/le #o #*e oppo$i'& par#0

Ne&a#ive pre&'a'#)

Due e2ecu#io') #*e docume'# +a$ $i&'ed volu'#aril0 a'd ,'o+i'&l0 /0 #*e par#0 +*o$e $i&'a#ure appear$ #*ereo'. #*a# i% $i&'ed /0 $ome/od0 el$e $uc* repre$e'#a#ive *ad #*e au#*ori#0 #o do $o. #*a# i$ +a$ dul0 delivered. a'd #*a# #*e %ormali#ie$ +ere complied +i#* Sec ,. Official document or act.
&n pleading an official document or official act, it is sufficient to aver that the document was issued or the act done in compliance with law.

W*ere a %ac# i$ alle&ed +i#* $ome 1uali%0i'& or modi%0i'& la'&ua&e. a'd #*e de'ial i$ co'(u'c#ive. a 'e&a#ive pre&'a'# e2i$#$ a'd o'l0 #*e 1uali%ica#io'$ or modi%ica#io' i$ de'ied. +*ile #*e %ac# i#$el% i$ admi##ed. Sec 11. Allegations not specifically denied deemed admitted.
*aterial averment in the complaint, other than those as to the amount of unli1uidated damages, shall be deemed admitted when not specifically denied. !llegations of usury in a complaint to recover usurious interest are deemed admitted if not denied under oath.

Sec 1-. Specific denial.

! defendant must specify each material allegation of fact the truth of which he does not admit and, whenever practicable, shall set forth the substance of the matters upon which he relies to support his denial. )here a defendant desires to deny only a part of an averment, he shall specify so much of it as is true and material and shall deny only the remainder. )here a defendant is without knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief as to the truth of a material averment made to the complaint, he shall so state, and this shall have the effect of a denial.

AVER7ENT IN T"E CO7PLAINT T"AT ARE DEE7ED AD7ITTED I! NOT PECI!ICALLA DENIED: ) ) ) Alle&a#io'$ a$ #o #*e amou'# o% dama&e$ Alle&a#io'$ +*ic* are imma#erial #o #*e cau$e o% ac#io'. +*ic* i'clude$ co'clu$io'$ o% %ac# a'd la+. i'%ere'ce$. e#c. All alle&a#io'$ i' #*e complai'# +*ere 'o a'$+er *a$ /ee' %iled /0 #*e de%e'da'# DEE7ED AD7ITTED EVEN I! PECI!ICALLA

AVER7ENT DENIED TWO WAA O! 7AIIN4 A PECI!IC DENIAL: ) peci%icall0 de'0 #*e averme'# a'd +*e'ever po$$i/le. $e# %or#* #*e $u/$#a'ce o% #*e ma##er$ relied upo' %or $uc* de'ial ) )

Alle&a#io'$ a$ #o u$ur0 T*e au#*e'#ici#0 a'd due e2ecu#io' o% ac#io'a/le docume'#$ properl0 pleaded +*ere #*e oppo$i'& par#0 +a$ a par#0 #*ere#o

7ere $peci%ic de'ial i$ i'$u%%icie'# a$ #*e rule$ re1uire #*a# $uc* de'ial mu$# /e u'der oa#*. 2?

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 T*e rule #*a# alle&a#io'$ o% u$ur0 are deemed admi##ed i% 'o# de'ied $peci%icall0 a'd u'der oa#* i$ a procedural rule a'd #*e lac, o% a' oa#* i' a pleadi'& i$ a de%ec# +*ic* i$ $u/(ec# #o +aiver (u$# a$ a de%ec#ive or imper%ec# veri%ica#io' ma0 /e +aived. Sec 1 . Stri(ing out of pleading or matter contained therein.
/pon motion made by a party before responding to a pleading or, if no responsive pleading is permitted by these Rules, upon motion made by a party within twenty (75 days after the service of the pleading upon him, or upon the court9s own initiative at any time, the court may order any pleading to be stricken out or that any sham or false, redundant, immaterial, impertinent, or scandalous matter be stricken out therefrom.

action pending between the same parties for the same cause, or that the action is barred by a prior #udgment or by statute of limitations, the court shall dismiss the claim.

DE!EN E NOT WAIVED EVEN I! NOT RAI ED IN A 7OTION TO DI 7I OR IN T"E AN WER ) ) ) ) Lac, o% (uri$dic#io' over #*e $u/(ec# ma##er Li#i$ pe'de'#ia Re$ (udica#a Pre$crip#io' o% #*e ac#io'

W"EN T"E COURT 7AA ORDER IT ) ) ) Upo' mo#io' made /0 a par#0 /e%ore re$po'di'& #o a pleadi'& I% 'o re$po'$ive pleadi'& i$ permi##ed. upo' mo#io' made /0 a par#0 +i#*i' #+e'#0 da0$ a%#er #*e $ervice o% #*e pleadi'& upo' *im Upo' #*e cour#5$ o+' i'i#ia#ive a# a'0#ime

Sec . Compulsory counterclaim. or cross&claim. not set up barred.

! compulsory counterclaim, or a cross.claim, not set up shall be barred.

Sec !. *efault= declaration of

&f the defending party fails to answer within the time allowed therefor, the court shall, upon motion of the claiming party with notice to the defending party, and proof of such failure, declare the defending party in default . Thereupon, the court shall proceed to render judgment granting the claimant such relief as his pleading may warrant, unless the court in its discretion requires the claimant to submit e idence . Such reception of evidence may be delegated to the clerk of court. (<a, R<= (a !ffect of order of default. + ! party in default shall be entitled to notice of subse1uent proceedings but not to take part in the trial. (b Relief from order of default. + ! party declared in default may at any time after notice thereof and before #udgment file a motion under oath to set aside the order of default upon proper showing that his failure to answer was due to fraud, accident, mistake or excusable negligence and that he has a meritorious defense. &n such case, the order of default may be set aside on such terms and conditions as the #udge may impose in the interest of #ustice. (c !ffect of partial default. + )hen a pleading asserting a claim states a common cause of action against several defending parties, some of whom answer and the others fail to do so, the court shall try the case against all upon the answers thus filed and render #udgment upon the evidence presented.

W"AT 7AA 3E TRICIEN OUT ) ) A'0 pleadi'& A'0 $*am or %al$e. redu'da'#. imma#erial. imper#i'e'# or $ca'dalou$ ma##er

RULE , E''ec% o' Fail&re %o Plea) Sec 1. *efenses and ob#ections not pleaded.
:efenses and ob#ections not pleaded either in a motion to dismiss or in the answer are deemed waived. 0owever, when it appears from the pleadings or the evidence on record that the court has no #urisdiction over the sub#ect matter, that there is another

2C

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
(d !xtent of relief to be awarded. + ! #udgment rendered against a party in default shall not exceed the amount or be different in kind from that prayed for nor award unli1uidated damages. (e Where no defaults allowed. + &f the defending party in an action for annulment or declaration of nullity of marriage or for legal separation fails to answer, the court shall order the prosecuting attorney to investigate whether or not a collusion between the parties exists, and if there is no collusion, to intervene for the State in order to see to it that the evidence submitted is not fabricated.

T*e claimi'& par#0 mu$# prove #*a# #*e de%e'di'& par#0 *a$ %ailed #o a'$+er +i#*i' #*e period provided

E!!ECT O! A DECLARATION;ORDER O! DE!AULT 1. T*e par#0 declared i' de%aul# lo$e$ *i$ $#a'di'& i' cour#. T*e lo$$ o% $uc* $#a'di'& preve'#$ *im %rom #a,i'& par# i' #*e #rial. 2. W*ile #*e de%e'da'# ca' 'o lo'&er #a,e par# i' #*e #rial. *e i$ 'ever#*ele$$ e'#i#led #o 'o#ice o% $u/$e1ue'# proceedi'&$. "e ma0 par#icipa#e i' #*e #rial 'o# a$ a par#0 /u# a$ a +i#'e$$. <. T*ere i$ par#ial de%aul# +*e' a pleadi'& a$$er#$ a claim a&ai'$# $everal de%e'di'& par#ie$ a'd $ome %ile a'd $erve #*eir a'$+er$ /u# #*e o#*er$ do 'o#. T*e cour# $*all #r0 #*e ca$e a&ai'$# all #*e de%e'di'& par#ie$ /a$ed o' #*e a'$+er$ %iled a'd re'der (ud&me'# upo' #*e evide'ce pre$e'#ed +*ere #*e claim $#a#e$ a commo' cau$e o% ac#io' a&ai'$# #*em. W"EN A PARTA I DECLARED IN DE!AULT. T"E COURT 7AA: ) ) Proceed #o re'der (ud&me'#. or Re1uire #*e plai'#i%% #o pre$e'# *i$ evide'ce e2 par#e

De'a&l% i$ a procedural co'cep# #*a# occur$ +*e' #*e de%e'di'& par#0 %ail$ #o %ile *i$ a'$+er +i#*i' #*e re&leme'#ar0 period. T*e cour# ca''o# mo#u proprio declare a de%e'da'# i' de%aul#. RE8UI ITE 3E!ORE A PARTA 7AA 3E DECLARED IN DE!AULT: ) ) ) ) ) ) T*ere mu$# /e a mo#io' #o declare #*e de%e'di'& par#0 i' de%aul# %iled /0 #*e claimi'& par#0 ummo'$ *a$ /ee' validl0 a'd previou$l0 $erved upo' *im T*e de%e'di'& par#0 mu$# *ave %iled #o %ile *i$ a'$+er +i#*i' #*e re&leme'#ar0 period or +i#*i' #*e period %i2ed /0 #*e cour# T*ere mu$# /e proo% o% #*e %ailure #o %ile #*e a'$+er T*e de%e'di'& par#0 mu$# /e 'o#i%ied o% #*e mo#io' #o declare *im i' de%aul# T*ere mu$# /e a *eari'& o% #*e mo#io' #o declare #*e de%e'da'# i' de%aul#.

RE7EDIE O! A DE!ENDIN4 PARTA DECLARED IN DE!AULT After notice of #udgment 1. 7o#io' #o $e# a$ide #*e order o% de%aul# a'd $*o+ #*a# o o T*e %ailure #o a'$+er +a$ due #o %raud. accide'#. mi$#a,e or e2cu$a/le 'e&li&e'ce T*e de%e'da'# *a$ a meri#oriou$ de%e'$e

3E!ORE T"E DE!ENDIN4 PARTA CAN 3E DECLARED IN DE!AULT: ) ) T*e claimi'& par#0 mu$# %ile a mo#io' #o declare $aid de%e'di'& par#0 i' de%aul# T*e de%e'di'& par#0 mu$# /e 'o#i%ied o% #*e mo#io' #o declare *im i' de%aul# 2G

After #udgment and before #udgment becomes final and executor

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 1. 7o#io' %or 'e+ #rial u'der Rule <G 2. Appeal %rom #*e (ud&me'# a$ /ei'& co'#rar0 #o #*e evide'ce or la+ After #udgment becomes final and executor Pe#i#io' %or relie% %rom (ud&me'# u'der Rule <H W*ere #*e de%e'da'# *a$ /ee' +ro'&l0 or improvide'#l0 declared i' de%aul#. #*e cour# ca' /e co'$idered #o *ave ac#ed +i#* &rave a/u$e o% di$cre#io'. W*e' #*e lac, o% (uri$dic#io' i$ pa#e'# o' #*e %ace o% #*e (ud&me'# or %rom #*e (udicial record$. *e ma0 avail o% #*e $pecial civil ac#io' o% cer#iorari E2#e'# o% relie% i' a (ud&me'# /0 de%aul#: : A (ud&me'# re'dered a&ai'$# a par#0 i' de%aul# $*all 'o# e2ceed #*e amou'# or /e di%%ere'# i' ,i'd %rom #*a# pra0ed %or 'or a+ard u'li1uida#ed dama&e$ DE!AULT I NOT ALLOWED IN: ) ) ) A''ulme'# o% marria&e Declara#io' o% 'ulli#0 o% marria&e Le&al $epara#io'

RULE 1A.en)e) an) S&33le.en%al Plea)in1s Sec 1. Amendments in general.

2leadings may be amended by ) ) adding or striking out an allegation or the name of any party, or by correcting a mistake in the name of a party or a mistaken or inade1uate allegation or description in any other respect, so that the actual merits of the controversy may speedily be determined, without regard to technicalities, and in the most expeditious and inexpensive manner.

Ame'dme'#$ #o a pleadi'& $*ould /e i'dica#ed i' #*e ame'ded pleadi'&. a$ /0 u'der$cori'&. e'clo$i'& #*em i' 1uo#a#io' mar,$. pu##i'& #*em i' capi#al le##er$. T*e ame'ded pleadi'& $uper$ede$ #*e ori&i'al pleadi'& +*ic* i$ deemed +i#*dra+' a'd 'o lo'&er co'$#i#u#e$ par# o% #*e record. T*e %ili'& o% #*e ame'ded pleadi'& doe$ 'o# re#roac# #o #*e da#e o% #*e %ili'& o% #*e ori&i'al. "e'ce. #*e $#a#u#e o% limi#a#io'$ ru'$ u'#il #*e %ili'& o% #*e ame'dme'#. A' ame'dme'# +*ic* merel0 $uppleme'#$ a'd ampli%ie$ %ac#$ ori&i'all0 alle&ed i' #*e complai'# rela#e$ /ac, #o #*e da#e o% #*e comme'ceme'# a'd i$ 'o# /arred /0 #*e $#a#u#e o% limi#a#io'$ +*ic* e2pire$ a%#er #*e $ervice o% #*e ori&i'al complai'# Sec . Amendments as a matter of right.
! party may amend his pleading once as a matter of right at any time before a responsive pleading is served or, in the case of a reply, at any time within ten (<5 days after it is served.

4e'eral Rule: A de%aul# order a'd co'$e1ue'#l0 a de%aul# (ud&me'# i$ #ri&&ered /0 #*e %ailure o% #*e de%e'di'& par#0 #o %ile #*e re1uired a'$+er. E2cep#io': A (ud&me'# /0 de%aul# ma0 /e re'dered de$pi#e a' a'$+er *avi'& /ee' %iled i%: o o A par#0 re%u$e$ #o o/e0 a' order re1uiri'& *im #o compl0 +i#* #*e variou$ mode$ o% di$cover0 A par#0 or o%%icer or ma'a&i'& a&e'# o% a par#0 +ill%ull0 %ail$ #o appear /e%ore #*e o%%icer +*o i$ #o #a,e *i$ depo$i#io' or a par#0 %ail$ #o $erve a'$+er$ #o i'#erro&a#orie$ 2H

T*e plai'#i%% ca' $#ill ame'd *i$ complai'# a$ a ma##er o% ri&*# eve' a%#er a mo#io' #o di$mi$$ *a$ /ee' %iled /0 de%e'da'#. A .o%ion %o )is.iss is no% a res3onsive 3lea)in1.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Ame'dme'# o% #*e complai'# ma0 /e allo+ed eve' i% a' order %or i#$ di$mi$$al *a$ /ee' i$$ued a$ lo'& a$ #*e mo#io' #o ame'd i$ %ile$ /e%ore #*e di$mi$$al order /ecame %i'al. Sec !. Amendments by leave of court.
'xcept as provided in the next preceding Sec, substantial amendments may be made only upon leave of court. "ut such leave may be refused if it appears to the court that the motion was made with intent to delay. ,rders of the court upon the matters provided in this Sec shall be made upon motion filed in court, and after notice to the adverse party, and an opportunity to be heard.

raised in the pleadings. Such amendment of the pleadings as may be necessary to cause them to conform to the evidence and to raise these issues may be made upon motion of any party at any time, even after #udgment( but failure to amend does not effect the result of the trial of these issues. &f evidence is objected to at the trial on the ground that it is not within the issues made by the pleadings, the court may allow the pleadings to be amended and shall do so with liberality if the presentation of the merits of the action and the ends of substantial justice will be subserved thereby. The court may grant a continuance to enable the amendment to be made.

A7END7ENT ARE NOT PROPER AND "OULD 3E DENIED: 1. W*ere #*e cour# *a$ 'o (uri$dic#io' over #*e ori&i'al complai'# a'd #*e purpo$e o% #*e ame'dme'# i$ #o co'%er (uri$dic#io' o' #*e cour# /0 elimi'a#i'& #*e o/(ec#io'a/le por#io'. 2. W*ere #*e cau$e o% ac#io' ori&i'all0 pleaded i' #*e complai'# +a$ ou#$ide #*e (uri$dic#io' o% #*e cour# <. I% i# +ould re$ul# i' dela0. >. I% i# +ould re$ul# i' a c*a'&e o% #*e cau$e o% ac#io' or de%e'$e or c*a'&e #*e #*eor0 o% #*e ca$e. or are i'co'$i$#e'# +i#* #*e alle&a#io'$ i' #*e ori&i'al complai'# ?. I% #*e plai'#i%% *ad 'o cau$e o% ac#io' a# #*e %ili'& o% #*e ori&i'al complai'# a'd #*e purpo$e o% #*e ame'dme'# i$ #o i'#roduce a $u/$e1ue'#l0 accrued cau$e o% ac#io'. Sec ". 3ormal amendments.
! defect in the designation of the parties and other clearly clerical or typographical errors may be summarily corrected by the court at any stage of the action, at its initiative or on motion, provided no pre#udice is caused thereby to the adverse party.

T*e cour# ac1uire$ (uri$dic#io' over #*e i$$ue$ eve' i% #*e $ame are 'o# alle&ed i' #*e ori&i'al pleadi'& o% #*e par#ie$. I# i$ premi$ed o' #*e %ac# #*a# evide'ce *ad /ee' i'#roduced o' a' i$$ue 'o# rai$ed /0 #*e pleadi'&$ +i#*ou# a'0 o/(ec#io' /0 #*e adver$e par#0. I# doe$ 'o# appl0 +*e' #*e ca$e +a$ decided o' a $#ipula#io' o% %ac#$ i' +*ic* ca$e #*e pleadi'&$ are 'o# deemed ame'ded #o co'%orm #o #*e evide'ce. Sec $. Supplemental pleadings.
/pon motion of a party the court may, upon reasonable notice and upon such terms as are #ust, permit him to serve a supplemental pleading setting forth transactions, occurrences or events which have happened since the date of the pleading sought to be supplemented. The adverse party may plead thereto within ten (<5 days from notice of the order admitting the supplemental pleading.

Sec *. 3iling of amended pleadings.

)hen any pleading is amended, a new copy of the entire pleading, incorporating the amendments, which shall be indicated by appropriate marks, shall be filed.

Sec +. )ffect of amended pleadings.

!n amended pleading supersedes the pleading that it amends. 0owever, admissions in superseded pleadings may be received in evidence against the pleader, and claims or defenses alleged therein not incorporated in the amended pleading shall be deemed waived.

Sec #. Amendment to conform to or authori5e presentation of evidence.

(hen issues not raised by the pleadings are tried with the express or implied consent of the parties they shall be treated in all respects as if they had been

A7ENDED PLEADIN4

UPPLE7ENTAL PLEADIN4

2J

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012

!ac#$ e2i$#i'& a# #*e #ime o% #*e !ac#$ ari$i'& a%#er #*e %ili'& o% #*e comme'ceme'# o% #*e ac#io' ori&i'al pleadi'& Re$ul#$ i' #*e +i#*dra+al o% #*e 7erel0 i' addi#io' #o /u# doe$ 'o# ori&i'al pleadi'& re$ul# i' #*e +i#*dra+al o% #*e ori&i'al pleadi'& Ca' /e made a$ a ma##er o% ri&*# Al+a0$ +i#* leave o% cour#

This Rule shall apply to the answer to an amended counterclaim, amended cross. claim, amended third (fourth, etc. +party complaint, and amended complaint.in. intervention.

Sec ". Answer to counterclaim or cross&claim.

! counterclaim or cross.claim must be answered within ten !1)" days from service.

Sec #. Answer to third /fourth. etc 0&party complaint.

The time to answer a third (fourth, etc. +party complaint shall be governed by the same rule as the answer to the complaint.

RULE 11 86en %o File Res3onsive Plea)in1s Sec 1. Answer to the complaint.

The defendant shall file his answer to the complaint within fifteen (<; days after service of summons, unless a different period is fixed by the court.

Sec $. Reply.
! reply may be filed within ten !1)" days from service of the pleading responded to.

Sec *. Answer to supplemental complaint.

! supplemental complaint may be answered within ten !1)" days from notice of the order admitting the same, unless a different period is fixed by the court . The answer to the complaint shall serve as the answer to the supplemental complaint if no new or supplemental answer is filed.

Sec . Answer of a defendant foreign private #uridical entity.

)here the defendant is a foreign private #uridical entity and service of summons is made on the government official designated by law to receive the same, the answer shall be filed within thirty (45 days after receipt of summons by such entity.

Sec +. )xisting counterclaim or cross&claim.

! compulsory counterclaim or a cross.claim that a defending party has at the time he files his answer shall be contained therein.

T*e &ra'#i'& o% addi#io'al #ime #o #*e de%e'da'# +i#*i' +*ic* #o %ile a' a'$+er i$ a ma##er lar&el0 addre$$ed #o #*e $ou'd di$cre#io' o% #*e #rial cour#. Sec !. Answer to amended complaint.
)hen the plaintiff files an amended complaint as a matter of right , the defendant shall answer the same within fifteen (<; days after being served with a copy thereof. )here its filing is not a matter of right, the defendant shall answer the amended complaint within ten (l5 days from notice of the order admitting the same. !n answer earlier filed may serve as the answer to the amended complaint if no new answer is filed.

Sec ,. Counterclaim or cross&claim arising after answer.

! counterclaim or a cross.claim which either matured or was ac1uired by a party after serving his pleading may, with the permission of the court, be presented as a counterclaim or a cross.claim by supplemental pleading before #udgment.

Sec 1-. Omitted counterclaim or cross&claim.

<0

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
)hen a pleader fails to set up a counterclaim or a cross.claim through oversight, inadvertence, or excusable neglect, or when #ustice re1uires, he may, by leave of court, set up the counterclaim or cross.claim by amendment before #udgment.

T"E 7OTION "ALL POINT OUT T"E ) ) ) De%ec#$ complai'ed o% Para&rap*$ +*erei' #*e0 are co'#ai'ed De#ail$ de$ired

Sec 11. )xtension of time to plead.

/pon motion and on such terms as may be #ust, the court may extend the time to plead provided in these Rules. The court may also, upon like terms, allow an answer or other pleading to be filed after the time fixed by these Rules.

Sec . Action by the court.

/pon the filing of the motion, the clerk of court must immediately bring it to the attention of the court which may either deny or grant it outright, or allow the parties the opportunity to be heard.

RULE 1 9ill o' Par%ic&lars Sec 1. When applied for= purpose.

"efore responding to a pleading, a party may move for a definite statement or for a bill of particulars of any matter which is not averted with sufficient definiteness or particularity to enable him properly to prepare his responsive pleading. &f the pleading is a reply, the motion must be filed within ten (<5 days from service thereof. Such motion shall point out the defects complained of, the paragraphs wherein they are contained, and the details desired.

Sec !. Compliance with order.

&f the motion is granted, either in whole or in part, the compliance therewith must be effected within ten (<5 days from notice of the order, unless a different period is fixed by the court. The bill of particulars or a more definite statement ordered by the court may be filed either in a separate or in an amended pleading, serving a copy thereof on the adverse party.

T*e cour# $*all order #*e pleader #o $u/mi# a /ill o% par#icular$ #o #*e pleadi'& #o +*ic* #*e mo#io' i$ direc#ed T*e complia'ce $*all /e e%%ec#ed +i#*i' #e' da0$ %rom 'o#ice o% #*e order . or +i#*i' #*e period %i2ed /0 #*e cour# T*e pleader ma0 %ile #*e /ill o% par#icular$ ei#*er i' a $epara#e pleadi'& or i' #*e %orm o% a' ame'ded pleadi'&. Sec ". )ffect of non&compliance.
&f the order is not obeyed, or in case of insufficient compliance therewith, the court may order the striking out of the pleading or the portions thereof to which the order was directed or make such other order as it deems #ust.

Purpo$e:

#o e'a/le #*e de%e'di'& par#0 #o properl0 prepare *i$ re$po'$ive pleadi'&

W*ere #*e pleadi'& i$ va&ue a'd u'cer#ai'. cour#$ $*ould 'o# /e led #o #*e commi$$io' o% error or i'(u$#ice /0 e2plori'& i' #*e mid$# o% u'cer#ai'#0 a'd dividi'& #*e i'#e'#io' o% #*e par#ie$ %rom #*e am/i&ui#ie$ i' #*e pleadi'& W"EN TO !ILE T"E 7OTION Direc#ed #o a complai'# : Direc#ed #o a cou'#erclaim: I' ca$e o% a repl0: +i#*i' %i%#ee' da0$ a%#er $ervice o% $ummo'$ +i#*i' #e' da0$ %rom $ervice o% #*e cou'#erclaim +i#*i' #e' da0$ o% #*e $ervice o% $aid repl0 <1

Sec #. Stay of period to file responsive pleading.

!fter service of the bill of particulars or of a more definite pleading, or after notice of denial of his motion, the moving party may file his responsive pleading within the

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
period to which he was entitled at the time of filing his motion, which shall not be less than five (; days in any event.

I% par#0 *a$ appeared /0 cou'$el $ervice upo' *im $*all /e made upo' *i$ cou'$el or o'e o% #*em. O'e cou'$el appeari'& %or $everal par#ie$: #*e cou'$el $*all o'l0 /e e'#i#led #o o'e cop0 o% a'0 paper $erved upo' *im /0 #*e oppo$i#e $ide

W*e' #*e movi'& par#0 %ile$ a mo#io' %or /ill o% par#icular$. #*e period #o %ile #*e re$po'$ive pleadi'& i$ $#a0ed or i'#errup#ed. I% #*e mo#io' i$ de'ied. #*e movi'& par#0 *a$ #*e $ame 'um/er o% da0$ +i#*i' +*ic* #o %ile *i$ pleadi'& cou'#ed %rom *i$ receip# o% #*e 'o#ice o% #*e order duri'& #*e mo#io'. I% #*e movi'& par#0 *a$ le$$ #*a' %ive da0$ #o %ile *i$ re$po'$ive pleadi'& a%#er $ervice o% #*e /ill o% par#icular$ or a%#er 'o#ice o% #*e de'ial o% *i$ mo#io'. *e *a$ %ive da0$ #o %ile *i$ re$po'$ive pleadi'& Sec $. 2ill a part of pleading.
! bill of particulars becomes part of the pleading for which it is intended. (<>a?a

Sec !. "anner of filing.

The filing of pleadings, appearances, motions, notices, orders, #udgments and all other papers shall be made by ) ) presenting the original copies thereof, plainly indicated as such, personally to the clerk of court or by sending them by registered mail.

RULE 1! Filin1 an) Service o' Plea)in1s, (&)1.en%s an) O%6er Pa3ers Sec 1. Coverage.
This Rule shall govern the filing of all pleadings and other papers, as well as the service thereof, except those for which a different mode of service is prescribed.

&n the first case, the clerk of court shall endorse on the pleading the date and hour of filing. &n the second case, the date of the mailing of motions, pleadings, or any other papers or payments or deposits, as shown by the post office stamp on the envelope or the registry receipt, shall be considered as the date of their filing, payment, or deposit in court. The envelope shall be attached to the record of the case.

Sec ". $apers re6uired to be filed and served.

'very #udgment, resolution, order, pleading subse1uent to the complaint, written motion, notice, appearance, demand, offer of #udgment or similar papers shall be filed with the court, and served upon the parties affected.

Sec . 3iling and service. defined.

iling is the act of presenting the pleading or other paper to the cler* of court . Service is the act of providing a party with a copy of the pleading or paper concerned. &f any party has appeared by counsel, service upon him shall be made upon his counsel or one of them, unless service upon the party himself is ordered by the court. )here one counsel appears for several parties, he shall only be entitled to one copy of any paper served upon him by the opposite side.

Sec #. "odes of service.

Service of pleadings motions, notices, orders, #udgments and other papers shall be made either personally or by mail.

Sec $. $ersonal service.

Service of the papers may be made by

T*e %ili'& o% #*e complai'# $i&'i%ie$ #*e comme'ceme'# o% #*e civil ac#io'
) delivering personally a copy to the party or his counsel, or

T*e %ili'& o% #*e complai'# $i&'i%ie$ #*e comme'ceme'# o% #*e civil ac#io' <2

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
) by leaving it in his office with his clerk or with a person having charge thereof. )hen a party summoned by publication has failed to appear in the action, #udgments, final orders or resolutions against him shall be served upon him also by publication at the expense of the prevailing party.

+f no person is found in his office, or his office is not *nown, or he has no office, then by leaving the copy, between the hours of eight in the morning and six in the evening, at the party9s or counsel9s residence, if known, with a person of sufficient age and discretion then residing therein.

!or co'$#ruc#ive $ervice /0 re&i$#ered mail. #*ere mu$# /e co'clu$ive proo% #*a# a %ir$# 'o#ice /0 #*e po$#ma$#er #o #*e addre$$ee +a$ received. T*e pre$ump#io' #*a# o%%icial du#0 *a$ /ee' per%ormed doe$ 'o# appl0. !or $ervice /0 pu/lica#io'. o'l0 #*e di$po$i#ive por#io' or #*e %allo $*ould /e re1uired #o /e pu/li$*ed a'd 'o# #*e e'#ire #e2# o% #*e deci$io' or re$olu#io' Sec 1-. Completeness of service.
2ersonal service is complete upon actual delivery. Service by ordinary mail is complete upon the expiration of ten (<5 days after mailing, unless the court otherwise provides. Service by registered mail is complete upon actual receipt by the addressee, or after five (; days from the date he received the first notice of the postmaster, whichever date is earlier.

Sec *. Service by mail.

Service by registered mail shall be made by ) ) ) depositing the copy in the post office in a sealed envelope, plainly addressed to the party or his counsel at his office, if known,

otherwise$ ) ) ) at his residence, if known, with postage fully prepaid, and with instructions to the postmaster to return the mail to the sender after ten (<5 days if undelivered.

&f no registry service is available in the locality of either the senders or the addressee, service may be done by ordinary mail.

Sec +. Substituted service.

&f service of pleadings, motions, notices, resolutions, orders and other papers cannot be made under the two preceding Secs, the office and place of residence of the party or his counsel being unknown, service may be made by delivering the copy to the clerk of court, with proof of failure of both personal service and service by mail. The service is complete at the time of such delivery.

Sec 11. $riorities in modes of service and filing.

(henever practicable, the service and filing of pleadings and other papers shall be done personally. 'xcept with respect to papers emanating from the court, a resort to other modes must be accompanied by a written explanation why the service or filing was not done personally. ! violation of this Rule may be cause to consider the paper as not filed.

Sec ,. Service of #udgments. final orders. or resolutions.

@udgments, final orders or resolutions shall be served either personally or by registered mail.

Sec 1 . $roof of filing.

The filing of a pleading or paper shall be proved by its existence in the record of the case.

<<

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
&f it is not in the record, but is claimed to have been filed personally, the filing shall be proved by the written or stamped acknowledgment of its filing by the clerk of court on a copy of the same( if filed by registered mail, by the registry receipt and by the affidavit of the person who did the mailing, containing a full statement of the date and place of depositing the mail in the post office in a sealed envelope addressed to the court, with postage fully prepaid, and with instructions to the postmaster to return the mail to the sender after ten (<5 days if not delivered. ,nly from the time of filing such notice for record shall a purchaser, or encumbrancer of the property affected thereby, be deemed to have constructive notice of the pendency of the action, and only of its pendency against the parties designated by their real names. The notice of lis pendens hereinabove mentioned may be cancelled only upon order of the court, after proper showing that ) ) the notice is for the purpose of molesting the adverse party, or that it is not necessary to protect the rights of the party who caused it to be recorded.

Sec 1!. $roof of Service.

2roof of personal service shall consist of ) ) ) a written admission of the party served, or the official return of the server, or the affidavit of the party serving, containing a full statement of the date, place and manner of service.

A no%ice o' lis 3en)ens i$ a' a''ou'ceme'# #o #*e +*ole +orld #*a# a par#icular real proper#0 i' li#i&a#io'. $ervi'& a$ a +ar'i'& #*a# o'e +*o ac1uire$ a' i'#ere$# over #*e $aid proper#0 doe$ $o a# *i$ o+' ri$, A 'o#ice o% li$ pe'de'$ ca''o# co'ceiva/l0 /e #*e lie' or e'cum/ra'ce co'#empla#ed /0 la+. A lie' i$ a' e2i$#i'& /urde' or c*ar&e o' #*e proper#0 +*ile a 'o#ice o% li$ pe'de'$ i$ o'l0 a +ar'i'& #*a# a claim or po$$i/le c*ar&e o' #*e proper#0 i$ pe'di'& de#ermi'a#io' /0 #*e cour#

&f the service is by ordinary mail, proof thereof shall consist of an affidavit of the person mailing of facts showing compliance with Sec A of this Rule. &f service is made by registered mail, proof shall be made by such affidavit and the registry receipt issued by the mailing office. The registry return card shall be filed immediately upon its receipt by the sender, or in lieu thereof the unclaimed letter together with the certified or sworn copy of the notice given by the postmaster to the addressee.

Proper o'l0 +*e': #*ere i$ a' ac#io' or proceedi'& i' cour# +*ic* a%%ec#$ #*e #i#le #o or po$$e$$io' o% #*e proper#0 Applica/le #o: all $ui#$ or ac#io'$ +*ic* direc#l0 a%%ec#$ 'o# o'l0 #*e #i#le #o real proper#0. /u# al$o #*o$e +*ic* are /rou&*# #o e$#a/li$* a' e1ui#a/le e$#a#e. i'#ere$# or ri&*# i' $peci%ic real proper#0 or #o e'%orce a'0 lie' c*ar&e or e'cum/ra'ce a&ai'$# i# ari$i'& duri'& #*e pro&re$$ o% #*e $ui#
RULE 1" S&..ons S&..ons i$ #*e +ri# /0 +*ic* #*e de%e'da'# i$ 'o#i%ied o% #*e ac#io' /rou&*# a&ai'$# *im. Purpo$e o% $ummo'$: <>

Sec 1". %otice of lis pendens.

&n an action affecting the title or the right of possession of real property, the plaintiff and the defendant, when affirmative relief is claimed in his answer, may record in the office of the registry of deeds of the province in which the property is situated notice of the pendency of the action. Said notice shall contain ) ) ) the names of the parties and the ob#ect of the action or defense, and a description of the property in that province affected thereby.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 I' a' ac#io' i' per$o'am: 'o# o'l0 #o 'o#i%0 #*e de%e'da'# o% #*e ac#io' a&ai'$# *im /u# al$o #o ac1uire (uri$dic#io' over *i$ per$o' ervice o% $ummo'$ i$ re1uired eve' i% #*e de%e'da'# i$ a+are o% #*e %ili'& o% #*e ac#io' a&ai'$# *im. "i$ ,'o+led&e o% #*e e2i$#e'ce o% a ca$e i$ 'o# o'e o% #*e mode$ /0 +*ic* a cour# ac1uire$ (uri$dic#io' over #*e per$o' o% #*e de%e'da'#. I' a' ac#io' i' rem or 1ua$i i' rem: Sec 1. Cler( to issue summons.
/pon the filing of the complaint and the payment of the re1uisite legal fees, the clerk of court shall forthwith issue the corresponding summons to the defendants.

W*ere #*e de%e'da'# *a$ alread0 /ee' $erved +i#* $ummo'$ o' #*e ori&i'al complai'#. 'o %ur#*er $ummo'$ i$ re1uired o' #*e ame'ded complai'# i% i# doe$ 'o# i'#roduce 'e+ cau$e$ o% ac#io'. W*ere #*e de%e'da'# +a$ declared i' de%aul# o' #*e ori&i'al complai'# a'd #*e plai'#i%% $u/$e1ue'#l0 %iled a' ame'ded complai'#. 'e+ $ummo'$ mu$# /e $erved o' #*e de%e'da'# o' #*e ame'ded complai'# a$ #*e ori&i'al complai'# +a$ deemed +i#*dra+' upo' $uc* ame'dme'# Sec !. 2y whom served.
The summons may be served by ) ) ) ) the sheriff, his deputy, or other proper court officer, or for #ustifiable reasons by any suitable person authori%ed by the court issuing the summons.

#o $a#i$%0 #*e co'$#i#u#io'al re1uireme'#$ o% due proce$$

Sec . Contents. Sec ". Return.

The summons shall be directed to the defendant, signed by the clerk of court under seal and contain (a the name of the court and the names of the parties to the action( (b a direction that the defendant answer within the time fixed by these Rules( (c a notice that unless the defendant so answers plaintiff will take #udgment by default and may be granted the relief applied for. ! copy of the complaint and order for appointment of guardian ad litem if any, shall be attached to the original and each copy of the summons. )hen the service has been completed, the server shall, within five (; days therefrom, serve a copy of the return, personally or by registered mail, to the plaintiff9s counsel, and shall return the summons to the clerk, who issued it, accompanied by proof of service.

Sec #. Issuance of alias summons.

&f a summons is returned without being served on any or all of the defendants, the server shall also serve a copy of the return on the plaintiff9s counsel, stating the reasons for the failure of service, within five (; days therefrom. &n such a case, or if the summons has been lost, the clerk, on demand of the plaintiff, may issue an alias summons.

T*e %ailure #o a##ac* a cop0 o% #*e complai'# #o #*e $ummo'$ or a cop0 o% #*e order appoi'#i'& a &uardia' ad li#em are mere #ec*'ical de%ec#$ a'd #*e $ervice o% $ummo'$ ve$#$ (uri$dic#io' i' #*e cour# over #*e de%e'da'# +*o ma0 #*ere/0 /e declared i' de%aul# %or %ailure #o %ile a' a'$+er.

Sec $. Service in person on defendant.

)henever practicable, the summons shall be served by handling a copy thereof to the defendant in person, or, if he refuses to receive and sign for it, by tendering it to him.

<?

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 I' a' ac#io' $#ric#l0 i' per$o'am. $ervice i' per$o' o' #*e de%e'da'# i$ #*e pre%erred mode o% $ervice. I# i$ do'e /0 *a'di'& a cop0 o% #*e $ummo'$ #o #*e de%e'da'# i' per$o'. Remed0 i% de%e'da'# re%u$e$ #*e $ervice: #*e $erver mu$# $ummo'$ #o *im #e'der #*e

!or $u/$#i#u#ed $ervice #o /e availa/le #*ere mu$# /e $everal a##emp#$ /0 #*e $*eri%% #o per$o'all0 $erve #*e $ummo'$ D$everal a##emp#$E) a# lea$# #*ree #rie$. pre%era/l0 o' a# lea$# #+o di%%ere'# da#e$

T*e $*eri%% mu$# ci#e +*0 $uc* e%%or#$ +ere u'$ucce$$%ul T*e $*eri%% or $erver mu$# %ir$# e2er# all e%%or#$ #o $erve #*e de%e'da'# i' per$o'. I% #*i$ e%%or# %ail$. #*e' $u/$#i#u#ed $ervice ca' /e made. T*i$ e%%or# mu$# /e $#a#ed i' #*e proo% o% $ervice Sec *. Substituted service.
&f, for justifiable causes, the defendant cannot be served within a reasonable time as provided in the preceding Sec, service may be effected$ (a by leaving copies of the summons at the defendant9s residence with some person of suitable age and discretion then residing therein, or (b by leaving the copies at defendant9s office or regular place of business with some competent person in charge thereof.

"OW U3 TITUTED ERVICE I 7ADE: ) ) Leavi'& copie$ o% #*e $ummo'$ a# #*e de%e'da'#5$ re$ide'ce Leavi'& copie$ o% #*e $ummo'$ a# #*e de%e'da'#5$ o%%ice or re&ular place o% /u$i'e$$

W*ere #*e $u/$#i#u#ed $ervice *a$ /ee' validl0 $erved. i#$ validi#0 i$ 'o# a%%ec#ed /0 #*e de%e'da'#5$ %ailure #o ac#uall0 receive #*e $ummo'$ %rom #*e per$o' +i#* +*om #*e $ummo'$ *ad /ee' le%#. I# i$ imma#erial #*a# #*e de%e'da'# doe$ 'o# i' %ac# receive ac#ual 'o#ice. T*e $*eri%% or au#*ori-ed $erver i$ 'o# re1uired #o veri%0 #*a# #*e $ummo'$ le%# i' #*e de%e'da'#5$ re$ide'ce or o%%ice +a$ ac#uall0 delivered #o #*e de%e'da'#. Sec +. Service upon entity without #uridical personality.
)hen persons associated in an entity without #uridical personality are sued under the name by which they are generally or commonly known, service may be effected upon all the defendants by serving$ ) ) upon any one of them, or upon the person in charge of the office or place of business maintained in such name.

D+i#*i' a rea$o'a/le #imeE)

$o muc* #ime a$ i$ 'ece$$ar0 u'der #*e circum$#a'ce$ %or a rea$o'a/l0 prude'# a'd dili&e'# ma' #o do. co've'ie'#l0. +*a# #*e co'#rac# or du#0 re1uire$ #*a# $*ould /e do'e 'o more #*a' $eve' da0$ $i'ce #*e e2pedi#iou$ proce$$i'& o% #*e complai'# i$ +*a# #*e par#0 +a'#$ %i%#ee' #o #*ir#0 da0$ /ecau$e a# #*e e'd o% #*e mo'#*. i# i$ a prac#ice %or #*e /ra'c* cler, #o re1uire #*e $*eri%% #o $u/mi# a re#ur' o% #*e $ummo'$ a$$i&'ed #o #*e $*eri%% %or $ervice

To #*e plai'#i%%:

To #*e de%e'da'#:

"ut such service shall not bind individually any person whose connection with the entity has, upon due notice, been severed before the action was brought.

Sec ,. Service upon prisoners. <C

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
)hen the defendant is a prisoner confined in a #ail or institution, service shall be effected upon him by the officer having the management of such #ail or institution who is deemed deputi%ed as a special sheriff for said purpose. ) ) its resident agent designated in accordance with law for that purpose, or if there be no such agent, on the government official designated by law to that effect, or on any of its officers or agents within the 2hilippines.

Sec 1-. Service upon minors and incompetents.

)hen the defendant is a minor, insane or otherwise an incompetent, service shall be made upon him$ ) ) personally and on his legal guardian if he has one, or if none his guardian ad litem whose appointment shall be applied for by the plaintiff.

W*ere #*e $ervice o% $ummo'$ i$ made o' #*e &over'me'# o%%icial de$i&'a#ed /0 la+. #*e de%e'da'# corpora#io' *a$ #*ir#0 da0$ %rom i#$ receip# o% #*e $ummo'$ +i#*i' +*ic* #o %ile a' a'$+er. I% $erved o' i#$ re$ide'# a&e'#. o%%icer$ or o#*er a&e'#$ i' #*e P*ilippi'e$. #*e %i%#ee')da0 re&leme'#ar0 period applie$. Sec 1!. Service upon public corporations.
)hen the defendant is ) ) the #epublic of the $hilippines, service may be effected on the Solicitor 8eneral( in case of a province, city or municipality, or li*e public corporations , service may be effected on its executive head, or on such other officer or officers as the law or the court may direct

&n the case of a minor, service may also be made on his father or mother.

Sec 11. Service upon domestic private #uridical entity.

)hen the defendant is a corporation, partnership or association organi%ed under the laws of the 2hilippines with a #uridical personality, service may be made on ) ) ) ) ) ) the president, managing partner, general manager, corporate secretary, treasurer, or in.house counsel.

Sec 1". Service upon defendant whose identity or whereabouts are un(nown .
&n any action where the defendant is ) ) designated as an unknown owner, or the like, or whenever his whereabouts are unknown and cannot be ascertained by diligent in1uiry,

T*e ul#ima#e #e$# o' #*e validi#0 a'd $u%%icie'c0 o% $ervice o% $ummo'$ i$ +*e#*er #*e $ame a'd #*e a##ac*me'#$ #*ere#o +ere ul#ima#el0 received /0 #*e corpora#io' u'der $uc* circum$#a'ce$ #*a# 'o u'due pre(udice +a$ $u$#ai'ed /0 i# %rom #*e procedural lap$e. a'd #*a# i# +a$ a%%orded %ull oppor#u'i#0 #o pre$e'# i#$ re$po'$ive pleadi'&$. Sec 1 . Service upon foreign private #uridical entities.
)hen the defendant is a foreign private #uridical entity which has transacted business in the 2hilippines, service may be made on

service may, by leave of court, be effected upon him by publication in a newspaper of general circulation and in such places and for such time as the court may order. Sec 1,. !xtraterritorial ser ice. )hen the defendant does not reside and is not found in the 2hilippines, and the action affects the personal status of the plaintiff or relates to, or the sub#ect of which is, property within the 2hilippines, in which the defendant has or claims a lien or interest, actual or contingent, or in which the relief demanded consists, wholly or in part, in excluding the defendant from any interest therein, or the property of the defendant has been attached within the 2hilippines, service may, by leave of court, be effected out of the $hilippines by personal service as under Sec -. or by publication in a newspaper of general circulation in such places and for such

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
time as the court may order , in which case a copy of the summons and order of the court shall be sent by registered mail to the last known address of the defendant, or in any other manner the court may deem sufficient. !ny order granting such leave shall specify a reasonable time, which shall not be less than sixty (B5 days after notice, within which the defendant must answer.

Sec 1$. Residents temporarily out of the $hilippines.

)hen any action is commenced against a defendant who ordinarily resides within the 2hilippines, but who is temporarily out of it, service may, by leave of court, be also effected out of the 2hilippines, as under the preceding Sec.

EPCI!IC ACTION . W"IC" ARE EIT"ER IN RE7 OR 8UA I IN RE7 T"AT WILL 6U TI!A T"E APPLICATION O! E9TRATERRITORIAL ERVICE O! U77ON : ) ) Ac#io'$ #*a# a%%ec# #*e per$o'al $#a#u$ o% #*e plai'#i%% Ac#io'$ +*ic* rela#e #o. or #*e $u/(ec# ma##er o% +*ic* i$ proper#0 +i#*i' #*e P*ilippi'e$. i' +*ic* #*e de%e'da'# claim$ a lie' or i'#ere$#. ac#ual or co'#i'&e'# Ac#io'$ i' +*ic* #*e relie% dema'ded co'$i$#$. +*oll0 or i' par#. i' e2cludi'& #*e de%e'da'# %rom a' i'#ere$# i' proper#0 loca#ed i' #*e P*ilippi'e$ W*e' #*e de%e'da'#5$ proper#0 *a$ /ee' a##ac*ed i' #*e P*ilippi'e$

Sec 1*. 7eave of court.

!ny application to the court under this Rule for leave to effect service in any manner for which leave of court is necessary shall be made by motion in writing, supported by affidavit of the plaintiff or some person on his behalf, setting forth the grounds for the application.

Sec 1+. $roof of service.

The proof of service of a summons shall be made in writing by the server and shall set forth the ) ) ) manner, place, and date of service(

ALTERNATIVE 7ODE O! E9TRATERRITORIAL ERVICE ) ) Per$o'al $ervice Pu/lica#io' i' a 'e+$paper o% &e'eral circula#io'

shall specify any papers which have been served with the process and the name of the person who received the same( and shall be sworn to when made by a person other than a sheriff or his deputy.

C*arac#eri$#ic$ o% a D'e+$paper o% &e'eral circula#io'E 1. Pu/li$*ed %or #*e di$$emi'a#io' o% local 'e+$ a'd &e'eral i'%orma#io' 2. "a$ a /o'a %ide $u/$crip#io' li$# o% $u/$cri/er$ <. Pu/li$*ed a# re&ular i'#erval$ >. No# pu/li$*ed %or or devo#ed #o #*e i'#ere$# o% a par#icular &roup o% per$o'$ ?. 7u$# *ave /ee' re&ularl0 pu/li$*ed %or a# lea$# #+o 0ear$ /e%ore #*e da#e o% pu/lica#io' i' 1ue$#io' <H

Sec 1,. $roof of service by publication.

&f the service has been made by publication , service may be proved by the affidavit of the ) ) ) printer, his foreman or principal clerk, or of the editor, business or advertising manager,

to which affidavit a copy of the publication shall be attached and by an affidavit showing the deposit of a copy of the summons and order for publication in the post office, postage prepaid, directed to the defendant by registered mail to his last *nown address.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec -. -oluntary appearance.

The defendant9s voluntary appearance in the action shall be e'uivalent to service of summons. The inclusion in a motion to dismiss of other grounds aside from lack of #urisdiction over the person of the defendant shall not be deemed a voluntary appearance.

'very written motion re1uired to be heard and the notice of the hearing thereof shall be served in such a manner as to ensure its receipt by the other party at least three (4 days before the date of hearing, unless the court for good cause sets the hearing on shorter notice.

E9CEPTION TO T"E T"REE)DAA NOTICE RULE ) ) ) e2 par#e mo#io'$ ur&e'# mo#io'$ mo#io'$ a&reed upo' /0 #*e par#ie$ #o /e *eard o' $*or#er 'o#ice mo#io'$ %or $ummar0 (ud&me'#

RULE 1# Mo%ions Sec 1. "otion defined.

! motion is an application for relief other than by a pleading.

Sec #. %otice of hearing.

The notice of hearing shall ) ) be addressed to all parties concerned, and shall specify the time and date of the hearing which must not be later than ten (<5 days after the filing of the motion.

Sec . "otions must be in writings.

!ll motions shall be in writing except those made in open court or in the course of a hearing or trial.

A mo#io' +*ic* doe$ 'o# co'#ai' a 'o#ice o% #ime a'd place o% *eari'& i$ a u$ele$$ piece o% paper a'd o% 'o le&al e%%ec#. I' #*e ca$e o% a mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io' o% a (ud&me'# or %i'al order. i# doe$ 'o# i'#errup# #e re&leme'#ar0 period. Sec $. $roof of service necessary.
3o written motion set for hearing shall be acted upon by the court without proof of service thereof.

Sec !. Contents.
! motion shall state ) ) ) the relief sought to be obtained and the grounds upon which it is based, and if re1uired by these Rules or necessary to prove facts alleged therein, shall be accompanied by supporting affidavits and other papers.

Sec ". 4earing of motion.

'xcept for motions which the court may act upon without pre#udicing the rights of the adverse party, every written motion shall be set for hearing by the applicant.

Sec *. "otion day.

'xcept for motions re1uiring immediate action, all motions shall be scheduled for hearing on 6riday afternoons, or if 6riday is a non.working day, in the afternoon of the next working day.

Sec +. Omnibus motion. <J

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
Sub#ect to the provisions of Sec < of Rule C, a motion attac*ing a pleading, order, judgment, or proceeding shall include all objections then available, and all objections not so included shall be deemed waived.

Sec ,. "otion for leave.

! motion for leave to file a pleading or motion shall be accompanied by the pleading or motion sought to be admitted.

A mo#io' #o di$mi$$ *0po#*e#icall0 admi#$ #*e #ru#* o% #*e %ac#ual alle&a#io'$ o% #*e complai'#. T*e admi$$io'$ e2#e'd o'l0 #o $uc* ma##er$ o% %ac# #*a# *ave /ee' $u%%icie'#l0 pleaded W*e' a mo#io' #o di$mi$$ i$ %iled. all &rou'd$ availa/le a# #*e #ime #*e mo#io' i$ %iled mu$# /e i'vo,ed i' #*e mo#io'. T*e &rou'd$ 'o# +aived are lac, o% (uri$dic#io' over #*e $u/(ec# ma##er. li#i$ pe'de'#ia or re$ (udica#a a'd pre$crip#io'. T*i$ i$ applica/le o'l0 +*e' a mo#io' #o di$mi$$ i$ %iled. W*e' 'o mo#io' #o di$mi$$ i$ %iled. #*e &rou'd$ ma0 /e availed o% a$ a%%irma#ive de%e'$e$. 7OTION TO DI 7I BRule 1C@ 7OTION TO DI 7I ON DE7URRER TO EVIDENCE 3a$ed o' i'$u%%icie'c0 o% evide'ce !iled o'l0 /0 #*e de%e'da'# a&ai'$# #*e complai'# o% #*e plai'#i%% !iled %or #*e di$mi$$al o% #*e ca$e o'l0 a%#er #*e plai'#i%% *a$ comple#ed #*e pre$e'#a#io' o% *i$ evide'ce

Sec 1-. 3orm.

The Rules applicable to pleadings shall apply to written motions so far as concerns caption, designation, signature, and other matters of form.

RULE 1$ Mo%ion %o Dis.iss Sec 1. ,rounds.

(ithin the time for but before filing the answer to the complaint or pleading asserting a claim, a motion to dismiss may be made on any of the following grounds/ (a That the court has no jurisdiction over the person of the defending party( (b That the court has no jurisdiction over the subject matter of the claim( (c That venue is improperly laid( (d That the plaintiff has no legal capacity to sue( (e That there is another action pending between the same parties for the same cause( (f That the cause of action is barred by a prior judgment or by the statute of limitations( (g That the pleading asserting the claim states no cause of action( (h That the claim or demand set forth in the plaintiff0s pleading has been paid, waived, abandoned, or otherwise extinguished( (i That the claim on which the action is founded is enforceable under the provisions of the statute of frauds( and (# That a condition precedent for filing the claim has not been complied with.

4rou'ded o' prelimi'ar0 o/(ec#io'$ !iled /0 a'0 de%e'di'& par#0 a&ai'$# +*om a claim i$ a$$er#ed i' #*e ac#io' !iled +i#*i' #*e #ime %or /u# prior #o #*e %ili'& o% #*e a'$+er o% #*e de%e'di'& par#0 #o #*e pleadi'& a$$er#i'& #*e claim a&ai'$# *im 6uri$dic#io' over #*e $u/(ec# ma##er ) )

De#ermi'ed /0 #*e alle&a#io'$ i' #*e complai'# re&ardle$$ o% +*e#*er or 'o# #*e plai'#i%% i$ e'#i#led #o recover upo' all or $ome o% #*e claim$ a$$er#ed #*erei' W*ere a par#0 i'vo,e$ #*e (uri$dic#io' o% a cour# #o o/#ai' a%%irma#ive relie% a'd %ail$. *e ca''o# #*erea%#er repudia#e $uc* (uri$dic#io'

Improper ve'ue ) Remed0 i% de'ied: pro*i/i#io' W*ere #*e plai'#i%%$ %iled #*e ac#io' i' a cour# o% impoper ve'ue a'd #*erea%#er $u/mi##ed #o i#$ (uri$dic#io'. #*e i$$ue o% ve'ue +a$ #*ere/0

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 +aived a'd #*e0 are i' e$#oppel$ #o repudia#e or 1ue$#io' #*e proceedi'&$ i' $aid cour# ) O/(ec#io' #o ve'ue i$ al$o impliedl0 +aived +*ere #*e par#0 e'#er$ i'#o #rial. cro$$)e2ami'e$ #*e +i#'e$$ o% #*e adver$e par#0 a'd adduce$ #*e evide'ce Lac, o% le&al capaci#0 #o $ue ) ) 7ea'$ #*a# #*e plai'#i%% i$ ei#*er 'o# i' #*e e2erci$e o% *i$ civil ri&*#$ or doe$ 'o# *ave #*e c*arac#er or repre$e'#a#io' #*a# *e claim$ Ca''o# /e rai$ed %or #*e %ir$# #ime o' appeal +*ere #*e de%e'da'# deal# +i#* #*e %ormer a$ a par#0 i' #*e proceedi'&$ )

Eleme'#$ 1. T*e %ormer (ud&me'# mu$# /e %i'al 2. T*e cour# +*ic* re'dered i# *a$ (uri$dic#io' over #*e $u/(ec# ma##er a'd #*e par#ie$ <. T*e (ud&me'# mu$# /e o' #*e meri#$ >. T*ere mu$# /e /e#+ee' #*e %ir$# a'd #*e $eco'd ac#io'$. ide'#i#0 o% par#ie$. $u/(ec# ma##er a'd cau$e$ o% ac#io' 7ere $u/$#a'#ial ide'#i#0 o% par#ie$. 'o# a/$olu#e ide'#i#0. i$ re1uired. T*ere i$ s&:s%an%ial i)en%i%4 o' 3ar%ies +*e' #*ere i$ commu'i#0 o% i'#ere$# or privi#0 o% i'#ere$# /e#+ee' a par#0 i' #*e %ir$# a'd a par#0 i' #*e $eco'd ca$e eve' i% #*e %ir$# ca$e did 'o# implead #*e la##er Re$ (udica#a i$ a doc#ri'e o% civil la+ a'd #*u$. *a$ 'o /eari'& o' crimi'al proceedi'&$.

W*ere #*e plai'#i%% i$ no% %6e real 3ar%4 in in%eres% . #*e &rou'd %or #*e mo#io' #o di$mi$$ i$ LACI O! CAU E O! ACTION. Li#i$ pe'de'#ia Re6uisites+ o T*ere i$ $u/$#a'#ial de'#i#0 i' #*e cau$e$ o% ac#io' a'd relie%$ $ou&*# o T*e re$ul# o% #*e %ir$# ac#io' i$ de#ermi'a#ive o% #*e $eco'd i' a'0 eve'# ) T*ere ca' /e 'o li#i$ pe'de'#ia i% #*e $ame cau$e o% ac#io' i$ #*e $u/(ec# o% a complai'# i' o'e ca$e a'd o% a cou'#erclaim i' a'o#*er a$ lo'& a$ #*e o#*er re1ui$i#e$ are pre$e'#

Pre$crip#io' ) T*e de%e'$e o% pre$crip#io' i$+aived a'd ca''o# /e co'$idered o' appeal i% 'o# rai$ed i' #*e #rial cour#. "o+ever. i% #*e alle&a#io'$ o% #*e complai'#. or #*e evide'ce pre$e'#ed. clearl0 i'dica#e #*a# #*e ac#io' *a$ pre$cri/ed. or +*ere #*ere i$ 'o i$$ue i' %ac# a$ #o pre$crip#io'. #*e de%e'$e o% pre$crip#io' i$ 'o# deemed +aived /0 #*e de%e'da'#5$ %ailure #o alle&e #*e $ame. A mo#io' #o di$mi$$ o' #*e &rou'd o% pre$crip#io' +ill /e &ive' due cour$e o'l0 i% #*e complai'# $*o+$ i' i#$ %ace #*a# #*e ac#io' *a$ alread0 pre$cri/ed

Re$ (udica#a 3a$i$: o Pu/lic polic0 a'd 'ece$$i#0 o T*e *ard$*ip o' #*e i'dividual o% /ei'& ve2ed #+ice %or #*e $ame cau$e Co'cep#$ o 3ar /0 a %ormer (ud&me'# o Co'clu$ive'e$$ o% (ud&me'# >1

No cau$e o% ac#io' ) Ca' /e de#ermi'ed o'l0 %rom #*e %ac#$ alle&ed i' #*e complai'# a'd %rom 'o o#*er

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 ) T*e i$$ue mu$# /e pa$$ed upo' o' #*e /a$i$ o% #*e alle&a#io'$ a$$umi'& #*em #o /e #rue a'd #*e cour# ca''o# co'$ider o#*er ma##er$ ) Eve' i% #*e complai'# $#a#ed a valid cau$e o% ac#io'. a mo#io' #o di$mi$$ %or i'$u%%icie'c0 o% cau$e o% ac#io' +ill /e &ra'#ed i% docume'#ar0 evide'ce admi##ed /0 $#ipula#io'$ di$clo$e$ %ac#$ $u%%icie'# #o de%ea# #*e claim a'd e'a/le$ #*e cour# #o &o /e0o'd #*e di$clo$ure$ i' #*e complai'#

T*e i'#e'dme'# o% #*e la+ i' re1uiri'& a *eari'& o' #*e mo#io'. #*a# i$. #o avoid u'%air $urpri$e$ a'd #o e'a/le #*e adver$e par#0 #o mee# #*e ar&ume'#$ i' #*e mo#io'. *ave /ee' $u%%icie'#l0 me# u'der #*e %ore&oi'& circum$#a'ce$ Sec !. Resolution of "otion.
!fter the hearing, the court may ) ) ) dismiss the action or claim, deny the motion, or order the amendment of the pleading.

#a#u#e o% %raud$ ) 7a0 /e %iled eve' i% #*e a/$e'ce o% a cau$e o% ac#io' doe$ 'o# appear o' #*e %ace o% #*e complai'#

The court shall not defer the resolution of the motion for the reason that the ground relied upon is not indubitable. &n every case, the resolution shall state clearly and distinctly the reasons therefor.

No')complia'ce +i#* a co'di#io' precede'# %or #*e %ili'& o% #*e claim ) W*ere #*e plai'#i%% *a$ 'o# e2*au$#ed all admi'i$#ra#ive remedie$. #*e complai'# 'o# *avi'& alle&ed #*e %ac# o% $uc* e2*au$#io'. ma0 /e di$mi$$ed %or lac, o% cau$e o% ac#io' al#*ou&* i# doe$ 'o# a%%ec# #*e (uri$dic#io' o% #*e cour# over #*e $u/(ec# ma##er !ailure #o alle&e i' #*e complai'# #*a# ear'e$# e%%or#$ a# compromi$e *ad /ee' made /0 #*e plai'#i%% /e%ore %ili'& #*e ac#io' i$ 'o# a &rou'd %or a mo#io' #o di$mi$$ i% o'e o% #*e par#ie$ i$ a $#ra'&er or +*ere #*e $ui# i$ /e#+ee' colla#eral rela#ive$ +*o are 'o# /ro#*er$ or $i$#er$

A' order de'0i'& a mo#io' #o di$mi$$ i$ i'#erlocu#or0 a'd 'o# appeala/le. /u# a' order &ra'#i'& a mo#io' #o di$mi$$ i$ %i'al a'd appeala/le. RE7EDA O! T"E PLAINTI!! I! T"E 7OTION I 4RANTED: ) ) Depe'di'& upo' #*e &rou'd %or #*e di$mi$$al o% #*e ac#io'. #*e plai'#i%% ma0 $impl0 re%ile #*e complai'# Appeal %rom #*e order o% di$mi$$al +*ere #*e &rou'd relied upo' i$ o'e +*ic* /ar$ #*e re%illi'& o% #*e complai'# li,e re$ (udica#a. pre$crip#io'. e2#i'&ui$*me'# o% #*e o/li&a#io' or viola#io' o% #*e #a#u#e o% !raud$. +i#* pre(udice Pe#i#io' %or cer#iorari i% #*e cour# &ravel0 a/u$e$ i#$ di$cre#io' i' a ma''er amou'#i'& #o lac, o% (uri$dic#io' i$ a'd +*e' #*e di$mi$$al i$ +i#*ou# pre(udice

Sec . 4earing of motion.

!t the hearing of the motion, the parties shall submit ) ) their arguments on the 1uestions of law and their evidence on the 1uestions of fact involved

except those not available at that time. Should the case go to trial, the evidence presented during the hearing shall automatically be part of the evidence of the party presenting the same.

Sec ". Time to plead.

&f the motion is denied, the movant shall file his answer within the balance of the period prescribed by Rule << to which he was entitled at the time of serving his motion, but not less than five (; days in any event, computed from his receipt of the notice of the denial.

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
&f the pleading is ordered to be amended, he shall file his answer within the period prescribed by Rule << counted from service of the amended pleading, unless the court provides a longer period.

W*e' #*e 'o#ice o% di$mi$$al i$ %iled /0 #*e plai'#i%%. #*e cour# $*all i$$ue #*e corre$po'di'& order co'%irmi'& #*e di$mi$$al. T*e di$mi$$al i$ a ma##er o% ri&*# +*e' e%%ec#ed /0 'o#ice /e%ore #*e de%e'da'# a'$+er$ or move$ %or $ummar0 (ud&me'# T*e di$mi$$al i$ +i#*ou# pre(udice E9CEPT: ) ) W*ere #*e 'o#ice o% di$mi$$al $o provide$ W*ere #*e plai'#i%% *a$ previou$l0 di$mi$$ed #*e $ame ca$e i' a cour# o% compe#e'# (uri$dic#io'

Sec #. )ffect of dismissal.

Sub#ect to the right of appeal, an order granting a motion to dismiss based on paragraphs (f , (h and (i of Sec < hereof shall bar the refiling of the same action or claim.

Sec $. $leading grounds as affirmative defenses.

&f no motion to dismiss has been filed, any of the grounds for dismissal provided for in this Rule may be pleaded as an affirmative defense in the answer and, in the discretion of the court, a preliminary hearing may be had thereon as if a motion to dismiss had been filed. The dismissal of the complaint under this Sec shall be without pre#udice to the prosecution in the same or separate action of a counterclaim pleaded in the answer.

Sec . *ismissal upon motion of plaintiff

'xcept as provided in the preceding Sec, a complaint shall not be dismissed at the plaintiff9s instance save upon approval of the court and upon such terms and conditions as the court deems proper. &f a counterclaim has been pleaded by a defendant prior to the service upon him of the plaintiffs motion for dismissal, the dismissal shall be limited to the complaint. The dismissal shall be without pre#udice to the right of the defendant to prosecute his counterclaim in a separate action unless within fifteen (<; days from notice of the motion he manifests his preference to have his counterclaim resolved in the same action. /nless otherwise specified in the order, a dismissal under this paragraph shall be without pre#udice. ! class suit shall not be dismissed or compromised without the approval of the court.

A mo#io' #o di$mi$$ i$ 'o# a re$po'$ive pleadi'&. *e'ce #*e %ili'& #*ereo% doe$ 'o# preclude #*e plai'#i%% %rom doi'& +*a# *e ca' la+%ull0 do /e%ore #*e de%e'da'# %ile$ *i$ a'$+er. A'0 o% #*e &rou'd$ %or di$mi$$al ma0 /e alle&ed a$ a%%irma#ive de%e'$e$ a'd a prelimi'ar0 *eari'& ma0 /e *ad i% 'o mo#io' #o di$mi$$ *a$ /ee' %iled a'd re$olved. RULE 1* Dis.issal o' Ac%ions Sec 1. *ismissal upon notice by plaintiff

Sec !. *ismissal due to fault of plaintiff

&f, for no #ustifiable cause, the plaintiff ) fails to appear on the date of the presentation of his evidence in chief on the complaint, or to prosecute his action for an unreasonable length of time, or to comply with these Rules or any order of the court,

! complaint may be dismissed by the plaintiff by filing a notice of dismissal at any time before service of the answer or of a motion for summary #udgment. /pon such notice being filed, the court shall issue an order confirming the dismissal. /nless otherwise stated in the notice, the dismissal is without pre#udice, except that a notice operates as an ad#udication upon the merits when filed by a plaintiff who has once dismissed in a competent court an action based on or including the same claim.

) )

the complaint may be dismissed upon motion of the defendant or upon the court0s own motion, without pre#udice to the right of the defendant to prosecute his

><

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
counterclaim in the same or in a separate action. This dismissal shall have the effect of an ad#udication upon the merits, unless otherwise declared by the court.

Sec 1. When conducted.

!fter the last pleading has been served and filed, if shall be the duty of the plaintiff to promptly move ex parte that the case be set for pre-trial (;a, R75

T*e plai'#i%%5$ a/$e'ce duri'& #*e pre$e'#a#io' o% #*e evide'ce o% #*e de%e'da'# or #*e o#*er par#ie$. or eve' a# #*e re/u##al or $u/$e1ue'# $#a&e$ o% #*e #rial. i$ 'o# a &rou'd %or di$mi$$al. I% #*e cour# %i'd$ #*a# i# *a$ 'o (uri$dic#io' over #*e $u/(ec# ma##er o% #*e $ui#. #*a# #*ere e2i$#$ li#i$ pe'de''#ia or re$ (udica#a or /arred /0 #*e $#a#u#e o% limi#a#io'$. #*e cour# $*all di$mi$$ #*e ca$e $ua $po'#e B/0 i#$ o+' $el%@ T*e di$mi$$al i$ +i#*ou# pre(udice. !ailure #o compl0 +i#* a cour# order i$ &rou'd %or di$mi$$al U'(u$#i%ia/le i'ac#io' o' #*e par# o% plai'#i%% #o *ave #*e ca$e $e# %or #rial i$ &rou'd %or di$mi$$al %or %ailure #o pro$ecu#e. I# i$ #*e plai'#i%%5$ %ailure #o appear a# #*e #rial a'd 'o# #*e a/$e'ce o% *i$ la+0er +*ic* +arra'#$ di$mi$$al. W*ere cou'$el %or #*e plai'#i%% *ad adduced evide'ce %or *i$ clie'#. *i$ %ailure #o appear a# a $u/$e1ue'# *eari'& ca''o# /e co'$idered a$ %ailure #o pro$ecu#e /u# o'l0 a +aiver o% #*e ri&*# #o cro$$)e2ami'e #*e +i#'e$$e$ %or #*e de%e'da'# a'd #o o/(ec# #o #*e admi$$i/ili#0 o% evide'ce Sec ". *ismissal of counterclaim. cross&claim. or third&party complaint.
The provisions of this Rule shall apply to the dismissal of any counterclaim, cross. claim, or third.party complaint. ! voluntary dismissal by the claimant by notice as in Sec < of this Rule, shall be made before a responsive pleading or a motion for summary #udgment is served or, if there is none, before the introduction of evidence at the trial or hearing.

Sec . %ature and purpose.

The pre.trial is mandatory. The court shall consider$ (a The possibility of an amicable settlement or of a submission to alternative modes of dispute resolution( (b The simplification of the issues( (c The necessity or desirability of amendments to the pleadings( (d The possibility of obtaining stipulations or admissions of facts and of documents to avoid unnecessary proof( (e The limitation of the number of witnesses( (f The advisability of a preliminary reference of issues to a commissioner( (g The propriety of rendering #udgment on the pleadings, or summary #udgment, or of dismissing the action should a valid ground therefor be found to exist( (h The advisability or necessity of suspending the proceedings( and (i Such other matters as may aid in the prompt disposition of the action.

A# #*e $#ar# o% #*e prelimi'ar0 co'%ere'ce. #*e (ud&e i$ ma'da#ed #o re%er #*e par#ie$ a'd;or #*eir cou'$el$ #o #*e media#io' u'i# o% #*e P*ilippi'e 7edia#io' Ce'#er %or purpo$e$ o% media#io'. I% media#io' %ail$. #*e (ud&e +ill $c*edule #*e co'#i'ua'ce o% #*e prelimi'ar0 co'%ere'ce. Sec !. %otice of pre&trial.
The notice of pre.trial shall be served on counsel, or on the party who has no counsel. The counsel served with such notice is charged with the duty of notifying the party represented by him.

Sec ". Appearance of parties. RULE 1+ Pre;Trial >>

+t shall be the duty of the parties and their counsel to appear at the pre-trial . The non.appearance of a party may be excused only

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
) ) if a valid cause is shown therefor or if a representative shall appear in his behalf fully authori%ed in writing to enter into an amicable settlement, to submit to alternative modes of dispute resolution, and to enter into stipulations or admissions of facts and of documents.

W*ere #*e de%e'da'# +a$ pre$e'# a# #*e pre)#rial. #*e cour# *a$ 'o au#*ori#0 #o #*erea%#er call a $eco'd pre)#rial a'd declare de%e'da'# i' de%aul# %or *i$ a/$e'ce #*erei' Sec $. $re&trial brief.

Purpo$e o% #*e rule:

#o compel #*e par#ie$ #o appear per$o'all0 /e%ore #*e cour# #o reac*. i% po$$i/le. a compromi$e

Sec #. )ffect of failure to appear.

The failure of the plaintiff to appear when so re1uired pursuant to the next preceding Sec shall be cause for dismissal of the action. The dismissal shall be with pre#udice, unless other.wise ordered by the court. ! similar failure on the part of the defendant shall be cause to allow the plaintiff to present his evidence ex parte and the court to render #udgment on the basis thereof.

The parties shall file with the court and serve on the adverse party, in such manner as shall ensure their receipt thereof at least three !1" days before the date of the pretrial, their respective pre.trial briefs which shall contain, among others$ (a (b (c (d (e (f ! statement of their willingness to enter into amicable settlement or alternative modes of dispute resolution, indicating the desired terms thereof( ! summary of admitted facts and proposed stipulation of facts( The issues to be tried or resolved( The documents or exhibits to be presented stating the purpose thereof( ! manifestation of their having availed or their intention to avail themselves of discovery procedures or referral to commissioners( and The number and names of the witnesses, and the substance of their respective testimonies.

2y the plaintiff ) ) $*all /e cau$e %or #*e di$mi$$al o% #*e ac#io' +i#* pre(udice e2cep# +*e' #*e cour# order$ o#*er+i$e #*e plai'#i%% +*o %ial$ #o appear i' #*e pre)#rial ma0 properl0 /e declared 'o')$ui#ed

6ailure to file the pre.trial brief shall have the same effect as failure to appear at the pre.trial.

remed0: #o appeal %rom #*e order o% di$mi$$al 2y the defendant ) $*all /e cau$e #o allo+ #*e plai'#i%% #o pre$e'# evide'ce e2 par#e a'd %or #*e cour# #o re'der (ud&me'# o' #*e /a$i$ o% #*e evide'ce pre$e'#ed /0 #*e plai'#i%%

No evide'ce $*all /e pre$e'#ed a'd o%%ered duri'& #*e #rial i' $uppor# o% a par#05$ evide'ce)i')c*ie% o#*er #*a' #*o$e #*a# *ad /ee' earlier ide'#i%ied a'd pre)mar,ed duri'& #*e pre)#rial. e2cep# i% allo+ed /0 #*e cour# %or #*e &ood cau$e $*o+' Par#ie$ are /ou'd /0 #*e repre$e'#a#io'$ a'd $#a#eme'#$ i' #*eir re$pec#ive pre)#rial /rie%$. T*e0 are i' #*e 'a#ure o% (udicial admi$$io'$. E!!ECT O! !AILURE TO !ILE A PRE)TRIAL 3RIE!

T*e order o% #*e cour# allo+i'& #*e plai'#i%% #o pre$e'# *i$ evide'ce e2 par#e doe$ 'o# di$po$e o% #*e ca$e +i#* %i'ali#0. Remed0 o% #*e de%e'da'#: 7ove %or #*e reco'$idera#io' o% #*e order= a'd i% #ai'#ed +i#* &rave a/u$e o% di$cre#io'. %ile a pe#i#io' %or cer#iorari >?

2y the plaintiff+ 2y the defendant:

di$mi$$al o% #*e ac#io' #*e allo+a'ce o% #*e plai'#i%% #o pre$e'# evide'ce e2 par#e

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Duri'& #*e pre)#rial. #*e (ud&e $*all /e #*e o'e #o a$, 1ue$#io'$ o' i$$ue$ rai$ed /0 #*e par#ie$ a'd all 1ue$#io'$ or comme'#$ /0 cou'$el or par#ie$ mu$# /e direc#ed #o (oi'. Rea$o':#o avoid *o$#ili#ie$ /e#+ee' #*e par#ie$ Sec *. Record of pre&trial.
The proceedings in the pre.trial shall be recorded. /pon the termination thereof, the court shall issue an order which shall recite in detail$ ) ) ) ) the matters taken up in the conference, the action taken thereon, the amendments allowed to the pleadings, and the agreements or admissions made by the parties as to any of the matters considered.

/0 /o#* par#ie$ a'd;or cou'$el T*e $a'c#io'$ %or 'o')appeara'ce are impo$ed upo' #*e plai'#i%% a'd #*e de%e'da'# peci%icall0 re1uired

+ri#i'& a'd $i&*'ed /0 /o#* #*e accu$ed a'd cou'$el T*e $a'c#io'$ are impo$ed upo' #*e cou'$el %or #*e accu$ed or #*e pro$ecu#or No# $peci%icall0 re1uired

RULE 1, In%erven%ion In%erven%ion i$ a le&al proceedi'& /0 +*ic* a per$o' +*o i$ 'o# a par#0 #o #*e ac#io' i$ permi##ed /0 #*e cour# #o /ecome a par#0 /0 i'#erve'i'& i' a pe'di'& ac#io' a%#er mee#i'& #*e co'di#io'$ a'd re1uireme'#$ $e# /0 #*e Rule$ o% Cour# I'#erve'#io' i$ 'ever a' i'depe'de'# proceedi'& /u# i$ a'cillar0 a'd $uppleme'#al #o a' e2i$#i'& li#i&a#io' Purpo$e: #o e'a/le a $#ra'&er #o a' ac#io' #o /ecome a par#0 #o pro#ec# *i$ i'#ere$#

Should the action proceed to trial, the order shall, explicitly define and limit the issues to be tried. The contents of the order shall control the subse'uent course of the action, unless modified before trial to prevent manifest injustice.

PRE)TRIAL IN CIVIL CA E e# +*e' #*e plai'#i%% move$ e2 par#e #o $e# #*e ca$e %or pre)#rial 7ade a%#er #*e la$# pleadi'& *a$ /ee' $erved a'd %iled

Co'$ider$ #*e po$$i/ili#0 o% a' amica/le $e##leme'# a$ a' impor#a'# o/(ec#ive T*e a&reeme'#$ a'd admi$$io'$ are #o /e recorded i' #*e 7i'u#e$ o% prelimi'ar0 Co'%ere'ce #o /e $i&'ed

PRE)TRIAL IN CRI7INAL CA E Ordered /0 #*e cour# a'd 'o mo#io' #o $e# #*e ca$e %or pre)#rial i$ re1uired Ordered /0 #*e cour# a%#er arrai&'me'# a'd +i#*i' #*ir#0 da0$ %rom #*e da#e #*e cour# ac1uire$ (uri$dic#io' over #*e per$o' o% #*e accu$ed Doe$ 'o# i'clude #*e co'$ideri'& o% #*e po$$i/ili#0 o% amica/le $e##leme'# o% crimi'al lia/ili#0 a$ o'e o% #*e purpo$e$ All a&reeme'#$ a'd admi$$io'$ made or e'#ered duri'& #*e pre)#rial co'%ere'ce $*all /e reduced i' >C

I'#erve'#io' i$ 'ei#*er compul$or0 'or ma'da#or0 /u# o'l0 op#io'al a'd permi$$ive Sec 1. Who may intervene.
! person who$ ) ) has a legal interest in the matter in litigation, or in the success of either of the parties, or an interest against both, or is so situated as to be adversely affected by a distribution or other disposition of property in the custody of the court or of an officer thereof

may, with leave of court, be allowed to intervene in the action.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
The court shall consider whether or not the intervention will unduly delay or pre#udice the ad#udication of the rights of the original parties, and whether or not the intervenor9s rights may be fully protected in a separate proceeding.

Sec . Time to intervene.

The motion to intervene may be filed at any time before rendition of judgment by the trial court. ! copy of the pleading.in.intervention shall be attached to the motion and served on the original parties.

W*e' a' i'#erve'i'& pe#i#io' *a$ /ee' %iled. a plai'#i%% ma0 'o# di$mi$$ #*e ac#io' i' a'0 re$pec# #o #*e pre(udice o% #*e i'#erve'or. W*ere #*e i'#erve'or5$ ri&*#$ are i'#er+ove' i' #*e pe'di'& ca$e a'd *e *ad due 'o#ice o% #*e proceedi'&$. *e +ill #*erea%#er /e $#opped %rom 1ue$#io'i'& #*e deci$io' re'dered #*erei' #*rou&* a'o#*er ac#io' RE7EDIE : Improper denial: Appeal I% #*ere i$ &rave a/u$e o% di$cre#io' 7a'damu$ +ill lie +*ere #*ere i$ 'o o#*er plai'. $peed0 a'd ade1ua#e remed0 Improper granting: Cer#iorari a'd Pro*i/i#io'

Sec !. $leadings&in&intervention.
The intervenor shall file a complaint-in-intervention if he asserts a claim against either or all of the original parties, or an answer-in-intervention if he unites with the defending party in resisting a claim against the latter.

Sec ". Answer to complaint&in&intervention.

The answer to the complaint.in.intervention shall be filed within fifteen !1," days from notice of the order admitting the same, unless a different period is fixed by the court.

RE8UI ITE !OR INTERVENTION: 1. #*ere mu$# /e a mo#io' %or i'#erve'#io' %iled /e%ore re'di#io' o% #*e (ud&me'# /0 #*e #rial cour# 2. #*e mova'# mu$# $*o+ i' *i$ mo#io' #*a# *e *a$ a le&al i'#ere$# i' #*e ma##er o% li#i&a#io' #*e $ucce$$ o% ei#*er o% #*e par#ie$ i' #*e ac#io'. or a&ai'$# /o#* par#ie$ <. #*e mova'# mu$# /e $o $i#ua#ed a$ #o /e adver$el0 a%%ec#ed /0 a di$#ri/u#io' or o#*er di$po$i#io' o% proper#0 i' #*e cu$#od0 o% #*e cour# or o% a' o%%icer #*ereo% >. #*e i'#erve'#io' mu$# 'o# u'dul0 dela0 or pre(udice #*e ad(udica#io' o% #*e ri&*#$ o% #*e ori&i'al par#ie$ a'd #*a# #*e i'#erve'orE$ ri&*#$ ma0 'o# /e %ull0 pro#ec#ed i' a $epara#e proceedi'& Le&al i'#ere$#) o'e #*a# i$ ac#ual a'd ma#erial. direc# a'd o% a' immedia#e c*arac#er. 'o# merel0 co'#i'&e'# or e2pec#a'# $o #*a# #*e i'#erve'or +ill ei#*er &ai' or lo$e /0 #*e direc# le&al opera#io' o% #*e (ud&me'# >G Sec 1. Calendar of cases.

RULE Calen)ar o' Cases

The clerk of court, under the direct supervision of the #udge, shall keep a calendar of cases for pre.trial, for trial, those whose trials were ad#ourned or postponed, and those with motions to set for hearing. 2reference shall be given to habeas corpus cases, election cases, special civil actions, and those so re1uired by law.

W*e' i' a'0 ,i'd o% ac#io'. #*e i$$ue i$ in/&nc%ion. #*e ca$e mu$# /e #ermi'a#ed +i#*i' #e' da0$. Sec . Assignment of cases.
The assignment of cases to the different branches of a court shall be done exclusively by raffle. The assignment shall be done in open session of which ade1uate notice shall be given so as to afford interested parties the opportunity to be present.

RULE 1

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 S&:3oena Sec 1. Subpoena and subpoena duces tecum.

Subpoena is a process directed to a person re1uiring him to attend and to testify at the hearing or the trial of an action, or at any investigation conducted by competent authority, or for the taking of his deposition. &t may also re1uire him to bring with him any books, documents, or other things under his control, in which case it is called a subpoena duces tecum. The court may 1uash a subpoena duces tecum upon motion promptly made and, in any event, at or before the time specified therein if it is$ ) ) ) unreasonable and oppressive, or the relevancy of the books, documents or things does not appear, or if the person in whose behalf the subpoena is issued fails to advance the reasonable cost of the production thereof.

Sec . 2y whom issued.

The subpoena may be issued by + (a the court before whom the witness is re1uired to attend( (b the court of the place where the deposition is to be taken( (c the officer or body authori%ed by law to do so in connection with investigations conducted by said officer or body( or (c any @ustice of the Supreme Court or of the Court of !ppeals in any case or investigation pending within the 2hilippines. )hen application for a subpoena to a prisoner is made, the #udge or officer shall examine and study carefully such application to determine whether the same is made for a valid purpose. 2o prisoner sentenced to death, reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment and who is confined in any penal institution shall be brought outside the said penal institution for appearance or attendance in any court unless authorized by the Supreme 3ourt

The court may 1uash a subpoena ad testificandum on the ground that the witness is not bound thereby. &n either case, the subpoena may be 1uashed on the ground that the witness fees and kilometrage allowed by these Rules were not tendered when the subpoena was served.

Sec #. Subpoena for depositions.

2roof of service of a notice to take a deposition, as provided in Secs <; and 7; of Rule 74, shall constitute sufficient authori%ation for the issuance of subpoenas for the persons named in said notice by the clerk of the court of the place in which the deposition is to be taken. The clerk shall not, however, issue a subpoena duces tecum to any such person without an order of the court.

Sec $. Service.
Service of a subpoena shall be made in the same manner as personal or substituted service of summons. The original shall be exhibited and a copy thereof delivered to the person on whom it is served, tendering to him the fees for one day9s attendance and the kilometrage allowed by these Rules, except that, when a subpoena is issued by or on behalf of the Republic of the 2hilippines or an officer or agency thereof, the tender need not be made. The service must be made so as to allow the witness a reasonable time for preparation and travel to the place of attendance. &f the subpoena is duces tecum, the reasonable cost of producing the books, documents or things demanded shall also be tendered.

Sec !. 3orm and contents.

! subpoena shall ) ) ) state the name of the court and the title of the action or investigation, shall be directed to the person whose attendance is re1uired, and in the case of a subpoena duces tecum, it shall also contain a reasonable description of the books, documents or things demanded which must appear to the court prima facie relevant.

Sec *. $ersonal appearance in court. >H

Sec ". 8uashing a subpoena.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
! person present in court before a #udicial officer may be re1uired to testify as if he were in attendance upon a subpoena issued by such court or officer. &n computing any period of time prescribed or allowed by these Rules, or by order of the court, or by any applicable statute, the day of the act or event from which the designated period of time begins to run is to be excluded and the date of performance included. &f the last day of the period, as thus computed, falls on a Saturday a Sunday, or a legal holiday in the place where the court sits, the time shall not run until the next working day.

Sec +. Compelling attendance.

+n case of failure of a witness to attend, the court or #udge issuing the subpoena, upon proof of the service thereof and of the failure of the witness, may issue a warrant to the sheriff of the province, or his deputy, to arrest the witness and bring him before the court or officer where his attendance is re1uired, and the cost of such warrant and sei%ure of such witness shall be paid by the witness if the court issuing it shall determine that his failure to answer the subpoena was willful and without #ust excuse.

Sec . )ffect of interruption.

Should an act be done which effectively interrupts the running of the period, the allowable period after such interruption shall start to run on the day after notice of the cessation of the cause thereof. The day of the act that caused the interruption shall be excluded in the computation of the period.

Sec ,. Contempt.
6ailure by any person without ade1uate cause to obey a subpoena served upon him shall be deemed a contempt of the court from which the subpoena is issued. &f the subpoena was not issued by a court, the disobedience thereto shall be punished in accordance with the applicable law or Rule.

Sec 1-. )xceptions.

The provisions of Secs = and C of this Rule shall not apply to$ ) ) a witness who resides more than one hundred (<55 kilometers from his residence to the place where he is to testify by the ordinary course of travel, to a detention prisoner if no permission of the court in which his case is pending was obtained.

Mo)es o' )iscover4 ) ) ) ) ) ) Depo$i#io'$ pe'di'& ac#io' Depo$i#io' /e%ore ac#io' or pe'di'& appeal I'#erro&a#orie$ #o par#ie$ Admi$$io' /0 adver$e par#0 Produc#io' or i'$pec#io' o% docume'#$ or #*i'&$ P*0$ical a'd me'#al e2ami'a#io' o% per$o'$ RULE ! De3osi%ions Pen)in1 Ac%ion Sec 1. *epositions pending action. when may be ta(en.
4y leave of court after #urisdiction has been obtained over any defendant or over property which is the sub#ect of the action, or without such leave after an answer has been served, the testimony of any person, whether a party or not, may be taken,

Via#or0 ri&*# o% a +i#'e$$)

#*e ri&*# 'o# #o /e compelled #o a##e'd upo' a $u/poe'a /0 rea$o' o% #*e di$#a'ce %rom #*e re$ide'ce o% #*e +i#'e$$ #o #*e place +*ere *e i$ #o #e$#i%0 RULE Co.3&%a%ion o' Ti.e

Sec 1. 4ow to compute time. >J

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
at the instance of any party, by deposition upon oral examination or written interrogatories. The attendance of witnesses may be compelled by the use of a subpoena as provided in Rule 7<. :epositions shall be taken only in accordance with these Rules. The deposition of a person confined in prison may be taken only by leave of court on such terms as the court prescribes.

) ) ) ) Sec

I# educa#e$ #*e par#ie$ i' adva'ce o% #rial o% #*e real value$ o% #*eir claim$ a'd de%e'$e$. #*ere/0 e'coura&i'& $e##leme'# ou# o% cour# I# e2pedi#e$ #*e di$po$al o% li#i&a#io'$. $ave$ #*e #ime o% #*e cour# a'd *elp$ clear #*e doc,e#$ I# $a%e&uard$ a&ai'$# $urpri$e a# #*e #rial. preve'#$ dela0$. $impli%ie$ #*e i$$ue$ a'd #*ere/0 e2pedi#e$ #*e #rial I# %acili#a#e$ /o#* #*e prepara#io' a'd #rial o% #*e ca$e$

CLA ) )

I!ICATION O! DEPO ITION Depo$i#io'$ o' oral e2ami'a#io'$ a'd depo$i#io'$ upo' +ri##e' i'#erro&a#orie$ Depo$i#io'$ de /e'e e$$e a'd depo$i#io'$ i' perpe#uam rei memoriam #*o$e #a,e' %or purpo$e$ o% a pe'di'& ac#io'

Depo$i#io'$ de /e'e e$$e)

. Scope of examination. + /nless otherwise ordered by the court as provided by Sec <B or <= of this Rule, the deponent may be examined regarding any matter, not privileged, which is relevant to the sub#ect of the pending action, whether relating to the claim or defense of any other party, including the existence, description, nature, custody, condition, and location of any books, documents, or other tangible things and the identity and location of persons having knowledge of relevant facts. Sec !. )xamination and cross&examination.
'xamination and cross.examination of deponents may proceed as permitted at the trial under Secs 4 to <= of Rule <47.

Depo$i#io'$ i' perpe#uam rei memoriam) #*o$e #a,e' #o perpe#ua#e evide'ce %or purpo$e$ o% a' a'#icipa#ed ac#io' or %ur#*er proceedi'&$ i' a ca$e o' appeal. T*e depo$i#io' o% a per$o' co'%i'ed i' pri$o' ma0 /e #a,e' o'l0 /0 leave o% cour# o' $uc* #erm$ a$ #*e cour# pre$cri/e$. 3ENE!IT DE IRA3LE !RO7 T"E AVAILA3ILITA OPERATION O! A LI3ERAL DI COVERA PROCEDURE: ) AND

Sec ". 'se of depositions.

!t the trial or upon the hearing of a motion or an interlocutory proceeding, any part or all of a deposition, so far as admissible under the rules of evidence, may be used against any party who was present or represented at the taking of the deposition or who had due notice thereof, in accordance with any one of the following provisions( (a !ny deposition may be used by any party for the purpose of contradicting or impeaching the testimony of deponent as a witness( (b The deposition of a party or of any one who at the time of ta*ing the deposition was an officer, director, or managing agent of a public or private corporation, partnership, or association which is a party may be used by an adverse party for any purpose( (c The deposition of a witness, whether or not a party, may be used by any party for any purpose if the court finds$ a. that the witness is dead, or b. that the witness resides at a distance more than one hundred (<55 kilometers from the place of trial or hearing, or is out of

) )

I# i$ o% &rea# a$$i$#a'ce i' a$cer#ai'i'& #*e #ru#* a'd preve'#i'& per(ur0 /ecau$e #*e +i#'e$$ i$ e2ami'ed +*ile *i$ memor0 i$ $#ill %re$*. *e i$ &e'erall0 'o# coac*ed. *e ca''o# a# a la#er da#e co'#radic# *i$ depo$i#io'. a'd *i$ depo$i#io' i$ pre$erved i' ca$e *e /ecome$ u'availa/le I# i$ a' e%%ec#ive mea'$ o% de#ec#i'& a'd e2po$i'& %a,e. %raudule'# a'd $*am claim$ a'd de%e'$e$ I# ma,e$ availa/le i' a $imple. co've'ie'# a'd o%#e' i'e2pe'$ive +a0 %ac#$ +*ic* o#*er+i$e could 'o# *ave /ee' proved la#er ?0

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
c. d. e. the 2hilippines, unless it appears that his absence was procured by the party offering the deposition, or that the witness is unable to attend or testify because of age, sickness, infirmity, or imprisonment, or that the party offering the deposition has been unable to procure the attendance of the witness by subpoena( or upon application and notice, that such exceptional circumstances exist as to make it desirable, in the interest of #ustice and with due regard to the importance of presenting the testimony of witnesses orally in open court, to allow the deposition to be used( and would re1uire the exclusion of the evidence if the witness were then present and testifying

Sec *. )ffect of ta(ing depositions.

! party shall not be deemed to make a person his own witness for any purpose by taking his deposition.

Sec +. )ffect of using depositions

The introduction in evidence of the deposition or any part thereof for any purpose other than that of contradicting or impeaching the deponent makes the deponent the witness of the party introducing the deposition, but this shall not apply to the use by an adverse party of a deposition as described in paragraph (b of Sec D of this Rule.

(d

&f only part of a deposition is offered in evidence by a party, the adverse party may re1uire him to introduce all of it which is relevant to the part introduced, and any party may introduce any other parts.

Depo$i#io'$ are c*ie%l0 a mode o% di$cover0. T*e0 are i'#e'ded a$ a mea'$ #o compel di$clo$ure o% %ac#$ re$#i'& i' #*e ,'o+led&e o% a par#0 or o#*er per$o'$ +*ic* are releva'# i' a $ui# or proceedi'& i' cour# Depo$i#io'$ a'd #*e o#*er mode$ o% di$cover0 are mea'# #o e'a/le a par#0 #o lear' all #*e ma#erial a'd releva'# %ac#$. 'o# o'l0 ,'o+' #o *im a'd *i$ +i#'e$$ /u# al$o #*o$e ,'o+' #o #*e adver$e par#0 a'd #*e la##er5$ o+' +i#'e$$e$ Sec #. )ffect of substitution of parties.
Substitution of parties does not affect the right to use depositions previously taken( and, when an action has been dismissed and another action involving the same sub#ect is afterward brought between the same parties or their representatives or successors in interest, all depositions lawfully taken and duly filed in the former action may be used in the latter as if originally taken therefor.

Sec ,. Rebutting deposition.

!t the trial or hearing any party may rebut any relevant evidence contained in a deposition whether introduced by him or by any other party.

T*e i'#roduc#io' o% #*e depo$i#io' /i'd$ #*e par#0 +*o i'#roduce$ i#. $i'ce *e #*ere/0 ma,e$ #*e depo'e'# *i$ +i#'e$$. e2cep#: ) ) I% i# i$ i'#roduced #o impeac* or co'#radic# #*e +i#'e$$ I% i# i$ #*e depo$i#io' o% a' oppo$i'& par#0

Sec 1-. $ersons before whom depositions may be ta(en within the $hilippines.
)ithin the 2hilippines depositions may be taken before any #udge, notary public, or the person referred to in Sec <D hereof.

W*e' a' ac#io' *a$ /ee' di$mi$$ed a'd a'o#*er ac#io' i'volvi'& #*e $ame $u/(ec# i$ a%#er+ard /rou&*# /e#+ee' #*e $ame par#ie$ or #*eir repre$e'#a#ive$ or $ucce$$or$ i' i'#ere$#. all depo$i#io'$ la+%ull0 #a,e' a'd dul0 %iled i' #*e %ormer ac#io' ma0 /e u$ed i' #*e la##er a$ i% ori&i'all0 #a,e' #*ere%or. Sec $. Ob#ections to admissibility.
Sub#ect to the provisions of Sec 7C of this Rule, ob#ection may be made at the trial or hearing, to receiving in evidence any deposition or part thereof for any reason which

Sec 11. $ersons before whom depositions may be ta(en in foreign countries .
&n a foreign state or country, depositions may be taken (a on notice before a secretary of embassy or legation, consul general, consul, vice.consul, or consular agent of the Republic of the 2hilippines,

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(b before such person or officer as may be appointed by commission or under letters rogatory( or (c the person referred to in Sec <D

Sec 1". Stipulations regarding ta(ing of depositions.

&f the parties so stipulate in writing, depositions may be taken before any person authori%ed to administer oaths, at any time or place, in accordance with these Rules and when so taken may be used like other depositions.

Sec 1 . Commission or letters rogatory.

! commission or letters rogatory shall be issued only when necessary or convenient, on application and notice, and on such terms, and with such direction as are #ust and appropriate. ,fficers may be designated in notices or commissions either by name or descriptive title and letters rogatory may be addressed to the appropriate #udicial authority in the foreign country.

Sec 1#. *eposition upon oral examination= notice= time and place.
! party desiring to take the deposition of any person upon oral examination shall give reasonable notice in writing, to every other party to the action. The notice shall state$ ) ) ) the time and place for taking the deposition and the name and address of each person to be examined, if known, and if the name is not known, a general description sufficient to identify him or the particular class or group to which he belongs.

Commi$$io') addre$$ed #o a'0 au#*ori#0 i' a %orei&' cou'#r0 au#*ori-ed #*erei' #o #a,e do+' depo$i#io'$ a'd #a,i'& o% $uc* depo$i#io' i$ $u/(ec# #o #*e rule$ laid do+' /0 #*e cour# i$$ui'& #*e commi$$io' Le##er$ ro&a#or0) addre$$ed #o a (udicial au#*ori#0 i' #*e %orei&' cou'#r0 a'd #*e #a,i'& o% $uc* depo$i#io' i$ $u/(ec# #o #*e rule$ laid do+' /0 $uc* %orei&' (udicial au#*ori#0 4e'erall0 re$or#ed #o +*e' #*ere i$ di%%icul#0 or impo$$i/ili#0 o% o/#ai'i'& #*e depo$i#io' /0 commi$$io' I'$#rume'#$ $e'# i' #*e 'ame a'd /0 au#*ori#0 o% a (ud&e or cour# #o a'o#*er. re1ue$#i'& #*e la##er #o cau$e #o /e e2ami'ed. upo' i'#erro&a#orie$ %iled i' a cau$e pe'di'& /e%ore #*e %ormer. a +i#'e$$ +*o i$ +i#*i' #*e (uri$dic#io' o% #*e (ud&e or cour# #o +*om $uc* le##er$ are addre$$ed Sec 1!. *is6ualification by interest.

,n motion of any party upon whom the notice is served, the court may for cause shown enlarge or shorten the time.

Sec 1$. Orders for the protection of parties and deponents.

!fter notice is served for taking a deposition by oral examination, upon motion seasonably made by any party or by the person to be examined and for good cause shown, the court in which the action is pending may make an order that the deposition shall not be taken, or that it may be taken only at some designated place other than that stated in the notice, or that it may be taken only on written interrogatories, or that certain matters shall not be in1uired into, or that the scope of the examination shall be held with no one present except the parties to the action and their officers or counsel, or that after being sealed the deposition shall be opened only by order of the court, or that secret processes, developments, or research need not be disclosed, or that the parties shall simultaneously file specified documents or information enclosed in sealed envelopes to be opened as directed by the court or the court may make any other order which #ustice re1uires to protect the party or witness from annoyance, embarrassment, or oppression.

Sec 1*. Record of examination. oath= ob#ections.

3o deposition shall be taken before a person who is a relative within the sixth degree of consanguinity or affinity, or employee or counsel of any of the parties, or who is a relative within the same degree, or employee of such counsel( or who is financially interested in the action. The officer before whom the deposition is to be taken shall put the witness on oath and shall personally, or by someone acting under his direction and in his presence,

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
record the testimony of the witness. The testimony shall be taken stenographically unless the parties agree otherwise. !ll ob#ections made at the time of the examination to the 1ualifications of the officer taking the deposition, or to the manner of talking it, or to the evidence presented, or to the conduct of any party, and any other ob#ection to the proceedings, shall be noted by the officer upon the deposition. 'vidence ob#ected to shall be taken sub#ect to the ob#ections. &n lieu of participating in the oral examination, parties served with notice of taking a deposition may transmit written interrogatories to the officers, who shall propound them to the witness and record the answers erbatim. suppress under Sec 7C (f of this Rule, the court holds that the reasons given for the refusal to sign re1uire re#ection of the deposition in whole or in part.

Sec -. Certification. and filing by officer.

The officer shall certify on the deposition that ) ) the witness was duly sworn to by him and that the deposition is a true record of the testimony given by the witness.

Sec 1+. "otion to terminate or limit examination.

!t any time during the taking of the deposition, on motion or petition of any party or of the deponent, and upon a showing that the examination is being conducted in bad faith or in such manner as unreasonably to annoy, embarrass, or oppress the deponent or party, the court in which the action is pending or the Regional Trial Court of the place where the deposition is being taken may order the officer conducting the examination to cease forthwith from taking the deposition, or may limit the scope and manner of the taking of the deposition, as provided in Sec <B of this Rule. +f the order made terminates the examination, it shall be resumed thereafter only upon the order of the court in which the action is pending. /pon demand of the ob#ecting party or deponent, the taking of the deposition shall be suspended for the time necessary to make a notice for an order. &n granting or refusing such order, the court may impose upon either party or upon the witness the re1uirement to pay such costs or expenses as the court may deem reasonable. 0e shall then securely seal the deposition in an envelope indorsed with the title of the action and marked -:eposition of (here insert the name of witness - and shall promptly file it with the court in which the action is pending or send it by registered mail to the clerk thereof for filing.

Sec 1. %otice of filing.

The officer taking the deposition shall give prompt notice of its filing to all the parties.

Sec

. 3urnishing copies.

/pon payment of reasonable charges therefor, the officer shall furnish a copy of the deposition to any party or to the deponent.

Sec 1,. Submission to witness= changes= signing.

(hen the testimony is fully transcribed, the deposition shall be submitted to the witness for examination and shall be read to or by him, unless such examination and reading are waived by the witness and by the parties. !ny changes in form or substance which the witness desires to make shall be entered upon the deposition by the officer with a statement of the reasons given by the witness for making them. The deposition shall then be signed by the witness, unless the parties by stipulation waive the signing or the witness is ill or cannot be found or refuses to sign. &f the deposition is not signed by the witness, the officer shall sign it and state on the record the fact of the waiver or of the illness or absence of the witness or the fact of the refusal to sign together with the reason be given therefor, if any, and the deposition may then be used as fully as though signed, unless on a motion to

Sec !. 3ailure to attend of party giving notice.

&f the party giving the notice of the ta*ing of a deposition fails to attend and proceed therewith and another attends in person or by counsel pursuant to the notice, the court may order the party giving the notice to pay such other party the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred by him and his counsel in so attending, including reasonable attorney9s fees.

Sec ". 3ailure of party giving notice to serve subpoena.

+f the party giving the notice of the ta*ing of a deposition of a witness fails to serve a subpoena upon him and the witness because of such failure does not attend, and if another party attends in person or by counsel because he expects the deposition of that witness to be ta*en , the court may order the party giving the notice to pay to such other party the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred by him and his counsel in so attending, including reasonable attorney9s fees.

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec #. *eposition upon written interrogatories= service of notice and of interrogatories.
% party desiring to ta*e the deposition of any person upon written interrogatories shall serve them upon every other party with a notice stating ) ) the name and address of the person who is to answer them and the name or descriptive title and address of the officer before whom the deposition is to be taken.

Sec ,. )ffect of errors and irregularities in depositions.

(a "s to notice. + !ll errors and irregularities in the notice for taking a deposition are waived unless written ob#ection is promptly served upon the party giving the notice. (b "s to disqualification of officer . + ,b#ection to taking a deposition because of dis1ualification of the officer before whom it is to be taken is waived unless made before the taking of the deposition begins or as soon thereafter as the dis1ualification becomes known or could be discovered with reasonable diligence. (c "s to competency or rele ancy of e idence . + ,b#ections to the competency of witness or the competency, relevancy, or materiality of testimony are not waived by failure to make them before or during the taking of the deposition, unless the ground, of the ob#ection is one which might have been obviated or removed if presented at that time. (d "s to oral examination and other particulars . + 'rrors and irregularities occurring at the oral examination in the manner of taking the deposition in the form of the 1uestions or answers, in the oath or affirmation, or in the conduct of the parties and errors of any kind which might be obviated, removed, or cured if promptly prosecuted, are waived unless reasonable ob#ection thereto is made at the taking of the deposition. (e "s to form of written interrogatories . + ,b#ections to the form of written interrogatories submitted under Secs 7; and 7B of this Rule are waived unless served in writing upon the party propounding them within the time allowed for serving succeeding cross or other interrogatories and within three (4 days after service of the last interrogatories authori%ed. (f "s to manner of preparation. + 'rrors and irregularities in the manner in which the testimony is transcribed or the deposition is prepared, signed, certified, sealed, indorsed, transmitted, filed, or otherwise dealt with by the officer under Secs <A, <C, 75 and 7B of this Rule are waived unless a motion to suppress the deposition or some part thereof is made with reasonable promptness after such defect is, or with due diligence might have been, ascertained.

(ithin ten !1)" days thereafter , a party so served may serve cross.interrogatories upon the party proposing to take the deposition. (ithin five !," days thereafter, the latter may serve re.direct interrogatories upon a party who has served cross.interrogatories. (ithin three !1" days after being served with re-direct interrogatories , a party may serve recross.interrogatories upon the party proposing to take the deposition.

Sec $. Officers to ta(e responses and prepare record.

! copy of the notice and copies of all interrogatories served shall be delivered by the party taking the deposition to the officer designated in the notice, who shall proceed promptly, in the manner provided by Secs <A, <C and 75 of this Rule, to take the testimony of the witness in response to the interrogatories and to prepare, certify, and file or mail the deposition, attaching thereto the copy of the notice and the interrogatories received by him.

Sec *. %otice of filing and furnishing copies.

)hen a deposition upon interrogatories is filed, the officer taking it shall promptly give notice thereof to all the parties, and may furnish copies to them or to the deponent upon payment of reasonable charges therefor.

Sec +. Order for the protection of parties and deponents.

!fter the service of the interrogatories and prior to the taking of the testimony of the deponent, the court in which the action is pending, on motion promptly made by a party or a deponent, and for good cause shown, may make any order specified in Secs <;, <B and <= of this Rule which is appropriate and #ust or an order that the deposition shall not be taken before the officer designated in the notice or that it shall not be taken except upon oral examination.

RULE " De3osi%ions 9e'ore Ac%ion or Pen)in1 A33eal Sec 1. *epositions before action= petition. ?>

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
! person who desires to perpetuate his own testimony or that of another person regarding any matter that may be cogni%able in any court of the 2hilippines may file a verified petition in the court of the place of the residence of any expected adverse party. (<a R<4D interrogatories. The depositions may be taken in accordance with Rule 74 before the hearing.

Sec #. Reference to court.

6or the purpose of applying Rule 74 to depositions for perpetuating testimony, each reference therein to the court in which the action is pending shall be deemed to refer to the court in which the petition for such deposition was filed.

Sec . Contents of petition.

The petition shall be entitled in the name of the petitioner and shall show$ ) ) ) ) ) that the petitioner expects to be a party to an action in a court of the 2hilippines but is presently unable to bring it or cause it to be brought( the sub#ect matter of the expected action and his interest therein( the facts which he desires to establish by the proposed testimony and his reasons for desiring to perpetuate it( the names or a description of the persons he expects will be adverse parties and their addresses so far as known( and the names and addresses of the persons to be examined and the substance of the testimony which he expects to elicit from each, and

Sec $. 'se of deposition.

&f a deposition to perpetuate testimony is taken under this Rule, or if, although not so taken, it would be admissible in evidence, it may be used in any action involving the same sub#ect matter sub.se1uently brought in accordance with the provisions of Secs D and ; of Rule 74.

Sec *. *epositions pending appeal.

&f an appeal has been taken from a #udgment of a court, including the Court of !ppeals in proper cases, or before the taking of an appeal if the time therefor has not expired, the court in which the #udgment was rendered may allow the taking of depositions of witnesses to perpetuate their testimony for in the event of further proceedings in the said court. &n such case the party who desires to perpetuate the testimony may make a motion in the said court for leave to take the depositions, upon the same notice and service thereof as if the action was pending therein. The motion shall state ) ) the names and addresses of the persons to be examined and the substance of the testimony which he expects to elicit from each, and the reason for perpetuating their testimony.

shall ask for an order authori%ing the petitioner to take the depositions of the persons to be examined named in the petition for the purpose of perpetuating their testimony.

Sec !. %otice and service.

The petitioner shall serve a notice upon each person named in the petition as an expected adverse party, together with a copy of the petition, stating that the petitioner will apply to the court, at a time and place named therein, for the order described in the petition. %t least twenty !5)" days before the date of the hearing , the court shall cause notice thereof to be served on the parties and prospective deponents in the manner provided for service of summons.

Sec ". Order and examination.

&f the court is satisfied that the perpetuation of the testimony may prevent a failure or delay of #ustice, it shall make an order designating or describing the persons whose deposition may be taken and specifying the sub#ect matter of the examination and whether the depositions shall be taken upon oral examination or written

&f the court finds that the perpetuation of the testimony is proper to avoid a failure or delay of #ustice, it may make an order allowing the deposition to be taken, and thereupon the depositions may be taken and used in the same manner and under the same conditions as are prescribed in these Rules for depositions taken in pending actions.

Purpo$e o% depo$i#io'$ i' perpe#uam rei memoriam: #o perpe#ua#e #*e #e$#imo'0 o% +i#'e$$e$ %or pro/a/le u$e i' a %u#ure ca$e or i' #*e eve'# o% %ur#*er ??

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 proceedi'&$ i' #*e $ame ca$e Depo$i#io'$ i' perpe#uam rei memoriam do 'o# prove #*e e2i$#e'ce o% a'0 ri&*# a'd #*e #e$#imo'0 #*erei' perpe#ua#ed i$ 'o# i' i#$el% co'clu$ive proo%. ei#*er o% #*e e2i$#e'ce o% #*e ri&*# 'or eve' o% #*e %ac#$ #o +*ic* #*e0 rela#e. a$ i# ca' /e co'#rover#ed a# #*e #rial i' #*e $ame ma''er a$ #*ou&* 'o perpe#ua#io' o% #e$#imo'0 +a$ ever *ad I' #*e a/$e'ce o% a'0 o/(ec#io' #o #*e #a,i'& #*ereo% a'd eve' i% #*e depo'e'# did 'o# #e$#i%0 a# #*e *eari'& o% #*e ca$e. #*e perpe#ua#ed #e$#imo'0 co'$#i#u#e$ prima %acie proo% o% #*e %ac#$ re%erred #o i' *i$ depo$i#io'. RULE # In%erro1a%ories %o Par%ies Sec 1. Interrogatories to parties= service thereof
/nder the same conditions specified in Sec < of Rule 74, any party desiring to elicit material and relevant facts from any adverse parties shall file and serve upon the latter written interrogatories to be answered by the party served or, if the party served is a public or private corporation or a partnership or association, by any officer thereof competent to testify in its behalf.

Sec !. Ob#ections to interrogatories.

,b#ections to any interrogatories may be presented to the court within ten (<5 days after service thereof, with notice as in case of a motion( and answers shall be deferred until the ob#ections are resolved, which shall be at as early a time as is practicable.

Sec ". %umber of interrogatories.

3o party may, without leave of court, serve more than one set of interrogatories to be answered by the same party.

Sec #. Scope and use of interrogatories.

&nterrogatories may relate to any matters that can be in1uired into under Sec 7 of Rule 74, and the answers may be used for the same purposes provided in Sec D of the same Rule.

INTERRO4ATORIE 7AA E73RACE ANA RELEVANT 7ATTER UNLE T"E A7E I : ) ) Privile&ed Pro*i/i#ed /0 cour# order

Purpo$e: #o elici# ma#erial a'd releva'# %ac#$ %rom a'0 adver$e par#0 I'#erro&a#orie$ #o par#ie$ are 'o# direc#ed #o a par#icular pleadi'&. I'$#ead. #*e0 $ee, #o di$clo$e all ma#erial a'd releva'# %ac#$ %rom a par#0. I'#erro&a#orie$ #o par#ie$ are $erved direc#l0 upo' #*e adver$e par#0. Sec . Answer to interrogatories.
The interrogatories shall be answered fully in writing and shall be signed and sworn to by the person making them. The party upon whom the interrogatories have been served shall file and serve a copy of the answers on the party submitting the interrogatories within fifteen (<; days after service thereof unless the court on motion and for good cause shown, extends or shortens the time.

A (ud&me'# /0 de%aul# ma0 /e re'dered a&ai'$# a par#0 +*o %ail$ #o $erve *i$ a'$+er #o +ri##e' i'#erro&a#orie$. T*e %ac# #*a# a par#0 *ad previou$l0 availed o% a mode o% di$cover0. +*ic* i$ /0 +ri##e' i'#erro&a#orie$. ca''o# /e co'$idered a$ a &ood cau$e #o preve'# *i$ re$or# #o a depo$i#io' or oral e2ami'a#io'. Rea$o'$: ) T*e %ac# #*a# i'%orma#io' $imilar #o #*a# $ou&*# &ad /ee' o/#ai'ed /0 a'$+er$ #o i'#erro&a#orie$ doe$ 'o# /ar a' e2ami'a#io' /e%ore #rial. a'd i$ 'o# a valid o/(ec#io' #o #*e #a,i'& o% a depo$i#io' i' &ood %ai#*. #*ere /ei'& 'o duplica#io'

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 ) I'o+led&e /0 #*e pe#i#io'er o% #*e %ac#$ co'cer'i'& +*ic* #*e propo$ed depo'e'# i$ #o /e e2ami'ed doe$ 'o# (u$#i%0 re%u$al o% $uc* e2ami'a#io'

Sec !. )ffect of admission.

!ny admission made by a party pursuant to such re1uest is for the purpose of the pending action only and shall not constitute an admission by him for any other purpose nor may the same be used against him in any other proceeding.

Sec $. )ffect of failure to serve written interrogatories.

/nless thereafter allowed by the court for good cause shown and to prevent a failure of #ustice, a party not served with written interrogatories may not be compelled by the adverse party to give testimony in open court, or to give a deposition pending appeal.

PURPO E O! AD7I ) )

ION 3A ADVER E PARTA

RULE $ A).ission :4 A)verse Par%4 Sec 1. Re6uest for admission.

!t any time after issues have been #oined, a party may file and serve upon any other party may file and serve upon any other party a written re1uest for the admission by the latter of the genuineness of any material and relevant document described in and exhibited with the re1uest or of the truth of any material and relevant matter of fact set forth in the re1uest. Copies of the documents shall be delivered with the re1uest unless copy have already been furnished.

To allo+ o'e par#0 #o re1ue$# #*e adver$e par#0 i' +ri#i'& #o admi# cer#ai' ma#erial a'd releva'# ma##er$ +*ic* mo$# li,el0 +ill 'o# /e di$pu#ed duri'& #*e #rial To avoid u''ece$$ar0 i'co've'ie'ce #o #*e par#ie$ i' &oi'& #*rou&* #*e ri&or$ o% proo%. /e%ore #*e #rial. a par#0 ma0 re1ue$# #*e o#*er #o admi# #*e o o 4e'ui'e'e$$ o% a'0 ma#erial a'd releva'# docume'# de$cri/ed i' a'd e2*i/i#ed +i#* #*e re1ue$# Tru#* o% a'0 ma#erial a'd releva'# ma##er$ o% %ac# $e# %or#* i' #*e re1ue$#.

Sec ". Withdrawal.

The court may allow the party making an admission under the Rule, whether express or implied, to withdraw or amend it upon such terms as may be #ust.

Sec . Implied admission.

'ach of the matters of which an admission is re1uested shall be deemed admitted unless, within a period designated in the re1uest, which shall not be less than fifteen (<; days after service thereof, or within such further time as the court may allow on motion, the party to whom the re1uest is directed files and serves upon the party re1uesting the admission a sworn statement either denying specifically the matters of which an admission is re1uested or setting forth in detail the reasons why he cannot truthfully either admit or deny those matters. ,b#ections to any re1uest for admission shall be submitted to the court by the party re1uested within the period for and prior to the filing of his sworn statement as contemplated in the preceding paragraph and his compliance therewith shall be deferred until such ob#ections are resolved, which resolution shall be made as early as practicable.

Sec #. )ffect of failure to file and serve re6uest for admission.

/nless otherwise allowed by the court for good cause shown and to prevent a failure of #ustice a party who fails to file and serve a re1uest for admission on the adverse party of material and relevant facts at issue which are, or ought to be, within the personal knowleinformationdge of the latter, shall not be permitted to present evidence on such facts.

RULE * Pro)&c%ion or Ins3ec%ion o' Doc&.en%s or T6in1s Sec 1. "otion for production or inspection= order. ?G

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
/pon motion of any party showing good cause therefor, the court in which an action is pending may (a order any party to produce and permit the inspection and copying or photographing, by or on behalf of the moving party, of any designated documents, papers, books, accounts, letters, photographs, ob#ects or tangible things, not privileged, which constitute or contain evidence material to any matter involved in the action and which are in his possession, custody or control, or (b order any party to permit entry upon designated land or other property in his possession or control for the purpose of inspecting, measuring, surveying, or photographing the property or any designated relevant ob#ect or operation thereon. The order shall specify the time, place and manner of making the inspection and taking copies and photographs, and may prescribe such terms and conditions as are #ust.

Sec !. Report of findings.

&f re1uested by the party examined, the party causing the examination to be made shall deliver to him a copy of a detailed written report of the examining physician setting out his findings and conclusions. !fter such re1uest and delivery, the party causing the examination to be made shall be entitled upon re1uest to receive from the party examined a like report of any examination, previously or thereafter made, of the same mental or physical condition. &f the party examined refuses to deliver such report, the court on motion and notice may make an order re1uiring delivery on such terms as are #ust, and if a physician fails or refuses to make such a report the court may exclude his testimony if offered at the trial.

RULE + P64sical an) Men%al E<a.ina%ion o' Persons Sec 1. When examination may be ordered.
&n an action in which the mental or physical condition of a party is in controversy, the court in which the action is pending may in its discretion order him to submit to a physical or mental examination by a physician.

Sec ". Waiver of privilege.

"y re1uesting and obtaining a report of the examination so ordered or by taking the deposition of the examiner, the party examined waives any privilege he may have in that action or any other involving the same controversy, regarding the testimony of every other person who has examined or may thereafter examine him in respect of the same mental or physical examination.

T*e me'#al co'di#io' o% a par#0 i$ i' co'#rover$0 i' proceedi'&$ %or &uardia'$*ip over a' im/ecile or i'$a'e per$o'. +*ile #*e p*0$ical co'di#io' o% a par#0 i$ &e'erall0 i'volved i' p*0$ical i'(urie$ ca$e$. i'ce #*e re$ul#$ o% #*e e2ami'a#io' are i'#e'ded #o /e made pu/lic. #*e $ame are 'o# covered /0 #*e p*0$icia')pa#ie'# privile&e. Sec . Order for examination.
The order for examination may be made only on motion for good cause shown and upon notice to the party to be examined and to all other parties, and shall specify the time, place, manner, conditions and scope of the examination and the person or persons by whom it is to be made.

CON E8UENCE W"ERE T"E PARTA E9A7INED RE8UE T AND O3TAIN A REPORT ) ) "e *a$ #o %ur'i$* #*e o#*er par#0 a cop0 o% #*e repor# o% a'0 previou$ or $u/$e1ue'# e2ami'a#io' o% #*e $ame p*0$ical a'd me'#al co'di#io' "e +aive$ a'0 privile&e *e ma0 *ave i' #*a# ac#io' or a'0 o#*er per$o' +*o *a$ $o e2ami'ed *im or ma0 #*erea%#er e2ami'e *im. RULE , Re'&sal %o Co.3l4 5i%6 Mo)es o' Discover4 Sec 1. Refusal to answer. ?H

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
+f a party or other deponent refuses to answer any 'uestion upon oral examination/ the examination may be completed on other matters or ad#ourned as the proponent of the 1uestion may prefer. The proponent may thereafter apply to the proper court of the place where the deposition is being taken, for an order to compel an answer. The same procedure may be availed of when a party or a witness refuses to answer any interrogatory submitted under Rules 74 or 7;. +f the application is granted$ the court shall re1uire the refusing party or deponent to answer the 1uestion or interrogatory shall be taken to be established for the purposes of the action in accordance with the claim of the party obtaining the order( (b !n order refusing to allow the disobedient party to support or oppose designated claims or defenses or prohibiting him from introducing in evidence designated documents or things or items of testimony, or from introducing evidence of physical or mental condition( (c !n order striking out pleadings or parts thereof, or staying further proceedings until the order is obeyed, or dismissing the action or proceeding or any part thereof, or rendering a #udgment by default against the disobedient party( and (d &n lieu of any of the foregoing orders or in addition thereto, an order directing the arrest of any party or agent of a party for disobeying any of such orders except an order to submit to a physical or mental examination.

if the court finds that the refusal to answer was without substantial justification/ it may re1uire the refusing party or deponent or the counsel advising the refusal, or both of them, to pay the proponent the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred in obtaining the order, including attorney9s fees. +f the application is denied and the court finds that it was filed without substantial justification/ the court may re1uire the proponent or the counsel advising the filing of the application, or both of them, to pay to the refusing party or deponent the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred in opposing the application, including attorney9s fees.

Sec ". )xpenses on refusal to admit.

&f a party after being served with a re1uest under Rule 7B to admit the genuineness of any document or the truth of any matter of fact serves a sworn denial thereof and if the party re1uesting the admissions thereafter proves the genuineness of such document or the truth of any such matter of fact, he may apply to the court for an order re1uiring the other party to pay him the reasonable expenses incurred in making such proof, including attorney9s fees. /nless the court finds that there were good reasons for the denial or that admissions sought were of no substantial importance, such order shall be issued.

Sec . Contempt of court.

&f a party or other witness refuses to be sworn or refuses to answer any 1uestion after being directed to do so by the court of the place in which the deposition is being taken, the refusal may be considered a contempt of that court.

Sec !. Other conse6uences.

&f any party or an officer or managing agent of a party refuses to obey an order made under Sec < of this Rule re1uiring him to answer designated 1uestions, or an order under Rule 7A to produce any document or other thing for inspection, copying, or photographing or to permit it to be done, or to permit entry upon land or other property or an order made under Rule 7= re1uiring him to submit to a physical or mental examination, the court may make such orders in regard to the refusal as are #ust, and among others the following$ (a !n order that the matters regarding which the 1uestions were asked, or the character or description of the thing or land, or the contents of the paper, or the physical or mental condition of the party, or any other designated facts

I% a par#0 re%u$e$ #o admi# #*e &e'ui'e'e$$ o% a'0 docume'# or #*e #ru#* o% a'0 ma##er o% %ac# a'd $erve$ a $+or' de'ial #*ereo% a'd i% #*e o#*er par#0 la#er o' prove$ #*e &e'ui'e'e$$ o% #*e docume'# or #*e #ru#* o% $uc* ma##er o% %ac#. #*e cour# upo' proper applica#io'. ma0 order #*e %ormer #o pa0 #*e rea$o'a/le e2pe'$e$ i' ma,i'& $uc* proo%. i'cludi'& a##or'e05$ %ee$. Sec #. 3ailure of party to attend or serve answers.
&f a party or an officer or managing agent of a party wilfully fails to appear before the officer who is to take his deposition, after being served with a proper notice, or fails to serve answers to interrogatories submitted under Rule 7; after proper service of such interrogatories, the court on motion and notice, may/ ) strike out all or any part of any pleading of that party, or

?J

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
) ) dismiss the action or proceeding or any part thereof, or enter a #udgment by default against that party, and in its discretion, order him to pay reasonable expenses incurred by the other, including attorney9s fees.

Sec #. Order of trial.

Sub#ect to the provisions of Sec 7 of Rule 4<, and unless the court for special reasons otherwise directs, the trial shall be limited to the issues stated in the pre.trial order and shall proceed as follows$ (a The plaintiff shall adduce evidence in support of his complaint( (b The defendant shall then adduce evidence in support of his defense, counterclaim, cross.claim and third.party complaints( (c The third.party defendant if any, shall adduce evidence of his defense, counterclaim, cross.claim and fourth.party complaint( (d The fourth.party, and so forth, if any, shall adduce evidence of the material facts pleaded by them( (e The parties against whom any counterclaim or cross.claim has been pleaded, shall adduce evidence in support of their defense, in the order to be prescribed by the court( (f The parties may then respectively adduce rebutting evidence only, unless the court, for good reasons and in the furtherance of #ustice, permits them to adduce evidence upon their original case( and (g /pon admission of the evidence, the case shall be deemed submitted for decision, unless the court directs the parties to argue or to submit their respective memoranda or any further pleadings. &f several defendants or third.party defendants, and so forth, having separate defenses appear by different counsel, the court shall determine the relative order of presentation of their evidence.

Sec $. )xpenses against the Republic of the $hilippines.

'xpenses and attorney9s fees are not to be imposed upon the Republic of the 2hilippines under this Rule.

RULE !Trial Sec 1. %otice of Trial.

/pon entry of a case in the trial calendar, the clerk shall notify the parties of the date of its trial in such manner as shall ensure his receipt of that notice at least five (; days before such date.

Sec . Ad#ournments and postponements.

! court may ad#ourn a trial from day to day, and to any stated time, as the expeditious and convenient transaction of business may re1uire, but shall have no power to ad#ourn a trial for a longer period than one month for each ad#ournment nor more than three months in all, except when authori#ed in writing by the $ourt "dministrator, %upreme $ourt.

Sec !. Re6uisites of motion to postpone trial for absence of evidence .

! motion to postpone a trial on the ground of absence of evidence can be granted only upon affidavit showing the materiality or relevancy of such evidence, and that due diligence has been used to procure it. "ut if the adverse party admits the facts to be given in evidence, even if he ob#ects or reserves the right to ob#ect to their admissibility, the trial shall not be postponed.

U'le$$ #*e cour# $peci%icall0 direc#$. #*e #rial $*all /e limi#ed #o #*e i$$ue$ $#a#ed i' #*e pre)#rial order. I% #*e #rial cour# allo+$ oral ar&ume'# or $u/mi$$io' o% memora'da. #*e period $*all /e corre$po'di'&l0 e2#e'ded a%#er $uc* proceedi'&$ *ave /ee' co'duc#ed or $uc* memora'da $u/mi##ed. T*e cour# $*ould $peci%0 i' adva'ce or declare a%#er ac#ual $u/mi$$io' o% #*e memora'da o% %ur#*er pleadi'&$ #*e da#e +*e' #*e ca$e i$ deemed $u/mi##ed %or deci$io'. I% #*e a'$+er admi#$ #*e de%e'da'#5$ o/li&a#io' a$ alle&ed i' #*e complai'# /u# $pecial de%e'$e$ are i'vo,ed. plai'#i%% doe$ 'o# *ave #o pre$e'# evide'ce $i'ce (udicial admi$$io'$ do 'o# re1uire proo% a'd i# $*ould /e #*e de%e'da'# +*o $*ould %or#+i#* pre$e'# *i$ evide'ce i' $uppor# o% *i$ $pecial de%e'$e$. C0

Sec ". Re6uisites of motion to postpone trial for illness of party or counsel .
! motion to postpone a trial on the ground of illness of a party or counsel may be granted if it appears upon affidavit or sworn certification that the presence of such party or counsel at the trial is indispensable and that the character of his illness is such as to render his non.attendance excusable.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Addi#io'al evide'ce ma0 /e o%%ered a# #*e re/u##al $#a&e i% i# +a$ 'e+l0 di$covered. or omi##ed #*rou&* mi$#a,e or i'adver#e'ce. or +*ere #*e purpo$e i$ #o correc# evide'ce previou$l0 o%%ered. Sec $. Agreed statement of facts.
The parties to any action may agree, in writing, upon the facts involved in the litigation, and submit the case for #udgment on the facts agreed upon, without the introduction of evidence. &f the parties agree only on some of the facts in issue, the trial shall be held as to the disputed facts in such order as the court shall prescribe.

The #udge of the court where the case is pending shall personally receive the evidence to be adduced by the parties. 0owever, in default or ex parte hearings, and in any case where the parties agree in writing , the court may delegate the reception of evidence to its clerk of court who is a member of the bar. The clerk of court shall have no power to rule on ob#ections to any 1uestion or to the admission of exhibits, which ob#ections shall be resolved by the court upon submission of his report and the transcripts within ten (<5 days from termination of the hearing. (n

RULE !1 Consoli)a%ion or Severance Sec 1. Consolidation.

(hen actions involving a common 'uestion of law or fact are pending before the court, it may$ ) ) ) ) order a #oint hearing or trial of any or all the matters in issue in the actions( order all the actions consolidated, and it may make such orders concerning proceedings therein as may tend to avoid unnecessary costs or delay.

TIPULATION O! !ACT ARE NOT AD7ITTED IN: ) ) ac#io'$ %or a''ulme'# o% marria&e ac#io'$ %or le&al $epara#io'

Sec *. Statement of #udge.

:uring the hearing or trial of a case any statement made by the #udge with reference to the case, or to any of the parties, witnesses or counsel, shall be made of record in the stenographic notes.

CON OLIDATION O! CA E 4ENERALLA APPLIE ONLA TO: ) ) ) ca$e$ pe'di'& i' di%%ere'# /ra'c*e$ o% #*e $ame cour# or i' di%%ere'# cour#$ $pecial proceedi'&$ ca$e$ o' appeal a'd a$$i&'ed #o di%%ere'# divi$io'$ o% #*e upreme Cour# or #*e Cour# o% Appeal$

Sec +. Suspension of actions.

The suspension of actions shall be governed by the provisions of the Civil Code.

EVERA CIVIL ACTION OR PROCEEDIN4 "ALL 3E U PENDED ) ) i% +illi'&'e$$ #o di$cu$$ a po$$i/le compromi$e i$ e2pre$$ed /0 o'e or /o#* par#ie$ i% i# appear$ #*a# o'e o% #*e par#ie$. /e%ore #*e comme'ceme'# o% #*e ac#io' or proceedi'&. o%%ered #o di$cu$$ a po$$i/le compromi$e /u# #*e o#*er par#0 re%u$ed #*e o%%er

Co'$olida#io' o% $everal ca$e$ i'volvi'& #*e $ame par#ie$ a'd $u/(ec#)ma##er i$ di$cre#io'ar0 +i#* #*e #rial cour#. W*e' co'$olida#io' /ecome$ a ma##er o% du#0: I% #+o or more ca$e$ are #ried /e%ore #*e $ame (ud&e. or. i% %iled +i#* di%%ere'# /ra'c*e$ o% #*e $ame cour# o% %ir$# i'$#a'ce. o'e o% $uc* ca$e$ *a$ 'o# /ee' par#iall0 #ried. C1

Sec ,. !udge to receive evidence= delegation to cler( of court.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec . Separate trials.

The court, in furtherance of convenience or to avoid pre#udice, may order a separate trial of any claim, cross.claim, counterclaim, or third.party complaint, or of any separate issue or of any number of claims, cross.claims, counterclaims, third.party complaints or issues.

)hen a reference is made, the clerk shall forthwith furnish the commissioner with a copy of the order of reference. The order may$ ) ) ) ) ) specify or limit the powers of the commissioner, and may direct him to report only upon particular issues, or to do or perform particular acts, or to receive and report evidence only and may fix the date for beginning and closing the hearings and for the filing of his report.

Pre$uppo$e$ #*a#:

#*e claim$ i'volved are +i#*i' #*e (uri$dic#io' o% #*e cour#. W*e' o'e o% #*e claim$ i$ 'o# +i#*i' i#$ (uri$dic#io'. #*e $ame $*ould /e di$mi$$ed. $o #*a# i# ma0 /e %iled i' #*e proper cour#. RULE ! Trial :4 Co..issioner

Sec 1. Reference by consent.

"y written consent of both parties, the court may order any or all of the issues in a case to be referred to a commissioner to be agreed upon by the parties or to be appointed by the court. !s used in these Rules, the word -commissioner- includes a referee, an auditor and an examiner.

Sub#ect to other specifications and limitations stated in the order, the commissioner has and shall exercise the power to regulate the proceedings in every hearing before him and to do all acts and take all measures necessary or proper for the efficient performance of his duties under the order. 0e may$ ) ) ) issue subpoenas and subpoenas duces tecum, swear witnesses, and unless otherwise provided in the order of reference, may rule upon the admissibility of evidence.

Sec . Reference ordered on motion.

)hen the parties do not consent, the court may, upon the application of either or of its own motion, direct a reference to a commissioner in the following cases$ (a )hen the trial of an issue of fact re1uires the examination of a long account on either side, in which case the commissioner may be directed to hear and report upon the whole issue or any specific 1uestion involved therein( (b )hen the taking of an account is necessary for the information of the court before #udgment, or for carrying a #udgment or order into effect. (c )hen a 1uestion of fact, other than upon the pleadings, arises upon motion or otherwise, in any stage of a case, or for carrying a #udgment or order into effect.

The trial or hearing before him shall proceed in all respects as it would if held before the court.

Sec ". Oath of commissioner.

"efore entering upon his duties the commissioner shall be sworn to a faithful and honest performance thereof.

Sec #. $roceedings before commissioner.

/pon receipt of the order of reference and unless otherwise provided therein, the commissioner shall forthwith set a time and place for the first meeting of the parties or their counsel to be held within ten (<5 days after the date of the order of reference and shall notify the parties or their counsel.

Sec !. Order of reference= powers of the commissioner. C2

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec $. 3ailure of parties to appear before commissioner.

&f a party fails to appear at the time and place appointed, the commissioner may proceed ex parte or, in his discretion, ad#ourn the proceedings to a future day, giving notice to the absent party or his counsel of the ad#ournment.

instructions, or re1uiring the parties to present further evidence before the commissioner or the court.

Sec 1 . Stipulations as to findings.

)hen the parties stipulate that a commissioner9s findings of fact shall be final, only 1uestions of law shall thereafter be considered.

Sec *. Refusal of witness.

The refusal of a witness to obey a subpoena issued by the commissioner or to give evidence before him, shall be deemed a contempt of the court which appointed the commissioner.

Sec 1!. Compensation of commissioner.

The court shall allow the commissioner such reasonable compensation as the circumstances of the case warrant, to be taxed as costs against the defeated party, or apportioned, as #ustice re1uires.

Sec +. Commissioner shall avoid delays.

&t is the duty of the commissioner to proceed with all reasonable diligence. 'ither party, on notice to the parties and commissioner, may apply to the court for an order re1uiring the commissioner to expedite the proceedings and to make his report

RULE !! De.&rrer %o Evi)ence Sec 1. *emurrer to evidence.

%fter the plaintiff has completed the presentation of his evidence , the defendant may move for dismissal on the ground that upon the facts and the law the plaintiff has shown no right to relief. &f his motion is denied he shall have the right to present evidence. &f the motion is granted but on appeal the order of dismissal is reversed he shall be deemed to have waived the right to present evidence.

Sec ,. Report of commissioner.

/pon the completion of the trial or hearing or proceeding before the commissioner, he shall file with the court his report in writing upon the matters submitted to him by the order of reference. )hen his powers are not specified or limited, he shall set forth his findings of fact and conclusions of law in his report. 0e shall attach thereto all exhibits, affidavits, depositions, papers and the transcript, if any, of the testimonial evidence presented before him.

Sec 1-. %otice to parties of the filing of report.

/pon the filing of the report, the parties shall be notified by the clerk, and they shall be allowed ten (<5 days within which to signify grounds of ob#ections to the findings of the report, if they so desire. ,b#ections to the report based upon grounds which were available to the parties during the proceedings before the commissioner, other than ob#ections to the findings and conclusions therein, set forth, shall not be considered by the court unless they were made before the commissioner.

T*e Appella#e Cour# $*all. i' addi#io'. re$olve #*e ca$e a'd re'der (ud&me'# o' #*e meri#$. i'a$muc* a$ a demurrer aim$ #o di$coura&e prolo'&ed li#i&a#io'$. I# ca''o# rema'd #*e ca$e %or %ur#*er proceedi'&$. I% a' order o% di$mi$$al i$ rever$ed o' appeal. #*e deci$io' o% #*e appella'# cour# +ill /e /a$ed o'l0 o' #*e evide'ce o% #*e plai'#i%% a$ #*e de%e'da'# lo$e$ *i$ ri&*# #o *ave #*e ca$e rema'ded %or recep#io' o% *i$ evide'ce. W*ere #*e de%e'da'#5$ mo#io' i$ $u$#ai'ed a'd #*e ca$e i$ di$mi$$ed. $uc* order +ould /e a' ad(udica#io' o' meri#$.

Sec 11. 4earing upon report.

/pon the expiration of the period of ten (<5 days referred to in the preceding Sec, the report shall be set for hearing, after which the court shall issue an order adopting, modifying, or re#ecting the report in whole or in part, or recommitting it with

C<

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 W*ere #*e demurrer i$ de'ied. #*e de'ial order i$ i'#erlocu#or0 i' 'a#ure. uc* de'ial order i$ 'o# co'#rolla/le /0 cer#iorari. a/$e'# a' oppre$$ive e2erci$e o% (udicial au#*ori#0 RULE !" (&)1.en% on %6e Plea)in1s Sec 1. !udgment on the pleadings.
)here an answer fails to tender an issue, or otherwise admits the material allegations of the adverse party9s pleading, the court may( on motion of that party, direct #udgment on such pleading. 0owever, in actions for declaration of nullity or annulment of marriage or for legal separation, the material facts alleged in the complaint shall always be proved.

averme'#$ o% #*e complai'#$ are admi##ed $uc* mo#io' ma0 eve' /e made e2)par#e RULE !# S&..ar4 (&)1.en%s Sec 1. Summary #udgment for claimant.
! party seeking to recover upon a claim, counterclaim, or cross.claim or to obtain a declaratory relief may, at any time after the pleading in answer thereto has been served, move with supporting affidavits, depositions or admissions for a summary #udgment in his favor upon all or any part thereof.

A (ud&me'# o' #*e pleadi'&$ pre$uppo$e$ #*a# #*ere i$ 'o co'#rover#ed i$$ue +*a#$oever /e#+ee' #*e par#ie$. *e'ce #*e plai'#i%% i$ al$o a$$umed #o *ave admi##ed all #*e releva'# alle&a#io'$ o% %ac# o% #*e de%e'da'# i' *i$ a'$+er. T*e (ud&me'# i$. #*ere%ore. /a$ed e2clu$ivel0 upo' #*e alle&a#io'$ appeari'& i' #*e pleadi'&$ o% #*e par#ie$ a'd #*e a''e2e$#*ere#o. i% a'0. +i#*ou# co'$idera#io' o% a'0 evide'ce aliu'de= A (ud&me'# o' #*e pleadi'&$ mu$# /e o' mo#io' o% #*e claima'#. "o+ever. i% a# #*e pre)#rial . #*e cour# %i'd$ #*a# a (ud&me'# o' #*e pleadi'&$ i$ proper. i# ma0 re'der $uc* (ud&me'# mo#u proprio 6UD47ENT ON T"E PLEADIN4 Proper +*e' i# appear$ #*a# #*ere i$ 'o &e'ui'e i$$ue /e#+ee' #*e par#ie$ 3a$ed e2clu$ivel0 upo' #*e pleadi'&$ +i#*ou# i'#roduc#io' o% evide'ce Availa/le i' a'0 ac#io'. e2cep# %or declara#io' o% 'ulli#0 or a''ulme'# o% marria&e a'd le&al $epara#io' u/(ec# o'l0 #o #*e #*ree)da0 'o#ice rule a'd +*ere all #*e ma#erial U77ARA 6UD47ENT Proper eve' i% #*ere i$ a' i$$ue a$ #o dama&e$ recovera/le 3a$ed 'o# o'l0 i' #*e pleadi'&$ /u# al$o upo' #*e a%%idavi#$. depo$i#io'$ a'd par#ie$ Proper o'l0 i' ac#io'$ #o recover a de/#. or %or a li1uida#ed $um o% mo'e0. or %or declara#or0 relie% Re1uire$ prior #e')da0 'o#ice. C>

Sec . Summary #udgment for defending party.

! party against whom a claim, counterclaim, or cross.claim is asserted or a declaratory relief is sought may, at any time, move with supporting affidavits, depositions or admissions for a summary #udgment in his favor as to all or any part thereof.

Sec !. "otion and proceedings thereon.

The motion shall be served at least ten (<5 days before the time specified for the hearing. The adverse party may serve opposing affidavits, depositions, or admissions at least three (4 days before the hearing. !fter the hearing, the #udgment sought shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings, supporting affidavits, depositions, and admissions on file, show that, except as to the amount of damages, there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a #udgment as a matter of law.

ummar0 (ud&me'# i$ proper o'l0 +*e' #*ere i$ clearl0 'o &e'ui'e i$$ue a$ #o a'0 ma#erial %ac# i' #*e ac#io'. a'd i% #*ere i$ a'0 1ue$#io' or co'#rover$0 upo' a'0 1ue$#io' o% %ac#. #*ere $*ould /e a #rial o' #*e meri#$. Crucial 1ue$#io' i' a mo#io' %or $ummar0 (ud&me'#: W*e#*er #*e i$$ue$ rai$ed i' #*e pleadi'&$ are ei#*er &e'ui'e. $*am or %ic#i#iou$. a$ $*o+' /0 a%%idavi#$. depo$i#io'$ or admi$$io'$ accompa'0i'& #*e mo#io'

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 4e'ui'e i$$ue) a' i$$ue o% %ac# +*ic* call$ %or #*e pre$e'#a#io' o% evide'ce ummar0 (ud&me'# i$ 'o# proper +*ere #*e de%e'da'# pre$e'#ed de%e'$e$ #e'deri'& %ac#ual i$$ue$ +*ic* call %or #*e pre$e'#a#io' o% evide'ce. W*ere #*e mo#io' %or $ummar0 (ud&me'# i$ dul0 veri%ied a'd i$ /a$ed o' %ac#$ admi##ed /0 #*e adver$e par#0. ei#*er e2pre$$l0 or impliedl0. a%%idavi#$ o' $uc* ma##er$ 'eed 'o# /e $u/mi##ed. 7ere de'ial$. u'accompa'ied /0 a'0 %ac# +*ic* +ould /e admi$$i/le i' evide'ce a# a *eari'&. are 'o# $u%%icie'# #o rai$e a &e'ui'e i$$ue o% %ac# $u%%icie'# #o de%ea# a mo#io' %or $ummar0 (ud&me'# eve' #*ou&* $uc* i$$ue +a$ %ormall0 rai$ed /0 #*e pleadi'&$. A $ummar0 (ud&me'# i$ &ra'#ed a$ a ma##er o% ri&*# +*ere all #*e %ac#$ are +i#*i' #*e (udicial ,'o+led&e o% #*e cour# Sec ". Case not fully ad#udicated on motion.

) ) )

be made on personal knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to testify to the matters stated therein.

Certified true copies of all papers or parts thereof referred to in the affidavit shall be attached thereto or served therewith.

Sec $. Affidavits in bad faith.

Should it appear to its satisfaction at any time that any of the affidavits presented pursuant to this Rule are presented in bad faith, or solely for the purpose of delay, the court shall forthwith order the offending party or counsel to pay to the other party the amount of the reasonable expenses which the filing of the affidavits caused him to incur including attorney9s fees, it may, after hearing further ad#udge the offending party or counsel guilty of contempt.

RULE !$ (&)1.en%s, Final Or)ers an) En%r4 T6ereo' Sec 1. Rendition of #udgments and final orders.

&f on motion under this Rule, #udgment is not rendered upon the whole case or for all the reliefs sought and a trial is necessary, the court at the hearing of the motion, by examining the pleadings and the evidence before it and by interrogating counsel shall ascertain what material facts exist without substantial controversy and what are actually and in good faith controverted. &t shall thereupon make an order specifying the facts that appear without substantial controversy, including the extent to which the amount of damages or other relief is not in controversy, and directing such further proceedings in the action as are #ust. The facts so specified shall be deemed established, and the trial shall be conducted on the controverted facts accordingly.

! #udgment or final order determining the merits of the case shall be in writing personally and directly prepared by the #udge, stating clearly and distinctly the facts and the law on which it is based, signed by him, and filed with the clerk of the court.

Deci$io' o% #*e cour#)

#*e e'#ire docume'# prepared a'd promul&a#ed /0 #*e cour#. ad(udica#i'& a'd de#ermi'i'& #*e ri&*#$ o% #*e par#ie$ #o #*e ca$e.

W*ile #*e re'di#io' o% a par#ial $ummar0 (ud&me'# i$ au#*ori-ed. $uc* (ud&me'# i$ i'#erlocu#or0 i' 'a#ure a'd i$ 'o# a %i'al a'd appeala/le (ud&me'# $*ould /e #a,e' #o&e#*er +i#* #*e (ud&me'# i' #*e e'#ire ca$e a%#er #*e #rial $*all *ave /ee' co'duc#ed o' #*e ma#erial %ac#$ o' +*ic* a $u/$#a'#ial co'#rover$0 e2i$#$. Sec #. 3orm of affidavits and supporting papers.
Supporting and opposing affidavits shall$

CONTENT O! A DECI ION ) %i'di'&$ o% %ac# a'd la+ ) rea$o'$ a'd evide'ce #o $uppor# $uc* %i'di'&$ ) di$cu$$io' o% i$$ue$ leadi'& up #o i#$ de#ermi'a#io' Di$po$i#ive;decre#al por#io' or %allo) +*a# ac#uall0 co'$#i#u#e$ #*e

C?

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 (ud&me'# or re$olu#io' o% #*e cour# a'd +*ic* ca' /e #*e $u/(ec# o% e2ecu#io' W*ere #*ere i$ a co'%lic# /e#+ee' #*e di$po$i#ive por#io' o% #*e deci$io' a'd #*e /od0 #*ereo%. #*e di$po$i#ive por#io' co'#rol$ irre$pec#ive o% +*a# appear$ i' #*e /od0 o% #*e deci$io'. E2cep#io': ) W*ere #*e i'evi#a/le co'clu$io' %rom #*e %i'di'&$ o% %ac# i' #*e opi'io' i$ $o i'du/i#a/le a'd clear a$ #o $*o+ #*a# #*ere +a$ a mi$#a,e i' #*e di$po$i#ive por#io' ) W*ere e2plici# di$cu$$io' a'd $e##leme'# o% #*e i$$ue i$ %ou'd i' #*e /od0 o% #*e deci$io' PECIAL !OR7 O! 6UD47ENT 1. 2. <. >. ?. C. G. H. J. 10. 11. 6ud&me'#$ o' de%aul# 6ud&me'# o' #*e pleadi'&$ ummar0 (ud&me'# everal (ud&me'# epara#e (ud&me'# 6ud&me'# %or $peci%ic ac#$ pecial (ud&me'# 6ud&me'# upo' co'%e$$io' 6ud&me'# upo' compromi$e. or o' co'#e$# or a&reeme'# Clari%ica#or0 (ud&me'# 6ud&me'# 'u'c pro #u'c (&)1.en% :4 con'ession) 'o# a plea /u# a' a%%irma#ive a'd volu'#ar0 ac# o% #*e de%e'da'# *im$el% a'd #*e cour# e2erci$e$ a cer#ai' amou'# o% $upervi$io' over #*e e'#r0 o% (ud&me'#. a$ +ell a$ e1ui#a/le (uri$dic#io' over #*eir $u/$e1ue'# $#a#u$ A /&)1.en% &3on co.3ro.ise i$ immedia#el0 e2ecu#or i' #*e a/$e'ce o% a mo#io' #o $e# #*e $ame a$ide o' #*e &rou'd o% %raud. mi$#a,e. e#c. a'd i% $uc* mo#io' i$ made a'd de'ied. appeal ma0 /e #a,e' %rom #*a# order o% de'ial. W*ere a (ud&me'# /a$ed o' a compromi$e i$ $ou&*# #o /e e'%orced a&ai'$# a per$o' +*o +a$ 'o# par#0 #*ere#o. *e ma0 %ile a' ori&i'al ac#io' %or cer#iorari #o 1ua$* #*e +ri# o% e2ecu#io'. A compromi$e a&reeme'#. o'ce approved /0 #*e cour#. *a$ #*e %orce o% re$ (udica#a /e#+ee' #*e par#ie$ a'd $*ould 'o# /e di$#ur/ed e2cep# %or vice$ o% co'$e'# or %or&er0. (&)1.en% n&nc 3ro %&nc) D'o+ %or #*e'E Re'dered #o e'#er or record $uc* (ud&me'# a$ *ad /ee' %ormerl0 re'dered /u# *a$ 'o# /ee' e'#ered a$ #*u$ re'dered

I# i$ #*e %ili'& o% #*e $i&'ed deci$io' +i#* #*e cler, o% cour#. a'd 'o# i#$ pro'ou'ceme'# i' ope' cour#. #*a# co'$#i#u#e$ #*e re'di#io' o% (ud&me'#. I% #*e deci$io' i$ $e'# /0 #*e (ud&e /0 re&i$#ered mail. i# i$ co'$idered %iled i' cour# a$ o% #*e da#e o% i#$ receip# /0 #*e cler,. a'd 'o# #*e da#e o% i#$ po$#i'& or maili'&. 4e'eral Rule: T*e validi#0 o% a (ud&me'# or order o% a cour# ca''o# /e colla#erall0 a##ac,ed E2cep# o' #*e &rou'd o%: ) Lac, o% (uri$dic#io' ) Irre&ulari#0 o% i#$ e'#r0 appare'# %rom #*e %ace o% #*e record W*ere #*e (ud&me'# i$ am/i&uou$ a'd di%%icul# #o compl0 +i#*. #*e remed0 i$ #o %ile a .o%ion 'or a clari'ica%or4 /&)1.en% CC

(&)1.en%s &3on con'ession or &3on co.3ro.ise $#a'd o' #*e $ame %oo#i'& i' #*e $e'$e #*a# #*e0 ca''o# /e e'#ered i'#o /0 cou'$el +i#*ou# #*e ,'o+led&e a'd $pecial au#*ori#0 o% #*e clie'# u'le$$ o#*er+i$e provided i' #*e (ud&me'#. a$ ma0 /e pra0ed %or or a&reed upo' /0 #*e par#ie$. (&)1.en% on consen%; i#$ provi$io'$ a'd #erm$ are $e##led a'd a&reed upo' /0 #*e par#ie$ #o #*e ac#io'. a'd +*ic* i$ e'#ered i' #*e record /0 #*e co'$e'# o% #*e cour#

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec . )ntry of #udgments and final orders.

+f no appeal or motion for new trial or reconsideration is filed within the time provided, the #udgment or final order shall forthwith be entered by the clerk in the book of entries of #udgments. The date of finality of the #udgment or final order shall be deemed to be the date of its entry. The record shall$ ) ) contain the dispositive part of the #udgment or final order and shall be signed by the clerk, with a certificate that such #udgment or final order has become final and executory.

)hen #udgment is rendered against two or more persons sued as an entity without #uridical personality, the #udgment shall set out their individual or proper names, if known.

RULE !* Ne5 Trial or Reconsi)era%ions Sec 1. ,rounds of and period for filing motion for new trial or reconsideration.
)ithin the period for taking an appeal, the aggrieved party may move the trial court to set aside the #udgment or final order and grant a new trial for one or more of the following causes materially affecting the substantial rights of said party$ (a 6raud, accident, mistake or excusable negligence which ordinary prudence could not have guarded against and by reason of which such aggrieved party has probably been impaired in his rights( or (b 3ewly discovered evidence, which he could not, with reasonable diligence, have discovered and produced at the trial, and which if presented would probably alter the result. )ithin the same period, the aggrieved party may also move for reconsideration upon the grounds that the damages awarded are excessive, that the evidence is insufficient to #ustify the decision or final order, or that the decision or final order is contrary to law.

Sec !. !udgment for or against one or more of several parties.

@udgment may be given for or against one or more of several plaintiffs and for or against one or more of several defendants. )hen #ustice so demands, the court may re1uire the parties on each side to file adversary pleadings as between themselves and determine their ultimate rights and obligations.

Sec ". Several #udgments.

&n an action against several defendants, the court may, when a several #udgment is proper, render #udgment against one or more of them, leaving the action to proceed against the others.

Sec #. Separate #udgments.

)hen more than one claim for relief is presented in an action, the court, at any stage, upon a determination of the issues material to a particular claim and all counterclaims arising out of the transaction or occurrence which is the sub#ect matter of the claim, may render a separate #udgment disposing of such claim. The #udgment shall terminate the action with respect to the claim so disposed of and the action shall proceed as to the remaining claims. &n case a separate #udgment is rendered the court by order may stay its enforcement until the rendition of a subse1uent #udgment or #udgments and may prescribe such conditions as may be necessary to secure the benefit thereof to the party in whose favor the #udgment is rendered.

A' appeal i$ #a,e' /0 %ili'& a 'o#ice o% appeal. a'd #*e appeal i$ per%ec#ed upo' #*e e2pira#io' o% #*e la$# da0 #o appeal /0 a'0 par#0. I' ca$e$ +*ere a record o' appeal i$ re1uired. appeal i$ #a,e' /0 #*e %ili'& o% #*e 'o#ice o% appeal a'd #*e record o' appeal. a'd #*e appeal i$ per%ec#ed upo' #*e approval o% #*e record o' appeal. A mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial $*ould /e %iled +i#*i' #*e period %or appeal. #*a# i$. +i#*i' %i%#ee' or #*ir#0 da0$ %rom 'o#ice o% #*e (ud&me'#. I# $u$pe'd$ #*e ru''i'& o% #*e period #o appeal. /u# doe$ 'o# e2#e'd #*e #ime +i#*i' +*ic* a' appeal mu$# /e per%ec#ed. i% de'ied. #*e mova'# *a$ o'l0 #*e /ala'ce o% #*e re&leme'#ar0 period +i#*i' +*ic* #o per%ec# *i$ appeal.

Sec $. !udgment against entity without #uridical personality. CG

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 I% a mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial doe$ 'o# $a#i$%0 #*e re1uireme'#$. i# i$ pro %orma a'd doe$ 'o# $u$pe'd #*e period #o appeal A 7OTION !OR NEW TRIAL I CON IDERED PRO !OR7A W"ERE: ) ) I# i$ /a$ed o' #*e $ame &rou'd a$ #*a# rai$ed i' a precedi'& mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial or reco'$idera#io' +*ic* *a$ alread0 /ee' de'ied I# co'#ai'$ #*e $ame ar&ume'#$ a'd ma''er o% di$cu$$io' appeari'& i' #*e prior oppo$i#io' #o #*e mo#io' #o di$mi$$ a'd +*ic* mo#io' +a$ &ra'#ed T*e 'e+ &rou'd alle&ed i' #*e $eco'd mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial alread0 e2i$#ed. +a$ availa/le a'd could *ave /ee' alle&ed i' #*e %ir$# mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial +*ic* +a$ de'ied I# i$ /a$ed o' #*e &rou'd o% i'$u%%icie'c0 o% evide'ce or #*a# #*e (ud&me'# i$ co'#rar0 #o la+ /u# doe$ 'o# $peci%0 #*e $uppo$ed de%ec#$ i' #*e (ud&me'# I# i$ /a$ed o' #*e &rou'd o% %raud. accide'#. mi$#a,e or e2cu$a/le 'e&li&e'ce /u# doe$ 'o# $peci%0 #*e %ac#$ co'$#i#u#i'& #*e$e &rou'd$ a'd;or i$ 'o# accompa'ied /0 a' a%%idavi# o% meri#$. mu$# /e e2#ri'$ic or colla#eral. I# i$ #*e ,i'd o% %raud +*ic* preve'#ed #*e a&&rieved par#0 %rom *avi'& a #rial or pre$e'#i'& *i$ ca$e #o #*e cour#. or +a$ u$ed #o procure #*e (ud&me'# +i#*ou# %air $u/mi$$io' o% #*e co'#rover$0 &e'erall0 re%er$ #o mi$#a,e$ o% %ac# /u# ma0 al$o i'clude mi$#a,e$ o% la+ +*ere. i' &ood %ai#*. #*e de%e'da'# +a$ mi$led i' #*e ca$e.

NEWLA DI COVERED EVIDENCE #o +arra'# a 'e+ #rial: ) 7u$# *ave /ee' di$covered a%#er #rial ) Could 'o# *ave /ee' di$covered a'd produced a# #*e #rial de$pi#e rea$o'a/le dili&e'ce ) I% pre$e'#ed. +ould pro/a/l0 al#er #*e re$ul# o% #*e ac#io' 7ere i'i#ial *o$#ili#0 o% a +i#'e$$ a# #*e #rial doe$ 'o# co'$#i#u#e *i$ #e$#imo'0 i'#o 'e+l0 di$covered evide'ce. 7OTION !OR NEW TRIAL Proper o'l0 a%#er promul&a#io' o% (ud&me'# 3a$ed upo' $peci%ic &rou'd$ $e# %or#* i' $ec. 1 Ru=e <G %or civil ca$e$. a'd i' $ec. 2 Rule 121 %or crimi'al ca$e$ 7OTION !OR REOPENIN4 T"E TRIAL 7a0 properl0 /e pre$e'#ed o'l0 a%#er ei#*er or /o#* par#ie$ *ave %ormall0 o%%ered a'd clo$ed #*eir evide'ce /e%ore (ud&me'# Co'#rolled /0 'o o#*er rule #*a' #*e paramou'# i'#ere$# o% (u$#ice. re$#i'& e'#irel0 o' #*e $ou'd di$cre#io' o% a #rial cour#

!RAUD)

Sec . Contents of motion for new trial or reconsideration and notice thereof
The motion shall be made in writing stating the ground or grounds therefor, a written notice of which shall be served by the movant on the adverse party. % motion for new trial shall be proved in the manner provided for proof of motion. ! motion for the cause mentioned in paragraph (a of the preceding Sec shall be supported by affidavits of merits which may be rebutted by affidavits. ! motion for the cause mentioned in paragraph (b shall be supported by affidavits of the witnesses by whom such evidence is expected to be given, or by duly authenticated documents which are proposed to be introduced in evidence. % motion for reconsideration shall point out a specifically the findings or conclusions of the judgment or final order which are not supported by the evidence or which are contrary to law ma*ing express reference to the testimonial or documentary evidence or to the provisions of law alleged to be contrary to such findings or conclusions.

7I TAIE)

A clie'# i$ /ou'd /0 #*e mi$#a,e$ o% *i$ cou'$el. O'l0 +*e' #*e applica#io' o% #*i$ &e'eral rule +ould re$ul# i' $eriou$ i'(u$#ice $*ould a' e2cep#io' #*ere#o /e applied. NE4LI4ENCE O! T"E COUN EL ma0 /e a &rou'd %or 'e+ #rial i% i# +a$ $o &rea# $uc* #*a# #*e par#0 +a$ pre(udiced a'd preve'#ed %rom %airl0 pre$e'#i'& *i$ ca$e. CH

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
! pro forma motion for new trial or reconsideration shall not toll the reglementary period of appeal. &f a new trial is granted in accordance with the provisions of this Rules the original #udgment or final order shall be vacated, and the action shall stand for trial de no o( but the recorded evidence taken upon the former trial, insofar as the same is material and competent to establish the issues, shall be used at the new trial without retaking the same.

AN A!!IDAVIT O! 7ERIT I ONE W"IC" TATE : ) ) ) T*e 'a#ure or c*arac#er o% #*e %raud. accide'#. mi$#a,e or e2cu$a/le 'e&li&e'ce o' +*ic* #*e mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial i$ /a$ed T*e %ac#$ co'$#i#u#i'& #*e mova'#5$ &ood a'd $u/$#a'#ial de%e'$e$ or valid cau$e$ o% ac#io' T*e evide'ce +*ic* *e i'#e'd$ #o pre$e'# i% *i$ mo#io' i$ &ra'#ed.

A' order de'0i'& #*e a mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial or reco'$idera#io' i$ 'o# appeala/le. Remed0: appeal %rom #*e (ud&me'# or %i'al order i' due #ime

Sec *. $artial new trial or reconsideration.

&f the grounds for a motion under this Rule appear to the court to affect the issues as to only a part, or less than an of the matter in controversy, or only one, or less than all, of the parties to it, the court may order a new trial or grant reconsideration as to such issues if severable without interfering with the #udgment or final order upon the rest.

A%%idavi#$ o% meri#$ ma0 /e di$pe'$ed +i#* +*e' #*e (ud&me'# i$ 'ull a'd void a$ +*ere #*e cour# *a$ 'o (uri$dic#io' over #*e de%e'da'# or #*e $u/(ec#) ma##er or i$ procedurall0 de%ec#ive or +*ere #*e de%e'da'# +a$ u'rea$o'a/l0 deprived o% *i$ da0 i' cour#. Sec !. Action upon motion for new trial or reconsideration.
The trial court may set aside the #udgment or final order and grant a new trial, upon such terms as may be #ust, or may deny the motion. &f the court finds that excessive damages have been awarded or that the #udgment or final order is contrary to the evidence or law, it may amend such #udgment or final order accordingly.

Sec +. )ffect of order for partial new trial.

)hen less than all of the issues are ordered retried, the court may either enter a #udgment or final order as to the rest, or stay the enforcement of such #udgment or final order until after the new trial.

Sec ". Resolution of motion.

! motion for new trial or reconsideration shall be resolved within thirty (45 days from the time it is submitted for resolution.

W*ere o'e par#0 %ile$ a mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial or reco'$idera#io' a'd #*e o#*er par#0 $ee,$ #o per%ec# a' appeal %rom #*e $aid deci$io'. #*e cour# $*ould +i#**old #*e ac#io' o' #*e appeal u'#il a%#er #*e mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial or reco'$idera#io' $*all *ave /ee' re$olved. W*ere de%e'da'#5$ mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial +a$ de'ied /0 #*e #rial cour#. i# *a$ /ee' *eld #*a# *e ca' per%ec# a' appeal %rom #*e (ud&me'# a'd al$o proceed o' cer#iorari #o $e# a$ide #*e order de'0i'& *i$ mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial. A mo#io' #o e2#e'd #*e re&leme'#ar0 period %or %ili'& a mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io' i$ 'o# au#*ori-ed. T*e re&leme'#ar0 period %or #*e %ili'& o% #*e record o' appeal +*e' re1uired ma0 /e e2#e'ded. /u# #*e period %or per%ec#i'& a' appeal ma0 'o# /e e2#e'ded %or #*e purpo$e o% %ili'& a mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial or reco'$idera#io'. CJ

Sec #. Second motion for new trial.

! motion for new trial shall include all grounds then available and those not so included shall be deemed waived. ! second motion for new trial, based on a ground not existing nor available when the first motion was made, may be filed within the time herein provided excluding the time during which the first motion had been pending. 3o party shall be allowed a second motion for reconsideration of a #udgment or final order

Sec $. )ffect of granting of motion for new trial.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec ,. Remedy against order denying a motion for new trial or reconsideration. Sec #. $reliminary in#unction pending proceedings.
!n order denying a motion for new trial or reconsideration is not appealed, the remedy being an appeal from the #udgment or final order. The court in which the petition is filed may grant such preliminary in#unction as may be necessary for the preservation of the rights of the parties, upon the filing by the petitioner of a bond in favor of the adverse party, conditioned that if the petition is dismissed or the petitioner fails on the trial of the case upon its merits, he will pay the adverse party all damages and costs that may be awarded to him by reason of the issuance of such in#unction or the other proceedings following the petition, but such in#unction shall not operate to discharge or extinguish any lien which the adverse party may have ac1uired upon, the property, of the petitioner.

RULE !+ Relie' 'ro. (&)1.en%s, Or)ers, or O%6er Procee)in1s Sec 1. $etition for relief from #udgment. order. or other proceedings.
)hen a #udgment or final order is entered, or any other proceeding is thereafter taken against a party in any court through fraud, accident, mistake, or excusable negligence, he may file a petition in such court and in the same case praying that the #udgment, order or proceeding be set aside.

Sec $. $roceedings after answer is filed.

!fter the filing of the answer or the expiration of the period therefor, the court shall hear the petition and if after such hearing, it finds that the allegations thereof are not true, the petition shall be dismissed( but if it finds said allegations to be true, it shall set aside the #udgment or final order or other proceeding complained of upon such terms as may be #ust. Thereafter the case shall stand as if such #udgment, final order or other proceeding had never been rendered, issued or taken. The court shall then proceed to hear and determine the case as if a timely motion for a new trial or reconsideration had been granted by it.

Sec . $etition for relief from denial of appeal.

)hen a #udgment or final order is rendered by any court in a case, and a party thereto, by fraud, accident, mistake, or excusable negligence, has been prevented from taking an appeal, he may file a petition in such court and in the same case praying that the appeal be given due course.

Sec !. Time for filing petition= contents and verification.

! petition provided for in either of the preceding Secs of this Rule must be verified, filed within sixty (B5 days after the petitioner learns of the #udgment, final order, or other proceeding to be set aside, and not more than six (B months after such #udgment or final order was entered, or such proceeding was taken, and must be accompanied with affidavits showing the fraud, accident, mistake, or excusable negligence relied upon, and the facts constituting the petitioner9s good and substantial cause of action or defense, as the case may be.

TWO TEP OR "EARIN4 IN A PETITION !OR RELIE!: ) ) A *eari'& #o de#ermi'e +*e#*er #*e (ud&me'#. order or proceedi'& $*ould /e $e# a$ide I' #*e a%%irma#ive. a *eari'& o' #*e meri#$ o% #*e ca$e.

!ailure #o %ile a' a'$+er #o #*e pe#i#io' %or relie% doe$ 'o# co'$#i#u#e de%aul# a$. eve' +i#*ou# $uc* a'$+er. #*e cour# +ill $#ill *ave #o *ear #*e pe#i#io' a'd de#ermi'e i#$ meri#$. A' order &ra'#i'& a pe#i#io' %or relie% i$ i'#erlocu#or0 a'd 'o')appeala/le

Sec ". Order to file an answer.

&f the petition is sufficient in form and substance to #ustify relief, the court in which it is filed, shall issue an order re1uiring the adverse parties to answer the same within fifteen (<; days from the receipt thereof. The order shall be served in such manner as the court may direct, together with copies of the petition and the accompanying affidavits.

Sec *. $rocedure where the denial of an appeal is set aside.

)here the denial of an appeal is set aside, the lower court shall be re1uired to give due course to the appeal and to elevate the record of the appealed case as if a timely and proper appeal had been made.

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 RULE !, E<ec&%ion, Sa%is'ac%ion an) E''ec% o' (&)1.en%s Sec 1. )xecution upon #udgments or final orders.
&xecution shall issue as a matter of right, or motion, upon a #udgment or order that disposes of the action or proceeding upon the expiration of the period to appeal therefrom if no appeal has been duly perfected. +f the appeal has been duly perfected and finally resolved, the execution may forthwith be applied for in the court of origin, on motion of the #udgment obligee, submitting therewith certified true copies of the #udgment or #udgments or final order or orders sought to be enforced and of the entry thereof, with notice to the adverse party. The appellate court may, on motion in the same case, when the interest of #ustice so re1uires, direct the court of origin to issue the writ of execution.

) ) ) ) ) )

W*e' $u/$e1ue'# %ac#$ a'd circum$#a'ce$ #ra'$pire +*ic* re'der $uc* e2ecu#io' u'(u$# or impo$$i/le $uc* a$ $uperve'i'& cau$e O' e1ui#a/le &rou'd$. a$ +*e' #*ere *a$ /ee' a c*a'&e i' #*e $i#ua#io' o% #*e par#ie$ +*ic* ma,e$ e2ecu#io' i'e1ui#a/le W*ere #*e (ud&me'# *a$ /ee' 'ova#ed /0 #*e par#ie$ W*e' a pe#i#io' %or relie% or a' ac#io' #o e'(oi' #*e (ud&me'# i$ %iled a'd a prelimi'ar0 i'(u'c#io' i$ pra0ed %or a'd &ra'#ed W*e' #*e (ud&me'# *a$ /ecome dorma'# W*ere #*e (ud&me'# #ur'$ ou# #o /e i'comple#e or i$ co'di#io'al

8UA "AL O! A WRIT O! E9ECUTION I PROPER W"EN: ) ) ) ) ) ) ) I# +a$ improvide'#l0 i$$ued I# +a$ de%ec#ive i' $u/$#a'ce I# i$ i$$ued a&ai'$# #*e +ro'& par#0 T*e (ud&me'# +a$ alread0 $a#i$%ied I# +a$ i$$ued +i#*ou# au#*ori#0 A c*a'&e i' #*e $i#ua#io' o% #*e par#ie$ re'der$ e2ecu#io' i'e1ui#a/le T*e co'#rover$0 +a$ 'ever validl0 $u/mi##ed #o #*e cour#

T*e appella#e cour# ma0. o' mo#io' i' #*e $ame ca$e +*e'. #*e i'#ere$# o% (u$#ice $o re1uire$. direc# #*e cour# o% ori&i' #o i$$ue #*e +ri# o% e2ecu#io'. !INAL ORDER !or purpo$e$ o% appeal: di$po$e$ o% #*e ac#io' !or purpo$e$ o% /i'di'& e%%ec# or +*e#*er i# ca' /e $u/(ec# o% e2ecu#io': A%#er #*e lap$e o% #*e re&leme'#ar0 period #o appeal a'd 'o appeal *a$ /ee' per%ec#ed. T*e prevaili'& par#0 ca' $ecure cer#i%ied #rue copie$ o% #*e (ud&me'# or %i'al order o% #*e appella#e cour# a'd e'#r0 #*ereo%. a'd $u/mi# #*e $ame #o #*e cour# o% ori&i' +i#* a'd #o (u$#i%0 *i$ mo#io' %or a +ri# o% e2ecu#io'. +i#*ou# +ai#i'& %or i#$ receip# o% #*e record$ %rom #*e appella#e cour#. W*e' e2ecu#io' i$ a ma##er o% ri&*#. #*e (ud&me'# de/#or 'eed 'o# /e &ive' adva'ce 'o#ice or prior *eari'& o% $uc* mo#io' %or e2ecu#io'. 4e'eral Rule: T*e cour# ca''o# re%u$e #o i$$ue a +ri# o% e2ecu#io' E2cep#io'$: G1

4e'eral Rule: T*e cour# ca''o# ame'd (ud&me'# a%#er i# *a$ /ecome e2ecu#or0 E2cep#io'$: ) To ma,e correc#io'$ o% clerical error$. mi$#a,e$ or omi$$io'$ ) To clari%0 a' am/i&ui#0 +*ic* i$ /or'e ou# /0 a'd (u$#i%ia/le i' #*e co'#e2# o% #*e deci$io'. e$peciall0 i% #*e par#ie$ ac1uie$ced #*ere#o ) I' (ud&me'#$ %or $uppor#. +*ic* ca' al+a0$ /e ame'ded %rom #ime #o #ime RE7EDIE A4AIN T A 6UD47ENT OR ORDER W"IC" "A 3ECO7E E9ECUTORA: ) Pe#i#io' %or relie% ) Direc# a##ac, a&ai'$# #*e (ud&me'# ) Colla#eral a##ac, a&ai'$# #*e (ud&me'# Direc# a##ac, a&ai'$# #*e (ud&me'#) made #*rou&* a' ac#io' or proceedi'& #*e mai' o/(ec# o% +*ic* i$ #o a''ul. $e# a$ide. or e'(oi' #*e e'%orceme'# o% $uc* (ud&me'#. i%

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 'o# 0e# carried i'#o e%%ec#= or i% #*e proper#0 *a$ /ee' di$po$ed o%. #*e a&&rieved par#0 ma0 $ue %or i#$ recover0 Colla#eral or i'cide'#al a##ac,) made +*e'. i' a'o#*er ac#io' #o o/#ai' a di%%ere'# relie%. a' a##ac, o' #*e (ud&me'# i$ made a$ a' i'cide'# i' $aid ac#io' Proper o'l0 +*e' i# i$ pa#e'# #*a# #*e cour# +*ic* re'dered $aid (ud&me'# *a$ 'o (uri$dic#io' A (ud&me'# o% #*e Cour# o% Appeal$ ca''o# /e e2ecu#ed pe'di'& appeal. O'ce %i'al a'd e2ecu#or. #*e (ud&me'# o' appeal mu$# /e rema'ded #o #*e lo+er cour#. +*ere a mo#io' %or e2ecu#io' ma0 /e %iled o'l0 a%#er i#$ e'#r0. Sec !. Stay of discretionary execution.
:iscretionary execution issued under the preceding Sec may be stayed upon approval by the proper court of a sufficient supersedeas bond filed by the party against whom it is directed, conditioned upon the performance of the #udgment or order allowed to be executed in case it shall be finally sustained in whole or in part. The bond thus given may be proceeded against on motion with notice to the surety.

Sec . *iscretionary execution.

(a Execution of a judgment or final order pending appeal. + ,n motion of the prevailing party with notice to the adverse party filed in the trial court while it has #urisdiction over the case and is in possession of either the original record or the record on appeal, as the case may be, at the time of the filing of such motion, said court may, in its discretion, order execution of a #udgment or final order even before the expiration of the period to appeal. !fter the trial court has lost #urisdiction the motion for execution pending appeal may be filed in the appellate court. :iscretionary execution may only issue upon good reasons to be stated in a special order after due hearing. (b Execution of several, separate or partial judgments. + ! several, separate or partial #udgment may be executed under the same terms and conditions as execution of a #udgment or final order pending appeal.

uper$edea$)

D$#a0 o% proceedi'&$E= de$i&'a#e$ #*e e%%ec# o% a' ac# or proceedi'& +*ic* i' i#$el% $u$pe'ded #*e e'%orceme'# o% a (ud&me'#

Sec ". !udgments not stayed by appeal.

@udgments in actions for in#unction, receivership, accounting and support, and such other #udgments as are now or may hereafter be declared to be immediately executory, shall be enforceable after their rendition and shall not, be stayed by an appeal taken therefrom, unless otherwise ordered by the trial court. ,n appeal therefrom, the appellate court in its discretion may make an order suspending, modifying, restoring or granting the in#unction, receivership, accounting, or award of support. The stay of execution shall be upon such terms as to bond or otherwise as may be considered proper for the security or protection of the rights of the adverse party.

Di$cre#io'ar0 e2ecu#io' ma0 /e &ra'#ed /0 #*e #rial cour# +*ile i# *a$ (uri$dic#io' over #*e ca$e a'd i$ $#ill i' po$$e$$io' o% #*e ori&i'al record #*ereo% or #*e record o' appeal i' i'$#a'ce$ +*ere #*e la##er i$ re1uired. I% #*e #rial cour# *a$ lo$# (uri$dic#io' over #*e ca$e /0 rea$o' o% #*e per%ec#io' o% #*e appeal %rom #*e (ud&me'# #*erei'. #*e mo#io' %or e2ecu#io' pe'di'& appeal ma0 /e %iled i' #*e appropria#e appella#e cour# #o +*ic* #*e ori&i'al record or #*e record o' appeal $*all *ave co'$e1ue'#l0 /ee' eleva#ed G2

4e'eral Rule: O'l0 (ud&me'#$ a'd %i'al order$ or re$olu#io'$ ma0 /e e2ecu#ed E2cep#io'$: ) ) Order$ &ra'#i'& $uppor# pe'de'# li#e Order$ i' i'(u'c#io'. receiver$*ip a'd accou'#i'& ca$e$

Eve' /e%ore #*e (ud&me'# *a$ /ecome e2ecu#or a'd /e%ore appeal +a$ per%ec#ed. #*e cour#. i' i#$ di$cre#io'. ma0 order #*e e2ecu#io' upo' &ood rea$o'$ #o /e $#a#ed i' a $pecial order $uc* a$:

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 ) W*ere #*e lap$e o% #ime +ould ma,e #*e ul#ima#e (ud&me'# i'e%%ec#ive. a$ +*ere #*e de/#or$ +ere +i#*dra+i'& #*eir /u$i'e$$ a'd a$$e#$ ) W*ere #*e appeal i$ clearl0 dila#or0 ) ) ) ) W*ere #*e (ud&me'# i$ %or $uppor# a'd #*e /e'e%iciar0 i$ i' 'eed #*ereo% W*ere #*e ar#icle$ $u/(ec# o% #*e ca$e +ould de#eriora#e W*ere de%e'da'#$ are e2*au$#i'& #*eir i'come a'd *ave 'o o#*er proper#0 a$ide %rom #*e proceed$ %rom #*e $u/(ec# o% #*e ac#io' W*ere #*e (ud&me'# de/#or i$ i' immi'e'# da'&er o% i'$olve'c0 or i$ ac#uall0 i'$olve'#

O' reversal, #*e proper#0 i#$el% mu$# /e re#ur'ed #o #*e (ud&me'# de/#or. i% #*e $ame i$ $#ill i' #*e po$$e$$io' o% #*e (ud&me'# credi#or. plu$ compe'$a#io' #o #*e %ormer %or #*e depriva#io' a'd u$e o% #*e proper#0. I! RE TITUTION I NOT PO 3E 7ADE A !OLLOW : I3LE. T"EN CO7PEN ATIO "OULD

I% #*e purc*a$er a# #*e pu/lic auc#io' +a$ #*e (ud&me'# credi#or: "e mu$# pa0 #*e %ull value o% #*e proper#0 a# #*e #ime o% i#$ $ei-ure. plu$ i'#ere$# #*ereo'. I% #*e purc*a$er a# pu/lic auc#io' +a$ a #*ird per$o': T*e (ud&me'# credi#or mu$# pa0 #*e (ud&me'# de/#or #*e amou'# reali-ed %rom #*e $ale o% $aid proper#0 a# #*e $*eri%%5$ $ale +i#* i'#ere$# #*ereo' I% #*e (ud&me'# a+ard +a$ reduced o' appeal: T*e (ud&me'# credi#or mu$# re#ur' #o #*e (ud&me'# de/#or o'l0 #*e e2ce$$ +*ic* *e received over a'd a/ove #*a# #o +*ic* *e i$ e'#i#led u'der #*e %i'al (ud&me'#. +i#* i'#ere$# o' $uc* acce$$ Sec $. )xecution by motion or by independent action.
! final and executory #udgment or order may be executed on motion within five (; years from the date of its entry. !fter the lapse of such time, and before it is barred by the statute of limitations, a #udgment may be enforced by action. The revived judgment may also be enforced by motion within five !," years from the date of its entry and thereafter by action before it is barred by the statute of limitations.

Cer#iorari lie$ a&ai'$# a' order &ra'#i'& #*e e2ecu#io' pe'di'& appeal +*ere #*e $ame i$ 'o# %ou'ded upo' &ood rea$o'$. T*e %ac# #*a# #*e lo$i'& par#0 *ad al$o appealed %rom #*e (ud&me'# doe$ 'o# /ar #*e cer#iorari proceedi'&$ a$ #*e appeal could 'o# /e a' ade1ua#e remed0 %rom $uc* prema#ure e2ecu#io'. To preve'# e2ecu#io' pe'di'& appeal. #*e lo$i'& par#0 mu$# po$# a $uper$edea$ /o'd #o a'$+er %or $uc* dama&e$ a$ ma0 /e a+arded /0 #*e appella#e cour# or %or #*e per%orma'ce o% #*e (ud&me'# appealed %rom i' ca$e o% a%%irma'ce o' appeal. "o+ever. #*e %ili'& o% $uper$edea$ /o'd doe$ 'o# e'#i#le #*e (ud&me'# de/#or #o #*e $u$pe'$io'o% e2ecu#io' a$ a ma##er o% ri&*#. T*e mo#io' %or immedia#e e2ecu#io' mu$# /e %iled /e%ore #*e cour# approve$ #*e record o' appeal. Sec #. )ffect of reversal of executed #udgment.
)here the executed #udgment is reversed totally or partially, or annulled, on appeal or otherwise, the trial court may, on motion, issue such orders of restitution or reparation of damages as e1uity and #ustice may warrant under the circumstances.

T*e %ive)0ear period i$ #o /e cou'#ed 'o# %rom #*e da#e #*e (ud&me'# /ecame %i'al i' #*e $e'$e #*a# 'o appeal could /e #a,e' #*ere%rom /u# +*e' i# /ecame e2ecu#or i' #*e $e'$e #*a# i# could alread0 /e e'%orced. Wi#*i' %ive 0ear$ %rom #*e e'#r0 o% (ud&me'#. #*e prevaili'& par#0 ca' $ecure i#$ e2ecu#io' /0 merel0 %ili'& mo#io'$ %or $uc* +ri#$ o% e2ecu#io' a$ ma0 /e 'ece$$ar0 #o e'%orce #*e (ud&me'#. !ailure #o o/(ec# #o a +ri# o% e2ecu#io' i$$ued a%#er %ive 0ear$ %rom %i'al (ud&me'# doe$ 'o# valida#e #*e +ri#. a$ #*e 1ue$#io' o% (uri$dic#io' o% #*e G<

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 cour# i$ i'volved a'd (uri$dic#io' ca''o# /e co'%erred /0 #*e +ill o% #*e par#ie$. A%#er %ive 0ear$ a'd+i#*i' #e' 0ear$ %rom e'#r0 o% (ud&me'#. $uc* (ud&me'# /ecome$ a mere ri&*# o% ac#io' a'd i% u'$a#i$%ied. #*e prevaili'& par#0 ca' %ile a' ac#io' %or rvival o% (ud&me'#. Sec *. )xecution in case of death of party.
&n case of the death of a party, execution may issue or be enforced in the following manner$ (a +n case of the death of the judgment obligee, upon the application of his executor or administrator, or successor in interest( (b +n case of the death of the judgment obligor , against his executor or administrator or successor in interest, if the #udgment be for the recovery of real or personal property, or the enforcement of a lien thereon( (c +n case of the death of the judgment obligor, after execution is actually levied upon any of his property , the same may be sold for the satisfaction of the #udgment obligation, and the officer making the sale shall account to the corresponding executor or administrator for any surplus in his hands.

(7 state the name of the court, the case number and title, the dispositive part of the sub#ect #udgment or order( and (4 re1uire the sheriff or other proper officer to whom it is directed to enforce the writ according to its terms, in the manner hereinafter provided$ (a &f the execution be against the property of the #udgment obligor, to satisfy the #udgment, with interest, out of the real or personal property of such #udgment obligor( (b &f it be against real or personal property in the hands of personal representatives, heirs, devisees, legatees, tenants, or trustees of the #udgment obligor, to satisfy the #udgment, with interest, out of such property( (c &f it be for the sale of real or personal property to sell such property describing it, and apply the proceeds in conformity with the #udgment, the material parts of which shall be recited in the writ of execution( (d &f it be for the delivery of the possession of real or personal property, to deliver the possession of the same, describing it, to the party entitled thereto, and to satisfy any costs, damages, rents, or profits covered by the #udgment out of the personal property of the person against whom it was rendered, and if sufficient personal property cannot be found, then out of the real property( and (e &n all cases, the writ of execution shall specifically state the amount of the interest, costs, damages, rents, or profits due as of the date of the issuance of the writ, aside from the principal obligation under the #udgment. 6or this purpose, the motion for execution shall specify the amounts of the foregoing reliefs sought by the movant.

I% #*e (ud&me'# o/li&or die$ /e%ore e'#r0 o% #*e (ud&me'# i' #*e cour# +*erei' #*e ac#io' i$ pe'di'& a'd #*e ac#io' i$ %or a co'#rac#ual mo'e0 claim. #*e ame'ded rule i$ #*a# i# +ill 'o# /e di$mi$$ed /u# $*all co'#i'ue u'#il e'#r0 o% %i'al (ud&me'#.

A +ri# o% e2ecu#io' mu$# co'%orm +i#* #*e (ud&me'# a'd i% i# i$ di%%ere'# %rom or e2ceed$ #*e #erm$ o% #*e (ud&me'#. i# i$ a 'ulli#0 a'd ma0 /e 1ua$*ed o' mo#io' a'd appeal ma0 /e #a,e' %rom a de'ial o% $aid mo#io'. 4e'eral Rule: T*e por#io' o% #*e deci$io' #*a# /ecome$ $u/(ec# o% e2ecu#io' i$ #*a# ordai'ed or decreed i' #*e di$po$i#ive por#io' E2cep#io'$: ) W*ere #*ere i$ am/i&ui#0 or u'cer#ai'#0. #*e /od0 o% #*e opi'io' ma0 /e re%erred #o %or #*e purpo$e$ o% co'$#rui'& #*e (ud&me'# /ecau$e

Sec +. Issuance. form and contents of a writ of execution.

The writ of execution shall$ (< issue in the name of the Republic of the 2hilippines from the court which granted the motion(

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 #*e di$po$i#ive par# o% a deci$io' mu$# %i'd $uppor# %rom #*e deci$io'5$ ra#io decide'di ) W*ere e2#ri'$ic a'd e2plici# di$cu$$io' a'd $e##leme'# o% #*e i$$ue i$ %ou'd i' #*e /od0 o% #*e deci$io' A WRIT O! PO ) ) E ION 7AA 3E I UED IN:

La'd Re&i$#ra#io' proceedi'&$ Bi' rem@ E2#ra(udicial %oreclo$ure o% a real e$#a#e mor#&a&e B1ua$i i' rem@. provided #*e mor#&a&or i$ i' po$$e$$io' o% #*e mor#&a&ed proper#0 a'd 'o #*ird per$o'. 'o# a par#0 #o #*e %oreclo$ure $ui#. *ad i'#erve'ed I' e2ecu#io' $ale$

(b Satisfaction by levy. + &f the #udgment obligor cannot pay all or part of the obligation in cash, certified bank check or other mode of payment acceptable to the #udgment obligee, the officer shall levy upon the properties of the #udgment obligor of every kind and nature whatsoever which may be disposed, of for value and not otherwise exempt from execution giving the latter the option to immediately choose which property or part thereof may be levied upon, sufficient to satisfy the #udgment. &f the #udgment obligor does not exercise the option, the officer shall first levy on the personal properties, if any, and then on the real properties if the personal properties are insufficient to answer for the #udgment. The sheriff shall sell only a sufficient portion of the personal or real property of the #udgment obligor which has been levied upon. )hen there is more property of the #udgment obligor than is sufficient to satisfy the #udgment and lawful fees, he must sell only so much of the personal or real property as is sufficient to satisfy the #udgment and lawful fees. Real property, stocks, shares, debts, credits, and other personal property, or any interest in either real or personal property, may be levied upon in like manner and with like effect as under a writ of attachment. (c Garnishment of debts and credits . + The officer may levy on debts due the #udgment obligor and other credits, including bank deposits, financial interests, royalties, commissions and other personal property not capable of manual delivery in the possession or control of third parties. Eevy shall be made by serving notice upon the person owing such debts or having in his possession or control such credits to which the #udgment obligor is entitled. The garnishment shall cover only such amount as will satisfy the #udgment and all lawful fees. The garnishee shall make a written report to the court within five (; days from service of the notice of garnishment stating whether or not the #udgment obligor has sufficient funds or credits to satisfy the amount of the #udgment. &f not, the report shall state how much funds or credits the garnishee holds for the #udgment obligor. The garnished amount in cash, or certified bank check issued in the name of the #udgment obligee, shall be delivered directly to the #udgment obligee within ten (<5 working days from service of notice on said garnishee re1uiring such delivery, except the lawful fees which shall be paid directly to the court. &n the event there are two or more garnishees holding deposits or credits sufficient to satisfy the #udgment, the #udgment obligor, if available, shall have the right to indicate the garnishee or garnishees who shall be re1uired to deliver the amount due, otherwise, the choice shall be made by the #udgment obligee.

Sec ,. )xecution of #udgments for money. how enforced. +

(a Immediate payment on demand. 6 The officer shall enforce an execution of a #udgment for money by demanding from the #udgment obligor the immediate payment of the full amount stated in the writ of execution and all lawful fees. The #udgment obligor shall pay in cash, certified bank check payable to the #udgment obligee, or any other form of payment acceptable to the latter, the amount of the #udgment debt under proper receipt directly to the #udgment obligee or his authori%ed representative if present at the time of payment. The lawful fees shall be handed under proper receipt to the executing sheriff who shall turn over the said amount within the same day to the clerk of court of the court that issued the writ. &f the #udgment obligee or his authori%ed representative is not present to receive payment, the #udgment obligor shall deliver the aforesaid payment to the executing sheriff. The latter shall turn over all the amounts coming into his possession within the same day to the clerk of court of the court that issued the writ, or if the same is not practicable, deposit said amounts to a fiduciary account in the nearest government depository bank of the Regional Trial Court of the locality. The clerk of said court shall thereafter arrange for the remittance of the deposit to the account of the court that issued the writ whose clerk of court shall then deliver said payment to the #udgment obligee in satisfaction of the #udgment. The excess, if any, shall be delivered to the #udgment obligor while the lawful fees shall be retained by the clerk of court for disposition as provided by law. &n no case shall the executing sheriff demand that any payment by check be made payable to him.

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The executing sheriff shall observe the same procedure under paragraph (a with respect to delivery of payment to the #udgment obligee.

par#0 %rom #*e proper#0 /u# i% demoli#io' i$ i'volved. #*ere mu$# /e a *eari'& o' mo#io' a'd due 'o#ice %or #*e i$$ua'ce o% a $pecial order. Sec 11. )xecution of special #udgments.
)hen a #udgment re1uires the performance of any act other than those mentioned in the two preceding Secs, a certified copy of the #udgment shall be attached to the writ of execution and shall be served by the officer upon the party against whom the same is rendered, or upon any other person re1uired thereby, or by law, to obey the same, and such party or person may be punished for contempt if he disobeys such #udgment.

Sec 1-. )xecution of #udgments for specific act. +

(a Conveyance, delivery of deeds, or other specific acts. vesting title. + &f a #udgment directs a party to execute a conveyance of land or personal property, or to deliver deeds or other documents, or to perform, any other specific act in connection therewith, and the party fails to comply within the time specified, the court may direct the act to be done at the cost of the disobedient party by some other person appointed by the court and the act when so done shall have like effect as if done by the party. &f real or personal property is situated within the 2hilippines, the court in lieu of directing a conveyance thereof may by an order divest the title of any party and vest it in others, which shall have the force and effect of a conveyance executed in due form of law. (b Sale of real or personal property. + &f the #udgment be for the sale of real or personal property, to sell such property, describing it, and apply the proceeds in conformity with the #udgment. (c Delivery or restitution of real property. + The officer shall demand of the person against whom the #udgment for the delivery or restitution of real property is rendered and all persons claiming rights under him to peaceably vacate the property within three (4 working days, and restore possession thereof to the #udgment obligee, otherwise, the officer shall oust all such persons therefrom with the assistance, if necessary, of appropriate peace officers, and employing such means as may be reasonably necessary to retake possession, and place the #udgment obligee in possession of such property. !ny costs, damages, rents or profits awarded by the #udgment shall be satisfied in the same manner as a #udgment for money. (d Removal of improvements on property subject of execution . + )hen the property sub#ect of the execution contains improvements constructed or planted by the #udgment obligor or his agent, the officer shall not destroy, demolish or remove said improvements except upon special order of the court, issued upon motion of the #udgment obligee after the hearing and after the former has failed to remove the same within a reasonable time fixed by the court. (e Delivery of personal property. + &n #udgment for the delivery of personal property, the officer shall take possession of the same and forthwith deliver it to the party entitled thereto and satisfy any #udgment for money as therein provided.

pecial (ud&me'#)

o'e +*ic* re1uire$ #*e per%orma'ce o% a'0 ac#= o#*er #*a' #*e pa0me'# o% mo'e0 or #*e $ale or deliver0 o% real or per$o'al proper#0. +*ic* a par#0 mu$# per$o'all0 do /ecau$e *i$ per$o'al 1uali%ica#io'$ a'd circum$#a'ce$ *ave /ee' #a,e' i'#o co'$idera#io'

Re%u$al #o compl0 i$ pu'i$*a/le /0 co'#emp# 6ud&me'# %or $peci%ic ac#$) direc#$ a par#0 #o e2ecu#e co've0a'ce o% la'd. or #o deliver deed or o#*er docume'#$. or #o per%orm a'0 o#*er $peci%ic ac#$ i' co''ec#io' #*ere+i#* /u# +*ic* ac#$ ca' /e per%ormed /0 per$o'$ o#*er #*a' $aid par#0. O' re%u$al #o compl0. #*e cour# ca' appoi'# $ome o#*er per$o' #o per%orm #*e ac# direc#ed #o /e do'e a# #*e e2pe'$e o% #*e di$o/edie'# par#0 a'd #*e ac# +*e' $o do'e $*all *ave #*e $ame e%%ec# a$ i% per%ormed /0 #*e par#0 *im$el%. T*e di$o/edie'# par#0 i'cur$ 'o lia/ili#0 %or co'#emp# Sec 1 . )ffect of levy on execution as to third person.
The levy on execution shall create a lien in favor of the #udgment obligee over the right, title and interest of the #udgment obligor in such property at the time of the levy, sub#ect to liens and encumbrances then existing.

Con%e.3% is no% %6e re.e)4 56en a 3ar%4 re'&ses %o 4iel) 3ossession o' a 3ro3er%4 as or)ere) :4 a 5ri% o' e<ec&%ion. T*e $*eri%% mu$# ou$# $aid GC

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Lev0) #*e ac# or ac#$ /0 +*ic* a' o%%icer $e#$ apar# or appropria#e$ a par# or #*e +*ole o% #*e proper#0 o% #*e (ud&me'# de/#or %or purpo$e$ o% #*e pro$pec#ive e2ecu#io' $ale I% #*e proper#0 i'volved i$ mo'e0. $#oc,$ or o#*er i'corporeal proper#0 i' #*e *a'd$ o% #*ird per$o'$. #*e ac# o% appropria#io' /0 #*e $*eri%% i$ ,'o+' a$ &ar'i$*me'# Sec 1!. $roperty exempt from execution.
'xcept as otherwise expressly provided by law, the following property, and no other, shall be exempt from execution$ (a The #udgment obligor9s family home as provided by law, or the homestead in which he resides, and land necessarily used in connection therewith( (b ,rdinary tools and implements personally used by him in his trade, employment, or livelihood( (c Three horses, or three cows, or three carabaos, or other beasts of burden, such as the #udgment obligor may select necessarily used by him in his ordinary occupation( (d 0is necessary clothing and articles for ordinary personal use, excluding #ewelry( (e 0ousehold furniture and utensils necessary for housekeeping, and used for that purpose by the #udgment obligor and his family, such as the #udgment obligor may select, of a value not exceeding one hundred thousand pesos( (f 2rovisions for individual or family use sufficient for four months( (g The professional libraries and e1uipment of #udges, lawyers, physicians, pharmacists, dentists, engineers, surveyors, clergymen, teachers, and other professionals, not exceeding three hundred thousand pesos in value( (h ,ne fishing boat and accessories not exceeding the total value of one hundred thousand pesos owned by a fisherman and by the lawful use of which he earns his livelihood(

(i So much of the salaries, wages, or earnings of the #udgment obligor for his personal services within the four months preceding the levy as are necessary for the support of his family( (# Eettered gravestones( (k *onies, benefits, privileges, or annuities accruing or in any manner growing out of any life insurance( (l The right to receive legal support, or money or property obtained as such support, or any pension or gratuity from the 8overnment( (m 2roperties specially exempted by law. "ut no article or species of property mentioned in this Sec shall be exempt from execution issued upon a #udgment recovered for its price or upon a #udgment of foreclosure of a mortgage thereon.

T*e e2emp#io' ca''o# /e claimed i% #*e (ud&me'# i$ %or #*e recover0 o% #*e u'paid price o% #*e ar#icle i'volved or %or #*e %oreclo$ure o% a mor#&a&e #*ereo'. T*e e2emp#io' mu$# /e claimed. o#*er+i$e #*e0 are deemed +aived. I# i$ 'o# #*e du#0 o% #*e $*eri%% #o $e# o%% #*e e2emp#io'$ o' *i$ o+' i'i#ia#ive.

Sec 1". Return of writ of execution.

The writ of execution shall be returnable to the court issuing it immediately after the #udgment has been satisfied in part or in full. +f the judgment cannot be satisfied in full within thirty !1)" days after his receipt of the writ, the officer shall report to the court and state the reason therefor. Such writ shall continue in effect during the period within which the #udgment may be enforced by motion. The officer shall make a report to the court every thirty (45 days on the proceedings taken thereon until the #udgment is satisfied in full, or its effectivity expires. The returns or periodic reports shall set forth the whole of the proceedings taken, and shall be filed with the court and copies thereof promptly furnished the parties.

Li%e#ime o% #*e +ri# o% e2ecu#io': %ive 0ear$ %rom e'#r0 Sec 1#. %otice of sale of property on execution. GG

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
"efore the sale of property on execution, notice thereof must be given as follows$ (a +n case of perishable property, by posting written notice of the time and place of the sale in three (4 public places, preferably in conspicuous areas of the municipal or city hall, post office and public market in the municipality or city where the sale is to take place, for such time as may be reasonable, considering the character and condition of the property( (b +n case of other personal property, by posting a similar notice in the three (4 public places above.mentioned for not less than five (; days( (c +n case of real property, by posting for twenty (75 days in the three (4 public places abovementioned a similar notice particularly describing the property and stating where the property is to be sold, and if the assessed value of the property exceeds fifty thousand !$,),))).))" pesos, by publishing a copy of the notice once a week for two (7 consecutive weeks in one newspaper selected by raffle, whether in 'nglish, 6ilipino, or any ma#or regional language published, edited and circulated or, in the absence thereof, having general circulation in the province or city( (d &n all cases, written notice of the sale shall be given to the #udgment obligor, at least three (4 days before the sale, except as provided in paragraph (a hereof where notice shall be given the same manner as personal service of pleadings and other papers as provided by Sec B of Rule <4. The notice shall specify the place, date and exact time of the sale which should not be earlier than nine o9clock in the morning and not later than two o9clock in the afternoon. The place of the sale may be agreed upon by the parties. &n the absence of such agreement, the sale of the property or personal property not capable of manual delivery shall be held in the office of the clerk of court of the Regional Trial Court or the *unicipal Trial Court which issued the writ of or which was designated by the appellate court. &n the case of personal property capable of manual delivery, the sale shall be held in the place where the property is located. (<=a determined by the court issuing the writ of execution. 3o claim for damages for the taking or keeping of the property may be enforced against the bond unless the action therefor is filed within one hundred twenty (<75 days from the date of the filing of the bond. The officer shall not be liable for damages for the taking or keeping of the property, to any third.party claimant if such bond is filed. 3othing herein contained shall prevent such claimant or any third person from vindicating his claim to the property in a separate action, or prevent the #udgment obligee from claiming damages in the same or a separate action against a third.party claimant who filed a frivolous or plainly spurious claim. )hen the writ of execution is issued in favor of the Republic of the 2hilippines, or any officer duly representing it, the filing of such bond shall not be re1uired, and in case the sheriff or levying officer is sued for damages as a result of the levy, he shall be represented by the Solicitor 8eneral and if held liable therefor, the actual damages ad#udged by the court shall be paid by the 3ational Treasurer out of such funds as may be appropriated for the purpose.

T*e (ud&me'# o/li&e ca' al$o claim dama&e$ a&ai'$# a #*ird)par#0 claima'# +*o %iled a %rivolou$ or plai'l0 $puriou$ claim. a'd $uc* (ud&me'# o/li&e ca' i'$#i#u#e proceedi'&$ #*ere%or i' #*e $ame or a $epara#e ac#io'. W*ere a #*ird)par#0 claim *a$ /ee' %iled i' due %orm. #*e prevaili'& par#0 ca' compel #*e $*eri%% #o proceed /0 #*e %ili'& o% a /o'd #o a'$+er %or dama&e$ #*a# ma0 /e i'curred a$ co'$e1ue'ce$ o% #*e e2ecu#io'. I% #*e $*eri%% proceed$ +i#* #*e $ale +i#*ou# $uc* /o'd. *e +ill /e per$o'all0 lia/le %or $uc* dama&e$ a$ ma0 /e $u$#ai'ed /0 a'd a+arded #o #*e #*ird) par#0 claima'#. Remed0 o% #*e #*ird par#0 +*ere *i$ claim *a$ /ee' di$re&arded /0 #*e $*eri%% /ecau$e o% #*e /o'd %iled /0 #*e prevaili'& par#0. or i% #*e cour# proceedi'&$ o' $aid claim re$ul# i' a de'ial: i'depe'de'# reivi'dica#or0 ac#io' a&ai'$# #*e (ud&me'# credi#or or #*e purc*a$er a# pu/lic auc#io' I' #*e ac#io' %or dama&e$ upo' #*e /o'd %iled /0 #*e (ud&me'# credi#or. #*e $ure#0 mu$# /e impleaded. o#*er+i$e #*e (ud&me'# ca''o# /e e'%orced a&ai'$# #*e /o'd. GH

Sec 1$. $roceedings where property claimed by third person.

&f the property levied on is claimed by any person other than the #udgment obligor or his agent, and such person makes an affidavit of his title thereto or right to the possession thereof, stating the grounds of such right or title, and serves the same upon the officer making the levy and copy thereof, stating the grounds of such right or tittle, and a serves the same upon the officer making the levy and a copy thereof upon the #udgment obligee, the officer shall not be bound to *eep the property, unless such judgment obligee, on demand of the officer, files a bond approved by the court to indemnity the third-party claimant in a sum not less than the value of the property levied on. &n case of disagreement as to such value, the same shall be

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 A #*ird)par#0 claima'# $ee,i'& #o vi'dica#e *i$ claim #o #*e proper#0. or a (ud&me'# o/li&e +i#* a claim %or dama&e$. ma0 e'%orce #*eir claim$ i' a $epara#e ac#io' i'$#i#u#ed %or #*a# purpo$e a'd 'o# i' #*e $ame cour# +*ere #*e e2ecu#io' proceedi'&$ are /ei'& co'duc#ed. Sec 1*. $enalty for selling without notice. or removing or defacing notice.
!n officer selling without the notice prescribed by Sec <; of this Rule shall be liable to pay punitive damages in the amount of five thousand (2;,555.55 pesos to any person in#ured thereby, in addition to his actual damages, both to be recovered by motion in the same action( and a person willfully removing or defacing the notice posted, if done before the sale, or before the satisfaction of the #udgment if it be satisfied before the sale, shall be liable to pay five thousand (2;,555.55 pesos to any person in#ured by reason thereof, in addition to his actual damages, to be recovered by motion in the same action. property or proceeds of the sale shall be promptly delivered to the #udgment obligor or his authori%ed representative, unless otherwise directed by the #udgment or order of the court. )hen the sale is of real property, consisting of several known lots, they must be sold separately. or, when a portion of such real property is claimed by a third person, he may re1uire it to be sold separately. )hen the sale is of personal property capable of manual delivery, it must be sold within view of those attending the same and in such parcels as are li*ely to bring the highest price. The #udgment obligor, if present at the sale, may direct the order in which property, real or personal shall be sold, when such property consists of several known lots or parcels which can be sold to advantage separately. 2either the officer conducting the execution sale, nor his deputies, can become a purchaser, nor be interested directly or indirectly in any purchase at such sale.

Remed0 a&ai'$# a' irre&ular $ale: mo#io' #o vaca#e or $e# a$ide #*e $ale #o /e %iled i' #*e cour# +*ic* i$$ued #*e +ri# o% e2ecu#io' E9ECUTION ALE T"AT ARE NULL AND VOID: ) ) ) T*o$e made o' #*e da#e a%#er #*a# %i2ed i' #*e 'o#ice o% $ale T*o$e $ale$ +i#*ou# #*e re1uired 'o#ice T*o$e $ale$ +*ere #*e re1uireme'#$ %or #*e po$#i'& o% 'o#ice$ i$ 'o# complied +i#* Eve' i' e2ecu#io' $ale$. i% #*ere i$ a ri&*# #o redeem. #*e mere i'ade1uac0 o% price i$ 'o# ma#erial $i'ce #*e (ud&me'# de/#or ma0 reac1uire #*e proper#0 or $ell *i$ ri&*# #o redeem a'd #*u$ recover a'0 lo$$ *e claim$ #o *ave $u%%ered /0 rea$o' o% #*e price o/#ai'ed a# #*e e2ecu#io' $ale Sec -. Refusal of purchaser to pay.
&f a purchaser refuses to pay the amount bid by him for property struck off to him at a sale under execution, the officer may again sell the property to the highest bidder and shall not be responsible for any loss occasioned thereby ( but the court may order the refusing purchaser to pay into the court the amount of such loss, with costs, and may punish him for contempt if he disobeys the order. The amount of such payment shall be for the benefit of the person entitled to the proceeds of the execution, unless the execution has been fully satisfied, in which event such proceeds shall be for the benefit of the #udgment obligor. The officer may thereafter re#ect any subse1uent bid of such purchaser who refuses to pay.

Sec 1+. %o sale if #udgment and costs paid.

!t any time before the sale of property on execution, the #udgment obligor may prevent the sale by paying the amount re1uired by the execution and the costs that have been incurred therein.

Sec 1,. 4ow property sold on execution= who may direct manner and order of sale.
%ll sales of property under execution must be made at public auction, to the highest bidder, to start at the exact time fixed in the notice . !fter sufficient property has been sold to satisfy the execution, no more shall be sold and any excess

Sec 1. !udgment obligee as purchaser.

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
)hen the purchaser is the #udgment obligee, and no third.party claim has been filed, he need not pay the amount of the bid if it does not exceed the amount of his #udgment. &f it does, he shall pay only the excess. (c The whole price paid by him( (d ! statement that the right of redemption expires one (< year from the date of the registration of the certificate of sale. Such certificate must be registered in the registry of deeds of the place where the property is situated.

Sec

. Ad#ournment of sale.

"y written consent of the #udgment obligor and obligee, or their duly authori%ed representatives, the officer may ad#ourn the sale to any date and time agreed upon by them. )ithout such agreement, he may ad#ourn the sale from day to day if it becomes necessary to do so for lack of time to complete the sale on the day fixed in the notice or the day to which it was ad#ourned.

Sec $. Certificate of sale where property claimed by third person .

)hen a property sold by virtue of a writ of execution has been claimed by a third person, the certificate of sale to be issued by the sheriff pursuant to Secs 74, 7D and 7; of this Rule shall make express mention of the existence of such third.party claim.

T*e par#ie$ ca''o# $#ipula#e a$ #o #*e di$pe'$a#io' o% #*e 'o#ice o% pu/lica#io' Rea$o': $uc* 'o#ice a'd #*e pu/lica#io' i#$el% i$ ma'da#or0 Sec !. Conveyance to purchaser of personal property capable of manual delivery.
)hen the purchaser of any personal property, capable of manual delivery, pays the purchase price, the officer making the sale must deliver the property to the purchaser and, if desired, execute and deliver to him a certificate of sale. The sale conveys to the purchaser all the rights which the #udgment obligor had in such property as of the date of the levy on execution or preliminary attachment.

W*ere #*e proper#0 $old i$ real 3ro3er%4. #*e period o% redemp#io' i$ o'e 0ear %rom a'd a%#er #*e re&i$#ra#io' o% #*e cer#i%ica#e o% $ale. I% $aid cer#i%ica#e o% $ale i$ 'o# re&i$#ered. #*e period o% redemp#io' doe$ 'o# ru'. T*e cer#i%ica#e o% $ale o% real proper#0 i$ merel0 a memorial o% #*e %ac# o% $ale a'd )oes no% con'er an4 ri16% %o %6e 3ossession, .&c6 less %6e o5ners6i3, o' %6e real 3ro3er%4 3&rc6ase). I# i$ #*e deed o% $ale e2ecu#ed /0 #*e $*eri%% a# #*e e2pira#io' o% #*e period o% redemp#io' +*ic* co'$#i#u#e$ e%%ec#ive co've0a'ce o% #*e proper#0 $old a'd e'#i#le$ #*e purc*a$er #o po$$e$$io' o% #*e proper#0 $old. Sec *. Who may redeem real property so sold.
Real property sold as provided in the last preceding Sec, or any part thereof sold separately, may be redeemed in the manner hereinafter provided, by the following persons$ (a The #udgment obligor( or his successor in interest in the whole or any part of the property( (b ! creditor having a lien by virtue of an attachment, #udgment or mortgage on the property sold, or on some part thereof, subse1uent to the lien under which the property was sold. Such redeeming creditor is termed a redemptioner.

Sec ". Conveyance to purchaser of personal property not capable of manual delivery.
)hen the purchaser of any personal property, not capable of manual delivery, pays the purchase price, the officer making the sale must execute and deliver to the purchaser a certificate of sale. Such certificate conveys to the purchaser all the rights which the #udgment obligor had in such property as of the date of the levy on execution or preliminary attachment.

Sec #. Conveyance of real property= certificate thereof given to purchaser and filed with registry of deeds.
/pon a sale of real property, the officer must give to the purchaser a certificate of sale containing$ (a ! particular description of the real property sold( (b The price paid for each distinct lot or parcel(

Sec +. Time and manner of. and amounts payable on. successive redemptions= notice to be given and filed. H0

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
The #udgment obligor, or redemptioner, may redeem the property from the purchaser, at any time within one !1" year from the date of the registration of the certificate of sale, by paying the purchaser the amount of his purchase, with the per centum per month interest thereon in addition, up to the time of redemption, together with the amount of any assessments or taxes which the purchaser may have paid thereon after purchase, and interest on such last named amount at the same rate( and if the purchaser be also a creditor having a prior lien to that of the redemptioner, other than the #udgment under which such purchase was made, the amount of such other lien, with interest. $roperty so redeemed may again be redeemed within sixty !-)" days after the last redemption upon payment of the sum paid on the last redemption, with two per centum thereon in addition and the amount of any assessments or taxes which the last redemptioner may have paid thereon after redemption by him, with interest on such last named amount, and in addition, the amount of any liens held by said last redemptioner prior to his own, with interest. The property may be again, and as often as a redemptioner is so disposed, redeemed from any previous redemptioner within sixty (B5 days after the last redemption, on paying the sum paid on the last previous redemption, with two per centum thereon in addition, and the amounts of any assessments or taxes which the last previous redemptioner paid after the redemption thereon, with interest thereon, and the amount of any liens held by the last redemptioner prior to his own, with interest. )ritten notice of any redemption must be given to the officer who made the sale and a duplicate filed with the registry of deeds of the place, and if any assessments or taxes are paid by the redemptioner or if he has or ac1uires any lien other than that upon which the redemption was made, notice thereof must in like manner be given to the officer and filed with the registry of deeds( if such notice be not filed, the property may be redeemed without paying such assessments, taxes, or liens. The payments mentioned in this and the last preceding Secs may be made to the purchaser or redemptioner, or for him to the officer who made the sale.

Sec !-. $roof re6uired of redemptioner.

! redemptioner must produce to the officer, or person from whom he seeks to redeem, and serve with his notice to the officer$ ) ) ) ) a copy of the #udgment or final order under which he claims the right to redeem, certified by the clerk of the court wherein the #udgment or final order is entered, or, if he redeems upon a mortgage or other lien, a memorandum of the record thereof, certified by the registrar of deeds, or an original or certified copy of any assignment necessary to establish his claim( and an affidavit executed by him or his agent, showing the amount then actually due on the lien.

Redemp#io'er) a credi#or +i#* a lie' $u/$e1ue'# #o #*e (ud&me'# +*ic* +a$ #*e /a$i$ o% #*e e2ecu#io' $ale I% #*e lie' o% a credi#or i$ prior #o #*e (ud&me'# u'der +*ic* #*e proper#0 +a$ $old. *e i$ 'o# a redemp#io'er a'd. #*ere%ore. ca''o# redeem /ecau$e *i$ i'#ere$#$ i' *i$ lie' are %ull0 pro#ec#ed. $i'ce a'0 purc*a$er a# pu/lic auc#io' o% $aid proper#0 #a,e$ #*e $ame $u/(ec# #o $uc* prior lie' +*ic* *e *a$ #o $a#i$%0. T*e ri&*# o% redemp#io' i$ #ra'$%era/le a'd ma0 /e volu'#aril0 $old. /u# #*e $aid ri&*# ca''o# /e levied upo' /0 #*e (ud&me'# credi#or $o a$ #o deprive #*e (ud&me'# de/#or o% a'0 %ur#*er ri&*# #o #*e proper#0. T*e pe'de'c0 o% a' ac#io'. /rou&*# i' &ood %ai#* a'd rela#i'& #o #*e validi#0 o% #*e $ale o% #*e proper#0 i'volved. #oll$ #*e #erm o% #*e ri&*# o% redemp#io'. Sec !1. "anner of using premises pending redemption= waste restrained.
/ntil the expiration of the time allowed for redemption, the court may, as in other proper cases, restrain the commission of waste on the property by in#unction, on the application of the purchaser or the #udgment obligee, with or without notice( but it is

Sec ,. )ffect of redemption by #udgment obligor. and a certificate to be delivered and recorded thereupon= to whom payments on redemption made.
&f the #udgment obligor redeems he must make the same payments as are re1uired to effect a redemption by a redemptioner, whereupon, no further redemption shall be allowed and he is restored to his estate. The person to whom the redemption payment is made must execute and deliver to him a certificate of redemption acknowledged before a notary public or other officer authori%ed to take acknowledgments of conveyances of real property. Such certificate must be filed and recorded in the registry of deeds of the place in which the property is situated and the registrar of deeds must note the record thereof on the margin of the record of the certificate of sale.

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
not waste for a person in possession of the property at the time of the sale, or entitled to possession afterwards, during the period allowed for redemption, to continue to use it in the same manner in which it was previously used, or to use it in the ordinary course of husbandry( or to make the necessary repairs to buildings thereon while he occupies the property. #udgment revived in his name for the whole price with interest, or so much thereof as has been delivered to the #udgment obligor. The #udgment so revived shall have the same force and effect as an original #udgment would have as of the date of the revival and no more.

Sec ! . Rents. earnings and income of property pending redemption.

The purchaser or a redemptioner shall not be entitled to receive the rents, earnings and income of the property sold on execution, or the value of the use and occupation thereof when such property is in the possession of a tenant . !ll rents, earnings and income derived from the property pending redemption shall belong to the #udgment obligor until the expiration of his period of redemption.

Sec !#. Right to contribution or reimbursement.

)hen property liable to an execution against several persons is sold thereon, and more than a due proportion of the #udgment is satisfied out of the proceeds of the sale of the property of one of them, or one of them pays, without a sale, more than his proportion, he may compel a contribution from the others( and when a #udgment is upon an obligation of one of them, as security for another, and the surety pays the amount, or any part thereof, either by sale of his property or before sale, he may compel repayment from the principal.

Sec !!. *eed and possession to be given at expiration of redemption period= by whom executed or given.
+f no redemption be made within one !1" year from the date of the registration of the certificate of sale , the purchaser is entitled to a conveyance and possession of the property( or, if so redeemed whenever sixty !-)" days have elapsed and no other redemption has been made, and notice thereof given, and the time for redemption has expired, the last redemptioner is entitled to the conveyance and possession( but in all cases the #udgment obligor shall have the entire period of one (< year from the date of the registration of the sale to redeem the property. The deed shall be executed by the officer making the sale or by his successor in office, and in the latter case shall have the same validity as though the officer making the sale had continued in office and executed it. 7pon the expiration of the right of redemption, the purchaser or redemptioner shall be substituted to and ac1uire all the rights, title, interest and claim of the #udgment obligor to the property as of the time of the levy. The possession of the property shall be given to the purchaser or last redemptioner by the same officer unless a third party adversely to the #udgment obligor.

Sec !$. )xamination of #udgment obligor when #udgment unsatisfied.

)hen the return of a writ of execution issued against property of a #udgment obligor, or any one of several obligors in the same #udgment, shows that the #udgment remains unsatisfied, in whole or in part, the judgment obligee, at any time after such return is made, shall be entitled to an order from the court which rendered the said judgment, re'uiring such judgment obligor to appear and be examined concerning his property and income before such court or before a commissioner appointed by it at a specified time and place. and proceedings may thereupon be had for the application of the property and income of the judgment obligor towards the satisfaction of the judgment. "ut no #udgment obligor shall be so re1uired to appear before a court or commissioner outside the province or city in which such obligor resides or is found.

Sec !*. )xamination of obligor of #udgment obligor.

)hen the return of a writ of execution against the property of a #udgment obligor shows that the #udgment remain unsatisfied, in whole or in part, and upon proof to the satisfaction of the court which issued the writ, that a person, corporation, or other #uridical entity has property of such #udgment obligor or is indebted to him, the court may, by an order, re'uire such person, corporation, or other juridical entity, or any officer, or member thereof, to appear before the court or a commissioner appointed by it, at a time and place within the province or city where such debtor resides or is found, and be examined concerning the same. The service of the order shall bind all credits due the #udgment obligor and all money and property of the #udgment obligor in the possession or in the control of such person corporation, or #uridical entity from the time of service( and the court may also re1uire notice of such proceedings to be given to any party to the action in such manner as it may deem proper.

Sec !". Recovery of price if sale not effective= revival of #udgment.

+f the purchaser of real property sold on execution, or his successor in interest, fails to recover the possession thereof, or is evicted therefrom, in conse'uence of irregularities in the proceedings concerning the sale, or because the judgment has been reversed or set aside, or because the property sold was exempt from execution, or because a third person has vindicated his claim to the property, he may on motion in the same action or in a separate action recover from the #udgment obligee the price paid, with interest, or so much thereof as has not been delivered to the #udgment obligor, or he may, on motion, have the original

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec !+. )nforcement of attendance and conduct of examination.

! party or other person may be compelled, by an order or subpoena, to attend before the court or commissioner to testify as provided in the two preceding Secs, and upon failure to obey such order or subpoena or to be sworn, or to answer as a witness or to subscribe his deposition, may be punished for contempt as in other cases. 'xaminations shall not be unduly prolonged, but the proceedings may be ad#ourned from time to time, until they are completed. &f the examination is before a commissioner, he must take it in writing and certify it to the court. !ll examinations and answers before a court commissioner must be under oath, and when a corporation or other #uridical entity answers, it must be on the oath of an authori%ed officer or agent thereof.

Sec " . Sale of ascertainable interest of #udgment obligor in real estate .

&f it appears that the #udgment obligor has an interest in real estate in the place in which proceedings are had, as mortgagor or mortgagee or other wise, and his interest therein can be ascertained without controversy the receiver may be ordered to sell and convey such real estate or the interest of the obligor therein. and such sale shall be conducted in all respects in the same manner as is provided for the sale of real state upon execution, and the proceedings thereon shall be approved by the court before the execution of the deed.

Sec "!. $roceedings when indebtedness denied or another person claims the property.
&f it appears that a person or corporation, alleged to have property of the #udgment obligor or to be indebted to him, claims an interest in the property adverse to him or denied the debt, the court may authorize, by an order made to that effect, the judgment obligee to institute an action against such person or corporation for the recovery of such interest or debt, forbid a transfer or other disposition of such interest or debt within one hundred twenty !15)" days from notice of the order, and may punish disobedience of such order as for contempt . Such order may be modified or vacated at any time by the court which issued it, or by the court in which the action is brought, upon such terms as may be #ust.

Sec !,. Obligor may pay execution against obligee.

!fter a writ of execution against property has been issued, a person indebted to the #udgment obligor may pay to the sheriff holding the writ of execution the amount of his debt or so much thereof as may be necessary to satisfy the #udgment, in the manner prescribed in Sec C of this Rule, and the sheriff9s receipt shall be a sufficient discharge for the amount so paid or directed to be credited by the #udgment obligee on the execution.

Sec "-. Order for application of property and income to satisfaction of #udgment.
The court may order any property of the #udgment obligor, or money due him, not exempt from execution, in the hands of either himself or another person, or of a corporation or other #uridical entity, to be applied to the satisfaction of the #udgment, sub#ect to any prior rights over such property. &f, upon investigation of his current income and expenses, it appears that the earnings of the #udgment obligor for his personal services are more than necessary for the support of his family, the court may order that he pay the judgment in fixed monthly installments, and upon his failure to pay any such installment when due without good excuse, may punish him for indirect contempt.

Sec "". )ntry of satisfaction of #udgment by cler( of court.

Satisfaction of a #udgment shall be entered by the clerk of court in the court docket, and in the execution book, upon the return of a writ of execution showing the full satisfaction of the #udgment, or upon the filing of an admission to the satisfaction of the #udgment executed and acknowledged in the same manner as a conveyance of real property by the #udgment obligee or by his counsel unless a revocation of his authority is filed, or upon the endorsement of such admission by the #udgment obligee or his counsel, on the face of the record of the #udgment.

Sec "#. )ntry of satisfaction with or without admission.

)henever a #udgment is satisfied in fact, or otherwise than upon an execution on demand of the #udgment obligor, the #udgment obligee or his counsel must execute and acknowledge, or indorse an admission of the satisfaction as provided in the last preceding Sec, and after notice and upon motion the court may order either the #udgment obligee or his counsel to do so, or may order the entry of satisfaction to be made without such admission.

Sec "1. Appointment of receiver.

The court may appoint a receiver of the property of the #udgment obligor( and it may also forbid a transfer or other disposition of, or any interference with, the property of the #udgment obligor not exempt from execution.

Sec "$. When principal bound by #udgment against surety. H<

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
)hen a #udgment is rendered against a party who stands as surety for another, the latter is also bound from the time that he has notice of the action or proceeding, and an opportunity at the surety9s re1uest to #oin in the defense.

co'clu$ive a$ #o ever0 ma##er o%%ered a'd received #*erei' a'd a$ #o a'0 o#*er ma##er admi$$i/le #*erei' a'd +*ic* mi&*# *ave /ee' o%%ered %or #*a# purpo$e. *e'ce i# i$ a' a/$olu#e /ar #o a $u/$e1ue'# ac#io' %or #*e $ame cau$e I' concl&siveness o' /&)1.en%> #*e par#ie$ i' /o#* ac#io'$ ma0 /e #*e $ame /u# #*e cau$e$ o% ac#io' are di%%ere'#. "e'ce. #*e (ud&me'# i' #*e %ir$# i$ /i'di'& o'l0 +i#* re$pec# #o #*e ma##er$ ac#uall0 rai$ed a'd ad(ud&ed #*erei' a'd i$ 'o# a /ar #o a'o#*er ac#io' /e#+ee' #*e $ame par#ie$ /u# o' a di%%ere'# cau$e o% ac#io'. !ir$# re1uireme'#: eco'd re1ui$i#e: $*ould properl0 $#a#e #*a# #*e %ormer (ud&me'# or %i'al order mu$# /e %i'al a'd e2ecu#or al#*ou&* #*ere *a$ /ee' 'o #rial or pre$e'#a#io' a'd co'$idera#io' o% evide'ce #*erei'. a di$mi$$al o% #*e complai'# $*all *ave #*e e%%ec# o% a' ad(udica#io' o% #*e ca$e o' #*e meri#$. u'le$$ o#*er+i$e declared /0 #*e cour#

Sec "*. )ffect of #udgments or final orders.

The effect of a #udgment or final order rendered by a court of the 2hilippines, having #urisdiction to pronounce the #udgment or final order, may be as follows$ (a &n case of a #udgment or final order against a specific thing, or in respect to the probate of a will, or the administration of the estate of a deceased person, or in respect to the personal, political, or legal condition or status of a particular person or his relationship to another, the #udgment or final order is conclusive upon the title to the thing, the will or administration or the condition, status or relationship of the person, however, the probate of a will or granting of letters of administration shall only be prima facie evidence of the death of the testator or intestate( !#&S 879+3%T% +2 879:;&2TS +2 #&;" (b &n other cases, the #udgment or final order is, with respect to the matter directly adjudged or as to any other matter that could have been missed in relation thereto, conclusive between the parties and their successors in interest, by title subse'uent to the commencement of the action or special proceeding, litigating for the same thing and under the same title and in the same capacity ( and (#&S 879+3%T% +2 879:;&2TS +2 $&#S<2%;" (c &n any other litigation between the same parties or their successors in interest, that only is deemed to have been ad#udged in a former #udgment or final order which appears upon its face to have been so ad#udged, or which was actually and necessarily included therein or necessary thereto. !3<23=7S+>&2&SS < 879:;&2T

Sec "+. )ffect of foreign #udgments or final orders.

The effect of a #udgment or final order of a tribunal of a foreign country, having #urisdiction to render the #udgment or final order is as follows$ (a &n case of a #udgment or final order upon a specific thing, the #udgment or final order, is conclusive upon the title to the thing, and (b &n case of a #udgment or final order against a person, the #udgment or final order is presumptive evidence of a right as between the parties and their successors in interest by a subse'uent title. &n either case, the #udgment or final order may be repelled by evidence of a want of #urisdiction, want of notice to the party, collusion, fraud, or clear mistake of law or fact.

Re$ (udica#a)

/ar /0 %ormer (ud&me'#. or direc# e$#oppel$ /0 (ud&me'#

Co'clu$ive'e$$ o% (ud&me'# F e$#oppel$ /0 verdic# or e$#oppel$ /0 record or colla#eral e$#oppel /0 (ud&me'# Re$ (udica#a i$ re%erred #o a$ #*e )oc%rine on 3recl&sion o' clai.s= co'clu$ive'e$$ o% (ud&me'# *a$ #*e e%%ec# o% preclu$io' o'l0 o% i$$ue$ a'd i$ re%erred #o a$ #*e r&le o' a&%er ac%ion 3en)an% I' res /&)ica%a. #*e par#ie$ a'd #*e cau$e$ o% ac#io' i' /o#* claim$ are ide'#ical or $u/$#a'#iall0 #*e $ame. T*e (ud&me'# i' #*e %ir$# ac#io' i$ H>

T*e (ud&me'# o% a %orei&' #ri/u'al ca''o# /e e'%orced /0 #*e e2ecu#io' i' #*e P*ilippi'e$. uc* (ud&me'# o'l0 crea#e$ a ri&*# o% ac#io' a'd i#$ 'o') $a#i$%ac#io'. a cau$e o% ac#io'. a'd i# i$ 'ece$$ar0 #*a# a $ui# /e /rou&*# upo' $aid %orei&' (ud&me'# i' our local cour#$.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 A civil ac#io' $*ould /e %iled i' our cour#$. primaril0 #o allo+ #*e lo$i'& par#0 a' oppor#u'i#0 #o c*alle'&e #*e (ud&me'# o' #*e &rou'd$ provided a'd de%e'd i#$el% a&ai'$# #*e e'%orceme'# o% #*a# deci$io' i' #*e local %orum.

! record on appeal shall be re1uired only in special proceedings and in other cases of multiple or separate appeals. The form and contents of the record on appeal shall be as provided in Sec B, Rule D<. Copies of the notice of appeal, and the record on appeal where re1uired, shall be served on the adverse party.

A33eals
RULE "A33eal Fro. M&nici3al Trial Co&r%s %o %6e Re1ional Trial Co&r%s Sec 1. Where to appeal.
!n appeal from a #udgment or final order of a *unicipal Trial Court may be taken to the Regional Trial Court exercising #urisdiction over the area to which the former pertains. The title of the case shall remain as it was in the court of origin, but the party appealing the case shall be further referred to as the appellant and the adverse party as the appellee.

Sec ". $erfection of appeal= effect thereof

The perfection of the appeal and the effect thereof shall be governed by the provisions of Sec C, Rule D<.

Sec #. Appellate court doc(et and other lawful fees.

)ithin the period for taking an appeal, the appellant shall pay to the clerk of the court which rendered the #udgment or final order appealed from the full amount of the appellate court docket and other lawful fees. 2roof of payment thereof shall be transmitted to the appellate court together with the original record or the record on appeal, as the case may be.

Sec . When to appeal.

!n appeal may be taken within fifteen (<; days after notice to the appellant of the #udgment or final order appealed from. )here a record on appeal is re1uired, the appellant shall file a notice of appeal and a record on appeal within thirty (45 days after notice of the #udgment or final order. The period of appeal shall be interrupted by a timely motion for new trial or reconsideration. 3o motion for extension of time to file a motion for new trial or reconsideration shall be allowed

No')pa0me'# or i'comple#e pa0me'# o% #*e %ee$ re1uired o' appeal do 'o# au#oma#icall0 re$ul# i' #*e di$mi$$al o% #*e appeal.

Sec $. *uty of the cler( of court.

)ithin fifteen (<; days from the perfection of the appeal, the cler* of court or the branch cler* of court of the lower court shall transmit the original record or the record on appeal, together with the transcripts and exhibits, which he shall certify as complete, to the proper #egional Trial 3ourt. ! copy of his letter of transmittal of the records to the appellate court shall be furnished the parties.

Sec !. 4ow to appeal.

The appeal is taken by filing a notice of appeal with the court that rendered the #udgment or final order appealed from. The notice of appeal shall indicate$ ) ) ) the parties to the appeal, the #udgment or final order or part thereof appealed from, and state the material dates showing the timeliness of the appeal.

Sec *. $rocedure in the Regional Trial Court.

(a /pon receipt of the complete record or the record on appeal, the clerk of court of the Regional Trial Court shall notify the parties of such fact. (b )ithin fifteen (<; days from such 3,T&C' , it shall be the duty of the appellant to submit a memorandum which shall briefly discuss the errors imputed to the lower court, a copy of which shall be furnished by him to the adverse party . )ithin fifteen (<; days from R'C'&2T ,6 T0' !22'EE!3TFS *'*,R!3:/*, the

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
appellee may file his memorandum. 6ailure of the appellant to file a memorandum shall be a ground for dismissal of the appeal. (c 7pon the filing of the memorandum of the appellee, or the expiration of the period to do so, the case shall be considered submitted for decision. The Regional Trial Court shall decide the case on the basis of the entire record of the proceedings had in the court of original and such memoranda as are filed.

!i'al (ud&me'#$ or order$ o% #*e RTC ma0 /e appealed /0 pe#i#io' %or revie+ #o #*e CA +*ic* ma0 &ive due cour$e o'l0 +*e' #*e pe#i#io' $*o+$ prima %acie #*a# #*e lo+er cour# *a$ commi##ed a' error o% %ac# or la+ #*a# +ill +arra'# a rever$al or modi%ica#io' o% #*e deci$io' or %i'al order $ou&*# #o /e revie+ed. ORDINARA APPEAL 3A 7ERE NOTICE O! APPEAL I' a' ordi'ar0 appeal %rom #*e %i'al (ud&me'# or order o% a 7e#ropoli#a' or 7u'icipal Trial Cour# #o #*e RTC. a'd %rom #*e RTC #o #*e CA i' ac#io'$ or proceedi'&$ ori&i'all0 %iled i' #*e RTC. #*e %i%#ee'0da0 period %or appeal i$ i'#errup#ed or $u$pe'ded /0 a mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial or reco'$idera#io' u'le$$ $uc* mo#io' %ail$ #o $a#i$%0 #*e re1uireme'#$ I% #*e mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial or reco'$idera#io' i$ de'ied. #*e movi'& par#0 *a$ o'l0 #*e remai'i'& period %rom 'o#ice o% de'ial +i#*i' +*ic* #o %ile a 'o#ice o% appeal. No e2#e'$io' o% #ime #o %ile $uc* a 'o#ice o% appeal i$ 'eeded. muc* le$$ allo+ed. APPEAL IN PECIAL PROCEEDIN4 AND W"EREIN 7ULTIPLE APPEAL ARE ALLOWED Period o% appeal: #*ir#0 da0$ A record o' appeal i$ re1uired. I% a mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial or reco'$idera#io' i$ %iled a'd de'ied. #*e remai'i'& period +i#*i' +*ic* #o %ile a record o' appeal ma0 /e #oo $*or# a'd. *e'ce a mo#io' %or e2#e'$io' o% #ime #o %ile #*e record o' appeal ma0 /e &ra'#ed. T*e #*ir#0)da0 period ma0 /e e2#e'ded /ecau$e. +*ere #*e record i$ volumi'ou$ or #*e appella'# *a$ o#*er pre$$i'& ma##er$ #o a##e'd #o. i# ma0 'o# /e prac#ica/le #o $u/mi# #*e record o' appeal +i#*i' #*e re&leme'#ar0 period. APPEAL 3A PETITION !OR REVIEW TO T"E COURT O! APPEAL OT"ER CA E

Sec +. Appeal from orders dismissing case without trial= lac( of #urisdiction.
&f an appeal is taken from an order of the lower court dismissing the case without a trial on the merits, the Regional Trial Court may affirm or reverse it, as the case may be. &n case of affirmance and the ground of dismissal is lack of #urisdiction over the sub#ect matter, the Regional Trial Court, if it has #urisdiction thereover, shall try the case on the merits as if the case was originally filed with it. &n case of reversal, the case shall be remanded for further proceedings. &f the case was tried on the merits by the lower court without #urisdiction over the sub#ect matter, the Regional Trial Court on appeal shall not dismiss the case if it has original #urisdiction thereof, but shall decide the case in accordance with the preceding Sec, without pre#udice to the admission of amended pleadings and additional evidence in the interest of #ustice.

I' a $i#ua#io' +*erei' #*e ca$e +a$ 'o# #ried o' #*e meri#$ /u# +a$ di$mi$$ed o' a #ec*'ical o/(ec#io' or 1ue$#io' o% la+. 'o #rial *avi'& /ee' *eld. #*e RTC o' appeal merel0 a%%irm$ or rever$e$ #*e order o% di$mi$$al a'd. i' ca$e o% rever$al. rema'd$ #*e ca$e #o #*e lo+er cour# %or %ur#*er proceedi'&$. W*ere #*e 1ue$#io' o% la+ i'volve$ lac, o% (uri$dic#io' over #*e $u/(ec#) ma##er a'd #*e RTC *a$ (uri$dic#io'. i# $*all #r0 #*e ca$e o' #*e meri#$ a$ i% #*e ca$e +a$ ori&i'all0 %iled +i#* i#. T*e co'$e'# o% #*e par#ie$ #o $uc* a$$ump#io' o% ori&i'al (uri$dic#io' i$ 'o# re1uired. Sec ,. Applicability of Rule 9:.
The other provisions of Rule D< shall apply to appeals provided for herein insofar as they are not inconsistent with or may serve to supplement the provisions of this Rule.

REVIEW O! APPEALED CA E !RO7 RTC HC

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Pe#i#io' %or %ili'&: %i%#ee' da0$ I% a mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io' i$ %iled +i#* a'd de'ied /0 #*e RTC. #*e mova'# *a$ o'l0 #*e remai'i'& period +i#*i' +*ic* #o %ile a pe#i#io' %or revie+. "e'ce. i# ma0 /e 'ece$$ar0 #o %ile a mo#io' +i#* #*e CA %or e2#e'$io' o% #ime #o %ile $uc* pe#i#io' %or revie+. APPEAL !RO7 8UA I)6UDICIAL 3ODIE TO T"E CA T*e appeal $*all /e #a,e' /0 %ili'& a 'o#ice o% appeal +i#* #*e CA a'd +i#* #*e 1ua$i)(udicial /od0 +i#*i' %i%#ee' da0$ %rom 'o#ice o% #*e ruli'&. a+ard. deci$io' or (ud&me'#= or i' ca$e a mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io' i$ %iled +i#*i' $aid period. +i#*i' #e' da0$ %rom 'o#ice o% #*e re$olu#io' de'0i'& #*e mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io'. No e2#e'$io' o% #ime #o %ile $uc* a 'o#ice o% appeal i$ 'eeded. RULE "1 A33eal Fro. T6e Re1ional Trial Co&r%s Sec 1. Sub#ect of appeal.
!n appeal may be taken from a #udgment or final order that completely disposes of the case, or of a particular matter therein when declared by these Rules to be appealable. 3o appeal may be taken from$ (a !n order denying a motion for new trial or reconsideration( (b !n order denying a petition for relief or any similar motion seeking relief from #udgment( (c !n interlocutory order( (d !n order disallowing or dismissing an appeal( (e !n order denying a motion to set aside a #udgment by consent, confession or compromise on the ground of fraud, mistake or duress, or any other ground vitiating consent( (f !n order of execution( (g ! #udgment or final order for or against one or more of several parties or in separate claims, counterclaims, cross.claims and third.party complaints, while the main case is pending, unless the court allows an appeal therefrom( and

(h !n order dismissing an action without pre#udice. &n all the above instances where the #udgment or final order is not appealable, the aggrieved party may file an appropriate special civil action under Rule B;.

A' order i$ co'$idered in%erloc&%or4 i% i# doe$ 'o# di$po$e o% #*e ca$e /u# leave$ $ome#*i'& el$e #o /e do'e /0 #*e #rial cour# o' meri#$ o% #*e ca$e. A' order i$ 'inal. %or purpo$e$ o% appeal. i% i# di$po$e$ o% #*e e'#ire ca$e. T*e i'#erlocu#or0 order ca''o# /e appealed %rom $epara#el0 %rom #*e (ud&me'#. W*ere #*e i'#erlocu#or0 order +a$ re'dered +i#*ou# or i' e2ce$$ o% (uri$dic#io' or +i#* &rave a/u$e o% di$cre#io'. #*e remed0i$ cer#iorari. pro*i/i#io'. ma'damu$ depe'di'& o' #*e %ac#$ o% #*e ca$e. Sec . "odes of appeal.
(a &rdinary appeal. + The appeal to the Court of !ppeals in cases decided by the Regional Trial Court in the exercise of its original #urisdiction shall be taken by filing a notice of appeal with the court which rendered the #udgment or final order appealed from and serving a copy thereof upon the adverse party. 3o record on appeal shall be re1uired except in special proceedings and other cases of multiple or separate appeals where law on these Rules so re1uire. &n such cases, the record on appeal shall be filed and served in like manner. (b Petition for re iew. + The appeal to the Court of !ppeals in cases decided by the Regional Trial Court in the exercise of its appellate #urisdiction shall be by petition for review in accordance with Rule D7. (c "ppeal by certiorari. + &n all cases where only 1uestions of law are raised or involved, the appeal shall be to the Supreme Court by petition for review on certiorari in accordance with the Rule D;. (n

ORDINARA APPEAL)

$ome#ime$ re%erred #o a$ a' appeal /0 +ri# o% error due #o #*e re1uireme'# #*a# #*e /rie% %iled %or #*a# purpo$e mu$# co'#ai' a' a$$i&'me'# o% error$

pre$uppo$e$ #*a# #*e RTC re'dered #*e (ud&me'# or %i'al order i' #*e civil ac#io' or $pecial proceedi'& i' #*e e2erci$e o% i# i$ ori&i'al (uri$dic#io' a'd #*e appeal i$ #a,e' #o #*e CA o' 1ue$#io'$ o% %ac# or mi2ed 1ue$#io'$ o% %ac# a'd la+

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 ) #a,e' /0 'o#ice o% appeal or /0 record o' appeal PETITION !OR REVIEW ) o/$erved +*ere #*e 1ue$#io'ed (ud&me'# or %i'al order +a$ re'dered /0 #*e RTC i' #*e e2erci$e o% i#$ appella#e (uri$dic#io' over a (ud&me'# or a %i'al order i' a civil ac#io' or $pecial proceedi'& ori&i'all0 comme'ced i' a'd decided /0 a lo+er cour# ) #a,e' /0 a pe#i#io' %or revie+ %iled +i#* #*e CA o' 1ue$#io'$ o% %ac#. o% la+ or o' mi2ed 1ue$#io'$ o% %ac# a'd la+ #a,e' #o #*e C o'l0 o' 1ue$#io'$ o% la+ %rom a (ud&me'# or %i'al order re'dered i' a civil ac#io' or $pecial proceedi'& /0 #*e RTC i' #*e e2erci$e o% i#$ ori&i'al (uri$dic#io'

T*e period o% appeal $*all /e i'#errup#ed /0 a #imel0 mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial or reco'$idera#io'. No mo#io' %or e2#e'$io' o% #ime #o %ile a mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial or reco'$idera#io' $*all /e allo+ed. T*e re&leme'#ar0 period %or appeal i$ rec,o'ed %rom 'o#ice o% #*e (ud&me'# or order. or a'0 $u/$e1ue'# ame'dme'# #*ereo%. T*e mere %ili'& a'd pe'de'c0 o% #*e mo#io' %or e2#e'$io' o% #ime #o per%ec# #*e appeal doe$ 'o# $u$pe'd #*e ru''i'& o% #*e re&leme'#ar0 period. W*ere #*e #rial cour# di$mi$$ed #*e complai'#. #*e' $e# a$ide $uc* di$mi$$al order. /u# o' mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io' /0 #*e de%e'da'# i# a&ai' ordered #*e di$mi$$al o% #*e complai'#. #*e period #o appeal i$ rec,o'ed %rom receip# o% #*e $eco'd order o% di$mi$$al. W*ere #*e #rial cour# $e# a$ide a' order di$mi$$i'& #*e complai'# a'd &ra'#ed a 'e+ #rial /u# #*era%#er e'#ered a'o#*er order o% di$mi$$al. #*e period %or per%ec#i'& a' appeal ru'$ %rom #*e da#e o% #*e $eco'd order o% di$mi$$al. Sec ". Appellate court doc(et and other lawful fees.
)ithin the period for taking an appeal, the appellant shall pay to the clerk of the court which rendered the #udgment or final order appealed from, the full amount of the appellate court docket and other lawful fees. 2roof of payment of said fees shall be transmitted to the appellate court together with the original record or the record on appeal.

APPEAL 3A CERTIORARI)

#a,e' /0 %ili'& a pe#i#io' %or revie+ o' cer#iorari +i#* #*e upreme Cour#

I' #*e ca$e o% appeal. #*e #ri/u'al /0 +*ic* #*e %ir$# de#ermi'a#io' +a$ made i$ 'o# a par#0 #o #*e proceedi'& %or revie+. I' a' ac#io' #o revie+. #*e #ri/u'al +*ic* made #*e de#ermi'a#io' i$ a par#0 #o #*e proceedi'& %or revie+. Sec !. $eriod of ordinary appeal; appeal in habeas corpus cases.
The appeal shall be taken within fifteen (<; days from notice of the #udgment or final order appealed from. )here a record on appeal is re1uired, the appellant shall file a notice of appeal and a record on appeal within thirty (45 days from notice of the #udgment or final order. The period of appeal shall be interrupted by a timely motion for new trial or reconsideration. 3o motion for extension of time to file a motion for new trial or reconsideration shall be allowed. The appeal in habeas corpus cases shall be takne within forty.eight hours from notice of #udgment or final order appealed therefrom.

Sec #. %otice of appeal.

The notice of appeal shall indicate the parties to the appeal, specify the #udgment or final order or part thereof appealed from, specify the court to which the appeal is being taken, and state the material dates showing the timeliness of the appeal.

Sec $. Record on appeal= form and contents thereof

The full names of all the parties to the proceedings shall be stated in the caption of the record on appeal and it shall include the #udgment or final order from which the appeal is taken and, in chronological order, copies of only such pleadings, petitions, motions and all interlocutory orders as are related to the appealed #udgment or final order for the proper understanding of the issue involved, together with such data as will show that the appeal was perfected on time. &f an issue of fact is to be raised on

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
appeal, the record on appeal shall include by reference all the evidence, testimonial and documentary, taken upon the issue involved. The reference shall specify the documentary evidence by the exhibit numbers or letters by which it was identified when admitted or offered at the hearing, and the testimonial evidence by the names of the corresponding witnesses. &f the whole testimonial and documentary evidence in the case is to be included, a statement to that effect will be sufficient without mentioning the names of the witnesses or the numbers or letters of exhibits. 'very record on appeal exceeding twenty (75 pages must contain a sub#ect index. may direct its amendment by the inclusion of any omitted matters which are deemed essential to the determination of the issue of law or fact involved in the appeal. &f the trial court orders the amendment of the record, the appellant, within the time limited in the order, or such extension thereof as may be granted, or if no time is fixed by the order within ten (<5 days from receipt thereof, shall redraft the record by including therein, in their proper chronological se1uence, such additional matters as the court may have directed him to incorporate, and shall thereupon submit the redrafted record for approval, upon notice to the appellee, in like manner as the original draft.

I% a' i$$ue o% %ac# i$ #o /e rai$ed o' appeal. #*e record o' appeal $*all i'clude /0 re%ere'ce all #*e evide'ce. #e$#imo'ial a'd docume'#ar0. #a,e' upo' #*e i$$ue i'volved. T*e re%ere'ce $*all $peci%0 #*e docume'#ar0 evide'ce /0 #*e e2*i/i# 'um/er$ or le##er$ /0 +*ic* i# +a$ ide'#i%ied +*e' admi##ed or o%%ered a# #*e *eari'&. a'd #*e #e$#imo'ial evide'ce /0 #*e 'ame$ o% #*e corre$po'di'& +i#'e$$e$. I% #*e +*ole #e$#imo'ial a'd docume'#ar0 evide'ce i' #*e ca$e #o /e i'cluded. a $#a#eme'# #o #*a# e%%ec# +ill /e $u%%icie'# +i#*ou# me'#io'i'& #*e 'ame$ o% #*e +i#'e$$e$ or #*e 'um/er$ or le##er$ o% e2*i/i#$. Ever0 record o' appeal e2ceedi'& #+e'#0 pa&e$ mu$# co'#ai' a $u/(ec# i'de2. T*e re1uireme'# #*a# #*e record o' appeal mu$# $*o+ o' i#$ %ace #*a# #*e appeal +a$ per%ec#ed o' #ime i$ ma'da#or0 a'd (uri$dic#io'al a'd. i% 'o# complied +i#*. #*e appella#e cour# ac1uire$ 'o (uri$dic#io' a'd #*e appeal mu$# /e di$mi$$ed. !ailure o% cou'$el #o $i&' #*e record o' appeal i$ 'o# a &rou'd %or di$mi$$al o% #*e appeal. T*e $ame could merel0 /e re1uired #o /e $i&'ed /0 *im. T*e Dma#erial da#a ruleE 'eed 'o# /e o/$erved i% #*e #rial cour# i$$ued a' order #o #*e e%%ec# #*a# #*e appeal +a$ $ea$o'a/l0 per%ec#ed +i#* #*e %ili'& o% #*e 'o#ice o% appeal. a'd #*e record o' appeal +i#*i' #*e re&leme'#ar0 period. Sec *. Approval of record on appeal.
/pon the filing of the record on appeal for approval and if no ob#ection is filed by the appellee within five (; days from receipt of a copy thereof, the trial court may approve it as presented or upon its own motion or at the instance of the appellee,

Sec +. !oint record on appeal.

)here both parties are appellants, they may file a #oint record on appeal within the time fixed by Sec 4 of this Rule, or that fixed by the court.

No')appeara'ce o% cou'$el %or #*e appella'# a# #*e *eari'& %or #*e approval o% #*e record o' appeal doe$ 'o# +arra'# #*e di$mi$$al o% #*e appeal. A record o' appeal %iled o' #ime. #*ou&* u'$i&'ed #*rou&* i'adver#e'ce. ma0 /e &ive' %orce a'd e%%ec# +*ere 'o impairme'# o% #*e ri&*#$ o% #*e adver$e par#0 ca' /e $*o+'. Sec ,. $erfection of appeal= effect thereof
! party9s appeal by notice of appeal is deemed perfected as to him upon the filing of the notice of appeal in due time. ! party9s appeal by record on appeal is deemed perfected as to him with respect to the subject matter thereof upon the approval of the record on appeal filed in due time. &n appeals by notice of appeal, the court loses jurisdiction over the case upon the perfection of the appeals filed in due time and the expiration of the time to appeal of the other parties. &n appeals by record on appeal, the court loses jurisdiction only over the subject matter thereof upon the approval of the records on appeal filed in due time and the expiration of the appeal of the other parties.

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
&n either case, prior to the transmittal of the original record or the record on appeal, the court may issue orders for the protection and preservation of the rights of the parties which do not involve any matter litigated by the appeal, approve compromises, permit appeals of indigent litigants, order execution pending appeal in accordance with 7 of Rule 4C, and allow withdrawal of the appeal The clerk of court shall furnish the parties with copies of his letter of transmittal of the records to the appellate court.

Sec 11. Transcript.

/pon the perfection of the appeal, the clerk shall immediately direct the stenographers concerned to attach to the record of the case five (; copies of the transcripts of the testimonial evidence referred to in the record on appeal. The stenographers concerned shall ) ) transcribe such testimonial evidence and shall prepare and affix to their transcripts an index containing the names of the witnesses and the pages wherein their testimonies are found, and a list of the exhibits and the pages wherein each of them appears to have been offered and admitted or re#ected by the trial court.

W*ile #*e appellee ca' +i#*dra+ *i$ appeal B/0 'o#ice o' appeal@. *e ca''o# do $o i' order #o revive #*e (uri$dic#io' o% #*e #rial cour# a'd e'a/le *im #o #a,e a'o#*er cour$e o% ac#io' calli'& %or #*e e2erci$e o% #*a# (uri$dic#io'. $uc* a$ #*e %ili'& o% a mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial or reco'$idera#io'. Rea$o': 30 %ili'& *i$ 'o#ice o% appeal. i'$o%ar a$ *e i$ co'cer'ed. *e *a$ per%ec#ed *i$ appeal #o #*e appella#e cour# a'd i# i$ i' #*a# cour# +*ere *e ca' pur$ue a'0 %ur#*er remed0

Eve' i% #*e appeal *a$ alread0 /ee' per%ec#ed /u# #*e record$ *ave 'o# 0e# /ee' #ra'$mi##ed #o #*e appella#e cour#. #*e #rial cour# $#ill *a$ (uri$dic#io' #o $e# a$ide i#$ order approvi'& #*e record o' appeal. A' i'#erlocu#or0 order remai'$ u'der #*e co'#rol o% #*e cour# a'd ca' /e modi%ied or re$ci'ded /e%ore e'#r0 o% %i'al (ud&me'#. Sec 1-. *uty of cler( of court of the lower court upon perfection of appeal .
)ithin thirty (45 days after perfection of all the appeals in accordance with the preceding Sec, it shall be the duty of the clerk of court of the lower court$ (a To verify the correctness of the original record or the record on appeal, as the case may be aid to make certification of its correctness( (b To verify the completeness of the records that will be, transmitted to the appellate court( (c &f found to be incomplete, to take such measures as may be re1uired to complete the records, availing of the authority that he or the court may exercise for this purpose( and (d To transmit the records to the appellate court. &f the efforts to complete the records fail, he shall indicate in his letter of transmittal the exhibits or transcripts not included in the records being transmitted to the appellate court, the reasons for their non.transmittal, and the steps taken or that could be taken to have them available.

The transcripts shall be transmitted to the clerk of the trial court who shall thereupon arrange the same in the order in which the witnesses testified at the trial, and shall cause the pages to be numbered consecutively.

Sec 1 . Transmittal.
The clerk of the trial court shall transmit to the appellate court the original record or the approved record on appeal within thirty (45 days from the perfection of the appeal, together with the proof of payment of the appellate court docket and other lawful fees, a certified true copy of the minutes of the proceedings, the order of approval, the certificate of correctness, the original documentary evidence referred to therein, and the original and three (4 copies of the transcripts. Copies of the transcripts and certified true copies of the documentary evidence shall remain in the lower court for the examination of the parties.

Sec 1!. *ismissal of appeal.

2rior to the transmittal of the original record or the record on appeal to the appellate court, the trial court may motu propio or on motion dismiss the appeal for having been taken out of time.

RULE " Pe%i%ion 'or Revie5 Fro. %6e Re1ional Trial Co&r%s %o %6e Co&r% o' A33eals J0

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec 1. 4ow appeal ta(en= time for filing.

! party desiring to appeal from a decision of the Regional Trial Court rendered in the exercise of its appellate #urisdiction may file a verified petition for review with the Court of !ppeals, paying at the same time to the clerk of said court the corresponding docket and other lawful fees, depositing the amount of 2;55.55 for costs, and furnishing the Regional Trial Court and the adverse party with a copy of the petition. The petition shall be filed and served within fifteen (<; days from notice of the decision sought to be reviewed or of the denial of petitioner9s motion for new trial or reconsideration filed in due time after #udgment. /pon proper motion and the payment of the full amount of the docket and other lawful fees and the deposit for costs before the expiration of the reglementary period, the Court of !ppeals may grant an additional period of fifteen (<; days only within which to file the petition for review. 3o further extension shall be granted except for the most compelling reason and in no case to exceed fifteen (<; days.

to promptly inform the aforesaid courts and other tribunal or agency thereof within five (; days therefrom.

Sec !. )ffect of failure to comply with re6uirements.

The failure of the petitioner to comply with any of the foregoing re1uirements regarding the payment of the docket and other lawful fees, the deposit for costs, proof of service of the petition, and the contents of and the documents which should accompany the petition shall be sufficient ground for the dismissal thereof.

Sec ". Action on the petition.

The Court of !ppeals may$ ) ) re1uire the respondent to file a comment on the petition, not a motion to dismiss, within ten (<5 days from notice, or dismiss the petition if it finds the same to be patently without merit, prosecuted manifestly for delay, or that the 1uestions raised therein are too insubstantial to re1uire consideration.

Sec . 3orm and contents.

The petition shall$ ) ) ) ) be filed in seven (A legible copies, with the original copy intended for the court being indicated as such by the petitioner, and state the full names of the parties to the case, without impleading the lower courts or #udges thereof either as petitioners or respondents( indicate the specific material dates showing that it was filed on time( set forth concisely a statement of the matters involved, the issues raised, the specification of errors of fact or law, or both, allegedly committed by the Regional Trial Court, and the reasons or arguments relied upon for the allowance of the appeal( be accompanied by clearly legible duplicate originals or true copies of the #udgments or final orders of both lower courts, certified correct by the clerk of court of the Regional Trial Court, the re1uisite number of plain copies thereof and of the pleadings and other material portions of the record as would support the allegations of the petition.

Sec #. Contents of comment.

The comment of the respondent shall be filed in seven (A legible copies, accompanied by certified true copies of such material portions of the record referred to therein together with other supporting papers and shall (a state whether or not he accepts the statement of matters involved in the petition( (b point out such insufficiencies or inaccuracies as he believes exist in petitioner9s statement of matters involved but without repetition( and (c state the reasons why the petition should not be given due course. ! copy thereof shall be served on the petitioner.

Sec $. *ue course.

&f upon the filing of the comment or such other pleadings as the court may allow or re1uire, or after the expiration of the period for the filing thereof without such comment or pleading having been submitted, the Court of !ppeals finds prima facie that the lower court has committed an error of fact or law that will warrant a reversal or modification of the appealed decision, it may accordingly give due course to the petition.

The petitioner shall also submit together with the petition a certification under oath that he has not theretofore commenced any other action involving the same issues in the Supreme Court, the Court of !ppeals or different divisions thereof, or any other tribunal or agency( if there is such other action or proceeding, he must state the status of the same( and if he should thereafter learn that a similar action or proceeding has been filed or is pending before the Supreme Court, the Court of !ppeals, or different divisions thereof, or any other tribunal or agency, he undertakes

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec *. )levation of record.

)henever the Court of !ppeals deems it necessary, it may order the clerk of court of the Regional Trial Court to elevate the original record of the case including the oral and documentary evidence within fifteen (<; days from notice.

RULE "! A33eals Fro. %6e Co&r% o' Ta< A33eals an) ?&asi;(&)icial A1encies %o %6e Co&r% o' A33eals Sec 1. Scope.
This Rule shall apply to appeals from #udgments or final orders of the Court of Tax !ppeals and from awards, #udgments, final orders or resolutions of or authori%ed by any 1uasi.#udicial agency in the exercise of its 1uasi.#udicial functions. !mong these agencies are the Civil Service Commission, Central "oard of !ssessment !ppeals, Securities and 'xchange Commission, ,ffice of the 2resident, Eand Registration !uthority, Social Security Commission, Civil !eronautics "oard, "ureau of 2atents, Trademarks and Technology Transfer, 3ational 'lectrification !dministration, 'nergy Regulatory "oard, 3ational Telecommunications Commission, :epartment of !grarian Reform under Republic !ct 3o. BB;A, 8overnment Service &nsurance System, 'mployees Compensation Commission, !gricultural &nvention "oard, &nsurance Commission, 2hilippine !tomic 'nergy Commission, "oard of &nvestments, Construction &ndustry !rbitration Commission, and voluntary arbitrators authori%ed by law.

Sec +. $erfection of appeal= effect thereof

(a /pon the timely filing of a petition for review and the payment of the corresponding docket and other lawful fees, the appeal is deemed perfected as to the petitioner. The #egional Trial 3ourt loses jurisdiction over the case upon the perfection of the appeals filed in due time and the expiration of the time to appeal of the other parties. 0owever, before the Court of !ppeals gives due course to the petition, the Regional Trial Court may issue orders for the protection and preservation of the rights of the parties which do not involve any matter litigated by the appeal, approve compromises, permit appeals of indigent litigants, order execution pending appeal in accordance with Sec 7 of Rule 4C, and allow withdrawal of the appeal. (b &xcept in civil cases decided under the #ule on Summary $rocedure, the appeal shall stay the #udgment or final order unless the Court of !ppeals, the law, or these Rules shall provide otherwise.

Sec . Cases not covered.

This Rule shall not apply to judgments or final orders issued under the =abor 3ode of the $hilippines.

Sec !. Where to appeal.

!n appeal under this Rule may be taken to the Court of !ppeals within the period and in the manner herein provided, whether the appeal involves 1uestions of fact, of law, or mixed 1uestions of fact and law.

Sec ,. Submission for decision.

&f the petition is given due course, the Court of !ppeals may set the case for oral argument or re1uire the parties to submit memoranda within a period of fifteen (<; days from notice. The case shall be deemed submitted for decision upon the filing of the last pleading or memorandum re1uired by these Rules or by the court itself.

Sec ". $eriod of appeal.

The appeal shall be taken within fifteen (<; days from notice of the award, #udgment, final order or resolution, or from the date of its last publication, if publication is re1uired by law for its effectivity, or of the denial of petitioner9s motion for new trial or reconsideration duly filed in accordance with the governing law of the court or agency a quo. ,nly one (< motion for reconsideration shall be allowed.

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
/pon proper motion and the payment of the full amount of the docket fee before the expiration of the reglementary period, the Court of !ppeals may grant an additional period of fifteen (<; days only within which to file the petition for review. 3o further extension shall be granted except for the most compelling reason and in no case to exceed fifteen (<; days. of service of the petition, and the contents of and the documents which should accompany the petition shall be sufficient ground for the dismissal thereof.

Sec +. Action on the petition.

The Court of !ppeals may re1uire the respondent to file a comment on the petition not a motion to dismiss, within ten (<5 days from notice, or dismiss the petition if it finds the same to be patently without merit, prosecuted manifestly for delay, or that the 1uestions raised therein are too unsubstantial to re1uire consideration.

Sec #. 4ow appeal ta(en.

!ppeal shall be taken by filing a verified petition for review in seven (A legible copies with the Court of !ppeals, with proof of service of a copy thereof on the adverse party and on the court or agency a quo. The original copy of the petition intended for the Court of !ppeals shall be indicated as such by the petitioner. /pon the filing of the petition, the petitioner shall pay to the clerk of court of the Court of !ppeals the docketing and other lawful fees and deposit the sum of 2;55.55 for costs. 'xemption from payment of docketing and other lawful fees and the deposit for costs may be granted by the Court of !ppeals upon a verified motion setting forth valid grounds therefor. &f the Court of !ppeals denies the motion, the petitioner shall pay the docketing and other lawful fees and deposit for costs within fifteen (<; days from notice of the denial.

Sec ,. Contents of comment.

The comment shall be filed within ten (<5 days from notice in seven (A legible copies and accompanied by clearly legible certified true copies of such material portions of the record referred to therein together with other supporting papers. The comment shall (a point out insufficiencies or inaccuracies in petitioner9s statement of facts and issues( and (b state the reasons why the petition should be denied or dismissed. ! copy thereof shall be served on the petitioner, and proof of such service shall be filed with the Court of !ppeals.

Sec $. Contents of the petition.

The petition for review shall ) ) ) state the full names of the parties to the case, without impleading the court or agencies either as petitioners or respondents( contain a concise statement of the facts and issues involved and the grounds relied upon for the review( be accompanied by a clearly legible duplicate original or a certified true copy of the award, #udgment, final order or resolution appealed from, together with certified true copies of such material portions of the record referred to therein and other supporting papers( and contain a sworn certification against forum shopping as provided in the last paragraph of Sec 7, Rule D7. The petition shall state the specific material dates showing that it was filed within the period fixed herein.

Sec 1-. *ue course.

&f upon the filing of the comment or such other pleadings or documents as may be re1uired or allowed by the Court of !ppeals or upon the expiration of the period for the filing thereof, and on the records the Court of !ppeals finds prima facie that the court or agency concerned has committed errors of fact or law that would warrant reversal or modification of the award, #udgment, final order or resolution sought to be reviewed, it may give due course to the petition( otherwise, it shall dismiss the same. The findings of fact of the court or agency concerned, when supported by substantial evidence, shall be binding on the Court of !ppeals.

T*e %i'di'&$ o% %ac#$ o% #*e Cour# or a&e'c0 co'cer'ed. +*e' $uppor#ed /0 $u/$#a'#ial evide'ce. $*all /e /i'di'& o' #*e Cour# o% Appeal$. Sec 11. Transmittal of record.
)ithin fifteen (<; days from notice that the petition has been given due course, the Court of !ppeals may re1uire the court or agency concerned to transmit the original or a legible certified true copy of the entire record of the proceeding under review. The record to be transmitted may be abridged by agreement of all parties to the proceeding. The Court of !ppeals may re1uire or permit subse1uent correction of or addition to the record.

Sec *. )ffect of failure to comply with re6uirements.

The failure of the petitioner to comply with any of the foregoing re1uirements regarding the payment of the docket and other lawful fees, the deposit for costs, proof

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec 1 . )ffect of appeal.

The appeal shall not stay the award, #udgment, final order or resolution sought to be reviewed unless the Court of !ppeals shall direct otherwise upon such terms as it may deem #ust.

!ppeals. )hen others appear or are appointed, notice thereof shall be served immediately on the adverse party and filed with the court.

Sec !. Order of transmittal of record.

&f the original record or the record on appeal is not transmitted to the Court of !ppeals within thirty (45 days after the perfection of the appeal, either party may file a motion with the trial court, with notice to the other, for the transmittal of such record or record on appeal.

Sec 1!. Submission for decision.

&f the petition is given due course, the Court of !ppeals may set the case for oral argument or re1uire the parties to submit memoranda within a period of fifteen (<; days from notice. The case shall be deemed submitted for decision upon the filing of the last pleading or memorandum re1uired by these Rules or by the court of !ppeals.

Sec ". *oc(eting of case.

/pon receiving the original record or the record on appeal and the accompanying documents and exhibits transmitted by the lower court, as well as the proof of payment of the docket and other lawful fees, the clerk of court of the Court of !ppeals shall docket the case and notify the parties thereof. )ithin ten (<5 days from receipt of said notice, the appellant, in appeals by record on appeal, shall file with the clerk of court seven !?" clearly legible copies of the approved record on appeal, together with the proof of service of two !5" copies thereof upon the appellee. !ny unauthori%ed alteration, omission or addition in the approved record on appeal shall be a ground for dismissal of the appeal.

Proce)&re in %6e Co&r% o' A33eals

RULE "" Or)inar4 A33eale) Cases Sec 1. Title of cases.
&n all cases appealed to the Court of !ppeals under Rule D<, the title of the case shall remain as it was in the court of origin, but the party appealing the case shall be further referred to as the appellant and the adverse party as the appellee.

Purpo$e:

To avoid co'%u$io' i' #*e ide'#i#0 o% #*e ca$e o' appeal i' rela#io' #o #*a# +*ic* +a$ #ried a'd decided /0 #*e #rial cour# $i'ce #*e par#0 i'i#ia#i'& #*e appeal ma0 'o# /e #*e pri'cipal de%e'da'# 'amed i' #*e lo+er cour#

Sec #. Completion of record.

)here the record of the docketed case is incomplete, the cler* of court of the 3ourt of %ppeals shall so inform said court and recommend to it measures necessary to complete the record. &t shall be the duty of said court to take appropriate action towards the completion of the record within the shortest possible time.

I% #*e #i#le o% #*e ca$e comme'ced i' #*e #rial cour# i$ erro'eou$ a$ +*ere a 'o')par#0 i$ impleaded. $uc* a$ #*e pu/lic re$po'de'# or #*e #rial (ud&e or a 'omi'al par#0 +*o $*ould 'o# /e a par#0 #o #*e appeal. #*e appella#e cour# ma0 a%%ec# #*e corre$po'di'& c*a'&e or correc#io' o% #*e #i#le o% #*e ca$e o' appeal. i'dica#i'& i' i#$ deci$io' #*e rea$o' %or doi'& $o. Sec . Counsel and guardians.
The counsel and guardians ad litem of the parties in the court of origin shall be respectively considered as their counsel and guardians ad litem in the Court of

Sec $. *ispensing with complete record.

)here the completion of the record could not be accomplished within a sufficient period allotted for said purpose due to insuperable or extremely difficult causes, the court, on its own motion or on motion of any of the parties, may declare that the record and its accompanying transcripts and exhibits so far available are sufficient to decide the issues raised in the appeal, and shall issue an order explaining the reasons for such declaration.

Sec *. Apphis briefellant<s brief J>

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
&t shall be the duty of the appellant to file with the court, within forty.five (D; days from receipt of the notice of the clerk that all the evidence, oral and documentary, are attached to the record, seven (A copies of his legibly typewritten, mimeographed or printed brief, with proof of service of two (7 copies thereof upon the appellee. The appellant9s brief shall contain, in the order herein indicated, the following$ (a (b ! subject index of the matter in the brief with a digest of the arguments and page reference, and a table of cases alphabetically arranged, textbooks and statutes cited with references to the pages where they are cited. !n assignment of errors intended to be urged, which errors shall be separately, distinctly and concisely stated without repetition and numbered consecutively /nder the heading @Statements of the 3aseA, a clear and concise statement of the nature of the action, a summary of the proceedings, the appealed rulings and orders of the Court, the nature of the #udgment and any other matters necessary to an understanding of the nature of the controversy, with page references to the record( /nder the heading @Statement of the actsG, a clear and concise statement in a narrative form of the facts admitted by both parties and of those in controversy, together with the substance of the proof relating theretoin sufficient detail to make it clearly intelligible, with page references to the record. % clear and concise statement of the issues of fact or law to be submitted to the court for its #udgment. /nder the heading @%rgumentA, the appellantFs arguments on each assignment of error with page references to the record. The authorities relied upon shall be cited by the page of the report on which the citation is found. /nder the heading @#eliefG, a specification of the order or #udgment which the appellant seeks. &n cases not brought up by record on appeal, the appellantFs brief shall contain, as an appendix, a copy of the judgment or final order appealed from.

Sec +. Appellee<s brief.

)ithin forty.five (D; days from receipt of the appellant9s brief, the appellee shall file with the court seven (A copies of his legibly typewritten, mimeographed or printed brief, with proof of service of two (7 copies thereof upon the appellant.

(c

Sec ,. Appellant<s reply brief

)ithin twenty (75 days from receipt of the appellee9s brief, the appellant may file a reply brief answering points in the appellee9s brief not covered in his main brief. (d

Sec 1-. Time of filing memoranda in special cases.

+n certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo arranto and habeas corpus cases, the parties shall file in lieu of briefs, their respective memoranda within a non. extendible period of thirty (45 days from receipt of the notice issued by the clerk that all the evidence, oral and documentary, is already attached to the record. The failure of the appellant to file his memorandum within the period therefor may be a ground for dismissal of the appeal. (g (e (f

Sec 11. Several appellants or appellees or several counsel for each party .
)here there are several appellants or appellees, each counsel representing one or more but not all of them shall be served with only one copy of the briefs. )hen several counsel represent one appellant or appellee, copies of the brief may be served upon any of them. (h

4e'eral Rule: o'l0 error$ a$$i&'ed i' #*e /rie% ma0 /e co'$idered i' appeal E2cep#io': 1. 4rou'd$ 'o# a$$i&'ed a$ error$ /u# a%%ec#i'& #*e (uri$dic#io' over #*e $u/(ec#)ma##er. 2. 7a##er$ 'o# a$$i&'ed a$ error$ o' appeal /u# are evide'#l0 plai' or clerical error$ +i#*i' #*e co'#empla#io' o% la+. J?

Sec 1 . )xtension of time for filing briefs.

'xtension of time for the filing of briefs will not be allowed, except for good and sufficient cause, and only if the motion for extension is filed before the expiration of the time sought to be extended.

Sec 1!. Contents of appellant<s brief

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 <. 7a##er$ 'o# a$$i&'ed a$ error$ o' appeal /0 co'$idera#io' o% +*ic* i$ 'ece$$ar0 i' arrivi'& a# a (u$# deci$io' a'd comple#e re$olu#io' o% #*e ca$e or #o $erve #*e i'#ere$#$ o% (u$#ice or #o avoid di$pe'$i'& piecemeal (u$#ice. >. 7a##er$ 'o# $peci%icall0 a$$i&'ed a$ error$ o' appeal /u# rai$ed i' #*e #rial cour# a'd are ma##er$ o% record *avi'& $ome /eari'& o' #*e i$$ue $u/mi##ed +*ic* #*e par#ie$ %ailed #o rai$e or +*ic* #*e lo+er cour# i&'ored. ?. 7a##er$ 'o# a$$i&'ed a$ error$ o' appeal /u# clo$el0 rela#ed #o a' error a$$i&'ed. C. 7a##er$ 'o# a$$i&'ed a$ error$ o' appeal /u# upo' +*ic* #*e de#ermi'a#io' o% a 1ue$#io' properl0 a$$i&'ed i$ depe'de'#. Sec 1". Contents of appellee<s brief
The appellee9s brief shall contain, in the order herein indicated the following$ (a ! subject index of the matter in the brief with a digest of the arguments and page references, and a table of cases alphabetically arranged, textbooks and statutes cited with references to the pages where they are cited( (b /nder the heading BStatement of acts,B the appellee shall state that he accepts the statement of facts in the appellant9s brief, or under the heading B3ounter-Statement of acts,B he shall point out such insufficiencies or inaccuracies as he believes exist in the appellant9s statement of facts with references to the pages of the record in support thereof, but without repetition of matters in the appellant9s statement of facts( and (c /nder the heading -%rgument,B the appellee shall set forth his arguments in the case on each assignment of error with page references to the record. The authorities relied on shall be cited by the page of the report at which the case begins and the page of the report on which the citation is found.

A' appellee. i' *i$ /rie%. ca' al$o ar&ue o' i$$ue$ rai$ed a# #*e #rial #o $u$#ai' #*e (ud&me'# i' *i$ %avor o' o#*er &rou'd$. eve' i% #*e $ame +ere 'o# i'cluded i' #*e deci$io' o% #*e cour# a 1uo 'or rai$ed i' appella'#5$ a$$i&'me'# o% error$ or ar&ume'#$. "e'ce. #*e appella#e cour# ca' a%%irm a (ud&me'# o' &rou'd$ i&'ored or erro'eou$l0 decided /0 #*e lo+er cour#. T*e appellee. *o+ever. ca''o# a$$i&' $uc* error$ #o *ave #*e (ud&me'# modi%ied %or. #o do $o. *e mu$# *ave appealed. Sec 1#. 8uestions that may be raised on appeal.
)hether or not the appellant has filed a motion for new trial in the court below he may include in his assignment of errors any 1uestion of law or fact that has been raised in the court below and which is within the issues framed by the parties.

T"E APPEAL CAN RAI E ONLA 8UE TION T"AT: ) )

O! LAW OR !ACT

Were rai$ed i' #*e cour# /elo+= a'd Are +i#*i' #*e i$$ue$ %ramed /0 #*e par#ie$ #*erei'.

A' i$$ue +*ic* +a$ 'ei#*er averred i' #*e complai'# 'or rai$ed duri'& #*e #rial i' #*e cour# /elo+ ca''o# /e rai$ed %or #*e %ir$# #ime o' appeal a$ i# +ould /e o%%e'$ive #o #*e /a$ic rule$ o% %air pla0. (u$#ice a'd due proce$$. 8ue$#io'$ o% (uri$dic#io' /a$ed o' co'$idera#io'$ o% la+ ca' /e rai$ed i' #*e appella#e cour# %or #*e %ir$# #ime. /u# 'o# 1ue$#io'$ o% (uri$dic#io' /a$ed o' %ac#$ +*ic* +ere 'o# rai$ed i' #*e lo+er cour#. O' appeal. #*e par#ie$ ca''o# c*a'&e #*eir #*eor0 o% ac#io' or de%e'$e $i'ce #*a# +ould /e ou#$ide #*e i$$ue$ %ramed i' #*e lo+er cour#. e2cep# +*e' #*e %ac#ual /a$e$ #*ereo% +ould 'o# re1uire #*e pre$e'#a#io' o% %ur#*er evide'ce /0 #*e adver$e par#0 #o e'a/le i# #o mee# #*e i$$ue$ rai$ed i' #*e 'e+ #*eor0 o% #*e appella'#. T*e rever$al o% #*e (ud&me'# o' appeal i$ /i'di'& o'l0 o' #*e par#ie$ i' #*e appealed ca$e a'd doe$ 'o# a%%ec# or i'ure #o #*e /e'e%i# o% #*o$e +*o did 'o# (oi' or +ere 'o# made par#ie$ #o #*e appeal. e2cep# +*ere #*e i'#ere$# o% #*o$e +*o appealed a'd #*o$e +*o did 'o# are $o i'#er+ove' a'd depe'de'# o' JC

A' appellee +*o *a$ 'o# al$o appealed ca''o# ma,e a$$i&'me'# o% error$ i' *i$ /rie% /u# *e ca' ma,e a cou'#er)a$$i&'me'# o% error$ i' order #o $u$#ai' a (ud&me'#.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 eac* o#*er a$ #o /e i'$epara/le $uc* #*a# a rever$al a$ #o o'e opera#e$ a$ a rever$al #o all. RULE "# A33eal :4 Certiorari %o %6e S&3re.e Co&r% Sec 1. 3iling of petition with Supreme Court.
! party desiring to appeal by certiorari from a #udgment or final order or resolution of the Court of !ppeals, the Sandiganbayan, the Regional Trial Court or other courts whenever authori%ed by law, may file with the Supreme Court a verified petition for review on certiorari. The petition shall raise only 1uestions of law which must be distinctly set forth.

T*e CA ma'i%e$#l0 overloo,ed cer#ai' releva'# %ac#$ 'o# di$pu#ed /0 #*e pari#e$ a'd +*ic*. i% properl0 co'$idered. +ould (u$#i%0 a di%%ere'# co'clu$io'. T*e %i'di'&$ o% %ac# o% #*e CA are co'#rar0 #o #*o$e o% #*e #rial cour#. or are mere co'clu$io'$ +i#*ou# ci#a#io' o% $peci%ic evide'ce. or +*ere #*e %ac#$ $e# %or#* /0 #*e pe#i#io'er are 'o# di$pu#ed /0 #*e re$po'de'#. or +*ere #*e %i'di'&$ o% %ac# o% #*e cour# o% Appeal$ are premi$ed o' a/$e'ce o% evide'ce /u# are co'#radic#ed /0 #*e evide'ce o% record.

T*i$ appeal co'#empla#e$ #*a# #*e RTC re'dered #*e (ud&me'# or %i'al order or re$olu#io' ac#i'& i' i#$ ori&i'al (uri$dic#io'. A @&es%ion o' la5 e2i$#$ +*e' #*ere i$ a dou/# or co'#rover$0 a$ #o +*a# #*e la+ i$ o' a cer#ai' $#are o% %ac#$. a'd #*ere i$ a 1ue$#io' o% %ac# +*e' #*e dou/# or di%%ere'ce ari$e$ a$ #o #*e #ru#* or %al$e*ood o% %ac#. !INDIN4 O! !ACT O! T"E COURT O! APPEAL 7AA 3E REVIVED 3A T"E UPRE7E COURT ON APPEAL 3A CERTIORARI W"EN: ) ) ) ) ) ) T*e co'clu$io' i$ a %i'di'& &rou'ded e'#irel0 o' $pecula#io'$. $urmi$e$ or co'(ec#ure$. T*e i'%ere'ce made i$ ma'i%e$#l0 mi$#a,e'. a/$urd or impo$$i/le T*ere i$ a &rave a/u$e o% di$cre#io' i' #*e apprecia#io' o% %ac#$. T*e (ud&me'# i$ /a$ed o' mi$appre*e'$io' o% %ac#$. T*e %i'di'&$ o% %ac# o% #*e Cour# o% Appeal$ are co'%lic#i'&. T*e Cour# o% Appeal$. i' ma,i'& i#$ %i'di'&$. +e'# /e0o'd #*e i$$ue$ o% #*e ca$e a'd #*e $ame i$ co'#rar0 #o #*e admi$$io'$ o% /o#* appella'# a'd appellee JG

CERTIORARI A A 7ODE O! APPEAL T*e pe#i#io' i$ /a$ed o' 1ue$#io'$ o% la+ +*ic* #*e appella'# de$ire$ #*e appella#e cour# #o re$olve

CERTIORARI A AN ORI4INAL PECIAL CIVIL ACTION T*e pe#i#io' rai$e$ #*e i$$ue a$ #o +*e#*er #*e lo+er cour# ac#ed +i#*ou# or i' e2ce$$ o% (uri$dic#io' or +i#* &rave a/u$e o% di$cre#io' I'volve$ #*e revie+ o% #*e (ud&me'#. 7a0 /e direc#ed a&ai'$# a' a+ard. or %i'al order o' #*e meri#$ i'#erlocu#or0 order o% #*e cour# prior #o appeal %rom #*e (ud&me'# or +*ere #*ere i$ 'o appeal or a'0 o#*er plai'. $peed0 or ade1ua#e remed0 7u$# /e made +i#*i' #*e 7a0 /e %iled 'o# la#er #*a' $i2#0 da0$ re&leme'#ar0 period %or appeal %rom 'o#ice o% (ud&me'#. order or re$olu#io' $ou&*# #o /e a$$ailed. #a0$ #*e (ud&me'#. a+ard. order Doe$ 'o# $#a0 #*e c*alle'&ed appealed %rom. proceedi'& u'le$$ a +ri# o% prelimi'ar0 i'(u'c#io' or a #emporar0 re$#rai'i'& order $*all *ave /ee' i$$ued T*e pe#i#io'er a'd re$po'de'# are #*e T*e pari#e$ are #*e a&&rieved par#0 ori&i'al par#ie$ #o #*e ac#io'. a'd #*e a&ai'$# #*e lo+er cour# or 1ua$i) lo+er cour# or 1ua$i)(udicial a&e'c0 (udicial a&e'c0 a'd #*e prevaili'& i$ 'o# #o /e impleaded par#ie$. +*o #*ere/0 re$pec#ivel0 /ecome #*e pe#i#io'er a'd re$po'de'#$ !or purpo$e$ o% appeal. #*e prior A mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io' i$ a %ili'& o% a mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io' co'di#io' precede'#

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 i$ 'o# re1uired T*e appella#e cour# i$ i' #*e e2erci$e o% i# appella#e (uri$dic#io' a'd po+er o% revie+

T*e *i&*er cour# e2erci$e$ ori&i'al (uri$dic#io' u'der i#$ po+er o% co'#rol a'd $upervi$io' over #*e proceedi'&$ o% lo+er cour#$.

of the court a quo and the re1uisite number of plain copies thereof, and such material portions of the record as would support the petition( and ) contain a sworn certification against forum shopping as provided in the last paragraph of Sec 7, Rule D7.

Sec #. *ismissal or denial of petition. Sec . Time for filing= extension.

The petition shall be filed within fifteen (<; days from notice of the #udgment or final order or resolution appealed from, or of the denial of the petitioner9s motion for new trial or reconsideration filed in due time after notice of the #udgment. ,n motion duly filed and served, with full payment of the docket and other lawful fees and the deposit for costs before the expiration of the reglementary period, the Supreme Court may for #ustifiable reasons grant an extension of thirty (45 days only within which to file the petition. The failure of the petitioner to comply with any of the foregoing re1uirements regarding the payment of the docket and other lawful fees, deposit for costs, proof of service of the petition, and the contents of and the documents which should accompany the petition shall be sufficient ground for the dismissal thereof. The Supreme Court may on its own initiative deny the petition on the ground that the appeal is without merit, or is prosecuted manifestly for delay, or that the 1uestions raised therein are too unsubstantial to re1uire consideration.

Sec !. *oc(et and other lawful fees= proof of service of petition.

/nless he has theretofore done so, the petitioner shall pay the corresponding docket and other lawful fees to the clerk of court of the Supreme Court and deposit the amount of 2;55.55 for costs at the time of the filing of the petition. 2roof of service of a copy, thereof on the lower court concerned and on the adverse party shall be submitted together with the petition.

Sec $. Review discretionary.

! review is not a matter of right, but of sound #udicial discretion, and will be granted only when there are special and important reasons thereof. The following, while neither controlling nor fully measuring the court9s discretion, indicate the character of the reasons which will be considered$ (a )hen the court a quo has decided a 1uestion of substance, not theretofore determined by the Supreme Court, or has decided it in a way probably not in accord with law or with the applicable decisions of the Supreme Court( or (b )hen the court a quo has so far departed from the accepted and usual course of #udicial proceedings, or so far sanctioned such departure by a lower court, as to call for an exercise of the power of supervision.

Sec ". Contents of petition.

The petition shall be filed in eighteen (<= copies, with the original copy intended for the court being indicated as such by the petitioner and shall$ ) ) state the full name of the appealing party as the petitioner and the adverse party as respondent, without impleading the lower courts or #udges thereof either as petitioners or respondents( indicate the material dates showing when notice of the #udgment or final order or resolution sub#ect thereof was received, when a motion for new trial or reconsideration, if any, was filed and when notice of the denial thereof was received( set forth concisely a statement of the matters involved, and the reasons or arguments relied on for the allowance of the petition( be accompanied by a clearly legible duplicate original, or a certified true copy of the #udgment or final order or resolution certified by the clerk of court

Sec *. $leadings and documents that may be re6uired= sanctions.

6or purposes of determining whether the petition should be dismissed or denied pursuant to Sec ; of this Rule, or where the petition is given due course under Sec = hereof, the Supreme Court may re1uire or allow the filing of such pleadings, briefs, memoranda or documents as it may deem necessary within such periods and under such conditions as it may consider appropriate, and impose the corresponding sanctions in case of non.filing or unauthori%ed filing of such pleadings and documents or non.compliance with the conditions therefor.

) )

Sec +. *ue course= elevation of records. JH

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
&f the petition is given due course, the Supreme Court may re1uire the elevation of the complete record of the case or specified parts thereof within fifteen (<; days from notice. received, when a motion for new trial or reconsideration, if any, was filed and when notice of the denial thereof was received. &t shall be filed in seven (A clearly legible copies together with proof of service thereof on the respondent with the original copy intended for the court indicated as such by the petitioner, and shall be accompanied by a clearly legible duplicate original or certified true copy of the #udgment, order, resolution, or ruling sub#ect thereof, such material portions of the record as are referred to therein, and other documents relevant or pertinent thereto. The certification shall be accomplished by the proper clerk of court or by his duly authori%ed representative, or by the proper officer of the court, tribunal, agency or office involved or by his duly authori%ed representative. The other re1uisite number of copies of the petition shall be accompanied by clearly legible plain copies of all documents attached to the original. The petitioner shall also submit together with the petition a sworn certification that he has not theretofore commenced any other action involving the same issues in the Supreme Court, the Court of !ppeals or different divisions thereof, or any other tribunal or agency( if there is such other action or proceeding, he must state the status of the same( and if he should thereafter learn that a similar action or proceeding has been filed or is pending before the Supreme Court, the Court of !ppeals, or different divisions thereof, or any other tribunal or agency, he undertakes to promptly inform the aforesaid courts and other tribunal or agency thereof within five (; days therefrom. The petitioner shall pay the corresponding docket and other lawful fees to the clerk of court and deposit the amount of 2;55.55 for costs at the time of the filing of the petition. The failure of the petitioner to comply any of the re1uirements shall be sufficient ground for the dismissal of the petition.

Sec ,. Rule applicable to both civil and criminal cases.

The mode of appeal prescribed in this Rule shall be applicable to both civil and criminal cases, except in criminal cases where the penalty imposed is death, reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment.

RULE "$ Ori1inal Cases Sec 1. Title of cases.

&n all cases originally filed in the Court of !ppeals, the party instituting the action shall be called the petitioner and the opposing party the respondent.

Sec . To what actions applicable.

This Rule shall apply to original actions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus and quo warranto. 'xcept as otherwise provided, the actions for annulment of #udgment shall be governed by Rule DA, for certiorari, prohibition and mandamus by Rule B;, and for quo warranto by Rule BB.

Sec !. Contents and filing of petition = effect of noncompliance with re6uirements.

The petition shall contain$ ) ) ) the full names and actual addresses of all the petitioners and respondents, a concise statement of the matters involved, the factual background of the case, and the grounds relied upon for the relief prayed for.

T*e ori&i'al cop0 o% #*e pe#i#io' i'#e'ded %or #*e cour# $*all /e mar,ed or i'dica#ed a$ $uc*. $i'ce amo'& o#*er$. i# mu$# /e accompa'ied /0 a clearl0 le&i/le duplica#e ori&i'al or cer#i%ied #rue cop0 o% #*e ad(udica#or0 i$$ua'ce complai'ed o% +*erea$ #*e o#*er copie$ ma0 /e accompa'ied /0 o'l0 plai' copie$ o% $aid docume'#$. #*e $ame ma0 /e di$mi$$ed ou#ri&*#. T*e lac, o% cer#i%ica#io' a&ai'$# %orum $*oppi'& i$ &e'erall0 'o# cura/le /0 #*e $u/mi$$io' #*ereo% a%#er #*e %ili'& o% a pe#i#io' i' e2cep#io'al circum$#a'ce$. *o+ever. $uc* a$ #*e %ili'& o% #*e cer#i%ica#io' a da0 a%#er /u# +i#*i' #*e re&leme'#ar0 period %or %ili'& $uc* pe#i#io'. #*e /ela#ed %ili'& o% JJ

&n actions filed under #ule -,, the petition shall further indicate the material dates showing when notice of the #udgment or final order or resolution sub#ect thereof was

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 #*e cer#i%ica#io' i$ ma'da#or0. $#ill #*e re1uireme'# mu$# 'o# /e i'#erpre#ed #oo li#erall0. Sec ". !urisdiction over person of respondent. how ac6uired.
The court shall ac1uire #urisdiction over the person of the respondent by the service on him of its order or resolution indicating its initial action on the petition or by his voluntary submission to such jurisdiction.

ANNUL7ENT O! 6UD47ENT i$ a remed0 i' la+ i'depe'de'# o% #*e ca$e +*ere #*e (ud&me'# $ou&*# #o /e a''ulled +a$ re'dered T*e (ud&me'# ma0 /e a''ulled o' #*e &rou'd o% e<%rinsic or colla%eral 'ra&). A per$o' +*o i$ 'o# par#0 #o #*e (ud&me'# ma0 $ue %or i#$ a''ulme'# provided *e ca' prove #*a# #*e $ame +a$ o/#ai'ed #*rou&* %raud or collu$io' a'd #*a# *e +ould /e adver$el0 a%%ec#ed #*ere/0. A' ac#io' %or a''ulme'# o% (ud&me'# ma0 /e availed o% eve' i% #*e (ud&me'# #o /e a''ulled *ad alread0 /ee' %ull0 e2ecu#ed or impleme'#ed. Sec . ,rounds for annulment.
The annulment may be based only on the grounds of extrinsic fraud and lack of #urisdiction. 'xtrinsic fraud shall not be a valid ground if it was availed of, or could have been availed of, in a motion for new trial or petition for relief.

Sec #. Action by the court.

The court may dismiss the petition outright with specific reasons for such dismissal or re1uire the respondent to file a comment on the same within ten (<5 days from notice. ,nly pleadings re1uired by the court shall be allowed. !ll other pleadings and papers, may be filed only with leave of court.

Sec $. *etermination of factual issues.

)henever necessary to resolve factual issues, the court itself may conduct hearings thereon or delegate the reception of the evidence on such issue to any of its members or to an appropriate court, agency or office.

Sec *. )ffect of failure to file comment.

)hen no comment is filed by any of the respondents, the case may be decided on the basis of the record, without pre#udice to any disciplinary action which the court may take against the disobedient party.

Sec !. $eriod for filing action.

&f based on extrinsic fraud, the action must be filed within four !C" years from its discovery( and if based on lack of #urisdiction, before it is barred by laches or estoppels.

RULE "* Ann&l.en% o' (&)1.en%s o' Final Or)ers an) Resol&%ions Sec 1. Coverage.
This Rule shall govern the annulment by the Court of !ppeals of #udgments or final orders and resolutions in civil actions of Regional Trial Courts for which the ordinary remedies of new trial, appeal, petition for relief or other appropriate remedies are no longer available through no fault of the petitioner.

Sec ". 3iling and contents of petition.

The action shall be commenced by filing a verified petition alleging therein with particularity the facts and the law relied upon for annulment, as well as those supporting the petitioner9s good and substantial cause of action or defense, as the case may be. The petition shall be filed in seven (A clearly legible copies, together with sufficient copies corresponding to the number of respondents. ! certified true copy of the #udgment or final order or resolution shall be attached to the original copy of the petition intended for the court and indicated as such by the petitioner.

100

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
The petitioner shall also submit together with the petition affidavits of witnesses or documents supporting the cause of action or defense and a sworn certification that he has not theretofore commenced any other action involving the same issues in the Supreme Court, the Court of !ppeals or different divisions thereof, or any other tribunal or agency if there is such other action or proceeding, he must state the status of the same, and if he should thereafter learn that a similar action or proceeding has been filed or is pending before the Supreme Court, the Court of !ppeals, or different divisions thereof, or any other tribunal or agency, he undertakes to promptly inform the aforesaid courts and other tribunal or agency thereof within five (; days therefrom. The #udgment of annulment may include the award of damages, attorney9s fees and other relief. &f the 1uestioned #udgment or final order or resolution had already been executed the court may issue such orders of restitution or other relief as #ustice and e1uity may warrant under the circumstances.

Sec #. Action by the court.

Should the court find no substantial merit in the petition, the same may be dismissed outright with specific reasons for such dismissal. Should prima facie merit be found in the petition, the same shall be given due course and summons shall be served on the respondent.

Order$ o% re$#i#u#io' or repara#io' o% dame$ are au#*ori-ed #o /e i$$ed /0 #*e #rial cour# +*ere a' e2ecu#ed (ud&me'# i$ rever$ed #o#all0 or par#iall0. or a''ulled o' appeal or o#*er+i$e. I% re$#i#u#io' ca' 'o lo'&er /e e%%ec#ed. #*e relie% ma0 /e i' #*e %orm o% compe'$a#io' u'der #*e $ame %ormula Sec 1-. Annulment of #udgments or final orders of "unicipal Trial Courts.
!n action to annul a #udgment or final order of a *unicipal Trial Court shall be filed in the Regional Trial Court having #urisdiction over the former. &t shall be treated as an ordinary civil action and Secs 7, 4, D, A, = and C of this Rule shall be applicable thereto.

Sec $. $rocedure.
The procedure in ordinary civil cases shall be observed. Should trial be necessary, the reception of the evidence may be referred to a member of the court or a #udge of a Regional Trial Court.

Sec *. )ffect of #udgment.

! #udgment of annulment shall set aside the 1uestioned #udgment or final order or resolution and render the same null and void, without pre#udice to the original action being refiled in the proper court. 0owever, where the #udgment or final order or resolution is set aside on the ground of extrinsic fraud, the court may on motion order the trial court to try the case as if a timely motion for new trial had been granted therein.

RULE "+ Preli.inar4 Con'erence Sec 1. $reliminary conference.

!t any time during the pendency of a case, the court may call the parties and their counsel to a preliminary conference. (a To consider the possibility of an amicable settlement, except when the case is not allowed by law to be compromised (b To define, simplify and clarify the issues for determination( (c To formulate stipulations of facts and admissions of documentary exhibits, limit the number of witnesses to be presented in cases falling within the original #urisdiction of the court, or those within its appellate #urisdiction where a motion for new trial is granted on the ground of newly discovered evidence( and (d To take up such other matters which may aid the court in the prompt disposition of the case.

Sec +. Suspension prescriptive period.

The prescriptive period for the refiling of the aforesaid original action shall be deemed suspended from the filing of such original action until the finality of the #udgment of annulment. 0owever, the prescriptive period shall not be suspended where the extrinsic-fraud is attributable to the plaintiff in the original action .

Sec ,. Relief available. 101

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec 1. ,rounds for dismissal of appeal Sec . Record of the conference.
The proceedings at such conference shall be recorded and, upon the conclusion thereof, a resolution shall be issued embodying all the actions taken therein, the stipulations and admissions made and the issues defined. (a 6ailure of the record on appeal to show on its face that the appeal was taken within the period fixed by these Rules( (b 6ailure to file the notice of appeal or the record on appeal within the period prescribed by these Rules( (c 6ailure of the appellant to pay the docket and other lawful fees as provided in Sec ;, Rule D5 and Sec D of Rule D<( ("ar *atter 3o. =54, <A 6ebruary <CC= (d /nauthori%ed alterations, omissions or additions in the approved record on appeal as provided in Sec D of Rule DD( (e 6ailure of the appellant to serve and file the re1uired number of copies of his brief or memorandum within the time provided by these Rules( (f !bsence of specific assignment of errors in the appellant9s brief, or of page references to the record as re1uired in Sec <4, paragraphs (a , (c , (d and (f of Rule DD( (g 6ailure of the appellant to take the necessary steps for the correction or completion of the record within the time limited by the court in its order( (h 6ailure of the appellant to appear at the preliminary conference under Rule D= or to comply with orders, circulars, or directives of the court without #ustifiable cause( and (i The fact that the order or #udgment appealed from is not appealable.

Sec !. 2inding effect of the results of the conference .

Sub#ect to such modifications which may be made to prevent manifest in#ustice, the resolution in the preceding Sec shall control the subse1uent proceedings in the case unless, within five (; days from notice thereof, any party shall satisfactorily show valid cause why the same should not be followed.

RULE ", Oral Ar1&.en% Sec 1. When allowed.

!t its own instance or upon motion of a party, the court may hear the parties in oral argument on the merits of a case, or on any material incident in connection therewith. The oral argument shall be limited to such matters as the court may specify in its order or resolution.

OT"ER 4ROUND !OR T"E DI 7I ) ) )

IN4 O! AN APPEAL

Sec . Conduct of oral argument.

/nless authori%ed by the court, only one counsel may argue for a party. The duration allowed for each party, the se1uence of the argumentation, and all other related matters shall be as directed by the court.

30 a&reeme'# o% #*e par#ie$. a$ +*ere #*e ca$e +a$ amica/l0 $e##led /0 #*em W*ere #*e appealed ca$e *a$ /ecome moo# or academic W*ere #*e appeal i$ %rivolou$

Sec . *ismissal of improper appeal to the Court of Appeals.

!n appeal under Rule D< taken from the Regional Trial Court to the Court of !ppeals raising only 1uestions of law shall be dismissed, issues purely of law not being reviewable by said court. Similarly, an appeal by notice of appeal instead of by petition for review from the appellate #udgment of a Regional Trial Court shall be dismissed. !n appeal erroneously taken to the Court of !ppeals shall not be transferred to the appropriate court but shall be dismissed outright.

Sec !. %o hearing or oral argument for motions.

*otions shall not be set for hearing and, unless the court otherwise directs, no hearing or oral argument shall be allowed in support thereof. The adverse party may file ob#ections to the motion within five (; days from service, upon the expiration of which such motion shall be deemed submitted for resolution.

RULE #Dis.issal o' A33eal 102

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec !. Withdrawal of appeal.

!n appeal may be withdrawn as of right at any time before the filing of the appellee9s brief. Thereafter, the withdrawal may be allowed in the discretion of the court.

The participation of all three @ustices of a division shall be necessary at the deliberation and the unanimous vote of the three @ustices shall be re1uired for the pronouncement of a #udgment or final resolution. +f the three justices do not reach a unanimous vote , the clerk shall enter the votes of the dissenting @ustices in the record. Thereafter, the Chairman of the division shall refer the case, together with the minutes of the deliberation, to the 2residing @ustice who shall designate two @ustices chosen by raffle from among all the other members of the court to sit temporarily with them, forming a special division of five @ustices. The participation of all the five members of the special division shall be necessary for the deliberation re1uired in Sec 7 of this Rule and the concurrence of a ma#ority of such division shall be re1uired for the pronouncement of a #udgment or final resolution.

RULE #1 (&)1.en% Sec 1. When case deemed submitted for #udgment.

&n ordinary appeals. + < )here no hearing on the merits of the main case is held, upon the filing of the last pleading, brief, or memorandum re1uired by the Rules or by the court itself, or the expiration of the period for its filing. 7 )here such a hearing is held, upon its termination or upon the filing of the last pleading or memorandum as may be re1uired or permitted to be filed by the court, or the expiration of the period for its filing. &n original actions and petitions for review. + < )here no comment is filed, upon the expiration of the period to comment. 7 )here no hearing is held, upon the filing of the last pleading re1uired or permitted to be filed by the court, or the expiration of the period for its filing. 4 )here a hearing on the merits of the main case is held, upon its termination or upon the filing of the last pleading or memorandum as may be re1uired or permitted to be filed by the court, or the expiration of the period for its filing.

Sec ". *isposition of a case.

The Court of !ppeals, in the exercise of its appellate #urisdiction, may affirm, reverse, or modify the #udgment or final order appealed from, and may direct a new trial or further proceedings to be had.

Sec #. 3orm of decision.

'very decision or final resolution of the court in appealed cases shall clearly and distinctly state the findings of fact and the conclusions of law on which it is based, which may be contained in the decision or final resolution itself, or adopted from those set forth in the decision, order, or resolution appealed from.

Sec $. 4armless error.

3o error in either the admission or the exclusion of evidence and no error or defect in any ruling or order or in anything done or omitted by the trial court or by any of the parties is ground for granting a new trial or for setting aside, modifying, or otherwise disturbing a #udgment or order, unless refusal to take such action appears to the court inconsistent with substantial #ustice. The court at every stage of the proceeding must disregard any error or defect which does not affect the substantial rights of the parties.

Sec . 2y whom rendered.

Hby the members of the court who participated in the deliberation on the merits of the case before its assignment to a member for the writing of the decision.

Sec !. 8uorum and voting in the court.

Sec *. !udgment where there are several parties. 10<

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
&n all actions or proceedings, an appealed #udgment may be affirmed as to some of the appellants, and reversed as to others, and the case shall thereafter be proceeded with, so far as necessary, as if separate actions had been begun and prosecuted, and execution of the #udgment of affirmance may be had accordingly, and costs may be ad#udged in such cases, as the court shall deem proper. &n appealed cases, where the motion for execution pending appeal is filed in the Court of !ppeals at a time that it is in possession of the original record or the record on appeal, the resolution granting such motion shall be transmitted to the lower court from which the case originated, together with a certified true copy of the #udgment or final order to be executed, with a directive for such court of origin to issue the proper writ for its enforcement.

Sec +. 8uestions that may be decided.

3o error which does not affect the #urisdiction over the sub#ect matter or the validity of the #udgment appealed from or the proceedings therein will be considered unless stated in the assignment of errors, or closely related to or dependent on an assigned error and properly argued in the brief, save as the court may pass upon plain errors and clerical errors.

RULE # Mo%ion 'or Reconsi)era%ion Sec ,. $romulgation and notice of #udgment.

!fter the #udgment or final resolution and dissenting or separate opinions, if any, are signed by the @ustices taking part, they shall be delivered for filing to the clerk who shall indicate thereon the date of promulgation and cause true copies thereof to be served upon the parties or their counsel.

Sec 1. $eriod for filing.

Hwithin fifteen (<; days from notice thereof, with proof of service on the adverse party.

Sec . Second motion for reconsideration. Sec 1-. )ntry of #udgments and final resolutions.
+f no appeal or motion for new trial or reconsideration is filed within the time provided in these Rules, the #udgment or final resolution shall forthwith be entered by the clerk in the book of entries of #udgments. The date when the #udgment or final resolution becomes executory shall be deemed as the date of its entry. The record shall contain the dispositive part of the #udgment or final resolution and shall be signed by the clerk, with a certificate that such #udgment or final resolution has become final and executory. 3o second motion for reconsideration of a #udgment or final resolution by the same party shall be entertained.

Sec !. Resolution of motion.

&n the Court of !ppeals, a motion for reconsideration shall be resolved within ninety (C5 days from the date when the court declares it submitted for resolution.

Sec 11. )xecution of #udgment.

'xcept where the #udgment or final order or resolution, or a portion thereof, is ordered to be immediately executory, the motion for its execution may only be filed in the proper court after its entry. &n original actions in the Court of !ppeals, its writ of execution shall be accompanied by a certified true copy of the entry of #udgment or final resolution and addressed to any appropriate officer for its enforcement.

Sec ". Stay of execution.

The pendency of a motion for reconsideration filed on time and by the proper party shall stay the execution of the #udgment or final resolution sought to be reconsidered unless the court, for good reasons, shall otherwise direct.

RULE #! Ne5 Trial 10>

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec 1. $eriod for filing= ground. Period: A# a'0 #ime a%#er #*e appeal %rom #*e lo+er cour# *a$ /ee' per%ec#ed a'd /e%ore #*e Cour# o% Appeal$ lo$e$ (uri$dic#io' over #*e ca$e Ne+l0 di$covered evide'ce +*ic* could 'o# *ave /ee' di$covered prior #o #*e #rial i' #*e cour# /elo+ /0 #*e e2erci$e o% due dili&e'ce a'd +*ic* i$ o% $uc* a c*arac#er a$ +ould pro/a/l0 c*a'&e #*e re$ul#.

The Court of !ppeals shall consider the new evidence together with that adduced at the trial below, and may grant or refuse a new trial, or may make such order, with notice to both parties, as to the taking of further testimony, either orally in court, or by depositions, or render such other #udgment as ought to be rendered upon such terms as it may deem #ust.

Sec !. Resolution of motion. 4rou'd:

&n the Court of !ppeals, a motion for new trial shall be resolved within ninety (C5 days from the date when the court declares it submitted for resolution.

Sec ". $rocedure in new trial.

/nless the court otherwise directs, the procedure in the new trial shall be the same as that granted by a Regional Trial Court.

T*e mo#io' $*all /e accompa'ied /0 a%%idavi#$ $*o+i'& #*e %ac#$ co'$#i#u#i'& #*e&rou'd$ #*ere%or a'd #*e 'e+l0 di$covered evide'ce. A mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io' ma0 /e %iled +i#*i' %i%#ee' da0$ %rom 'o#ice o% #*e (ud&me'# or %i'al re$olu#io' o% #*e Cour# o% Appeal$ A pe#i#io' %or revie+ o' cer#iorari /0 #*e upreme Cour# ma0 al$o /e %iled +i#*i' $uc* %i%#ee')da0 period %rom 'o#ice o% #*e (ud&me'# or %i'al re$olu#io' o% #*e Cour# o% Appeal$. u'le$$ #*e par#0 %ile$ ei#*er o% #*e a%oreme'#io'ed #+o mo#io'$. Wi#*i' #*a# re&leme'#ar0 %i%#ee')da0 period. #*e a&&rieved par#0 ma0 %ile a mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io'= or a mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial. I% proper= or a pe#i#io' %or revie+ o' cer#iorari #o #*e upreme Cour#. T*e $aid #+o mo#io'$ $*all /e %iled i' #*e Cour# o% Appeal$. a'd #*e pe#i#io' +i#* #*e upreme Cour#. +i#* copie$ $erved o' #*e adver$e par#0 i' all i'$#a'ce$. I% #*e par#0 $ea$o'a/l0 %ile$ a mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io' i' #*e CA. #*e period #o appeal i$ $e# a$ide a'd *e $*all *ave a'o#*er %i%#ee' da0$ %rom receip# o% #*e re$olu#io' o% $aid cour# de'0i'& $uc* mo#io' +i#*i' +*ic* #o appeal /0 cer#iorari. I% *e %ile$ a mo#io' %or 'e+ #rial. #*e $ame procedure $*all appl0 i' #*e eve'# o% i#$ de'ial. I' /o#* i'$#a'ce$. #*e rule o' #*e e%%ec#$ o% pro %orma mo#io'$ $*all /e o/$erved. Sec . 4earing and order.

RULE #" In%ernal 9&siness Sec 1. *istribution of cases among divisions.

!ll the cases of the Court of !ppeals shall be allotted among the different divisions thereof for hearing and decision. The Court of !ppeals, sitting en banc, shall make proper orders or rules to govern the allotment of cases among the different divisions, the constitution of such divisions, the regular rotation of @ustices among them, the filing of vacancies occurring therein, and other matters relating to the business of the court( and such rules shall continue in force until repealed or altered by the Supreme Court.

Sec . 8uorum of the court.

! ma#ority of the actual members of the court shall constitute a quorum for its sessions en banc. Three members shall constitute a quorum for the sessions of a division. The affirmative votes of the ma#ority of the members present shall be necessary to pass a resolution of the court en banc. The affirmative votes of three members of a division shall be necessary for the pronouncement of a #udgment or final resolution, which shall be reached in consultation before the writing of the opinion by any member of the division

RULE ## 10?

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 P&:lica%ions o' (&)1.en%s an) Final Resol&%ions Sec 1. $ublication.

The #udgments and final resolutions of the court shall be published in the ,fficial 8a%ette and in the Reports officially authori%ed by the court in the language in which they have been originally written, together with the syllabi therefor prepared by the reporter in consultation with the writers thereof. *emoranda of all other #udgments and final resolutions not so published shall be made by the reporter and published in the ,fficial 8a%ette and the authori%ed reports.

Sec . Rules applicable.

The procedure in original cases for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto and habeas corpus shall be in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Constitution, laws, and Rules DB, D=, DC, ;<, ;7 and this Rule, sub#ect to the following provisions$ a !ll references in said Rules to the Court of !ppeals shall be understood to also apply to the Supreme Court( b The portions of said Rules dealing strictly with and specifically intended for appealed cases in the Court of !ppeals shall not be applicable( and c 'ighteen (<= clearly legible copies of the petition shall be filed, together with proof of service on all adverse parties. The proceedings for disciplinary action against members of the #udiciary shall be governed by the laws and Rules prescribed therefor, and those against attorneys by Rules <4C.", as amended.

Sec . $reparation of opinions for publication.

The reporter shall prepare and publish with each reported #udgment and final resolution a concise synopsis of the facts necessary for a clear understanding of the case, the names of counsel, the material and controverted points involved, the authorities cited therein, and a syllabus which shall be confined to points of law. (Sec. 77a, R.!. 3o. 7CB

9. A33eale) Cases Sec !. "ode of appeal.

!n appeal to the Supreme Court may be taken only by a petition for review on certiorari, except in criminal cases where the penalty imposed is death, reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment.

Sec !. ,eneral ma(e&up of volumes.

The published decisions and final resolutions of the Supreme Court shall be called -2hilippine Reports,- while those of the Court of !ppeals shall be known as the -Court of !ppeals Reports.- 'ach volume thereof shall contain a table of the cases reported and the cases cited in the opinions, with a complete alphabetical index of the sub#ect matters of the volume. &t shall consist of not less than seven hundred pages printed upon good paper, well bound and numbered consecutively in the order of the volumes published.

Sec ". $rocedure.

The appeal shall be governed by and disposed of in accordance with the applicable provisions of the Constitution, laws, Rules D;, D=, Secs <, 7, and ; to << of Rule ;<, ;7 and this Rule.

$rocedure +n The Supreme 3ourt

RULE #$ A. Ori1inal Cases Sec 1. Original cases cogni5able.
,nly petitions for certiorari, prohibition, mandamus, quo warranto, habeas corpus, disciplinary proceedings against members of the #udiciary and attorneys, and cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls may be filed originally in the Supreme Court.

Sec #. ,rounds for dismissal of appeal. T*e appeal ma0 /e di$mi$$ed motu proprio or o' mo#io' o% #*e re$po'de'# o' #*e %ollo+i'& &rou'd$: Ba@ !ailure #o #a,e #*e appeal +i#*i' #*e re&leme'#ar0 period= B/@ Lac, o% meri# i' #*e pe#i#io'= 10C

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Bc@ !ailure #o pa0 #*e re1ui$i#e doc,e# %ee a'd o#*er la+%ul %ee$ or #o ma,e a depo$i# %or co$#$= Bd@ !ailure #o compl0 +i#* #*e re1uireme'#$ re&ardi'& proo% o% $ervice a'd co'#e'#$ o% a'd #*e docume'#$ +*ic* $*ould accompa'0 #*e pe#i#io'= Be@ !ailure #o compl0 +i#* a'0 circular. direc#ive or order o% #*e upreme Cour# +i#*ou# (u$#i%ia/le cau$e= B%@ Error i' #*e c*oice or mode o% appeal= a'd B&@ T*e %ac# #*a# #*e ca$e i$ 'o# appeala/le #o #*e upreme Cour#. B'@ Sec $. *isposition of improper appeal.
'xcept as provided in Sec 4, Rule <77 regarding appeals in criminal cases where the penalty imposed is death, reclusion perpetua or life imprisonment, an appeal taken to the Supreme Court by notice of appeal shall be dismissed. !n appeal by certiorari taken to the Supreme Court from the Regional Trial Court submitting issues of fact may be referred to the Court of !ppeals for decision or appropriate action. The determination of the Supreme Court on whether or not issues of fact are involved shall be final.

Replevi' uppor# Pe'de'#e Li#e PROVI IONAL RE7EDIE ) ) al$o ,'o+' a$ a'cillar0 or au2iliar0 remedie$ Wri#$ a'd proce$$e$ availa/le duri'& #*e pe'de'c0 o% #*e ac#io' +*ic* ma0 /e re$or#ed #o /0 a li#i&a'# #o pre$erve a'd pro#ec# cer#ai' ri&*#$ a'd i'#ere$#$ #*erei' pe'di'& re'di#io'. a'd %or purpo$e$ o% #*e ul#ima#e e%%ec#$. o% a %i'al (ud&me'# i' ca$e.

T*e0 are 3rovisional /ecau$e #*e0 co'$#i#u#e #emporar0 mea$ure$ availed o% duri'& #*e pe'de'c0 o% #*e ac#io' a'd #*e0 are ancillar4 /ecau$e #*e0 are mere i'cide'#$ i' a'd are depe'de'# upo' #*e re$ul# o% #*e ac#io'. I'%erior cour#$ could i$$ue +ri#$ o% prelimi'ar0 i'(u'c#io' i' %orci/le e'#r0 ca$e$. TA4E W"EN PROVI IONAL RE7EDIE ARE AVAILA3LE Prelimi'ar0 a##ac*me'# a'd prelimi'ar0 i'(u'c#io' ) a# a'0 $#a&e o% #*e ac#io' /e%ore #*e e'#r0 o% %i'al (ud&me'# i' #*e ca$e Pe#i#io' %or receiver$*ip) a# a'0 $#a&e o% #*e ac#io' or proceedi'& a'd eve' a%#er %i'al (ud&me'# #*erei' i' order #o pre$erve #*e proper#0 i'volved or #oo aid e2ecu#io' or o#*er+i$e #o carr0 #*e (ud&me'# i'#o e%%ec#. Wri# o% replevi') /e%ore #*e de%e'da'# %ile$ *i$ a'$+er uppor# pe'de'# li#e) a# a'0 $#a&e o% #*e ac#io'. a'd eve' %or #*e %ir$# #ime o' appeal provided #*e /a$i$ or proprie#0 #*ereo% +a$ e$#a/li$*ed a# #*e #rial. /u# o/viou$l0 /e%ore #*e %i'al (ud&me'# i' $aid ca$e o' appeal A7OUNT O! 3OND Prelimi'ar0 a##ac*me'# a'd prelimi'ar0 i'(u'c#io') addre$$ed #o #*e $ou'd di$cre#io' o% #*e cour# Replevi') dou/le #*e value o% #*e per$o'al proper#0 #o /e $ei-ed RULE #* 10G

Sec *. $rocedure if opinion is e6ually divided.

)here the court en banc is e1ually divided in opinion, or the necessary ma#ority cannot be had, the case shall again be deliberated on, and if after such deliberation no decision is reached, the original action commenced in the court shall be dismissed, in appealed cases, the #udgment or order appealed from shall stand affirmed( and on all incidental matters, the petition or motion shall be denied.

$rovisional #emedies
Preli.inar4 Consi)era%ions Prelimi'ar0 I'(u'c#io' Receiver$*ip

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Preli.inar4 A%%ac6.en% Sec 1. ,rounds upon which attachment may issue.
!t the commencement of the action or at any time before entry of #udgment, a plaintiff or any proper party may have the property of the adverse party attached as security for the satisfaction of any #udgment that may be recovered in the following cases$

Prelimi'ar0)

re$or#ed #o a# #*e comme'ceme'# o% #*e ac#io' r a# a'0 #ime /e%ore e'#r0 o% (ud&me'#. %or #*e #emporar0 $ei-ure o% proper#0 o% #*e adver$e par#0.

!i'al. or lev0 upo' e2ecu#io') availa/le a%#er #*e (ud&me'# i' #*e mai' ac#io' *a$ /ecome e2ecu#or. a'd %or #*e $a#i$%ac#io' o% $aid (ud&me'# PURPO E O! PRELI7INARA ATTAC"7ENT 1. ei-e #*e proper#0 o% #*e de/#or i' adva'ce o% %i'al (ud&me'# a'd #o *old i# %or purpo$e$ o% $a#i$%0i'& $aid (ud&me'#. 2. E'a/le #*e cour# #o ac1uire (uri$dic#io' over #*e ac#io' /0 #*e ac#ual or co'$#ruc#ive $ei-ure o% #*e proper#0 i' #*o$e i'$#a'ce$ +*ere per$o'al $ervice o% $ummo'$ o' #*e credi#or ca''o# /e e%%ec#ed. Sec . Issuance and contents of order.
!n order of attachment may be issued either ex parte or upon motion with notice and hearing by the court in which the action is pending, or by the Court of !ppeals or the Supreme Court, and must re1uire the sheriff of the court to attach so much of the property in the 2hilippines of the party against whom it is issued, not exempt from execution, as may be sufficient to satisfy the applicant9s demand, unless such party makes deposit or gives a bond as hereinafter provided in an amount e1ual to that fixed in the order, which may be the amount sufficient to satisfy the applicant9s demand or the value of the property to be attached as stated by the applicant, exclusive of costs. Several writs may be issued at the same time to the sheriffs of the courts of different #udicial regions.

Ba@ I' a' ac#io' %or #*e recover0 o% a $peci%ied amou'# o% mo'e0 or dama&e$. o#*er #*a' moral a'd e2emplar0. o' a cau$e o% ac#io' ari$i'& %rom la+. co'#rac#. 1ua$i)co'#rac#. delic# or 1ua$i)delic# a&ai'$# a par#0 +*o i$ a/ou# #o depar# %rom #*e P*ilippi'e$ +i#* i'#e'# #o de%raud *i$ credi#or$= B/@ I' a' ac#io' %or mo'e0 or proper#0 em/e--led or %raudule'#l0 mi$applied or co'ver#ed #o *i$ o+' u$e /0 a pu/lic o%%icer. or a' o%%icer o% a corpora#io'. or a' a##or'e0. %ac#or. /ro,er. a&e'#. or cler,. i' #*e cour$e o% *i$ emplo0me'# a$ $uc*. or /0 a'0 o#*er per$o' i' a %iduciar0 capaci#0. or %or a +ill%ul viola#io' o% du#0= Bc@ I' a' ac#io' #o recover #*e po$$e$$io' o% proper#0 u'(u$#l0 or %raudule'#l0 #a,e'. de#ai'ed or co'ver#ed. +*e' #*e proper#0. or a'0 par# #*ereo%. *a$ /ee' co'cealed. removed. or di$po$ed o% #o preve'# i#$ /ei'& %ou'd or #a,e' /0 #*e applica'# or a' au#*ori-ed per$o'= Bd@ I' a' ac#io' a&ai'$# a par#0 +*o *a$ /ee' &uil#0 o% a %raud i' co'#rac#i'& #*e de/# or i'curri'& #*e o/li&a#io' upo' +*ic* #*e ac#io' i$ /rou&*#. or i' #*e per%orma'ce #*ereo%= Be@ I' a' ac#io' a&ai'$# a par#0 +*o *a$ removed or di$po$ed o% *i$ proper#0. or i$ a/ou# #o do $o. +i#* i'#e'# #o de%raud *i$ credi#or$= or B%@ I' a' ac#io' a&ai'$# a par#0 +*o doe$ 'o# re$ide a'd i$ 'o# %ou'd i' #*e P*ilippi'e$. or o' +*om $ummo'$ ma0 /e $erved /0 pu/lica#io'. CLA I!ICATION 3A ED ON T"E AVAILA3ILITA AND E!!ECT O! ATTAC"7ENT 10H

A +ri# o% prelimi'ar0 a##ac*me'# ma0 /e $ou&*# a'd i$$ued e2 par#e. Proper#0 e2emp# %rom e2ecu#io' i$ al$o e2emp# %rom &ar'i$*me'#.

IIND O! ATTAC"7ENT Prelimi'ar0 A##ac*me'#) a provi$io'al remed0 i$$ued upo' order o% #*e cour# +*ere #*e ac#io' i$ pe'di'&. #o /e levied

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 upo' #*e proper#0;ie$ o% #*e de%e'da'# #*erei'. #*e $ame #o /e *eld #*erea%#er /0 #*e $*eri%% a$ $ecuri#0 %or #*e $a#i$%ac#io' o% +*a#ever (ud&me'# mi&*# /e re'dered i' $aid ac#io' i' %avor o% #*e a##ac*i'& credi#or$ a&ai'$# #*e de%e'da'# 4ar'i$*me'#) a' a##ac*me'# /0 mea'$ +*ic* #*e plai'#i%% $ee,$ #o $u/(ec# #o *i$ claim proper#0 o% #*e de%e'da'# i' #*e *a'd$ o% #*ird per$o'$ or mo'e0 o+'ed /0 $uc* #*ird per$o' #o #*e de%e'da'# al$o ,'o+' a$ lev0 o' e2ecu#io' I$$ued /0 #*e cour# #o e'%orce a (ud&me'# #*a# *a$ /ecome %i'al a'd e2ecu#or PRELI7INARA ATTAC"7ENT I'volve$ #+o per$o'$ 'amel0 #*e plai'#i%% or a'0 proper par#0 a'd #*e de%e'da'# T*e proper#0 a##ac*ed i$ ac#uall0 $ei-ed a'd #a,e' i'#o cu$#od0 /0 #*e o%%icer impleme'#i'& #*e +ri# o% prelimi'ar0 a##ac*me'# 4ARNI "7ENT I'volve$ #*ree per$o'$ 'amel0 #*e o/li&e. #*e o/li&or a'd #*e &ar'i$*ee T*ere i$ 'o ac#ual $ei-ure o% #*e proper#0 +*ic* $*all remai' i' #*e po$$e$$io' a'd cu$#od0 o% #*e &ar'i$*ee

) )

that there is no other sufficient security for the claim sought to be enforced by the action, and that the amount due to the applicant, or the value of the property the possession of which he is entitled to recover, is as much as the sum for which the order is granted above all legal counterclaims.

The affidavit, and the bond re1uired by the next succeeding Sec, must be duly filed with the court before the order issues.

!i'al a##ac*me'#)

!or a +ri# o% a##ac*me'# #o /e valid. #*e a%%idavi# %iled #*ere%ore mu$# co'#ai' all #*e alle&a#io'$ re1uired. !ailure #o do $o re'der$ #*e +ri# #o#all0 de%ec#ive a$ #*e (ud&e i$$ui'& #*e +ri# ac#$ i' e2ce$$ o% (uri$dic#io' T"REE TA4E O! T"E 4RANT I! T"E PROVI IONAL RE7EDA O! ATTAC"7ENT ) ) ) T*e cour# i$$ue$ #*e order &ra'#i'& #*e applica#io' T*e +ri# i$$ue$ pur$ua'# #o #*e order &ra'#i'& #*e $ame T*e +ri# i$ impleme'#ed

I' #*e %ir$# #+o $#a&e$ i# i$ 'o# 'ece$$ar0 #*a# (uri$dic#io' over #*e per$o' o% #*e de%e'da'# $*ould %ir$# /e o/#ai'ed. *o+ever. #o validl0 impleme'# #*e +ri#. #*e cour# mu$# *ave ac1uired (uri$dic#io' over #*e de%e'da'#. o#*er+i$e i# *a$ 'o au#*ori#0 #o ac#. Sec ". Condition of applicant<s bond.
The party applying for the order must thereafter give a bond executed to the adverse party in the amount fixed by the court in its order granting the issuance of the writ, conditioned that the latter will pay all the costs which may be ad#udged to the adverse party and all damages which he may sustain by reason of the attachment, if the court shall finally ad#udge that the applicant was not entitled thereto.

Sec !. Affidavit and bond re6uired.

!n order of attachment shall be granted only when it appears by the affidavit of the applicant, or of some other person who personally knows the facts, that$ ) ) a sufficient cause of action exists, that the case is one of those mentioned in Sec one

T*e /o'd po$#ed /0 #*e a##ac*i'& credi#or re$po'd$ %or #*e dama&e$ a'd co$#$ +*ic* ma0 /e ad(ud&ed #o #*e adver$e par#0 ari$i'& %rom a'd /0 rea$o' o% #*e a##ac*me'#. Co'$e1ue'#l0. #*ere mu$# /e a %i'di'& i' #*e deci$io' i% #*e cour# impo$i'& $uc* lia/ili#0 a'd #*e co$#$ $*all o'l0 /e #*o$e ari$i'& %rom 10J

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 #*e a##ac*me'# i#$el% a'd 'o# #*e o#*er (udicial co$#$ #*a# ma0 /e impo$ed a&ai'$# #*e lo$i'& par#0. T*ere i$ 'o rule allo+i'& $u/$#i#u#io' o% a##ac*ed proper#0 al#*ou&* a' a##ac*me'# ma0 /e di$c*ar&ed +*oll0 or i' par# upo' #*e $ecuri#0 o% a cou'#er)/o'd o%%ered /0 #*e de%e'da'# upo' applica#io' #o #*e cour#. +i#* 'o#ice #o a'd a%#er *eari'&. i% i# appear$ #*a# #*e a##ac*me'# +a$ improperl0 or irre&ularl0 i$$ued. Remed0 o% #*e de%e'da'# i% a' a##ac*me'# i$ e2ce$$ive: appl0 #o #*e cour# %or a reduc#io' or par#ial di$c*ar&e a'd $u/$#i#u#io' o% #*e a##ac*ed proper#ie$ Sec #. "anner of attaching property.
The sheriff enforcing the writ shall without delay and with all reasonable diligence attach, to await #udgment and execution in the action, only so much of the property in the 2hilippines of the party against whom the writ is issued, not exempt from execution, as may be sufficient to satisfy the applicant9s demand, unless the former makes a deposit with the court from which the writ is issued, or gives a counter.bond executed to the applicant, in an amount e1ual to the bond fixed by the court in the order of attachment or to the value of the property to be attached, exclusive of costs. 3o levy on attachment pursuant to the writ issued under Sec 7 hereof shall be enforced unless it is preceded, or contemporaneously accompanied, by service of summons, together with a copy of the complaint, the application for attachment the applicant9s affidavit and bond, and the order and writ of attachment, on the defendant within the 2hilippines. The re1uirement of prior or contemporaneous service of summons shall not apply where the summons could not be served personally or by substituted service despite diligent efforts, or the defendant is a resident of the 2hilippines temporarily absent therefrom, or the defendant is a non.resident of the 2hilippines, or the action is one in rem or quasi in rem.

E2cep#io':

+*ere #*e $ummo'$ could 'o# /e $erved per$o'all0 or /0 $u/$#i#u#ed $ervice de$pi#e dili&e'# e%%or#$. or #*e de%e'da'# i$ a re$ide'# o% #*e P*ilippi'e$ #emporaril0 a/$e'# #*ere%rom. or #*e de%e'da'# i$ a 'o)re$ide'# o% #*e P*ilippi'e$. or #*e ac#io' i$ o'e i' rem or 1ua$i i' rem

Sec $. Sheriff<s return.

!fter enforcing the writ, the sheriff must likewise without delay make a return thereon to the court from which the writ issued, with a full statement of his proceedings under the writ and a complete inventory of the property attached, together with any counter. bond given by the party against whom attachment is issued, and serve copies thereof on the applicant.

T*e a##ac*i'& o%%icer mu$# $erve a cop0 o% #*e applica'#5$ a%%idavi#. $o #*a# #*e adver$e par#0 ma0 co'#e$# #*e &rou'd$ %or #*e a##ac*me'#. a'd #*ere mu$# al$o /e $ervice o% a cop0 o% #*e applica'#5$ /o'd. $o #*a# #*e o#*er par#0 ma0 e2cep# #o #*e $u%%icie'c0 #*ereo%. T*e depo$i# o% /o'd re1uired o% #*e a##ac*i'& par#0 $*all /e i' #*e amou'# %i2ed /0 #*e cour# i' #*e order o% a##ac*me'#. or e1ual #o #*e value o% #*e proper#0 #o /e a##ac*ed. De1ual #o #*e value o% #*e proper#0 #o /e a##ac*ed ) ma0 /e re$or#ed #o +*ere #*e a##ac*i'& par#0 $*o+$ #o #*e cour# #*a# *e +a$ o'l0 a/le #o loca#e proper#0 o% #*e oppo$i'& par#0 +*ic* i$ i'$u%%icie'# i' value #o $a#i$%0 *i$ claim a'd;or a$ i'i#iall0 de#ermi'ed /0 #*e cour# /a$ed o' #*e amou'# o% $uc* claim Sec *. Attachment of real and personal property= recording thereof Real a'd per$o'al proper#0 $*all /e a##ac*ed /0 #*e $*eri%% e2ecu#i'& #*e +ri# i' #*e %ollo+i'& ma''er: Ba@ Real proper#0. or &ro+i'& crop$ #*ereo'. or a'0 i'#ere$# #*erei'. $#a'di'& upo' #*e record o% #*e re&i$#r0 o% deed$ o% #*e provi'ce i' #*e 'ame o% #*e par#0 a&ai'$# +*om a##ac*me'# i$ i$$ued. or 'o# 110

Lev0 o' a##ac*me'# $*all /e limi#ed o'l0 #o $o muc* o% #*e proper#0 a$ ma0 /e $u%%icie'# #o $a#i$%0 #*e applica'#5$ dema'd. uc* lev0 $*all 'o# /e made u'le$$ preceded or co'#empora'eou$l0 accompa'ied /0 $ervice o% $ummo'$ #o&e#*er +i#* a cop0 o% #*e complai'#. applica#io' %or a##ac*me'#. a%%idavi# a'd /o'd o% #*e applica'#. a'd #*e +ri# o% a##ac*me'#.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 appeari'& a# all upo' $uc* record$. or /elo'&i'& #o #*e par#0 a&ai'$# +*om a##ac*me'# i$ i$$ued a'd *eld /0 a'0 o#*er per$o'. or $#a'di'& o' #*e record$ o% #*e re&i$#r0 o% deed$ i' #*e 'ame o% a'0 o#*er per$o' ) /0 %ili'& +i#* #*e re&i$#r0 o% deed$ a cop0 o% #*e order #o&e#*er +i#* a de$crip#io' o% #*e proper#0 a##ac*ed. a'd a 'o#ice #*a# i# i$ a##ac*ed. or #*a# $uc* real proper#0 a'd a'0 i'#ere$# #*erei' *eld /0 or $#a'di'& i' #*e 'ame o% $uc* o#*er per$o' are a##ac*ed. a'd /0 leavi'& a cop0 o% $uc* order. de$crip#io'. a'd 'o#ice +i#* #*e occupa'# o% #*e proper#0. i% a'0. or +i#* $uc* o#*er per$o' or *i$ a&e'# i% %ou'd +i#*i' #*e provi'ce. W*ere #*e proper#0 *a$ /ee' /rou&*# u'der #*e opera#io' o% ei#*er #*e La'd Re&i$#ra#io' Ac# or #*e Proper#0 Re&i$#ra#io' Decree. the notice shall contain a reference to the number of the certificate of title. the volume and page in the registration boo( where the certificate is registered. and the registered owner or owners thereof T*e re&i$#rar o% deed$ mu$# i'de2 a##ac*me'#$ %iled u'der #*i$ ec i' #*e 'ame$ o% #*e applica'#. #*e adver$e par#0. or #*e per$o' /0 +*om #*e proper#0 i$ *eld or i' +*o$e 'ame i# $#a'd$ i' #*e record$. I% #*e a##ac*me'# i$ 'o# claimed o' #*e e'#ire area o% #*e la'd covered /0 #*e cer#i%ica#e o% #i#le. a de$crip#io' $u%%icie'#l0 accura#e %or #*e ide'#i%ica#io' o% #*e la'd or i'#ere$# #o /e a%%ec#ed $*all /e i'cluded i' #*e re&i$#ra#io' o% $uc* a##ac*me'#= B/@ Per$o'al proper#0 capa/le o% ma'ual deliver0 ) /0 #a,i'& a'd $a%el0 ,eepi'& i# i' *i$ cu$#od0. a%#er i$$ui'& #*e corre$po'di'& receip# #*ere%or. Bc@ #oc,$ or $*are$. or a' i'#ere$# i' $#oc,$ or $*are$. o% a'0 corpora#io' or compa'0 ) /0 leavi'& +i#* #*e pre$ide'# or ma'a&i'& a&e'# #*ereo%. a cop0 o% #*e +ri#. a'd a 'o#ice $#a#i'& #*a# #*e $#oc, or i'#ere$# o% #*e par#0 a&ai'$# +*om #*e a##ac*me'# i$ i$$ued i$ a##ac*ed i' pur$ua'ce o% $uc* +ri#= Bd@ De/#$ a'd credi#$. i'cludi'& /a', depo$i#$. %i'a'cial i'#ere$#. ro0al#ie$. commi$$io'$ a'd o#*er per$o'al proper#0 'o# capa/le o% ma'ual deliver0) /0 leavi'& +i#* #*e per$o' o+i'& $uc* 111

de/#$. or *avi'& i' *i$ po$$e$$io' or u'der *i$ co'#rol. $uc* credi#$ or o#*er per$o'al proper#0. or +i#* *i$ a&e'#. a cop0 o% #*e +ri#. a'd 'o#ice #*a# #*e de/#$ o+i'& /0 *im #o #*e par#0 a&ai'$# +*om a##ac*me'# i$ i$$ued. a'd #*e credi#$ a'd o#*er per$o'al proper#0 i' *i$ po$$e$$io'. or u'der *i$ co'#rol. /elo'&i'& #o $aid par#0. are a##ac*ed i' pur$ua'ce o% $uc* +ri#= Be@ T*e i'#ere$# o% #*e par#0 a&ai'$# +*om a##ac*me'# i$ i$$ued i' proper#0 /elo'&i'& #o #*e e$#a#e o% #*e decede'#. +*e#*er a$ *eir. le&a#ee. or devi$ee /0 $ervi'& #*e e2ecu#or or admi'i$#ra#or or o#*er per$o'al repre$e'#a#ive o% #*e decede'# +i#* a cop0 o% #*e +ri# a'd 'o#ice #*a# $aid i'#ere$# i$ a##ac*ed. A cop0 o% $aid +ri# o% a##ac*me'# a'd o% $aid 'o#ice $*all al$o /e %iled i' #*e o%%ice o% #*e cler, o% #*e cour# i' +*ic* $aid e$#a#e i$ /ei'& $e##led a'd $erved upo' #*e *eir. le&a#ee or devi$ee co'cer'ed. I% #*e proper#0 $ou&*# #o /e a##ac*ed i$ i' custodia legis. a cop0 o% #*e +ri# o% a##ac*me'# $*all /e %iled +i#* #*e proper cour# or 1ua$i)(udicial a&e'c0. a'd 'o#ice o% #*e a##ac*me'# $erved upo' #*e cu$#odia' o% $uc* proper#0. BGa@ Sec +. )ffect of attachment of debts. credits and all other similar personal property.
!ll persons having in their possession or under their control any credits or other similar personal property belonging to the party against whom attachment is issued, or owing any debts to him, at the time of service upon them of the copy of the writ of attachment and notice as provided in the last preceding Sec, shall be liable to the applicant for the amount of such credits, debts or other similar personal property, until the attachment is discharged, or any #udgment recovered by him is satisfied, unless such property is delivered or transferred, or such debts are paid, to the clerk, sheriff, or other proper officer of the court issuing the attachment.

Sec ,. )ffect of attachment of interests in property belonging to the estate of a decedent.

The attachment of the interest of an heir, legatee, or devisee in the property belonging to the estate of a decedent shall not impair the powers of the executor, administrator, or other personal representative of the decedent over such property for the purpose of administration. Such personal representative, however, shall report the

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
attachment to the court when any petition for distribution is filed, and in the order made upon such petition, distribution may be awarded to such heir, legatee or devisee, but the property attached shall be ordered delivered to the sheriff making the levy, sub#ect to the claim of such heir, legatee, or devisee, or any person claiming under him. the order of attachment, exclusive of costs. "ut if the attachment is sought to be discharged with respect to a particular property, the counter.bond shall be e1ual to the value of that property as determined by the court. &n either case, the cash deposit or the counter.bond shall secure the payment of any #udgment that the attaching party may recover in the action. ! notice of the deposit shall forthwith be served on the attaching party. /pon the discharge of an attachment in accordance with the provisions of this Sec, the property attached, or the proceeds of any sale thereof, shall be delivered to the party making the deposit or giving the counter.bond, or to the person appearing on his behalf, the deposit or counter.bond aforesaid standing in place of the property so released. Should such counter.bond for any reason be found to be or become insufficient, and the party furnishing the same fail to file an additional counter.bond, the attaching party may apply for a new order of attachment.

Sec 1-. )xamination of party whose property is attached and persons indebted to him or controlling his property= delivery of property to sheriff
!ny person owing debts to the party whose property is attached or having in his possession or under his control any credit or other personal property belonging to such party, may be re1uired to attend before the court in which the action is pending, or before a commissioner appointed by the court, and be examined on oath respecting the same. The party whose property is attached may also be re1uired to attend for the purpose of giving information respecting his property, and may be examined on oath. The court may, after such examination, order personal property capable of manual delivery belonging to him, in the possession of the person so re1uired to attend before the court, to be delivered to the clerk of the court or sheriff on such terms as may be #ust, having reference to any lien thereon or claim against the same, to await the #udgment in the action.

Sec 1!. *ischarge of attachment on other grounds.

The party whose property has been ordered attached may file a motion with the court in which he action is pending, before or after levy or even after the release of the attached property, for an order to set aside or discharge the attachment on the ground that the same was improperly or irregularly issued or enforced, or that the bond is insufficient. &f the attachment is excessive, the discharge shall be limited to the excess. &f the motion be made on affidavits on the part of the movant but not otherwise, the attaching party may oppose the motion by counter.affidavits or other evidence in addition to that on which the attachment was made. !fter due notice and hearing, the court shall order the setting aside or the corresponding discharge of the attachment if it appears that it was improperly or irregularly issued or enforced, or that the bond is insufficient, or that the attachment is excessive, and the defect is not cured forthwith.

Sec 11. When attached property may be sold after levy on attachment and before entry of #udgment.
)henever it shall be made to appear to the court in which the action is pending, upon hearing with notice to both parties, that the property attached is perishable, or that the interests of all the parties to the action will be subserved by the sale thereof, the court may order such property to be sold at public auction in such manner as it may direct, and the proceeds of such sale to be deposited in court to abide the #udgment in the action.

PRELI7INARA ATTAC"7ENT "ALL 3E DI C"AR4E I E TA3LI "ED T"AT: ) )

W"EN IT

Sec 1 . *ischarge of attachment upon giving counter&bond.

!fter a writ of attachment has been enforced, the party whose property has been attached, or the person appearing on his behalf, may move for the discharge of the attachment wholly or in part on the security given. The court shall, after due notice and hearing, order the discharge of the attachment if the movant makes a cash deposit, or files a counter.bond executed to the attaching party with the clerk of the court where the application is made, in an amount e1ual to that fixed by the court in

T*e de/#or **a$ po$#ed a cou'#er)/o'd or *a$ made #*e re1ui$i#e ca$* depo$i# T*e a##ac*me'# +a$ improperl0 or irre&ularl0 i$$ued a$ +&ere #*ere i$ 'o &rou'd %or a##ac*me'#. or #*e a%%idavi# a'd;or /o'd %iiled #*ere%or are de%ec#ive or i'$u%%icie'# T*e a##ac*me'# i$ e2ce$$ive. /u# #*e di$c*ar&e $*all /e limi#ed #o #*e e2ce$$ T*e proper#0 a##ac*ed i$ e2emp# %rom e2ecu#io'. *e'ce e2emp# %rom prelimi'ar0 a##ac*me'#

) ) 112

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 ) T*e (ud&me'# i$ re'dered a&ai'$# #*e a##ac*i'& credi#or W*ere #*e a##ac*me'# i$ c*alle'&ed %or *avi'& /ee' ille&all0 or improperl0 i$$ued. #*ere mu$# /e a *eari'&. +i#* #*e /urde' o% proo% #o $u$#ai' #*e +ri# /ei'& o' #*e a##ac*i'& credi#or. T*e cou'#er)/o'd po$#ed %or #*e di$c*ar&e o% $uc* a##ac*me'# re$po'd$ %or #*e pa0me'# o% #*e (ud&me'# recovered /0 #*e a##ac*i'& credi#or. re&ardle$$ o% #*e +ordi'&$ o% #*e /o'd. a$ #*i$ lia/ili#0 i$ deemed i'corpora#ed #*erei'. A' order %or #*e e2ecu#io' % #*e (ud&me'# pe'di'& appeal ca' al$o /e e'%orced a&ai'$# $aid cou'#er)/o'd Sec 1". $roceedings where property claimed by third person.
&f the property attached is claimed by any person other than the party against whom attachment had been issued or his agent, and such person makes an affidavit of his title thereto, or right to the possession thereof, stating the grounds of such right or title, and serves such affidavit upon the sheriff while the latter has possession of the attached property, and a copy thereof upon the attaching party, the sheriff shall not be bound to keep the property under attachment, unless the attaching party or his agent, on demand of the sheriff, shall file a bond approved by the court to indemnify the third.party claimant in a sum not less than the value of the property levied upon. &n case of disagreement as to such value, the same shall be decided by the court issuing the writ of attachment. 2o claim for damages for the ta*ing or *eeping of the property may be enforced against the bond unless the action therefor is filed within one hundred twenty !15)" days from the date of the filing of the bond. The sheriff shall not be liable for damages for the taking or keeping of such property to any such third.party claimant, if such bond shall be filed. 3othing herein contained shall prevent such claimant or any third person from vindicating his claim to the property, or prevent the attaching party from claiming damages against a third.party claimant who filed a frivolous or plainly spurious claim, in the same or a separate action. (hen the writ of attachment is issued in favor of the #epublic of the $hilippines, or any officer duly representing it , the filing of such bond shall not be re1uired, and in case the sheriff is sued for damages as a result of the attachment, he shall be represented by the %olicitor 'eneral , and if held liable therefor, the actual damages ad#udged by the court shall be paid by the 3ational Treasurer out of the funds to be appropriated for the purpose.

W*ere #*e proper#0 o% a de%e'da'# *a$ /ee' a##ac*ed. a #*ird par#0 claimi'& a' i'#ere$# #*erei' ca' mai'#ai' a $epara#e ac#io' #o vi'dica#e *i$ i'#ere$# over #*e proper#0 a'd #*e i'(u'c#ive relie% &ra'#ed i' #*e la##er ca$e doe$ 'o# co'$#i#u#e a' i'#er%ere'ce +i#* #*e +ri# o% a##ac*me'# i$$ued /0 #*e o#*er cour#. Sec 1#. Satisfaction of #udgment out of property attached. return of sheriff
&f #udgment be recovered by the attaching party and execution issue thereon, the sheriff may cause the #udgment to be satisfied out of the property attached, if it be sufficient for that purpose in the following manner$ (a "y paying to the #udgment obligee the proceeds of all sales of perishable or other property sold in pursuance of the order of the court, or so much as shall be necessary to satisfy the #udgment( (b &f any balance remains due, by selling so much of the property, real or personal, as may be necessary to satisfy the balance, if enough for that purpose remain in the sheriff9s hands, or in those the clerk of the court( (c "y collecting from all persons having in their possession credits belonging to the #udgment obligor, or owing debts to the latter at the time of the attachment of such credits or debts, the amount of such credits and debts as determined by the court in the action, and stated in the #udgment, and paying the proceeds of such collection over to the #udgment obligee. The sheriff shall forthwith make a return in writing to the court of his proceedings under this Sec and furnish the parties with copies thereof.

Sec 1$. 2alance due collected upon an execution = excess delivered to #udgment obligor.
&f after reali%ing upon all the property attached, including the proceeds of any debts or credits collected, and applying the proceeds to the satisfaction of the #udgment less the expenses of proceedings upon the #udgment any balance shall remain due, the sheriff must proceed to collect such balance as upon ordinary execution. )henever the #udgment shall have been paid, the sheriff, upon reasonable demand, must return to the #udgment obligor the attached property remaining in his hands, and any proceeds of the sale of the property attached not applied to the #udgment.

Sec 1*. Recovery upon the counter&bond. 11<

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
)hen the #udgment has become executory, the surety or sureties on any counter. bond given pursuant to the provisions of this Rule to secure the payment of the #udgment shall become charged on such counter.bond and bound to pay the #udgment obligee upon demand the amount due under the #udgment, which amount may be recovered from such surety or sureties after notice and summary hearing in the same action. property of the attaching party not exempt from execution should the bond or deposit given by the latter be insufficient or fail to fully satisfy the award.

Sec 1+. *isposition of money deposited.

)here the party against whom attachment had been issued has deposited money instead of giving counter.bond, it shall be applied under the direction of the court to the satisfaction of any #udgment rendered in favor of the attaching party, and after satisfying the #udgment the balance shall be refunded to the depositor or his assignee. &f the #udgment is in favor of the party against whom attachment was issued, the whole sum deposited must be refunded to him or his assignee.

T*e applica#io' %or dama&e$ mu$# /e made /0 a cou'#erclaim i' #*e a'$+er or /0 mo#io' i' #*e $ame ac#io'. I# $*ould /e %iled i' #*e #rial cour# a# a'0 #ime /e%ore #*e #rial or /e%ore #*e appeal %rom #*e (ud&me'# #*erei' i$ per%ec#ed or /e%ore $uc* (ud&me'# /ecome$ e2ecu#or0. a'd $*all i'clude all dama&e$ $u$#ai'ed /0 rea$o' o% #*e a##ac*me'# duri'& #*e pe'de'c0 o% #*e ca$e i' #*e #rial cour#. I% #*e ca$e i$ appealed a'd #*e (ud&me'# o% #*e appella#e cour# i$ i' %avor o% #*e par#0 +*o$e proper#0 +a$ a##ac*ed. *e ca' a$, %or dama&e$ $u$#ai'ed /0 *im duri'& #*e pe'de'c0 o% #*e appeal /0 %ili'& a mo#io' i' #*e appella#e cour# a# a'0 #ime /e%ore $uc* (ud&me'# o' appeal /ecome$ e2ecu#or= /u# i% *e did 'o# appl0 %or dama&e$ i' #*e #rial cour#. *e ca''o# a$, %or dama&ed duri'& #*e pe'de'c0 o% #*e #rial /0 mo#io' i' #*e appella#e cour#. T*e $ure#0 mu$# /e 'o#i%ied o% #*e applica#io' %or dama&e$. o#*er+i$e #*e (ud&me'# #*ereo' ca''o# /e e2ecu#ed a&ai'$# *im. CLAI7 !OR DA7A4E CANNOT 3E T"E INDEPENDENT ACTION E9CEPT: ) ) U6ECT O! AN

Sec 1,. *isposition of attached property where #udgment is for party against whom attachment was issued.
&f #udgment be rendered against the attaching party, all the proceeds of sales and money collected or received by the sheriff, under the order of attachment, and all property attached remaining in any such officer9s hands, shall be delivered to the party against whom attachment was issued, and the order of attachment discharged.

Sec -. Claim for damages on account of improper. irregular or excessive attachment.

!n application for damages on account of improper, irregular or excessive attachment must be filed before the trial or before appeal is perfected or before the #udgment becomes executory, with due notice to the attaching party and his surety or sureties setting forth the facts showing his right to damages and the amount thereof. Such damages may be awarded only after proper hearing and shall be included in the #udgment on the main case. +f the judgment of the appellate court be favorable to the party against whom the attachment was issued he must claim damages sustained during the pendency of the appeal by filing an application in the appellate court, with notice to the party in whose favor the attachment was issued or his surety or sureties, before the #udgment of the appellate court becomes executory. The appellate court may allow the application to be heard and decided by the trial court. 3othing herein contained shall prevent the party against whom the attachment was issued from recovering in the same action the damages awarded to him from any

W*ere #*e pri'cipal ca$e +a$ di$mi$$ed %or lac, o% (uri$dic#io' /0 #*e #rial cour# +i#*ou# &ivi'& a' oppor#u'i#0 #o #*e par#0 +*o$e proper#0 +a$ a##ac*ed #o appl0 %or a'd prove *i$ claim %or dama&e$ W*ere #*e dama&e$ /0 rea$o' o% #*e a##ac*me'# +a$ $u$#ai'ed /0 a #*ird per$o' +*o +a$ 'o# a par#0 #o #*e ac#io' +*erei' $uc* +ri# +a$ i$$ued. RULE #+ Preli.inar4 In/&nc%ion

Sec 1. $reliminary in#unction defined= classes.

! preliminary injunction is an order granted at any stage of an action or proceeding prior to the #udgment or final order, re1uiring a party or a court, agency or a person to

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
refrain from a particular act or acts. &t may also re1uire the performance of a particular act or acts, in which case it shall be known as a preliminary mandatory in#unction.

#*e cour# 7a0 /e #*e mai' ac#io' i#$el%. or (u$# a provi$io'al remed0 i' #*e mai' ac#io'

Sec ,. When final in#unction granted

&f after the trial of the action it appears that the applicant is entitled to have the act or acts complained of permanently en#oined the court shall grant a final in#unction perpetually restraining the party or person en#oined from the commission or continuance of the act or acts of confirming the preliminary mandatory in#unction.

a&ai'$# +*om #*e +ri# i$ $ou&*# ac#ed +i#*ou# or i' e2ce$$ o% (uri$dic#io' Al+a0$ a mai' ac#io'

AN ACTION 7AA 3E: ) ) A' ac#io' i' i#$el%. /rou&*# $peci%icall0 #o re$#rai' or comma'd #*e per%orma'ce o% a' ac# 6u$# a provi$io'al remed0 %or a'd a$ a' i'cide'# i' #*e mai' ac#io' +*ic* ma0 /e %or o#*er relie%$ To pre$erve #*e $#a#u$ 1uo /0 re$#rai'i'& ac#io' or i'#er%ere'ce or /0 %ur'i$*i'& preve'#ive relie%

A prelimi'ar0 ma'da#or0 i'(u'c#io' i$ 'o# a proper remed0 #o #a,e di$pu#ed proper#0 ou# o% #*e po$$e$$io' a'd co'#rol o% o'e par#0 a'd #o deliver #*e $ame #o #*e o#*er par#0. I# ma0 i$$ue pe'de'# li#e o'l0 i' ca$e$ o% e2#reme ur&e'c0. +*ere #*e ri&*# #o #*e po$$e$$io' o% #*e proper#0 i'volved i$ ver0 clear. Sec . Who may grant preliminary in#unction.
! preliminary in#unction may be granted by the court where the action or proceeding is pending. &f the action or proceeding is pending in the Court of !ppeals or in the Supreme Court, it may be issued by said court or any member thereof.

Primar0 purpo$e o% i'(u'c#io':

Sec!. ,rounds for issuance of preliminary in#unction.

! preliminary in#unction may be granted when it is established$ (a That the applicant is entitled to the relief demanded, and the whole or part of such relief consists in restraining the commission or continuance of the act or acts complained of, or in re1uiring the performance of an act or acts either for a limited period or perpetually( (b That the commission, continuance or non.performance of the act or acts complained of during the litigation would probably work in#ustice to the applicant( or (c That a party, court, agency or a person is doing, threatening, or is attempting to do, or is procuring or suffering to be done some act or acts probably in violation of the rights of the applicant respecting the sub#ect of the action or proceeding, and tending to render the judgment ineffectual.

Preve'#ive i'(u'c#io') re1uire$ a per$o' #o re%rai' %rom doi'& a par#icular ac# 7a'da#or0 i'(u'c#io' F re1uire$ #*e per%orma'ce o% a par#icular ac# A 7ANDATORA IN6UNCTION WILL 3E 4RANTED ONLA IN "OWIN4 T"AT: ) ) ) T*e i'va$io' o% #*e ri&*# i$ ma#erial a'd $u/$#a'#ial T*e ri&*# o% #*e complai'a'# i$ clear a'd u'mi$#a,a/le T*ere i$ a' ur&e'# a'd paramou'# 'ece$$i#0 %or #*e +ri# #o preve'# $eriou$ dama&e. PRO"I3ITION Direc#ed a&ai'$# a cour#. #ri/u'al or per$o' e2erci$i'& (udicial po+er$ 7a0 /e o' #*e &rou'd #*a# #*e cour# 11?

IN6UNCTION 4e'erall0 direc#ed a&ai'$# a par#0 i' #*e ac#io' Doe$ 'o# i'volve #*e (uri$dic#io' o%

A$ a rule. i'(u'c#io' doe$ 'o# lie #o re$#rai' #*e e'%orceme'# o% a la+ alle&ed #o /e u'co'$#i#u#io'al e2cep# i% i# +ill re$ul# i' i'(ur0 #o ri&*#$ i' priva#e proper#0.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 I'(u'c#io' co'#empla#e$ ac#$ /ei'& commi##ed or a/ou# #o /e commi##ed *e'ce i'(u'c#io' doe$ 'o# lie a&ai'$# ac#$ alread0 co'$umma#ed. Sec". -erified application and bond for preliminary in#unction or temporary restraining order.
! preliminary in#unction or temporary restraining order may be granted only when$ (a The application in the action or proceeding is verified, and shows facts entitling the applicant to the relief demanded( and (b /nless exempted by the court the applicant files with the court where the action or proceeding is pending, a bond executed to the party or person en#oined, in an amount to be fixed by the court, to the effect that the applicant will pay to such party or person all damages which he may sustain by reason of the in#unction or temporary restraining order if the court should finally decide that the applicant was not entitled thereto. /pon approval of the re1uisite bond, a writ of preliminary in#unction shall be issued. (Da (c )hen an application for a writ of preliminary in#unction or a temporary restraining order is included in a complaint or any initiatory pleading, the case, if filed in a multiple.sala court, shall be raffled only after notice to and in the presence of the adverse party or the person to be en#oined. &n any event, such notice shall be preceded, or contemporaneously accompanied, by service of summons, together with a copy of the complaint or initiatory pleading and the applicant9s affidavit and bond, upon the adverse party in the 2hilippines. 0owever, where the summons could not be served personally or by substituted service despite diligent efforts, or the adverse party is a resident of the 2hilippines temporarily absent therefrom or is a nonresident thereof, the re1uirement of prior or contemporaneous service of summons shall not apply. (d The application for a temporary restraining order shall thereafter be acted upon only after all parties are heard in a summary hearing which shall be conducted within twenty.four (7D hours after the sheriff9s return of service andIor the records are received by the branch selected by raffle and to which the records shall be transmitted immediately.

#emporaril0 a/$e'# #*ere%rom or i$ a 'o')re$ide'# #*ereo%. #*e re1uireme'# o% prior or co'#empora'eou$ $ervice o% $ummo'$ $*all 'o# appl0. Sec #. $reliminary in#unction not granted without notice= exception.
3o preliminary in#unction shall be granted without hearing and prior notice to the party or person sought to be en#oined. &f it shall appear from facts shown by affidavits or by the verified application that great or irreparable in#ury would result to the applicant before the matter can be heard on notice, the court to which the application for preliminary in#unction was made, may issue a temporary restraining order to be effective only for a period of twenty (75 days from service on the party or person sought to be en#oined, except as herein provided. )ithin the said twenty.day period, the court must$ ) ) ) order said party or person to show cause, at a specified time and place, why the in#unction should not be granted, determine within the same period whether or not the preliminary in#unction shall be granted, and accordingly issue the corresponding order

0owever, and sub#ect to the provisions of the preceding Secs, if the matter is of extreme urgency and the applicant will suffer grave injustice and irreparable injury, the executive #udge of a multiple.sala court or the presiding #udge of a single sala court may issue ex parte a temporary restraining order effective for only seventy. two (A7 hours from issuance but he shall immediately comply with the provisions of the next preceding Sec as to service of summons and the documents to be served therewith. )ithin the aforesaid seventy.two (A7 hours, the #udge before whom the case is pending shall conduct a summary hearing to determine whether the temporary restraining order shall be extended until the application for preliminary in#unction can be heard &n no case shall the total period of effectivity of the temporary restraining order exceed twenty (75 days, including the original seventy.two hours provided herein. &n the event that the application for preliminary in#unction is denied or not resolved within the said period, the temporary restraining order is deemed, automatically vacated. The effectivity of a temporary restraining order is not extendible without need

W*ere #*e $ummo'$ could 'o# /e $erved per$o'all0 or /0 $u/$#i#u#ed $ervice de$pi#e dili&e'# e%%or#$. or #*e adver$e par#0 i$ a re$ide'# o% #*e P*ilippi'e$ 11C

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
of any #udicial declaration to that effect and no court shall have authority to extend or renew the same on the same ground for which it was issued. 0owever, if issued by the Court of !ppeals or a member thereof, the temporary restraining order shall be effective for sixty (B5 days from service on the party or person sought to be en#oined. ! restraining, order issued by the Supreme Court or a member thereof shall be effective until further orders. after #ustification is not filed forthwith the in#unction shall be dissolved. &f the bond of the adverse party is found to be insufficient in amount, or the surety or sureties thereon fail to #ustify a bond sufficient in amount with sufficient sureties approved after #ustification is not filed forthwith, the in#unction shall be granted or restored, as the case may be.

IN6UNCTION 7AA 3E RE!U ED OR DII ) )

OLVED I!:

I'(ur0 i$ co'$idered irrepara/le i% i# i$ o% $uc* co'$#a'# a'd %re1ue'# recurre'ce #*a# 'o %air or rea$o'a/le redre$$ ca' /e *ad #*ere%or i' a cour# o% la+. or +*ere #*ere i$ 'o $#a'dard /0 +*ic* #*eir amou'# ca' /e mea$ured +i#* rea$o'a/le accurac0. A re$#rai'i'& order. li,e a' i'(u'c#io'. opera#e$ upo' a per$o' a'd *a$ 'o i' rem e%%ec# #o i'valida#e a' ac#io' do'e i' co'#emp# o% a cour# order. e2cep# +*ere /0 $#a#u#or0 au#*ori-a#io' #*e decree i$ $o %ramed a$ #o ac# i' rem o' proper#0 Sec $. ,rounds for ob#ection to. or for motion of dissolution of. in#unction or restraining order.
The application for in#unction or restraining order may be denied, upon a showing of its insufficiency. The in#unction or restraining order may also be denied, or, if granted, may be dissolved, on other grounds upon affidavits of the party or person en#oined, which may be opposed by the applicant also by affidavits. &t may further be denied, or if granted, may be dissolved, if it appears after hearing that although the applicant is entitled to the in#unction or restraining order, the issuance or continuance thereof, as the case may be, would cause irreparable damage to the party or person en#oined while the applicant can be fully compensated for such damages as he may suffer, and the former files a bond in an amount fixed by the court conditioned that he will pay all damages which the applicant may suffer by the denial or the dissolution of the in#unction or restraining order. &f it appears that the extent of the preliminary in#unction or restraining order granted is too great, it may be modified.

#*e complai'# i$ i'$u%%icie'# #*e de%e'da'# i$ permi##ed #o po$# a cou'#er)/o'd. i# appeari'& #*a# *e +ould $u$#ai' &rea# dama&e +*ile #*e plai'#i%% ca' /e ampl0 compe'$a#ed o' o#*er &rou'd$. a$ +*ere #*e /o'd po$#ed /0 #*e applica'# #ur'ed ou# #o /e i'$u%%icie'# or de%ec#ive.

T*e %ili'& o% a cou'#er)/o'd doe$ 'o# 'ece$$aril0 +arra'# di$$olu#io' o% #*e i'(u'c#io' a$ #*e cour# *a$ #o a$$e$$ #*e pro/a/le rela#ive dama&e$. A mo#io' %or #*e di$$olu#io' o% #*e +ri# o% prelimi'ar0 i'(u'c#io' mu$# /e veri%ied. Sec +. !udgment to include damages against party and sureties.
!t the trial, the amount of damages to be awarded to either party, upon the bond of the adverse party, shall be claimed, ascertained, and awarded under the same procedure prescribed in Sec 75 of Rule ;A.

RULE #, Receivers6i3 Sec 1. Appointment of receiver.

/pon a verified application, one or more receivers of the property sub#ect of the action or proceeding may be appointed by the court where the action is pending or by the Court of !ppeals or by the Supreme Court, or a member thereof, in the following cases$ (a )hen it appears from the verified application, and such other proof as the court may re1uire, that the party applying for the appointment of a

Sec *. Service of copies of bonds= effect of disapproval of same.

The party filing a bond in accordance with the provisions of this Rule shall forthwith serve a copy of such bond on the other party, who may except to the sufficiency of the bond, or of the surety or sureties thereon. &f the applicant9s bond is found to be insufficient in amount, or if the surety or sureties thereon fail to #ustify, and a bond sufficient in amount with sufficient sureties approved

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
receiver has an interest in the property or fund which is the sub#ect of the action or proceeding, and that such property or fund is in danger of being lost, removed, or materially in#ured unless a receiver be appointed to administer and preserve it( (b )hen it appears in an action by the mortgagee for the foreclosure of a mortgage that the property is in danger of being wasted or dissipated or materially in#ured, and that its value is probably insufficient to discharge the mortgage debt, or that the parties have so stipulated in the contract of mortgage( (c !fter #udgment, to preserve the property during the pendency of an appeal, or to dispose of it according to the #udgment, or to aid execution when the execution has been returned unsatisfied or the #udgment obligor refuses to apply his property in satisfaction of the #udgment, or otherwise to carry the #udgment into effect( (d )henever in other cases it appears that the appointment of a receiver is the most convenient and feasible means of preserving, administering, or disposing of the property in litigation. :uring the pendency of an appeal, the appellate court may allow an application for the appointment of a receiver to be filed in and decided by the court of origin and the receiver appointed to be sub#ect to the control of said court. "efore issuing the order appointing a receiver the court shall re1uire the applicant to file a bond executed to the party against whom the application is presented, in an amount to be fixed by the court, to the effect that the applicant will pay such party all damages he may sustain by reason of the appointment of such receiver in case the applicant shall have procured such appointment without sufficient cause( and the court may, in its discretion, at any time after the appointment, re1uire an additional bond as further security for such damages.

Sec !. *enial of application or discharge of receiver.

The application may be denied, or the receiver discharged, when the adverse party files a bond executed to the applicant, in an amount to be fixed by the court, to the effect that such party will pay the applicant all damages he may suffer by reason of the acts, omissions, or other matters specified in the application as ground for such appointment. The receiver may also be discharged if it is shown that his appointment was obtained without sufficient cause.

Sec ". Oath and bond of receiver.

"efore entering upon his duties, the receiver shall be sworn to perform them faithfully, and shall file a bond, executed to such person and in such sum as the court may direct, to the effect that he will faithfully discharge his duties in the action or proceeding and obey the orders of the court.

RECEIVER)

a per$o' appoi'#ed /0 #*e cour# i' /e*al% o% all #*e par#ie$ #o a' ac#io' %or #*e purpo$e o% pre$ervi'& #*e proper#0 i'volved i' #*e $ui# a'd #o pro#ec# #*e ri&*# o% all #*e par#ie$ u'der #*e direc#io' o% #*e cour#

A RECEIVER "IP 7AA 3E DENIED OR LI!TED I! T"E: ) appoi'#me'# $ou&*# or &ra'#ed i$ +i#*ou# $u%%icie'# cau$e. a$ +*ere #*ere i$ 'o 'ece$$i#0 #*ere%or or i# i$ 'o# a proper ca$e %or receiver$*ip adver$e par#0 %ile$ a $u%%icie'# /o'd #o a'$+er %or dama&e$ /o'd po$#ed /0 #*e applica'# %or #*e &ra'# o% receiver$*ip i$ i'$u%%icie'# #*e /o'd o% #*e receiver i$ i'$u%%icie'#

I' ac#io' i'volvi'& po$$e$$io' o% or #i#le #o real proper#0. #*e appoi'#me'# o% a receiver ma0 /e made o'l0 i% #*ere i$ a clear 'ece$$i#0 #o pro#ec# #*e applica'# %rom &rave or irremedia/le dama&e$. Receiver$*ip ma0 /e re$or#ed #o eve' a%#er #*e (ud&me'# *a$ /ecome %i'al a'd e2ecu#or. T*e appoi'#me'# o% a receiver duri'& #*e pe'de'c0 o% #*e ac#io' i$ i'#erlocu#or0 i' 'a#ure a'd ca''o# /e compelled /0 ma'damu$. /u# cer#iorari +ill lie i% #*ere +a$ &rave a/u$e o% di$cre#io' Sec . 2ond on appointment of receiver. 11H

) ) )

Sec #. Service of copies of bonds= effect of disapproval of same

The person filing a bond in accordance with the provisions of this Rule shall forthwith serve a copy thereof on each interested party, who may except to its sufficiency or of the surety or sureties thereon. &f either the applicant9s or the receiver9s bond is found to be insufficient in amount, or if the surety or sureties thereon fail to #ustify, and a

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
bond sufficient in amount with sufficient sureties approved after #ustification is not filed forthwith, the application shall be denied or the receiver discharged, as the case may be. &f the bond of the adverse party is found to be insufficient in amount or the surety or sureties thereon fail to #ustify, and a bond sufficient in amount with sufficient sureties approved after #ustification is not filed forthwith, the receiver shall be appointed or re.appointed, as the case may be.

Sec +. Termination of receivership= compensation of receiver.

)henever the court, motu proprio or on motion of either party, shall determine that the necessity for a receiver no longer exists, it shall, after due notice to all interested parties and hearing, settle the accounts of the receiver, direct the delivery of the funds and other property in his possession to the person ad#udged to be entitled to receive them and order the discharge of the receiver from further duty as such. The court shall allow the receiver such reasonable compensation as the circumstances of the case warrant, to be taxed as costs against the defeated party, or apportioned, as #ustice re1uires.

Sec $. ,eneral powers of receiver.

Sub#ect to the control of the court in which the action or proceeding is pending a receiver shall have the power to$ ) ) ) ) ) ) ) bring and defend, in such capacity, actions in his own name( take and keep possession of the property in controversy( receive rents( collect debts due to himself as receiver or to the fund, property, estate, person, or corporation of which he is the receiver( compound for and compromise the same( to make transfers( to pay outstanding debts( divide the money and other property that shall remain among the persons legally entitled to receive the same( and generally do such acts respecting the property as the court may authori%e.

Sec,. !udgment to include recovery against sureties.

The amount, if any, to be awarded to any party upon any bond filed in accordance with the provisions of this Rule, shall be claimed, ascertained, and granted under the same procedure prescribed in Sec 75 of Rule ;A.

RULE $Re3levin Sec 1. Application.

! party praying for the recovery of possession of personal property may, at the commencement of the action or at any time before answer, apply for an order for the delivery of such property to him, in the manner hereinafter provided.

0owever, funds in the hands of a receiver may be invested only by order of the court upon the written consent of all the parties to the action. 3o action may be filed by or against a receiver without leave of the court which appointed him.

Sec *. 7iability for refusal or neglect to deliver property to receiver .

! person who refuses or neglects, upon reasonable demand, to deliver to the receiver all the property, money, books, deeds, notes, bills, documents and papers within his power or control, sub#ect of or involved in the action or proceeding, or in case of disagreement, as determined and ordered by the court, may be punished for contempt and shall be liable to the receiver for the money or the value of the property and other things so refused or neglected to be surrendered, together with all damages that may have been sustained by the party or parties entitled thereto as a conse1uence of such refusal or neglect. (n

REPLEVIN Availa/le o'l0 +*ere #*e pri'cipal relie% $ou&*# i' #*e ac#io' i$ #*e recover0 o% po$$e$$io' o% per$o'al proper#0 Ca' /e $ou&*# o'l0 +ere #*e de%e'da'# i$ i' #*e ac#ual or co'$#ruc#ive po$$e$$io' o% #*e per$o'al#0 i'volved. E2#e'd$ o'l0 #o per$o'al proper#0 capa/le o% ma'ual deliver0 Availa/le #o recover per$o'al proper#0 eve' i% #*e $ame i$ 'o# /ei'& co'cealed. removed or 11J

ATTAC"7ENT Availa/le eve' i% #*e recover0 o% per$o'al proper#0 i$ o'l0 a' i'cide'# relie% $ou&*# i' #*e ac#io' 7a0 /e re$or#ed #o eve' i% #*e per$o'al proper#0 i$ i' #*e cu$#od0 o% a #*ird per$o' E2#e'd$ #o all ,i'd$ o% proper#0 +*e#*er real. per$o'al or i'corporeal Recover0 o% per$o'al proper#0 u'(u$#l0 de#ai'ed. pre$uppo$e$ #*a# #*e $ame i$ /ei'& co'cealed.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 di$po$ed o% Ca''o# /e availed o% i% #*e proper#0 i$ i' cu$#odia le&i$

removed or di$po$ed o% #o preve'# i#$ /ei'& %ou'd or #a,e' /0 #*e applica'# Ca' $#ill /e re$or#ed #o eve' i% #*e proper#0 i$ i' cu$#odia le&i$

) )

serve a copy thereof on the adverse party, together with a copy of the application, affidavit and bond, and must forthwith take the property, if it be in the possession of the adverse party, or his agent, and retain it in his custody.

&f the property or any part thereof be concealed in a building or enclosure, the sheriff must demand its delivery, and if it be not delivered, he must cause the building or enclosure to be broken open and take the property into his possession.

Sec . Affidavit and bond.

The applicant must show by his own affidavit or that of some other person who personally knows the facts$ (a That the applicant is the owner of the property claimed, particularly describing it, or is entitled to the possession thereof( (b That the property is wrongfully detained by the adverse party, alleging the cause of detention thereof according to the best of his knowledge, information, and belief ( (c That the property has not been distrained or taken for a tax assessment or a fine pursuant to law, or sei%ed under a writ of execution or preliminary attachment, or otherwise placed under custodia legis, or if so sei%ed, that it is exempt from such sei%ure or custody( and (d The actual market value of the property. The applicant must also give a bond, executed to the adverse party in double the value of the property as stated in the affidavit aforementioned, for the return of the property to the adverse party if such return be ad#udged, and for the payment to the adverse party of such sum as he may recover from the applicant in the action. (7a

!fter the sheriff has take possession of the property as herein provided, he must keep it in a secure place and shall be responsible for its delivery to the party entitled thereto upon receiving his fees and necessary expenses for taking and keeping the same.

Sec #. Return of property.

&f the adverse party ob#ects to the sufficiency of the applicant9s bond, or of the surety or sureties thereon, he cannot immediately re1uire the return of the property, but if he does not so ob#ect, he may, at any time before the delivery of the property to the applicant, re1uire the return thereof, by filing with the court where the action is pending a bond executed to the applicant, in double the value of the property as stated in the applicant9s affidavit for the delivery thereof to the applicant, if such delivery be ad#udged, and for the payment of such sum, to him as may be recovered against the adverse party, and by serving a copy of such bond on the applicant.

Sec $. *isposition of property by sheriff

&f within five (; days after the taking of the property by the sheriff, the adverse party does not ob#ect to the sufficiency of the bond, or of the surety or sureties thereon( or if the adverse party so ob#ects and the court affirms its approval of the applicant9s bond or approves a new bond, or if the adverse party re1uires the return of the property but his bond is ob#ected to and found insufficient and he does not forthwith file an approved bond, the property shall be delivered to the applicant. &f for any reason the property is not delivered to the applicant, the sheriff must return it to the adverse party.

Sec !. Order.
/pon the filing of such affidavit and approval of the bond, the court shall issue an order and the corresponding writ of replevin, describing the personal property alleged to be wrongfully detained and re1uiring the sheriff forthwith to take such property into his custody.

Sec ". *uty of the sheriff

/pon receiving such order, the sheriff mus$

I' order #o recover #*e po$$e$$io' o% #*e per$o'al proper#0 +*ic* +a$ #a,e' u'der a +ri# o% replevi'. #*e de%e'da'# mu$# po$# a re)eliver4 :on) a'd $erve a cop0 o% $uc* /o'd o' #*e plai'#i%% +i#*i' %ive da0$ %rom #*e #a,i'& /0 #*e o%%icer.

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Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 T"E DE!ENDANT I ENTITLED TO T"E RETURN O! T"E PROPERTA TAIEN UNDER A WRIT O! REPLEVIN I! ) ) ) "e $ea$o'a/l0 po$#$ a redeliver0 /o'd T*e plai'#i%%5$ /o'd i$ %ou'd #o /e i'$u%%icie'# or de%ec#ive a'd i$ 'o# replaced +i#* a proper /o'd T*e proper#0 i$ 'o# delivered #o #*e plai'#i%% %or a'0 rea$o'

Sec ,. !udgment.
!fter trial of the issues the court shall determine who has the right of possession to and the value of the property and shall render #udgment in the alternative for the delivery thereof to the party entitled to the same, or for its value in case delivery cannot be made, and also for such damages as either party may prove, with costs.

Sec 1-. !udgment to include recovery against sureties.

The amount, if any, to be awarded to any party upon any bond filed in accordance with the provisions of this Rule, shall be claimed, ascertained, and granted under the same procedure as prescribed in Sec 75 of Rule ;A.

Sec *. $roceedings where property claimed by third person.

&f the property taken is claimed by any person other than the party against whom the writ of replevin had been issued or his agent, and such person makes an affidavit of his title thereto, or right to the possession thereof, stating the grounds therefor, and serves such affidavit upon the sheriff while the latter has possession of the property and a copy thereof upon the applicant, the sheriff shall not be bound to keep the property under replevin or deliver it to the applicant unless the applicant or his agent, on demand of said sheriff, shall file a bond approved by the court to indemnify the third.party claimant in a sum not less than the value of the property under replevin as provided in Sec 7 hereof. &n case of disagreement as to such value, the court shall determine the same. 3o claim for damages for the taking or keeping, of the property may be enforced against the bond unless the action therefor is filed within one hundred twenty (<75 days from the date of the filing of the bond. The sheriff shall not be liable for damages, for the taking or keeping of such property, to any such third.party claimant if such bond shall be filed. 3othing herein contained shall prevent such claimant or any third person from vindicating his claim to the property, or prevent the applicant from claiming damages against a third.party claimant who filed a frivolous or plainly spurious claim, in the same or a separate action. )hen the writ of replevin is issued in favor of the Republic of the 2hilippines, or any officer duly representing it, the filing of such bond shall not be re1uired, and in case the sheriff is sued for damages as a result of the replevin, he shall be represented by the Solicitor 8eneral, and if held liable therefor, the actual damages ad#udged by the court shall be paid by the 3ational Treasurer out of the funds to be appropriated for the purpose.

A +ri# o% replevi' ma0 /e $erved a'0+*ere i' #*e P*ilippi'e$. T*e (uri$dic#io' o% a cour# #o *ear a'd decide a ca$e $*ould 'o# /e co'%u$ed +i#* i#$ po+er #o i$$ue +ri#$ a'd proce$$e$ pur$ua'# #o a'd i' #*e e2erci$e o% $aid (uri$dic#io'. RULE $1 S&33or% Pen)en%e Li%e Sec 1. Application.
!t the commencement of the proper action or proceeding, or at any time prior to the #udgment or final order, a verified application for support pendente lite may be filed by any party stating the grounds for the claim and the financial conditions of both parties, and accompanied by affidavits, depositions or other authentic documents in support thereof.

Sec . Comment.
! copy of the application and all supporting documents shall be served upon the adverse party, who shall have five (; days to comment thereon unless a different period is fixed by the court upon his motion. The comment shall be verified and shall be accompanied by affidavits, depositions or other authentic documents in support thereof.

Sec +. Return of papers.

The sheriff must file the order, with his proceedings indorsed, thereon, with the court within ten (<5 days after taking the property mentioned therein.

Sec !. 4earing. 121

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
!fter the comment is filed, or after the expiration of the period for its filing, the application shall be set for hearing not more than three (4 days thereafter. The facts in issue shall be proved in the same manner as is provided for evidence on motions. &n criminal actions where the civil liability includes support for the offspring as a conse1uence of the crime and the civil aspect thereof has not been waived, reserved and instituted prior to its filing, the accused may be ordered to provide support pendente lite to the child born to the offended party allegedly because of the crime. The application therefor may be filed successively by the offended party, her parents, grandparents or guardian and the State in the corresponding criminal case during its pendency, in accordance with the procedure established under this Rule.

Sec ". Order.

The court shall determine provisionally the pertinent facts, and shall render such orders as #ustice and e1uity may re1uire, having the regard to the probable outcome of the case and such other circumstances as may aid in the proper resolution of the 1uestion involved. +f the application is granted, the court shall fix the amount of money to be provisionally paid or such other forms of support as should be provided, taking into account the necessities of the applicant and the resources or means of the adverse party, and the terms of payment or mode for providing the support . +f the application is denied, the principal case shall be tried and decided as early as possible.

Sec *. Restitution.
)hen the #udgment or final order of the court finds that the person who has been providing support pendente lite is not liable therefor, it shall order the recipient thereof to return to the former the amounts already paid with legal interest from the dates of actual payment, without pre#udice to the right of the recipient to obtain reimbursement in a separate action from the person legally obliged to give the support. Should the recipient fail to reimburse said amounts, the person who provided the same may likewise seek reimbursement thereof in a separate action from the person legally obliged to give such support.

Sec #. )nforcement of order.

+f the adverse party fails to comply with an order granting support pendente lite, the court shall, motu proprio or upon motion( issue an order of execution against him, without pre#udice to his liability for contempt. )hen the person ordered to give support pendente lite refuses or fails to do so, any third person who furnished that support to the applicant may, after due notice and hearing in the same case obtain a writ of execution to enforce his right of reimbursement against the person ordered to provide such support.

RE7EDIE O! A PARTA W"O WA ERRONEOU LA CO7PELLED TO 4IVE UPPORT: ) ) Appl0 %or a' order %or $uc* reim/ur$eme'# /0 #*e recipie'# o' mo#io' i' #*e #rial cour# i' #*e $ame ca$e. u'le$$ $uc* re$#i#u#io' i$ alread0 i'cluded i' #*e (ud&me'# re'dered i' #*e ac#io' !aili'& #*erei'. %ile a $epara#e ac#io' %or reim/ur$eme'# a&ai'$# #*e per$o' le&all0 o/li&ed #o &ive $uc* $uppor#.

A #*ird per$o' +*o %ur'i$*e$ #o &ive $uppor# #o #*e applica'# ma0. a%#er due 'o#ice a'd *eari'& i' #*e $ame ca$e. o/#ai' a +ri# o% e2ecu#io' #o e'%orce *i$ ri&*# o% reim/ur$eme'# a&ai'$# #*e per$o' ordered #o provide $uc* $uppor#. W*ile a' order %or $uppor# pe'de'# li#e i$ i'#erlocu#or0. #*e $ame. *o+ever. i$ $u/(ec# #o e2ecu#io'. 3ei'& a' i'#erlocu#or0 order a'd o'e %or $uppor#. #*e $ame ma0 /e modi%ied a# a'0 $#a&e o% #*e proceedi'&. Remed0 i% #*e order i$ +i#* &rave a/u$e o% di$cre#io': cer#iorari +i#* prelimi'ar0 i'(u'c#io' Sec $. Support in criminal cases. 122

S3ecial Civil Ac%ions Preli.inar4 Consi)era%ions

PECIAL CIVIL ACTION CO77ENCED 3A CO7PLAINT ) ) ) ) ) I'#erpleader E2propria#io' !oreclo$ure o% real e$#a#e mor#&a&e Par#i#io' !orci/le e'#r0 a'd u'la+%ul de#ai'er

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 PECIAL CIVIL ACTION INITIATED 3A PETITION ) ) ) ) ) ) ) Declara#or0 relie%$ a'd $imilar remedie$ Revie+ o% ad(udica#io'$ o% #*e Co'$#i#u#io'al Commi$$io'$ Cer#iorari Pro*i/i#io' 7a'damu$ 8uo Warra'#o Co'#emp# RULE $ In%er3lea)er

The period to file the answer shall be tolled and if the motion is denied, the movant may file his answer within the remaining period, but which shall not be less than five (; days in any event, reckoned from notice of denial.

Sec #. Answer and other pleadings.

'ach claimant shall file his answer setting forth his claim within fifteen (<; days from service of the summons upon him, serving a copy thereof upon each of the other conflicting claimants who may file their reply thereto as provided by these Rules. &f any claimant fails to plead within the time herein fixed, the court may, on motion, declare him in default and thereafter render #udgment barring him from any claim in respect to the sub#ect matter. The parties in an interpleader action may file counterclaims, cross.claims, third.party complaints and responsive pleadings thereto, as provided by these Rules.

Sec 1. When interpleader proper.

)henever conflicting claims upon the same sub#ect matter are or may be made against a person who claims no interest whatever in the sub#ect matter, or an interest which in whole or in part is not disputed by the claimants, he may bring an action against the conflicting claimants to compel them to interplead and litigate their several claims among themselves.

Sec $. *etermination
!fter the pleadings of the conflicting claimants have been filed, and pre.trial has been conducted in accordance with the Rules, the court shall proceed to determine their respective rights and ad#udicate their several claims.

Sec *. *oc(et and other lawful fees. costs and litigation expenses as liens. Sec . Order.
/pon the filing of the complaint, the court shall issue an order re1uiring the conflicting claimants to interplead with one another. &f the interests of #ustice so re1uire, the court may direct in such order that the sub#ect matter be paid or delivered to the court. The docket and other lawful fees paid by the party who filed a complaint under this Rule, as well as the costs and litigation expenses, shall constitute a lien or change upon the sub#ect matter of the action, unless the court shall order otherwise. (Ba, RB4

Sec !. Summons.
Summons shall be served upon the conflicting claimants, together with a copy of the complaint and order.

Sec ". "otion to dismiss.

)ithin the time for filing an answer, each claimant may file a motion to dismiss on the ground of impropriety of the interpleader action or on other appropriate grounds specified in #ule 1-.

INTERPLEADER i$ a remed0 +*ere/0 a per$o' +*o *a$ proper#0 i' *i$ po$$e$$io' or *a$ a' o/li&a#io' #o re'der +*oll0 or par#iall0. +i#*ou# a'0 ri&*# i' /o#*. come$ #o cour# a'd a$,$ #*a# #*e de%e'da'#$ +*o *ave made co'%lic#i'& claim$ upo' #*e $ame proper#0 or +*o co'$ider #*em$elve$ e'#i#led #o dema'd complia'ce +i#* #*e o/li&a#io' /e re1uired #o li#i&a#e amo'& #*em$elve$ i' order #o de#ermi'e +*o i$ e'#i#led #o #*e proper#0 or pa0me'# or #*e o/li&a#io' INTERPLEADER T*e plai'#i%% *a$ 'o i'#ere$# i' #*e $u/(ec# ma##er o% #*e ac#io' or *a$ a' 12< INTERVENTION T*e plai'#i%% *a$ le&al i'#ere$# i' #*e ma##er o% li#i&a#io'. or i' #*e $ucce$$

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 i'#ere$# #*erei' +*ic*. i' +*ole or i' par#. i$ 'o# di$pu#ed /0 #*e o#*er par#ie$ #o #*e ac#io'

o% ei#*er o% #*e par#ie$. or a' i'#ere$# a&ai'$# /o#*. or i$ $o $i#ua#ed a$ #o /e adver$el0 a%%ec#ed /0 a di$#ri/u#io' o% proper#0 i' #*e cu$#od0 o% #*e cour# o% a' o%%icer A' a'cillar0 ac#io' T*e de%e'da'#$ are alread0 ori&i'al par#ie$ #o #*e pe'di'& $ui#

RE8UI ITE !OR AN ACTION !OR DECLARATORA RELIE! ) ) ) ) ) ) T*e $u/(ec#)ma##er o% #*e co'#rover$0 mu$# /e a deed. +ill. co'#rac#. or o#*er +ri##e' i'$#rume'#. $#a#u#e. e2ecu#ive order or re&ula#io'. or ordi'a'ce T*e #erm$ o% $aid docume'#$ a'd #*e validi#0 #*ereo% are dou/#%ul a'd re1uire (udicial co'$#ruc#io' T*ere mu$# *ave /ee' 'o /reac* o% #*e docume'#$ i' 1ue$#io' T*ere mu$# /e a' ac#ual (u$#icia/le co'#rover$0 or #*e Dripe'i'& $eed$5 o% o'e /e#+ee' per$o'$ +*o$e i'#ere$#$ are adver$e T*e i$$ue mu$# /e ripe %or (udicial de#ermi'a#io' Ade1ua#e relie% i$ 'o# availa/le #*rou&* o#*er mea'$ or o#*er %orm$ o% ac#io' or proceedi'&$

A' ori&i'al ac#io' T*e de%e'da'#$ are /ei'& $ued preci$el0 #o implead #*em

RULE $! Declara%or4 Relie' an) Si.ilar Re.e)ies Sec 1. Who may file petition.
!ny person interested under a deed, will, contract or other written instrument, or whose rights are affected by a statute, executive order or regulation, ordinance, or any other governmental regulation may, before breach or violation thereof bring an action in the appropriate Regional Trial Court to determine any 1uestion of construction or validity arising, and for a declaration of his rights or duties, thereunder. !n action for the reformation of an instrument, to 1uiet title to real property or remove clouds therefrom, or to consolidate ownership under !rticle <B5A of the Civil Code, may be brought under this Rule.

To /e ripe %or (udicial de#ermi'a#io'. or #o co'$#i#u#e #*e Dripe'i'& $eed$E o% a co'#rover$0. i# mu$# appear #*a#. u'der #*e %ac#$ o% #*e ca$e. #*ere i$ a #*rea#e'ed li#i&a#io' i' #*e immedia#e %u#ure. +*ic* li#i&a#io' i$ immi'e'# a'd i'evi#a/le u'le$$ preve'#ed /0 #*e declara#or0 relie% $ou&*#. Sec . $arties.
!ll persons who have or claim any interest which would be affected by the declaration shall be made parties( and no declaration shall, except as otherwise provided in these Rules, pre#udice the rights of persons not parties to the action.

Sec !. %otice on Solicitor ,eneral.

&n any action which involves the validity of a statute, executive order or regulation, or any other governmental regulation, the Solicitor 8eneral shall be notified by the party assailing the same and shall be entitled to be heard upon such 1uestion.

DECLARATORA RELIE! i$ a $pecial civil ac#io' /rou&*# i' #*e RTC /0 a per$o' +*o i$ i'#ere$#ed u'der a deed. +ill. co'#rac# . or o#*er +ri##e' i'$#rume'# . or +*o$e ri&*#$ are a%%ec#ed /0 a $#a#u#e. e2ecu#ive order or re&ula#io'. ordi'a'ce. or a'0 o#*er &over'me'# re&ula#io'. /e%ore /reac* or viola#io' #*ereo%. a$,i'& #*e cour# #o de#ermi'e a'0 1ue$#io' or co'$#ruc#io' or validi#0 ari$i'&. a'd %or a declara#io' o% *i$ ri&*#$ or du#ie$ #*ereu'der. 12>

Sec ". 7ocal government ordinances.

&n any action involving the validity of a local government ordinance, the corresponding prosecutor or attorney of the local governmental unit involved shall be similarly

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
notified and entitled to be heard. &f such ordinance is alleged to be unconstitutional, the Solicitor 8eneral shall also be notified and entitled to be heard. This Rule shall govern the review of #udgments and final orders or resolutions of the Commission on 'lections and the Commission on !udit.

Sec #. Court action discretionary.

'xcept in actions falling under the second paragraph of Sec < of this Rule, the court, motu proprio or upon motion, may refuse to exercise the power to declare rights and to construe instruments in any case where a decision would not terminate the uncertainty or controversy which gave rise to the action, or in any case where the declaration or construction is not necessary and proper under the circumstances.

Sec . "ode of review.

! #udgment or final order or resolution of the Commission on 'lections and the Commission on !udit may be brought by the aggrieved party to the Supreme Court on certiorari under Rule B;, except as hereinafter provided.

Sec !. Time to file petition.

The petition shall be filed within thirty (45 days from notice of the #udgment or final order or resolution sought to be reviewed. The filing of a motion for new trial or reconsideration of said #udgment or final order or resolution, if allowed under the procedural rules of the Commission concerned, shall interrupt the period herein fixed. &f the motion is denied, the aggrieved party may file the petition within the remaining period, but which shall not be less than five (; days in any event, reckoned from notice of denial.

Declara#or0 relie% ma0 /e re%u$ed /0 #*e cour# +*ere #*e $ame +ould 'o# #ermi'a#e #*e u'cer#ai'#0 or co'#rover$0. T*e di$cre#io' i$ (u$#i%ied a$. preci$el0. #*e purpo$e o% declara#or0 relie% i$ #o #ermi'a#e #*e co'#rover$0. uc* di$cre#io'. *o+ever. doe 'o# e2#e'd #o ac#io'$ %or #*e re%orma#io' o% a' i'$#rume'#. #o 1uie# #i#le #o real proper#0 or #o remove cloude #*ere%rom. or #o co'$olida#e o+'er$*ip i' a pac#o de re#ro $ale. i'ce 'o ma#erial relie% i$ $ou&*# i' a' ac#io' %or declara#or0 relie%. a #*ird) par#0 complai'# ca''o# /e e'#er#ai'ed #*erei'. "o+ever a compul$or0 cou'#erclaim ma0 /e $e# up i' a declara#or0 relie% $ui#. A' ac#io' %or declara#or0 relie% mu$# /e /rou&*# i' #*e RTC. I# i$ 'o# amo'& #*e ac#io'$ +i#*i' #*e ori&i'al (uri$dic#io' o% #*e upreme Cour# eve' i% o'l0 1ue$#io'$ o% la+ are i'volved. Sec $. Conversion into ordinary action.
&f before the final termination of the case, a breach or violation of an instrument or a statute, executive order or regulation, ordinance, or any other governmental regulation should take place, the action may thereupon be converted into an ordinary action, and the parties shall be allowed to file such pleadings as may be necessary or proper.

Sec ". *oc(et and other lawful fees.

/pon the filing of the petition, the petitioner shall pay to the clerk of court the docket and other lawful fees and deposit the amount of 2;55.55 for costs.

Sec #. 3orm and contents of petition.

The petition shall$ ) ) ) ) be verified and filed in eighteen (<= legible copies. name the aggrieved party as petitioner and #oin as respondents the Commission concerned and the person or persons interested in sustaining the #udgment, final order or resolution a quo. state the facts with certainty, present clearly the issues involved, set forth the grounds and brief arguments relied upon for review, and pray for #udgment annulling or modifying the 1uestioned #udgment, final order or resolution. be accompanied by a clearly legible duplicate original or certified true copy of the #udgment, final order or resolution sub#ect thereof, together with certified true copies of such material portions of the record as are referred to

RULE $" Revie5 o' (&)1.en%s an) Final Or)ers or Resol&%ions o' %6e Co..ission on Elec%ions an) %6e Co..ission on A&)i% Sec 1. Scope. 12?

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
therein and other documents relevant and pertinent thereto. The re1uisite number of copies of the petition shall contain plain copies of all documents attached to the original copy of said petition. ) state the specific material dates showing that it was filed within the period fixed herein, and shall contain a sworn certification against forum shopping as provided in the third paragraph of Sec 4, Rule DB. further be accompanied by proof of service of a copy thereof on the Commission concerned and on the adverse party, and of the timely payment of docket and other lawful fees. The filing of a petition for certiorari shall not stay the execution of the #udgment or final order or resolution sought to be reviewed, unless the Supreme Court shall direct otherwise upon such terms as it may deem #ust.

Sec ,. Submission for decision.

/nless the Court sets the case for oral argument, or re1uires the parties to submit memoranda, the case shall be deemed submitted for decision upon the filing of the comments on the petition, or of such other pleadings or papers as may be re1uired or allowed, or the expiration of the period to do so.

The failure of petitioner to comply with any of the foregoing re1uirements shall be sufficient ground for the dismissal of the petition.

RULE $# Certiorari, Pro6i:i%ion an) Man)a.&s Sec $. Order to comment.

&f the Supreme Court finds the petition sufficient in form and substance, it shall order the respondents to file their comments on the petition within ten (<5 days from notice thereof( otherwise, the Court may dismiss the petition outright. The Court may also dismiss the petition$ ) ) if it was filed manifestly for delay or the 1uestions raised are too unsubstantial to warrant further proceedings.

Sec 1. $etition for certiorari.

)hen any tribunal, board or officer exercising #udicial or 1uasi.#udicial functions has acted without or in excess its or his #urisdiction, or with grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of #urisdiction, and there is no appeal, or any plain, speedy, and ade1uate remedy in the ordinary course of law, a person aggrieved thereby may file a verified petition in the proper court, alleging the facts with certainty and praying that #udgment be rendered annulling or modifying the proceedings of such tribunal, board or officer, and granting such incidental reliefs as law and #ustice may re1uire. The petition shall be accompanied by a certified true copy of the #udgment, order or resolution sub#ect thereof, copies of all pleadings and documents relevant and pertinent thereto, and a sworn certification of non.forum shopping as provided in the third paragraph of Sec 4, Rule DB.

Sec *. Comments of respondents.

The comments of the respondents shall be filed in eighteen (<= legible copies. The original shall be accompanied by certified true copies of such material portions of the record as are referred to therein together with other supporting papers. The re1uisite number of copies of the comments shall contain plain copies of all documents attached to the original and a copy thereof shall be served on the petitioner. 3o other pleading may be filed by any party unless re1uired or allowed by the Court.

Sec +. )ffect of filing. 12C

CERTIORARI i$ a $pecial civil ac#io' a&ai'$# a #ri/u'al. /oard or o%%icer e2erci$i'& (udicial or 1ua$i)(udicial %u'c#io' +*ic* i$ alle&ed i' a veri%ied pe#i#io' %iled /0 a' a&&rieved par#0 #o *ave ac#ed +i#*ou# or i' e2ce$$ i#$ or *i$ (uri$dic#io'. or +i#* &rave a/u$e o% di$cre#io' amou'#i'& #o lac, or e2ce$$ o% (uri$dic#io'. a'd #*ere i$ 'o appeal. or a'0 plai'. $peed0. a'd ade1ua#e remed0 i' #*e ordi'ar0 cour$e o% la+. a per$o' a&&rieved #*ere/0 ma0 %ile a

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 veri%ied pe#i#io' i' #*e proper cour#. alle&i'& #*e %ac#$ +i#* cer#ai'#0 a'd pra0i'& #*a# (ud&me'# /e re'dered a''ulli'& or modi%0i'& #*e proceedi'&$ o% $uc* #ri/u'al. /oard or o%%icer. a'd &ra'#i'& $uc* i'cide'#al relie%$ a$ la+ a'd (u$#ice ma0 re1uire. T*e +ri# o% cer#iorari i$ proper #o correc# error$ o% (uri$dic#io' commi##ed v0 #*e lo+er cour#. or &rave a/u$e o% di$cre#io' +*ic* i$ #a'#amou'# #o lac, o% (uri$dic#io'. W*ere #*e error i$ 'o# o'e o% (uri$dic#io' /u# a' error o% la+ or %ac# +*ic* i$ a mi$#a,e o% (ud&me'#. a33eal is %6e re.e)4. A' ori&i'al ac#io' %or cer#iorari i$ a' i'depe'de'# ac#io' a'd doe$ 'o# i'#errup# #*e cour$e o% #*e pri'cipal ac#io' 'or #*e ru''i'& o% #*e re&leme'#ar0 period$ i'volved i' #*e proceedi'&. To arre$# #*e cour$e o% #*e pri'ciple ac#io' duri'& #*e pe'de'c0 o% #*e cer#iorari proceedi'&$. #*ere mu$# /e a re$#rai'i'& order or a +ri# o% prelimi'ar0 i'(u'c#io' %rom #*e appella#e cour# direc#ed #o #*e lo+er cour#. PETITION !OR REVIEW ON CERTIORARI T*e pe#i#io' i$ /a$ed o' 1ue$#io'$ o% la+ +*ic* #*e appella'# de$ire$ #*e appella#e cour# #o re$olve. PECIAL CIVIL ACTION !OR CERTIORARI T*e pe#i#io' rai$e$ #*e i$$ue a$ #o +*e#*er #*e lo+er cour# ac#ed +i#*ou# or i' e2ce$$ o% (uri$dic#io' or +i#* &rave a/u$e o% di$cre#io'. I'volve$ #*e revie+ o% #*e (ud&me'#. 7a0 /e direc#ed a&ai'$# a' a+ard or %i'al order o' #*e meri#$. i'#erlocu#or0 order o% #*e cour# prior #o appeal %rom #*e (ud&me'# or +*ere #*ere i$ 'o appeal or a'0 o#*er plai'. $peed0 or ade1ua#e remed0 7u$# /e made +i#*i' #*e 7a0 /e %iled 'o# la#er #*a' $i2#0 da0$ re&leme'#ar0 period %or appeal %rom 'o#ice o% (ud&me'#. order or re$olu#io' $ou&*# #o /e a$$ailed. #a0$ #*e (ud&me'#. a+ard or order Doe$ 'o# $#a0 #*e c*alle'&ed appealed %rom proceedi'&$. u'le$$ a +ri# o% prelimi'ar0 i'(u'c#io' or a #emporar re$#rai'i'& order $*all *ave /ee' i$$ued. T*e pe#i#io'er a'd #*e re$po'de'# are T*e par#ie$ are #*e a&&rieved par#0. 12G

#*e ori&i'al par#ie$ #o #*e ac#io'. a'd #*e lo+er cour# or 1ua$i)(udicial a&e'c0 i$ 'o# #o /e impleaded T*e prior %ili'& o% a mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io' i$ 'o# re1uired. T*e appella#e cour# i$ i' #*e e2erci$e o% i#$ appella#e (uri$dic#io' a'd po+er o% revie+. !iled o'l0 +i#* #*e upreme Cour#

a$ pe#i#io'er. a&ai'$# #*e lo+er cour# or 1ua$i)(udicial a&e'c0 a'd #*e prevaili'& par#ie$. a$ re$po'de'#$ A mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io' i$ a co'di#io' precede'#. $u/(ec# #o cer#ai' e2cep#io'$. T*e *i&*er cour# e2erci$e$ ori&i'al (uri$dic#io' u'der i#$ po+er o% co'#rol a'd $upervi$io' over #*e proceedi'&$ o% lo+er cour#$ !iled +i#* #*e RTC. CA or C

A re$po'de'# i$ $aid #o /e e<ercisin1 /&)icial '&nc%ions +*ere *e *a$ #*e po+er #o de#ermi'e +*a# #*e la+ i$. +*a# are #*e le&al ri&*#$ o% #*e par#ie$. a'd *e u'der#a,e$ #o de#ermi'e #*e$e 1ue$#io'$ a'd ad(udica#e upo' #*e ri&*#$ o% #*e par#ie$. Ac%in1 5i%6o&% /&ris)ic%ion; 'o le&al po+er #o de#ermi'e #*e ca$e Ac%in1 in e<cess o' /&ris)ic%ion; #*e re$po'de'#. /ei'& clo#*ed +i#* #*e po+er #o de#ermi'e #*e ca$e. over$#ep$ *i$ au#*ori#0 a$ de#ermi'ed /0 la+ Grave a:&se o' )iscre%ion ;#*e re$po'de'# ac#$ i' capriciou$. +*im$ical. ar/i#rar0 or de$po#ic ma''er i' #*e e2erci$e o% *i$ (ud&me'# a$ #o /e $aid #o /e e1uivale'# #o lac, o% (uri$dic#io' 4e'eral Rule: 3e%ore cer#iorari ma0 /e availed o%. #*e pe#i#io'er mu$# *ave %iled a mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io' /0 #*e lo+er cour# o% #*e ac# or order complai'ed o% purpo$e o% #*e re1uireme'#: #o e'a/le #*e lo+er cour# #o pa$$ upo' a'd correc# i#$ mi$#a,e$ +i#*ou# #*e i'#erve'#io' o% #*e *i&*er cour# E2cep#io'$: ) W*ere #*e order i$ a pa#e'# 'ulli#0 ) W*ere #*e 1ue$#io'$ rai$ed i' #*e Cer#iorari proceedi'& *ave /ee' dul0 rai$ed a'd pa$$ed upo' /0 #*e lo+er cour#. or are #*e $ame a$ #*o$e rai$ed a'd pa$$ed upo' i' #*e lo+er cour#

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 ) W*ere #*ere i$ a' ur&e'# 'ece$$i#0 %or #*e re$olu#io' o% #*e 1ue$#io' a'd a'0 %ur#*er dela0 +ould pre(udice #*e i'#ere$#$ o% #*e 4over'me'# ) W*ere. u'der #*e circum$#a'ce$. a mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io' +ould /e u$ele$$. a$ +*ere #*e cour# *ad alread0 i'dica#ed #*a# i# +ould de'0 a'0 mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io' o% i#$ 1ue$#io'ed order ) W*ere pe#i#io'er +a$ deprived o% due proce$$ a'd #*ere i$ e2#reme ur&e'c0 %or relie% ) W*ere. i' a crimi'al ca$e. relie% %rom a' order o% arre$# i$ ur&e'# a'd #*e &ra'#i'& o% $uc* relie% /0 #*e #rial cour# i$ impro/a/le ) W*ere #*e proceedi'& +a$ e2 par#e or i' +*ic* #*e pe#i#io'er *ad 'o oppor#u'i#0 #o o/(ec# ) W*ere #*e i$$ue rai$ed i$ o'e purel0 o% la+ or +*ere pu/lic i'#ere$# i$ i'volved !i'di'&$ o% %ac# o% #*e Cour# o% Appeal$ are 'o# co'clu$ive or /i'di'& upo' #*e upreme Cour#. Sec . $etition for prohibition.
)hen the proceedings of any tribunal, corporation, board, officer or person, whether exercising #udicial, 1uasi.#udicial or ministerial functions, are without or in excess of its or his #urisdiction, or with grave abuse of discretion amounting to lack or excess of #urisdiction, and there is no appeal or any other plain, speedy, and ade1uate remedy in the ordinary course of law, a person aggrieved thereby may file a verified petition in the proper court, alleging the facts with certainty and praying that #udgment be rendered commanding the respondent to desist from further proceedings in the action or matter specified therein, or otherwise granting such incidental reliefs as law and #ustice may re1uire. The petition shall likewise be accompanied by a certified true copy of the #udgment, order or resolution sub#ect thereof, copies of all pleadings and documents relevant and pertinent thereto, and a sworn certification of non.forum shopping as provided in the third paragraph of Sec 4, Rule DB.

/e ac#i'& or a/ou# #o ac# +i#*ou# (uri$dic#io' or i' e2ce$$ o% i#$ *i$ (uri$dic#io'. or +i#* &rave a/u$e o% di$cre#io' amou'#i'& #o lac, or e2ce$$ o% (uri$dic#io'. a'd #*ere i$ 'o appeal or a'0 o#*er plai'. $peed0. a'd ade1ua#e remed0 i' #*e ordi'ar0 cour$e o% la+. pra0i'& #*a# (ud&me'# /e re'dered comma'di'& #*e re$po'de'# #o de$i$# %rom %ur#*er proceedi'&$ i' #*e ac#io' or ma##er $peci%ied #*erei'. or o#*er+i$e &ra'#i'& $uc* i'cide'#al relie%$ a$ la+ a'd (u$#ice ma0 re1uire. Pro*i/i#io' i$ a preve'#ive remed0. To preve'# #*e re$po'de'# %rom per%ormi'& #*e ac# $ou&*# #o /e preve'#ed duri'& #*e pe'de'c0 o% #*e proceedi'&$ %or #*e +ri#. #*e pe#i#io'er $*ould o/#ai' a: o o Re$#rai'i'& order= a'd;or Wri# o% prelimi'ar0 i'(u'c#io'

I' order #*a# pro*i/i#io' +ill lie a&ai'$# a' e2ecu#ive o%%icer. #*e pe#i#io'er mu$# %ir$# e2*au$# all admi'i$#ra#ive remedie$. a$ pro*i/i#io' i$ availa/le o'l0 +*e' #*ere are 'o o#*er plai'. $peed0 a'd ade1ua#e remedie$ i' #*e ordi'ar0 cour$e o% la+. Pro*i/i#io' i$ #*e remed0 +*ere a mo#io' #o di$mi$$ i$ improperl0 de'ied. CERTIORARI T*e purpo$e i$ #o correc# re$po'de'#$5 ac#$ /0 a''ulli'& #*e proceedi'&$ T*e ac#$ /ei'& a$$ailed i' #*e pe#i#io' *ave alread0 /ee' do'e T*e re$po'de'# i$ per%ormi'& (udicial or 1ua$i)(udicial %u'c#io'$ PRO"I3ITION T*e purpo$e i$ #o preve'# #*e commi$$io' o% #*e ac# /0 $#oppi'& #*e proceedi'&$. T*e ac#$ /ei'& a$$ailed /0 #*e pe#i#io'er are a/ou# #o /e do'e or are /ei'& do'e T*e re$po'de'# i$ per%ormi'& (udicial. 1ua$i)(udicial or mi'i$#erial %u'c#io'$.

Sec !. $etition for mandamus. PRO"I3ITION i$ a $pecial civil ac#io' a&ai'$# a #ri/u'al. corpora#io'. /oard. o%%icer or per$o'. +*e#*er e2erci$i'& (udicial. 1ua$i)(udicial or mi'i$#erial %u'c#io' +*ic* i$ alle&ed i' a veri%ied pe#i#io' %iled /0 #*e a&&rieved par#0 #o 12H
)hen any tribunal, corporation, board, officer or person unlawfully neglects the performance of an act which the law specifically en#oins as a duty resulting from an office, trust, or station, or unlawfully excludes another from the use and en#oyment of

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
a right or office to which such other is entitled, and there is no other plain, speedy and ade1uate remedy in the ordinary course of law, the person aggrieved thereby may file a verified petition in the proper court, alleging the facts with certainty and praying that #udgment be rendered commanding the respondent, immediately or at some other time to be specified by the court, to do the act re1uired to be done to protect the rights of the petitioner, and to pay the damages sustained by the petitioner by reason of the wrongful acts of the respondent. The petition shall also contain a sworn certification of non.forum shopping as provided in the third paragraph of Sec 4, Rule DB

7a'damu$ +ill lie #o compel #*e per%orma'ce o% a mi'i$#erial du#0 'o# a di$cre#io'ar0 du#0 a'd pe#i#io'er mu$# $*o+ #*a# *e *a$ a +ell)de%i'ed. clear a'd cer#ai' ri&*# #o +arra'# #*e &ra'# #*ereo%. 7a'damu$ ca' /e emplo0ed #o correc# error$ o% lo+er cour#$ #o preve'# a %ailure o% (u$#ice or irrepara/le i'(ur0 +*e' #*ere i$ a clear le&al ri&*# a'd #*ere i$ a' a/$e'ce o% a'0 ade1ua#e remed0. 4e'eral Rule: I' #*e per%orma'ce o% a' o%%icial du#0 or ac# i'volvi'& di$cre#io' $uc* o%%icial ca' o'l0 /e direc#ed /0 ma'damu$ #o ac# /u# 'o# #o ac# o'e +a0 or #*e o#*er. E2cep#io': +*ere #*ere *a$ /ee' &ro$$ a/u$e o% di$cre#io'. ma'i%e$# i'(u$#ice. or palpa/le e2ce$$ o% au#*ori#0. i' +*ic* ca$e #*e re$po'de'# ca' /e ordered #o ac# i' a par#icular ma''er

7ANDA7U i$ a $pecial civil ac#io' a&ai'$# a #ri/u'al. corpora#io'. /oard. o%%icer or per$o' +*ic* i$ alle&ed i' a veri%ied pe#i#io' %iled /0 a' a&&rieved par#0 #o *ave u'la+%ull0 'e&lec#ed #*e per%orma'ce o% a' ac# +*ic* #*e la+ $peci%icall0 e'(oi'$ a$ a du#0 re$ul#i'& %rom a' o%%ice. #ru$#. or $#a#io'. or u'la+%ull0 e2clude$ a'o#*er %rom #*e u$e a'd e'(o0me'# o% a ri&*# or o%%ice #o +*ic* $uc* o#*er i$ e'#i#led. a'd #*ere i$ 'o o#*er plai'. $peed0 a'd ade1ua#e remed0 i' #*e ordi'ar0 cour$e o% la+. pra0i'& #*a# (ud&me'# /e re'dered comma'di'& #*e re$po'de'#. immedia#el0 or a# $ome o#*er #ime #o /e $peci%ied /0 #*e cour#. #o do #*e ac# re1uired #o /e do'e #o pro#ec# #*e ri&*#$ o% #*e pe#i#io'er. a'd #o pa0 #*e dama&e$ $u$#ai'ed /0 #*e pe#i#io'er /0 rea$o' o% #*e +ro'&%ul ac#$ o% #*e re$po'de'#. TWO A PECT O! 7ANDA7U ) ) U'la+%ull0 'e&lec#i'& #*e per%orma'ce o% a' ac# +*ic* #*e la+ $peci%icall0 e'(oi'$ a$ a du#0 re$ul#i'& %rom a' o%%ice. #ru$# or $#a#io' U'la+%ull0 e2cludi'& a'o#*er %rom #*e u$e a'd e'(o0me'# o% a ri&*# or o%%ice #o +*ic* $uc* o#*er i$ e'#i#led.

7a'damu$ doe$ 'o# lie #o compel #*e per%orma'ce o% a co'#rac#ual du#0. e$peciall0 i% #*e co'#rac# i$ di$pu#ed. a'd $uc* ma'damu$ $ui# ca''o# /e co'ver#ed i'#o a' ordi'ar0 ac#io' %or /reac* o% co'#rac#. 7ANDA7U CERTIORARI PRO"I3ITION T*e re$po'de'# i$ T*e re$po'de'# i$ T*e re$po'de'# i$ per%ormi'& mi'i$#erial per%ormi'& (udicial or per%ormi'& (udicial. %u'c#io'$ 1ua$i)(udicial %u'c#io'$ 1ua$i)(udicial or mi'i$#erial %u'c#io'$ T*e re$po'de'# T*e re$po'de'# *a$ T*e re$po'de'# i$ u'la+%ull0 'e&lec#$ #*e ac#ed +i#*ou# ac#i'& or i$ a/ou# #o ac# per%orma'ce o% a' ac# (uri$dic#io' or i' e2ce$$ +i#*ou# (uri$dic#io' or +*ic* #*e la+ o% i#$ (uri$dic#io' or i' e2ce$$ o% i#$ $peci%icall0 e'(oi'$ a$ a +i#* &rave a/u$e o% (uri$dic#io' or +i#* du#0 re$ul#i'& %rom a' di$cre#io' amou'#i'& #o &rave a/u$e o% o%%ice. #ru$# or $#a#io'= lac, o% (uri$dic#io' di$cre#io' amou'#i'& #o or i# u'la+%ull0 lac, o% (uri$dic#io' e2clude$ a'o#*er %rom #*e u$e a'd e'(o0me'# o% a ri&*# or o%%ice #o +*ic* $uc* o#*er i$ e'#i#led. 12J

Discre%ion. +*e' applied #o pu/lic %u'c#io'arie$. mea'$ a po+er o% ri&*# co'%erred upo' #*em /0 la+ o% ac#i'& o%%iciall0. u'der cer#ai' circum$#a'ce$. u'co'#rolled /0 #*e (ud&me'# or co'$cie'ce o% o#*er$. A 3&rel4 .inis%erial ac% or )&%4. i$ o'e +*ic* a' o%%icer or #ri/u'al per%orm$ i' a &ive' $#a#e o% %ac#$. i' a pre$cri/ed ma''er. i' o/edie'ce #o #*e ma'da#e o% a le&al au#*ori#0 +i#*ou# re&ard #o or e2erci$e o% *i$ o+' (ud&me'# upo' #*e proprie#0 or improprie#0 o% #*e ac# do'e.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 T*e purpo$e i$ #o T*e purpo$e i$ #o compel #*e re$po'de'# correc# re$po'de'#5$ #o do #*e ac# re1uired #o ac#$ /0 a''ulli'& #*e /e do'e #o pro#ec# #*e proceedi'&$ ri&*#$ o% #*e pe#i#io'er a'd #o pa0 #*e dama&e$ $u$#ai'ed /0 #*e pe#i#io'er /0 #*e rea$o' o% #*e +ro'&%ul ac#$ o% #*e re$po'de'# Sec ". When and where petition filed.

T*e purpo$e i$ #o preve'# #*e commi$$io' o% #*e ac#$ /0 $#oppi'& #*e proceedi'&$.

/nless otherwise specifically directed by the court where the petition is pending, the public respondents shall not appear in or file an answer or comment to the petition or any pleading therein. &f the case is elevated to a higher court by either party, the public respondents shall be included therein as nominal parties. 0owever, unless otherwise specifically directed by the court, they shall not appear or participate in the proceedings therein.

Sec $. Order to comment.

f the petition is sufficient in form and substance to #ustify such process, the court shall issue an order re1uiring the respondent or respondents to comment on the petition within ten (<5 days from receipt of a copy thereof. Such order shall be served on the respondents in such manner as the court may direct together with a copy of the petition and any annexes thereto. &n petitions for certiorari before the Supreme Court and the Court of !ppeals, the provisions of Sec 7, Rule ;B, shall be observed. "efore giving due course thereto, the court may re1uire the respondents to file their comment to, and not a motion to dismiss, the petition. Thereafter, the court may re1uire the filing of a reply and such other responsive or other pleadings as it may deem necessary and proper.

The petition shall be filed not later than sixty (B5 days from notice of the #udgment, order or resolution. &n case a motion for reconsideration or new trial is timely filed, whether such motion is re1uired or not, the sixty (B5 day period shall be counted from notice of the denial of said motion. The petition shall be filed in the Supreme Court or, if it relates to the acts or omissions of a lower court or of a corporation, board, officer or person, in the Regional Trial Court exercising #urisdiction over the territorial area as defined by the Supreme Court. &t may also be filed in the Court of !ppeals whether or not the same is in aid of its appellate #urisdiction, or in the Sandiganbayan if it is in aid of its appellate #urisdiction. &f it involves the acts or omissions of a 1uasi.#udicial agency, unless otherwise provided by law or these Rules, the petition shall be filed in and cogni%able only by the Court of !ppeals. 3o extension of time to file the petition shall be granted except for compelling reason and in no case exceeding fifteen (<; days.

Sec *. )xpediting proceedings= in#unctive relief

The court in which the petition is filed may issue orders expediting the proceedings, and it may also grant a temporary restraining order or a writ of preliminary in#unction for the preservation of the rights of the parties pending such proceedings. The petition shall not interrupt the course of the principal case unless a temporary restraining order or a writ of preliminary in#unction has been issued against the public respondent from further proceeding in the case.

Sec +. $roceedings after comment is filed.

!fter the comment or other pleadings re1uired by the court are filed, or the time for the filing thereof has expired, the court may hear the case or re1uire the parties to submit memoranda. &f after such hearing or submission of memoranda or the expiration of the period for the filing thereof the court finds that the allegations of the petition are true, it shall render #udgment for the relief prayed for or to which the petitioner is entitled. The court, however, may dismiss the petition if it finds the same to be patently without merit, prosecuted manifestly for delay, or that the 1uestions raised therein are too unsubstantial to re1uire consideration.

Sec #. Respondents and costs in certain cases.

)hen the petition filed relates to the acts or omissions of a #udge, court, 1uasi.#udicial agency, tribunal, corporation, board, officer or person, the petitioner shall #oin, as private respondent or respondents with such public respondent or respondents, the person or persons interested in sustaining the proceedings in the court( and it shall be the duty of such private respondents to appear and defend, both in his or their own behalf and in behalf of the public respondent or respondents affected by the proceedings, and the costs awarded in such proceedings in favor of the petitioner shall be against the private respondents only, and not against the #udge, court, 1uasi. #udicial agency, tribunal, corporation, board, officer or person impleaded as public respondent or respondents.

1<0

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec ,. Service and enforcement of order or #udgment.

! certified copy of the #udgment rendered in accordance with the last preceding Sec shall be served upon the court, 1uasi.#udicial agency, tribunal, corporation, board, officer or person concerned in such manner as the court may direct, and disobedience thereto shall be punished as contempt. !n execution may issue for any damages or costs awarded in accordance with Sec < of Rule 4C.

T*e i$$ue i$ #*e eli&i/ili#0 o% #*e re$po'de'#. T*e occupa'# +*o +a$ declared i'eli&i/le or di$lo0al +ill /e u'$ea#ed /u# #*e pe#i#io'er +ill 'o# /e declared #*e ri&*#%ul occupa'# o% #*e o%%ice

T*e i$$ue i$ #*e validi#0 o% #*e appoi'#me'# T*e cour# +ill ou$# #*e per$o' ille&all0 appoi'#ed a'd +ill order #*e $ea#i'& o% #*e per$o' +*o +a$ le&all0 appoi'#ed a'd e'#i#led #o #*e o%%ice.

RULE $$ Quo Warranto Sec 1. Action by ,overnment against individuals.

!n action for the usurpation of a public office, position or franchise may be commenced by a verified petition brought in the name of the Republic of the 2hilippines against$ (a ! person who usurps, intrudes into, or unlawfully holds or exercises a public office, position or franchise( (b ! public officer who does or suffers an act which, by the provision of law, constitutes a ground for the forfeiture of his office( or (c !n association which acts as a corporation within the 2hilippines without being legally incorporated or without lawful authority so to act.

4e'eral Rule: 8uo +arra'#o i$ comme'ced /0 #*e 4over'me'# a$ #*e proper par#0 plai'#i%% E2cep#io'$: W*e' a per$o' claim$ #o /e e'#i#led #o #*e pu/lic o%%ice alle&edl0 u$urped /0 a'o#*er i' +*ic* ca$e *e ca' /ri'& #*e ac#io' i' *i$ o+' 'ame. Sec . When Solicitor ,eneral or public prosecutor must commence action .
The Solicitor 8eneral or a public prosecutor, when directed by the 2resident of the 2hilippines, or when upon complaint or otherwise he has good reason to believe that any case specified in the preceding Sec can be established by proof, must commence such action.

Sec !. When Solicitor ,eneral or public prosecutor may commence action with permission of court.
The Solicitor 8eneral or a public prosecutor may, with the permission of the court in which the action is to be commenced, bring such an action at the re1uest and upon the relation of another person( but in such case the officer bringing it may first re1uire an indemnity for the expenses and costs of the action in an amount approved by and to be deposited in the court by the person at whose re1uest and upon whose relation the same is brought.

8UO WARRANTO T*e /a$i$ %or 1uo +arra'#o i$ #*a# #*e occupa'# i$ di$1uali%ied %rom *oldi'& #*e o%%ice /0 rea$o' o% i'eli&i/ili#0 or di$lo0al#0 I% i# $ucceed$. #*e re$po'de'# +ill /e ou$#ed /u# #*e pe#i#io'er +ill 'o# a$$ume #*e o%%ice

ELECTION CONTE T C*alle'&e$ #*e ri&*# o% a per$o' #o *old o%%ice o' #*e &rou'd o% irre&ulari#ie$ #o co'duc# o% #*e elec#io'$ %or $aid o%%ice. T*e $ucce$$%ul pro#e$#a'# +ill a$$ume #*e o%%ice i% *e *ad o/#ai'ed a plurali#0 o% #*e valid vo#e$.

Sec ". When hearing had on application for permission to commence action.
/pon application for permission to commence such action in accordance with the next preceding Sec, the court shall direct that notice be given to the respondent so that he may be heard in opposition thereto( and if permission is granted, the court shall issue an order to that effect, copies of which shall be served on all interested parties, and the petition shall then be filed within the period ordered by the court.

8UO WARRANTO ACTION IN ELECTIVE O!!ICER

8UO WARRANTO ACTION IN APPOINTIVE O!!ICER 1<1

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Sec #. When an individual may commence such an action.

! person claiming to be entitled to a public office or position usurped or unlawfully held or exercised by another may bring an action therefor in his own name.

Sec $. $arties and contents of petition against usurpation.

)hen the action is against a person for usurping a public office, position or franchise, the petition shall set forth the name of the person who claim to be entitled thereto, if any, with an averment of his right to the same and that the respondent is unlawfully in possession thereof. !ll persons who claim to be entitled to the public office, position or franchise may be made parties, and their respective rights to such public office, position or franchise determined, in the same action.

&f #udgment be rendered in favor of the person averred in the complaint to be entitled to the public office he may, after taking the oath of office and executing any official bond re1uired by law, take upon himself the execution of the office, and may immediately thereafter demand of the respondent all the books and papers in the respondent9s custody or control appertaining to the office to which the #udgment relates. &f the respondent refuses or neglects to deliver any book or paper pursuant to such demand, he may be punished for contempt as having disobeyed a lawful order of the court. The person ad#udged entitled to the office may also bring action against the respondent to recover the damages sustained by such person by reason of the usurpation.

Sec 11. 7imitations.

3othing contained in this Rule shall be construed to authori%e an action against a public officer or employee for his ouster from office unless the same be commenced within one (< year after the cause of such ouster, or the right of the petitioner to hold such office or position, arose, nor to authori%e an action for damages in accordance with the provisions of the next preceding Sec unless the same be commenced within one (< year after the entry of the #udgment establishing the petitioner9s right to the office in 1uestion.

Sec *. -enue.
!n action under the preceding six Secs can be brought only in the Supreme Court, the Court of !ppeals, or in the Regional Trial Court exercising #urisdiction over the territorial area where the respondent or any of the respondents resides, but when the Solicitor 8eneral commences the action, it may be brought in a Regional Trial Court in the City of *anila, in the Court of !ppeals, or in the Supreme Court.

Sec 1 . !udgment for costs.

&n an action brought in accordance with the provisions of this Rule, the court may render #udgment for costs against either the petitioner, the relator, or the respondent, or the person or persons claiming to be a corporation, or may apportion the costs, as #ustice re1uires.

Sec +. $eriod for pleadings and proceedings may be reduced = action given precedence.
The court may reduce the period provided by these Rules for filing pleadings and for all other proceedings in the action in order to secure the most expeditious determination of the matters involved therein consistent with the rights of the parties. Such action may be given precedence over any other civil matter pending in the court.

RULE $* E<3ro3ria%ion Sec 1. The complaint.

The right of eminent domain shall be exercised by the filing of a verified complaint which shall state with certainty$ ) ) ) the right and purpose of expropriation, describe the real or personal property sought to be expropriated, and #oin as defendants all persons owning or claiming to own, or occupying, any part thereof or interest therein, showing, so far as practicable, the separate interest of each defendant.

Sec ,. !udgment where usurpation found.

)hen the respondent is found guilty of usurping into, intruding into, or unlawfully holding or exercising a public office, position or franchise, #udgment shall be rendered that such respondent be ousted and altogether excluded therefrom, and that the petitioner or relator, as the case may be, recover his costs. Such further #udgment may be rendered determining the respective rights in and to the public office, position or franchise of all the parties to the action as #ustice re1uires.

Sec 1-. Rights of persons ad#udged entitled to public office = delivery of boo(s and papers= damages. 1<2

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
&f the title to any property sought to be expropriated appears to be in the Republic of the 2hilippines, although occupied by private individuals, or if the title is otherwise obscure or doubtful so that the plaintiff cannot with accuracy or certainty specify who are the real owners, averment to that effect shall be made in the complaint.

#*e ma,i'& o% a depo$i# e1uivale'# #o #*e a$$e$$ed value o% #*e proper#0 $ou&*# #o /e e2propria#ed.

E7INENT DO7AIN i$ #*e ri&*# o% #*e #a#e #o ac1uire priva#e proper#0 %or pu/lic u$e upo' pa0me'# o% (u$# compe'$a#io'. I# i$ #*e ac#ual %ili'& o% #*e complai'# %or e2propria#io' +*ic* /i'd$ #*e la'd. a'd 'o# a mere 'o#ice o% #*e i'#e'# #o e2propria#e. T*e o+'er o% #*e la'd ma0 $#ill di$po$e o% $aid proper#0. de$pi#e #*e %ili'& o% #*e ac#io'. a$ #*e &ra'#ee +ould merel0 /e $u/$#i#u#ed i' *i$ place a'd *old$ #*e la'd $u/(ec# #o #*e re$ul#$ o% #*e ac#io' Sec . )ntry of plaintiff upon depositing value with authori5ed government depositary.
/pon the filing of the complaint or at any time thereafter and after due notice to the defendant, the plaintiff shall have the right to take or enter upon the possession of the real property involved if he deposits with the authori%ed government depositary an amount e1uivalent to the assessed value of the property for purposes of taxation to be held by such bank sub#ect to the orders of the court. Such deposit shall be in money, unless in lieu thereof the court authori%es the deposit of a certificate of deposit of a government bank of the Republic of the 2hilippines payable on demand to the authori%ed government depositary. &f personal property is involved, its value shall be provisionally ascertained and the amount to be deposited shall be promptly fixed by the court. !fter such deposit is made the court shall order the sheriff or other proper officer to forthwith place the plaintiff in possession of the property involved and promptly submit a report thereof to the court with service of copies to the parties.

T*e prelimi'ar0 depo$i# co'$#i#u#e$ adva'ce pa0me'# i' #*e eve'# #*e e2propria#io' proceed$. a'd $#a'd$ a$ i'dem'i#0 %or dama&e$ $*ould #*e proceedi'&$ 'o# $ucceed. T*e prelimi'ar0 depo$i# i$ o'l0 'ece$$ar0 i% #*e plai'#i%% de$ire$ e'#r0 o' #*e la'd upo' i#$ i'$#i#u#io' o% #*e ac#io'= o#*er+i$e. i# could al+a0$ +ai# u'#il #*e order o% e2propria#io' i$ i$$ued /e%ore i# e'#er$ upo' #*e la'd. O'ce #*e re1uired depo$i# *a$ /ee' dul0 made. #*e e2propria#io' i$ e'#i#led #o a +ri# o% po$$e$$io' over #*e proper#0 a$ a ma##er o% ri&*# a'd #*e i$$ua'ce o% #*a# +ri# /ecome$ mi'i$#erial o' #*e par# o% #*e #rial cour#. Sec !. *efenses and ob#ections.
+f a defendant has no objection or defense to the action or the ta*ing of his property, he may file and serve a notice of appearance and a manifestation to that effect, specifically designating or identifying the property in which he claims to be interested, within the time stated in the summons. Thereafter, he shall be entitled to notice of all proceedings affecting the same. +f a defendant has any objection to the filing of or the allegations in the complaint, or any objection or defense to the ta*ing of his property , he shall serve his answer within the time stated in the summons. The answer shall$ ) ) ) specifically designate or identify the property in which he claims to have an interest, state the nature and extent of the interest claimed, and adduce all his ob#ections and defenses to the taking of his property.

RE8UI ITE IN ORDER T"AT PLAINTI!! 7AA I77EDIATELA ENTER T"E PROPERTA OU4"T TO 3E E9PROPRIATED ) #*e %ili'& o% #*e complai'# %or e2propria#io' $u%%icie'# i' %orm a'd $u/$#a'ce 1<<

3o counterclaim, cross.claim or third.party complaint shall be alleged or allowed in the answer or any subse1uent pleading. ! defendant waives all defenses and ob#ections not so alleged but the court, in the interest of #ustice, may permit amendments to the answer to be made not later than ten (<5 days from the filing thereof. 0owever, at the trial of the issue of #ust

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
compensation whether or not a defendant has previously appeared or answered, he may present evidence as to the amount of the compensation to be paid for his property, and he may share in the distribution of the award. ) specify the time within which their report shall be submitted to the court. Copies of the order shall be served on the parties. ,b#ections to the appointment of any of the commissioners shall be filed with the court within ten (<5 days from service, and shall be resolved within thirty (45 days after all the commissioners shall have received copies of the ob#ections. (;a

Sec ". Order of expropriation.

&f the ob#ections to and the defenses against the right of the plaintiff to expropriate the property are overruled, or when no party appears to defend as re1uired by this Rule, the court may issue an order of expropriation declaring that the plaintiff has a lawful right to take the property sought to be expropriated, for the public use or purpose described in the complaint, upon the payment of #ust compensation to be determined as of the date of the taking of the property or the filing of the complaint, whichever came first. ! final order sustaining the right to expropriate the property may be appealed by any party aggrieved thereby. Such appeal, however, shall not prevent the court from determining the #ust compensation to be paid. !fter the rendition of such an order, the plaintiff shall not be permitted to dismiss or discontinue the proceeding except on such terms as the court deems #ust and e1uitable.

Sec $. $roceedings by commissioners.

"efore entering upon the performance of their duties, the commissioners shall take and subscribe an oath that they will faithfully perform their duties as commissioners, which oath shall be filed in court with the other proceedings in the case. 'vidence may be introduced by either party before the commissioners who are authori%ed to administer oaths on hearings before them, and the commissioners shall, unless the parties consent to the contrary, after due notice to the parties, to attend, view and examine the property sought to be expropriated and its surroundings, and may measure the same, after which either party may, by himself or counsel, argue the case. The commissioners shall assess the conse1uential damages to the property not taken and deduct from such conse1uential damages the conse1uential benefits to be derived by the owner from the public use or purpose of the property taken, the operation of its franchise by the corporation or the carrying on of the business of the corporation or person taking the property. "ut in no case shall the conse1uential benefits assessed exceed the conse1uential damages assessed, or the owner be deprived of the actual value of his property so taken.

T*e order o% e2propria#io' %oreclo$e$ a'0 %ur#*er o/(ec#io'$ #o #*e ri&*# #o e2propria#e. i'cludi'& #*e pu/lic purpo$e o% #*e $ame. T*e o'l0 $u/$#a'#ial i$$ue #*erea%#er i$ #*e ma##er o% (u$# compe'$a#io'. 3ei'& de#ermi'a#ive o% #*e 1ue$#io' o% #*e ri&*# #o e2propria#e. $uc* order o% co'dem'a#io' i$ a %i'al order o' #*a# i$$ue a'd i$ appeala/le. T*e re&leme'#ar0 period #o appeal $*all /e #*ir#0 da0$ a'd a record o' appeal $*all /e re1uired %or eac* o% #*e permi$$i/le appeal$. Sec #. Ascertainment of compensation.
/pon the rendition of the order of expropriation, the court shall appoint not more than three (4 competent and disinterested persons as commissioners to ascertain and report to the court the #ust compensation for the property sought to be taken. The order of appointment shall$ ) designate the time and place of the first session of the hearing to be held by the commissioners and

Sec *. Report by commissioners and #udgment thereupon.

The court may order the commissioners to report when any particular portion of the real estate shall have been passed upon by them, and may render #udgment upon such partial report, and direct the commissioners to proceed with their work as to subse1uent portions of the property sought to be expropriated, and may from time to time so deal with such property. The commissioners shall make a full and accurate report to the court of all their proceedings, and such proceedings shall not be effectual until the court shall have accepted their report and rendered #udgment in accordance with their recommendations. 'xcept as otherwise expressly ordered by the court, such report shall be filed within sixty (B5 days from the date the commissioners were notified of their appointment, which time may be extended in the discretion of the court. /pon the filing of such report, the clerk of the court shall serve copies thereof on all interested parties, with notice that they are allowed ten (<5 days within which to file ob#ections to the findings of the report, if they so desire.

Sec +. Action upon commissionersL report. 1<>

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
/pon the expiration of the period of ten (<5 days referred to in the preceding Sec, or even before the expiration of such period but after all the interested parties have filed their ob#ections to the report or their statement of agreement therewith, the court may, after hearing, accept the report and render #udgment in accordance therewith, or, for cause shown, it may recommit the same to the commissioners for further report of facts, or it may set aside the report and appoint new commissioners( or it may accept the report in part and re#ect it in part and it may make such order or render such #udgment as shall secure to the plaintiff the property essential to the exercise of his right of expropriation, and to the defendant #ust compensation for the property so taken. plaintiff shall have the right to enter upon the property expropriated and to appropriate it for the public use or purpose defined in the #udgment, or to retain it should he have taken immediate possession thereof under the provisions of Sec 7 hereof. &f the defendant and his counsel absent themselves from the court, or decline to receive the amount tendered, the same shall be ordered to be deposited in court and such deposit shall have the same effect as actual payment thereof to the defendant or the person ultimately ad#udged entitled thereto.

Sec 11. )ntry not delayed by appeal= effect of reversal.

The right of the plaintiff to enter upon the property of the defendant and appropriate the same for public use or purpose shall not be delayed by an appeal from the #udgment. "ut if the appellate court determines that plaintiff has no right of expropriation, #udgment shall be rendered ordering the Regional Trial Court to forthwith enforce the restoration to the defendant of the possession of the property, and to determine the damages which the defendant sustained and may recover by reason of the possession taken by the plaintiff.

Sec ,. 'ncertain ownership= conflicting claims.

&f the ownership of the property taken is uncertain, or there are conflicting claims to any part thereof, the court may order any sum or sums awarded as compensation for the property to be paid to the court for the benefit of the person ad#udged in the same proceeding to be entitled thereto. "ut the #udgment shall re1uire the payment of the sum or sums awarded to either the defendant or the court before the plaintiff can enter upon the property, or retain it for the public use or purpose if entry has already been made.

Primar0 purpo$e o% #*e proceedi'&$:

#o de#ermi'e #*e (u$# compe'$a#io' #o /e paid #o #*e la'do+'er$

Sec 1 . Costs. by whom paid.

The fees of the commissioners shall be taxed as a part of the costs of the proceedings. !ll costs, except those of rival claimants litigating their claims, shall be paid by the plaintiff, unless an appeal is taken by the owner of the property and the #udgment is affirmed, in which event the costs of the appeal shall be paid by the owner.

A (ud&me'# i' e2propria#io' proceedi'&$ $*ould provide %or #*e pa0me'# o% le&al i'#ere$# a$ a ma##er o% la+ %rom #*e #ime #*e 4over'me'# #a,e$ over #*e la'd u'#il i# pa0$ #*e o+'er #*ereo%. I% #*e compe'$a#io' i$ 'o# paid +*e' #*e proper#0 i$ #a,e'. /u# i$ po$#po'ed #o a la#er da#e. #*e i'#ere$# a+arded i$ ac#uall0 par# o% #*e (u$# compe'$a#io' +*ic* #a,e$ i'#o accou'# $uc* dela0. T*e co'$e1ue'#ial /e'e%i#$ #*a# $*all /e deduc#ed re%er$ #o #*e ac#ual /e'e%i#$ derived /0 #*e o+'er o' #*e remai'i'& por#io' o% *i$ la'd +*ic* are #*e direc# a'd pro2ima#e re$ul#$ o% #*e improveme'#$ co'$e1ue'# #o #*e e2propria#io'. a'd 'o# #*e &e'eral /e'e%i#$ +*ic* *e receive$ i' commo' +i#* #*e commu'i#0. Sec 1-. Rights of plaintiff after #udgment and payment.
/pon payment by the plaintiff to the defendant of the compensation fixed by the #udgment, with legal interest thereon from the taking of the possession of the property, or after tender to him of the amount so fixed and payment of the costs, the

Sec 1!. Recording #udgment. and its effect.

The #udgment entered in expropriation proceedings shall state definitely, by an ade1uate description$ ) ) the particular property or interest therein expropriated, and the nature of the public use or purpose for which it is expropriated.

)hen real estate is expropriated, a certified copy of such #udgment shall be recorded in the registry of deeds of the place in which the property is situated, and its effect shall be to vest in the plaintiff the title to the real estate so described for such public use or purpose.

Sec 1". $ower of guardian in such proceedings. 1<?

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
The guardian or guardian ad litem of a minor or of a person #udicially declared to be incompetent may, with the approval of the court first had, do and perform on behalf of his ward any act, matter, or thing respecting the expropriation for public use or purpose of property belonging to such minor or person #udicially declared to be incompetent, which such minor or person #udicially declared to be incompetent could do in such proceedings if he were of age or competent

T"E !OLLOWIN4 7U T 3E 6OINED A DE!ENDANT : ) ) ) ) T*e per$o'$ o/li&a#ed #o pa0 #*e mor#&a&e de/# T*e per$o'$ +*o o+'. occup0 or co'#rol #*e mor#&a&ed premi$e$ or a'0 par# #*ereo% T*e #ra'$%eree or &ra'#ee o% #*e proper#0 T*e $eco'd mor#&a&ee or (u'ior e'cum/ra'cer. or a'0 per$o' claimi'& a ri&*# or i'#ere$# i' #*e proper#0 $u/ordi'a#e #o #*e mor#&a&e $ou&*# #o /e %oreclo$ed

RULE $+ Foreclos&re o' Real Es%a%e Mor%1a1e Sec 1. Complaint in action for foreclosure.
T0' C,*2E!&3T S0!EE S'T 6,RT0 T0' ) ) ) ) ) ) ) date and due execution of the mortgage( its assignments, if any( the names and residences of the mortgagor and the mortgagee( a description of the mortgaged property( a statement of the date of the note or other documentary evidence of the obligation secured by the mortgage, the amount claimed to be unpaid thereon( and the names and residences of all persons having or claiming an interest in the property subordinate in right to that of the holder of the mortgage, all of whom shall be made defendants in the action.

Sec . !udgment on foreclosure for payment or sale.

&f upon the trial in such action the court shall find the facts set forth in the complaint to be true, it shall ascertain the amount due to the plaintiff upon the mortgage debt or obligation, including interest and other charges as approved by the court, and costs, and shall render #udgment for the sum so found due and order that the same be paid to the court or to the #udgment obligee within a period of not less than ninety days nor more than one hundred twenty days from the entry of #udgment, and that in default of such payment the property shall be sold at public auction to satisfy the #udgment.

Sec !. Sale of mortgaged property= effect.

)hen the defendant, after being directed to do so as provided in the next preceding Sec, fails to pay the amount of the #udgment within the period specified therein, the court, upon motion, shall order the property to be sold in the manner and under the provisions of Rule 4C and other regulations governing sales of real estate under execution. Such sale shall not affect the rights of persons holding prior encumbrances upon the property or a part thereof, and when confirmed by an order of the court, also upon motion, it shall operate to divest the rights in the property of all the parties to the action and to vest their rights in the purchaser, sub#ect to such rights of redemption as may be allowed by law. /pon the finality of the order of confirmation or upon the expiration of the period of redemption when allowed by law, the purchaser at the auction sale or last redemptioner, if any, shall be entitled to the possession of the property unless a third party is actually holding the same adversely to the #udgment obligor. The said

A %oreclo$ure ac#io' mu$# /r /rou&*# i' #*e RTC o% #*e re&io' +*ere #*e la'd or a'0 par# #*ereo% i$ $i#ua#ed. I% a mor#&a&e co'#rac# cover$ $everal di$#i'c# parcel$ o% la'd $i#ua#ed i' di%%ere'# re&io'$. #*e ac#io' ma0 /e /rou&*# i' #*e RTC o% a'0 o% #*e re&io'$ a'd #*e (ud&me'# +ill /e e'%orcea/le a&ai'$# a'0 o% #*e parcel$ o% la'd i'volved. A' u're&i$#ered real e$#a#e mor#&a&e ma0 /e %oreclo$ed. T*e cau$e o% ac#io' i' a %oreclo$ure $ui# i$ &e'erall0 #*e 'o')pa0me'# o% #*e mor#&a&e loa'. /u# i# ma0 /e o' o#*er &rou'd$ +*ic* u'der #*e co'#rac# +arra'#$ #*e %oreclo$ure. 1<C

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012
purchaser or last redemptioner may secure a writ of possession, upon motion, from the court which ordered the foreclosure. balance is all due at the time of the rendition of the #udgment( otherwise( the plaintiff shall be entitled to execution at such time as the balance remaining becomes due under the terms of the original contract, which time shall be stated in the #udgment.

Upo' #*e co'%irma#io' o% #*e %oreclo$ure $ale. #*e e1ui#0 o% redemp#io' i$ cu# o%% a'd #i#le ve$#$ i' %avor o% #*e purc*a$er re#roac#ive #o #*e da#e o% ac#ual $ale. !oreclo$ure o% mor#&a&e$ #o /a',i'& i'$#i#u#io'$. +*e#*er (udiciall0 or e2#ra(udiciall0. i$ $u/(ec# #o le&al redemp#io'. /u# #*e par#0 redeemi'& mu$# pa0 #*e amou'# %i2ed /0 #*e cour# i' #*e order o% e2ecu#io'. 'o# #*e amou'# %or +*ic* #*e proper#0 +a$ purc*a$ed a# pu/lic auc#io'. Sec ". *isposition of proceeds of sale
The amount reali%ed from the foreclosure sale of the mortgaged property shall, after deducting the costs of the sale, be paid to the person foreclosing the mortgage "alance or residue . shall be paid to #unior encumbrancers in the order of their priority

A de%icie'c0 (ud&me'# $*all /e re'dered o' mo#io' +*e' #*e %oreclo$ure $ale did 'o# produce proceed$ $u%%icie'# #o $a#i$%0 #*e (ud&me'#. uc* a de%icie'c0 (ud&me'# i$ immedia#el0 e2ecu#or0 i% #*e /ala'ce i$ all due. W*ere #*e mor#&a&e +a$ e2ecu#ed /0 a #*ird per$o' #o $ecure #*e o/li&a#io' o% a de/#or. $uc* #*ird per$o' 'o# *avi'& a$$umed per$o'al lia/ili#0 %or #*e pa0me'# o% #*e de/#. #*e e2#e'# o% recover0 i' #*e (ud&me'# o% %oreclo$ure $*all /e limi#ed #o #*e purc*a$e price a# #*e %oreclo$ure $ale a'd 'o de%icie'c0 (ud&me'# ca' /e recovered a&ai'$# $aid per$o' Rea$o': Remed0: T*e mor#&a&e co'#rac# i#$el% delimi#$ #*e e2#e'# o% #*e relie% a&ai'$# #*e #*ird)par#0 mor#&a&or proceed a&ai'$# #*e de/#or i' a' ordi'ar0 claim %or a $um o% mo'e0 #o recover #*e /ala'ce o% #*e de/# due

&f there are no such encumbrancers or there be a balance or residue after payment to them . to the mortgagor or his duly authori%ed agent or to the person entitled to it

Sec *. Registration.
! certified copy of the final order of the court confirming the sale shall be registered in the registry of deeds. &f no right of redemption exists, the certificate of title in the name of the mortgagor shall be cancelled, and a new one issued in the name of the purchaser. )here a right of redemption exists, the certificate of title in the name of the mortgagor shall not be cancelled, but the certificate of sale and the order confirming the sale shall be registered and a brief memorandum thereof made by the registrar of deeds upon the certificate of title. &n the event the property is redeemed, the deed of redemption shall be registered with the registry of deeds, and a brief memorandum thereof shall be made by the registrar of deeds on said certificate of title. &f the property is not redeemed, the final deed of sale executed by the sheriff in favor of the purchaser at the foreclosure sale shall be registered with the registry of deeds( whereupon the certificate of title in the name of the mortgagor shall be cancelled and a new one issued in the name of the purchaser.

Sec #. 4ow sale to proceed in case the debt is not all due.
H as soon as a sufficient portion of the property has been sold to pay the total amount and the costs due, the sale shall terminate( and afterwards as often as more becomes due for principal or interest and other valid charges, the court may, on motion, order more to be sold. &f the property cannot be sold in portions without pre#udice to the parties, the whole shall be ordered to be sold in the first instance, and the entire debt and costs shall be paid, if the proceeds of the sale be sufficient therefor, there being a rebate of interest where such rebate is proper.

Sec $. *eficiency #udgment

&f upon the sale of any real there be a balance due to the plaintiff after applying the proceeds of the sale, the court, upon motion, shall render #udgment against the defendant for any such balance for which, by the record of the case, he may be personally liable to the plaintiff, upon which execution may issue immediately if the

1<G

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 RE7EDIE O! T"E 7ORT4A4EE I! T"E DE3TOR)7ORT4A4OR DIE AND T"E DE3T I TILL UNPAID ) ) Waive #*e mor#&a&e a'd claim #*e e'#ire de/# %rom #*e e$#a#e o% #*e de/#or)mor#&a&or a$ a' ordi'ar0 claim Rel0 o' #*e mor#&a&e e2clu$ivel0. %oreclo$i'& #*e $ame a# a'0 #ime /e%ore i# i$ /arred /0 pre$crip#io' +i#*ou# ri&*# #o %ile a claim %or a'0 de%icie'c0

I% a%#er #*e #rial #*e cour# %i'd$ #*a# #*e plai'#i%% *a$ #*e ri&*# #*ere#o. i# $*all order #*e par#i#io' o% #*e real e$#a#e amo'& all #*e par#ie$ i' i'#ere$#. T*ereupo' #*e par#ie$ ma0. i% #*e0 are a/le #o a&ree. ma,e #*e par#i#io' amo'& #*em$elve$ /0 proper i'$#rume'#$ o% co've0a'ce. a'd #*e cour# $*all co'%irm #*e par#i#io' $o a&reed upo' /0 all #*e par#ie$. a'd $uc* par#i#io'. #o&e#*er +i#* #*e order o% #*e cour# co'%irmi'& #*e $ame. $*all /e recorded i' #*e re&i$#r0 o% deed$ o% #*e place i' +*ic* #*e proper#0 i$ $i#ua#ed. A %i'al order decreei'& par#i#io' a'd accou'#i'& ma0 /e appealed /0 a'0 par#0 a&&rieved #*ere/0. T*e par#i#io' o% proper#0 ma0 /e volu'#aril0 e%%ec#ed /0 a&reeme'# or compul$oril0. Eve' i% #*e par#ie$ *ad re$or#ed #o (udicial par#i#io'. #*e0 ma0 $#ill ma,e a' amica/le por#io' o% #*e proper#0. T*e ri&*# o% ac#io' #o dema'd par#i#io' doe$ 'o# pre$cri/e. e2cep# +*ere o'e o% #*e i'#ere$#ed par#ie$ ope'l0 a'd adver$el0 occupie$ #*e proper#0 +i#*ou# reco&'i-i'& #*e co)o+'er$*ip. T*e deci$io' o% a #rial cour# &ra'#i'& recover0 o% proper#ie$ %or #*e purpo$e o% orderi'& #*eir par#i#io' i$ a de%i'i#ive a'd appeala/le (ud&me'# /ecau$e i# decide$ #*e ri&*#$ o% #*e par#ie$ upo' #*e i$$ue $u/mi##ed. U'le$$ #*e i$$ue o% o+'er$*ip i$ de%i'i#el0 re$olved. i# +ould /e prema#ure #o e%%ec# a par#i#io' o% #*e proper#ie$. Sec !. Commissioners to ma(e partition when parties fail to agree. I% #*e par#ie$ are u'a/le #o a&ree upo' #*e par#i#io'. #*e cour# $*all appoi'# 'o# more #*a' #*ree B<@ compe#e'# a'd di$i'#ere$#ed per$o'$ a$ commi$$io'er$ #o ma,e #*e par#i#io'. comma'di'& #*em #o $e# o%% #o #*e plai'#i%% a'd #o eac* par#0 i' i'#ere$# $uc* par# a'd propor#io' o% #*e proper#0 a$ #*e cour# $*all direc#. Sec ". Oath and duties of commissioners.

Sec +. Applicability of other provisions.

The provisions of Secs 4<, 47 and 4D of Rule 4C shall be applicable to the #udicial foreclosure of real estate mortgages under this Rule insofar as the former are not inconsistent with or may serve to supplement the provisions of the latter.

RULE $, Par%i%ion Sec 1. Complaint in action for partition of real estate.

! person having the right to compel the partition of real estate may do so as provided in this Rule, setting forth in his complaint the nature and extent of his title and an ade1uate description of the real estate of which partition is demanded and #oining as defendants all other persons interested in the property.

W"AT 7U T 3E ET !ORT" IN T"E CO7PLAINT ) ) Na#ure a'd e2#e'# o% #*e #i#le A' ade1ua#e de$crip#io' o% #*e real e$#a#e o% +*ic* #*e par#i#io' i$ dema'ded

Sec . Order for partition and partition by agreement thereunder.

1<H

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 3e%ore ma,i'& $uc* par#i#io'= #*e commi$$io'er$ $*all #a,e a'd $u/$cri/e a' oa#* #*a# #*e0 +ill %ai#*%ull0 per%orm #*eir du#ie$ a$ commi$$io'er$. +*ic* oa#* $*all /e %iled i' cour# +i#* #*e o#*er proceedi'&$ i' #*e ca$e. I' ma,i'& #*e par#i#io'. #*e commi$$io'er$ $*all vie+ a'd e2ami'e #*e real e$#a#e. a%#er due 'o#ice #o #*e par#ie$ #o a##e'd a# $uc* vie+ a'd e2ami'a#io'. a'd $*all *ear #*e par#ie$ a$ #o #*eir pre%ere'ce i' #*e por#io' o% #*e proper#0 #o /e $e# apar# #o #*em a'd #*e compara#ive value #*ereo%. a'd $*all $e# apar# #*e $ame #o #*e par#ie$ i' lo#$ or parcel$ a$ +ill /e mo$# adva'#a&eou$ a'd e1ui#a/le. *avi'& due re&ard #o #*e improveme'#$. $i#ua#io' a'd 1uali#0 o% #*e di%%ere'# par#$ #*ereo%. Sec #. Assignment or sale of real estate by commissioners. W*e' i# i$ made #o appear #o #*e commi$$io'er$ #*a# #*e real $#a#e. or a por#io' #*ereo%. ca''o# /e divided +i#*ou# pre(udice #o #*e i'#ere$#$ o% #*e par#ie$. #*e cour# ma0 order i# a$$i&'ed #o o'e o% #*e par#ie$ +illi'& #o #a,e #*e $ame. provided *e pa0$ #o #*e o#*er par#ie$ $uc* amou'# a$ #*e commi$$io'er$ deem e1ui#a/le. u'le$$ o'e o% #*e i'#ere$#ed par#ie$ a$,$ #*a# #*e proper#0 /e $old i'$#ead o% /ei'& $o a$$i&'ed. i' +*ic* ca$e #*e cour# $*all order #*e commi$$io'er$ #o $ell #*e real e$#a#e a# pu/lic $ale u'der $uc* co'di#io'$ a'd +i#*i' $uc* #ime a$ #*e cour# ma0 de#ermi'e. Sec $. Report of commissioners= proceedings not binding until confirmed. T*e commi$$io'er$ $*all ma,e a %ull a'd accura#e repor# #o #*e cour# o% all #*eir proceedi'&$ a$ #o #*e par#i#io'. or #*e a$$i&'me'# o% real e$#a#e #o o'e o% #*e par#ie$. or #*e $ale o% #*e $ame. Upo' #*e %ili'& o% $uc* repor#. #*e cler, o% cour# $*all $erve copie$ #*ereo% o' all #*e i'#ere$#ed par#ie$ +i#* 'o#ice #*a# #*e0 are allo+ed #e' da0$ +i#*i' +*ic* #o %ile o/(ec#io'$ #o #*e %i'di'&$ o% #*e repor#. i% #*e0 $o de$ire. No proceedi'& *ad /e%ore or co'duc#ed /0 #*e commi$$io'er$ a'd re'dered (ud&me'# #*ereo'. Sec *. Action of the court upon commissioners report. Upo' #*e e2pira#io' o% #*e period o% #e' da0$ re%erred #o or eve' /e%ore #*e e2pira#io' o% $uc* period /u# a%#er #*e i'#ere$#ed par#ie$ *ave %iled #*eir 1<J

o/(ec#io'$ #o #*e repor# or #*eir $#a#eme'# o% a&reeme'# #*ere+i#* #*e cour# ma0. upo' *eari'&. ) accep# #*e repor# a'd re'der (ud&me'# i' accorda'ce #*ere+i#*. or ) %or cau$e $*o+' recommi# #*e $ame #o #*e commi$$io'er$ %or %ur#*er repor# o% %ac#$. or ) $e# a$ide #*e repor# a'd appoi'# 'e+ commi$$io'er$= or ) accep# #*e repor# i' par# a'd re(ec# i# i' par#= a'd ) ma0 ma,e $uc* order a'd re'der $uc* (ud&me'# a$ $*all e%%ec#ua#e a %air a'd (u$# par#i#io' o% #*e real e$#a#e. or o% i#$ value. i% a$$i&'ed or $old. /e#+ee' #*e $everal o+'er$ #*ereo%. Sec +. Accounting for rent and profits in action for partition. M a par#0 $*all recover %rom a'o#*er *i$ (u$# $*are o% re'#$ a'd pro%i#$ received /0 $uc* o#*er par#0 %rom #*e real e$#a#e i' 1ue$#io'. a'd #*e (ud&me'# $*all i'clude a' allo+a'ce %or $uc* re'#$ a'd pro%i#$. Sec ,. $ower of guardian in such proceedings. M +i#* #*e approval o% #*e cour# %ir$# *ad. do a'd per%orm o' /e*al% o% *i$ +ard a'0 ac#. ma##er. or #*i'& re$pec#i'& #*e par#i#io' o% real e$#a#e. +*ic* #*e mi'or or per$o' (udiciall0 declared #o /e i'compe#e'# could do i' par#i#io' proceedi'&$ i% *e +ere o% a&e or compe#e'#. Sec 1-. Costs and expenses to be taxed and collected. T*e cour# $*all e1ui#a/l0 #a2 a'd appor#io' /e#+ee' or amo'& #*e par#ie$ #*e co$#$ a'd e2pe'$e$ +*ic* accrue i' #*e ac#io'. i'cludi'& #*e compe'$a#io' o% #*e commi$$io'er$. *avi'& re&ard #o #*e i'#ere$#$ o% #*e par#ie$. a'd e2ecu#io' ma0 i$$ue #*ere%or a$ i' o#*er ca$e$. Sec 11. The #udgment and its effect= copy to be recorded in registry of deeds. I% ac#ual par#i#io' o% proper#0 i$ made. #*e (ud&me'# $*all $#a#e de%i'i#el0. /0 me#e$ a'd /ou'd$ a'd ade1ua#e de$crip#io'. #*e par#icular por#io' o% #*e real e$#a#e a$$i&'ed #o eac* par#0

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 E%%ec# o% #*e (ud&me'#: #o ve$# i' eac* par#0 #o #*e ac#io' i' $everal#0 #*e por#io' o% #*e real e$#a#e a$$i&'ed #o *im. I% #*e +*ole proper#0 i$ a$$i&'ed #o o'e o% #*e par#ie$ upo' *i$ pa0i'& #o #*e o#*er$ #*e $um or $um$ ordered /0 #*e cour#. #*e (ud&me'# $*all $#a#e #*e %ac# o% $uc* pa0me'# a'd o% #*e a$$i&'me'# o% #*e real e$#a#e #o #*e par#0 ma,i'& #*e pa0me'# E%%ec# o% #*e (ud&me'#: #o ve$# i' #*e par#0 ma,i'& #*e pa0me'# #*e +*ole o% #*e real e$#a#e %ree %rom a'0 i'#ere$# o' #*e par# o% #*e o#*er par#ie$ #o #*e ac#io'. I% #*e proper#0 i$ $old a'd #*e $ale co'%irmed /0 #*e cour#. #*e (ud&me'# $*all $#a#e #*e 'ame o% #*e purc*a$er or purc*a$er$ a'd a de%i'i#e de$crip#io' o% #*e parcel$ o% real e$#a#e $old #o eac* purc*a$er E%%ec# o% #*e (ud&me'#: #o ve$# #*e real e$#a#e i' #*e purc*a$er or purc*a$er$ ma,i'& #*e pa0me'# or pa0me'#$. %ree %rom #*e claim$ o% a'0 o% #*e par#ie$ #o #*e ac#io'. A cer#i%ied cop0 o% #*e (ud&me'# $*all i' ei#*er ca$e /e recorded i' #*e re&i$#r0 o% deed$ o% #*e place i' +*ic* #*e real e$#a#e i$ $i#ua#ed. a'd #*e e2pe'$e$ o% $uc* recordi'& $*all /e #a2ed a$ par# o% #*e co$#$ o% #*e ac#io'. Sec 1 . %either paramount rights nor amicable partition affected by this Rule. No#*i'& i' #*i$ Rule co'#ai'ed $*all /e co'$#rued $o a$ #o pre(udice. de%ea#. or de$#ro0 #*e ri&*# or #i#le o% a'0 per$o' claimi'& #*e real e$#a#e i'volved /0 #i#le u'der a'0 o#*er per$o'. or /0 #i#le paramou'# #o #*e #i#le o% #*e par#ie$ amo'& +*om #*e par#i#io' ma0 *ave /ee' made. 'or $o a$ #o re$#ric# or preve'# per$o'$ *oldi'& real e$#a#e (oi'#l0 or i' commo' %rom ma,i'& a' amica/le par#i#io' #*ereo% /0 a&reeme'# a'd $ui#a/le i'$#rume'#$ o% co've0a'ce +i#*ou# recour$e #o a' ac#io'. 1>0

Sec 1!. $artition of personal property. M $*all appl0 #o par#i#io'$ o% e$#a#e$ compo$ed o% per$o'al proper#0. or o% /o#* real a'd per$o'al proper#0. i' $o %ar a$ #*e $ame ma0 /e applica/le.

RULE *Forci:le En%r4 an) Unla5'&l De%ainer Sec 1. Who may institute proceedings. and when. ) ) a per$o' deprived o% #*e po$$e$$io' o% a'0 la'd or /uildi'& /0 %orce. i'#imida#io'. #*rea#. $#ra#e&0. or $#eal#* a le$$or. ve'dor. ve'dee. or o#*er per$o' a&ai'$# +*om #*e po$$e$$io' o% a'0 la'd or /uildi'& i$ u'la+%ull0 +i#**eld a%#er #*e e2pira#io' or #ermi'a#io' o% #*e ri&*# #o *old po$$e$$io'. /0 vir#ue o% a'0 co'#rac#. e2pre$$ or implied #*e le&al repre$e'#a#ive$ or a$$i&'$ o% a'0 $uc* le$$or. ve'dor. ve'dee. or o#*er per$o' a# a'0 #ime +i#*i' o'e 0ear a%#er $uc* u'la+%ul depriva#io' or +i#**oldi'& o% po$$e$$io' proper 7u'icipal Trial Cour# #*e per$o' or per$o'$ u'la+%ull0 +i#**oldi'& or deprivi'& o% po$$e$$io'. or a'0 per$o' or per$o'$ claimi'& u'der #*em. %or #*e re$#i#u#io' o% $uc* po$$e$$io'. #o&e#*er +i#* dama&e$ a'd co$#$

W*e' i'$#i#u#ed: W*ere: A&ai'$# +*om:

Sec . 7essor to proceed against lessee only after demand. U'le$$ o#*er+i$e $#ipula#ed. $uc* ac#io' /0 #*e le$$er $*all /e comme'ced o'l0 a%#er dema'd #o pa0 or compl0 +i#* #*e co'di#io'$ o% #*e lea$e a'd #o vaca#e i$ made upo' #*e le$$ee. or /0 $ervi'& +ri##e' 'o#ice o% $uc* dema'd upo' #*e per$o' %ou'd o' #*e premi$e$ i% 'o per$o' /e %ou'd #*ereo'. a'd #*e

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 le$$ee %ail$ #o compl0 #*ere+i#* a%#er %i%#ee' da0$ i' #*e ca$e o% la'd or %ive da0$ i' #*e ca$e o% /uildi'&$. IIND O! ACTION !OR T"E RECOVERA O! PO PROPERTA Accion Interdictal E ION O! REAL
RECIONIN4 POINT O! T"E ONE)AEAR PERIOD

deprived #*ereo% /0 #*e de%e'da'# 4e'erall0 cou'#ed %rom #*e da#e o% ac#ual e'#r0 o' #*e la'd Cou'#ed %rom #*e da#e o% la$# dema'd or la$# le##er o% dema'd

) or a' e(ec#me'# proceedi'& +*ic* ma0 /e ei#*er #*a# %or %orci/le e'#r0 or u'la+%ul de#ai'er. +*ic* i$ a $ummar0 ac#io' %or #*e recover0 o% p*0$ical po$$e$$io' +*ere #*e di$po$$e$$io' *a$ 'o# la$#ed %or more #*a' o'e 0ear

T*e ac#io' ma0 /e /rou&*# a&ai'$# &over'me'# o%%icial$ or a&e'#$ ac#i'& i' /e*al% o% #*e 4over'me'#. eve' i% #*e &over'me'# i$ 'o# made a par#0 #o #*e ac#io'. I' e(ec#me'# proceedi'&$ +*ere #*e 1ue$#io' o% po$$e$$io' ca''o# /e re$olved +i#*ou# decidi'& #*e i$$ue o% o+'er$*ip. all i'%erior cour#$ *ave #*e po+er #o re$olve #*e i$$ue o% o+'er$*ip /u# o'l0 #o de#ermi'e #*e i$$ue o% po$$e$$io'. I' u'la+%ul de#ai'er. #*e mere %ailure #o pa0 #*e re'# or compl0 +i#* #*e #erm$ o% #*e lea$e doe$ 'o# ipso facto re'der de%e'da'#5$ po$$e$$io' ille&al. PRIOR DE7AND IN UNLAW!UL DETAINER ACTION I NOT RE8UIRED W"ERE: ) ) ) T*e purpo$e o% #*e ac#io' i$ #o #ermi'a#e #*e lea$e /0 rea$o' o% #*e e2pir0 o% i#$ #erm a'd i$ 'o# %or %ailure #o pa0 re'#al$ or compl0 +i#* #*e #erm$ o% #*e lea$e co'#rac#. T*e purpo$e o% #*e $ui# i$ 'o# %or e(ec#me'# /u# %or #*e e'%orceme'# o% #*e #erm$ o% #*e co'#rac#. T*e de%e'da'# i$ 'o# a #e'a'# /u# a mere i'#ruder.

$*ould /e /rou&*# i' #*e proper i'%erior cour# ) or #*e ple'ar0 ac#io' %or #*e recover0 o% real ri&*# o% po$$e$$io' ) $*ould /e /rou&*# i' #*e proper RTC +*e' #*e di$po$$e$$io' *a$ la$#ed %or more #*a' o'e 0ear

Accion $ubliciana

Accion Reivindicatoria F a' ac#io' %or #*e recover0 o% o+'er$*ip +*ic* mu$# al$o /e /rou&*# i' #*e proper RTC

!orci/le E'#r0 NATURE O! PO E ION U'la+%ul %rom #*e /e&i''i'& a$ *e ac1uire$ po$$e$$io' #*ereo% /0 !I T

U'la+%ul De#ai'er I'cep#ivel0 la+%ul /u# i# /ecome$ ille&al /0 rea$o' o% #*e #ermi'a#io' o% *i$ ri&*# #o #*e po$$e$$io' o% #*e proper#0 u'der *i$ co'#rac# +i#* #*e plai'#i%% T*e plai'#i%% mu$# %ir$# ma,e $uc* dema'd. +*ic* i$ (uri$dic#io'al i' 'a#ure.

DE7AND

A previou$ dema'd %or #*e de%e'da'# #o vaca#e #*e premi$e$ i$ 'o# re1uired T*e plai'#i%% mu$# prove #*a# *e +a$ i' prior p*0$ical po$$e$$io' o% #*e premi$e$ u'#il *e +a$

PRIOR P"A ICAL PO E ION

T*e plai'#i%% 'eed 'o# *ave /ee' i' prior p*0$ical po$$e$$io'

W*ere #*e complai'# %ail$ #o $peci%icall0 aver %ac#$ co'$#i#u#ive o% %orci/le e'#r0 or u'la+%ul de#ai'er a$ +*ere i# doe$ 'o# $#a#e *o+ e'#r0 +a$ e%%ec#ed or *o+ a'd +*e' di$po$$e$$io' $#ar#ed. %6e ac%ion s6o&l) ei%6er :e accion 3&:liciana or acciion reivin)ica%oria in %6e RTC .

1>1

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 W*ere #*e de%e'da'# re%u$e$ #o vaca#e #*e la'd o' #*e &rou'd #*a# *e i$ #*e le$$ee o% #*e plai'#i%%5$ predece$$or)i')i'#ere$#. #*e cour# +ill *ave #o de#ermi'e +*o *a$ #*e /e##er ri&*# o% po$$e$$io' a'd;or +*e#*er $aid a'#ecede'# lea$e co'#rac# i$ /i'di'& o' #*e plai'#i%% *e'ce. #*e ca$e i$ a' accion 3&:liciana an) 5i%6in %6e /&ris)ic%ion o' %6e RTC eve' i% $aid ac#io' +a$ /rou&*# +i#*i' o'e 0ear %rom dema'd o' #*e de%e'da'# #o vaca#e #*e premi$e$. I' e(ec#me'# proceedi'&$. #*e dema'd #o vaca#e $*all /e made ) ) ) o' #*e de%e'da'# per$o'all0. or /0 +ri##e' 'o#ice o% $uc* dema'd upo' a per$o' %ou'd o' #*e premi$e$. or /0 po$#i'& $uc* 'o#ice o' #*e premi$e$ i% 'o per$o' ca' /e %ou'd #*ereo'.

#*e &rou'd$ %or #*e di$mi$$al o% a civil ac#io' +*ic* are appare'# #*erei'. I% 'o &rou'd %or di$mi$$al i$ %ou'd. i# $*all %or#*+i#* i$$ue $ummo'$. Sec $. Answers. Wi#*i' #e' da0$ %rom $ervice o% $ummo'$. #*e de%e'da'# $*all %ile *i$ a'$+er #o #*e complai'# a'd $erve a cop0 #*ereo% o' #*e plai'#i%%. A%%irma#ive a'd 'e&a#ive de%e'$e$ 'o# pleaded #*erei' $*all /e deemed +aived. e<ce3% lac7 o' /&ris)ic%ion over %6e s&:/ec% .a%%er . Cro$$)claim$ a'd compul$or0 cou'#erclaim$ 'o# a$$er#ed i' #*e a'$+er $*all /e co'$idered /arred. T*e a'$+er #o cou'#erclaim$ or cro$$)claim$ $*all /e $erved a'd %iled +i#*i' #e' da0$ %rom $ervice o% #*e a'$+er i' +*ic* #*e0 are pleaded. Sec *. )ffect of failure to answer T*e cour# motu proprio or o' mo#io' o% #*e plai'#i%%. $*all re'der (ud&me'# a$ ma0 /e +arra'#ed /0 #*e %ac#$ alle&ed i' #*e complai'# a'd limi#ed #o +*a# i$ pra0ed %or #*erei'. T*e cour# ma0 i' i#$ di$cre#io' reduce #*e amou'# o% dama&e$ a'd a##or'e0L$ %ee$ claimed %or /ei'& e2ce$$ive or o#*er+i$e u'co'$cio'a/le. +i#*ou# pre(udice #o #*e applica/ili#0 o% ec < Bc@. Rule J i% #*ere are #+o or more de%e'da'#$. Sec +. $reliminary conference= appearance of parties. W*e' *eld: No# la#er #*a' #*ir#0 da0$ a%#er #*e la$# a'$+er i$ %iled

Sec !. Summary procedure T*e Revi$ed Rule o' ummar0 procedure applie$ #o all ca$e$ o% %orci/le e'#r0 a'd u'la+%ul de#ai'er irre$pec#ive o% #*e amou'# o% dama&e$ or u'paid re'#al$. E9CLUDED ARE e(ec#me'# ca$e$ covered /0 #*e a&ricul#ural #e'a'c0 la+$. or $uc* a$ ma0 o#*er+i$e /e e2pre$$l0 provided /0 la+. Sec ". $leadings allowed M complai'#. compul$or0 cou'#erclaim a'd cro$$)claim pleaded i' #*e a'$+er. a'd #*e a'$+er$ #*ere#o. All pleadi'&$ $*all /e veri%ied. Sec #. Action on complaint. T*e cour# ma0. %rom a' e2ami'a#io' o% #*e alle&a#io'$ i' #*e complai'# a'd $uc* evide'ce a$ ma0 /e a##ac*ed #*ere#o. di$mi$$ #*e ca$e ou#ri&*# o' a'0 o% 1>2

E%%ec# o% %ailure #o appear /0 plai'#i%%: $*all /e cau$e %or #*e di$mi$$al o% *i$ complai'#.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 T*e de%e'da'# +*o appear$ i' #*e a/$e'ce o% #*e plai'#i%% $*all /e e'#i#led #o (ud&me'# o' *i$ cou'#erclaim. All cro$$)claim$ $*all /e di$mi$$ed. No po$#po'eme'# o% #*e prelimi'ar0 co'%ere'ce $*all /e &ra'#ed e2cep# %or *i&*l0 meri#oriou$ &rou'd$ a'd +i#*ou# pre(udice #o $uc* $a'c#io'$ a$ #*e cour# i' #*e e2erci$e o% $ou'd di$cre#io' ma0 impo$e o' #*e mova'#. Sec ,. Record of preliminary conference. Wi#*i' %ive da0$ a%#er #*e #ermi'a#io' o% #*e prelimi'ar0 co'%ere'ce. #*e cour# $*all i$$ue a' order. T*i'&$ #*a# mu$# /e $#a#ed i' #*e order: 1. W*e#*er #*e par#ie$ *ave arrived a# a' amica/le $e##leme'#. a'd i% $o. #*e #erm$ #*ereo%= 2. T*e $#ipula#io'$ or admi$$io'$ e'#ered i'#o /0 #*e par#ie$= <. W*e#*er. o' #*e /a$i$ o% #*e pleadi'&$ a'd #*e $#ipula#io'$ a'd admi$$io' made /0 #*e par#ie$. (ud&me'# ma0 /e re'dered +i#*ou# #*e 'eed o% %ur#*er proceedi'&$. i' +*ic* eve'# #*e (ud&me'# $*all /e re'dered +i#*i' #*ir#0 da0$ %rom i$$ua'ce o% #*e order= >. A clear $peci%ica#io' o% ma#erial %ac#$ +*ic* remai' co'ver#ed= a'd ?. uc* o#*er ma##er$ i'#e'ded #o e2pedi#e #*e di$po$i#io' o% #*e ca$e. Sec 1-. Submission of affidavits and position papers. Wi#*i' #e' da0$ %rom receip# o% #*e order. #*e par#ie$ $*all $u/mi# #*e a%%idavi#$ o% #*eir +i#'e$$e$ a'd o#*er evide'ce o' #*e %ac#ual i$$ue$ de%i'ed i' #*e order. #o&e#*er +i#* #*eir po$i#io' paper$ $e##i'& %or#* #*e la+ a'd #*e %ac#$ relied upo' /0 #*em. Sec 11. $eriod for rendition of #udgment.

Wi#*i' #*ir#0 da0$ a%#er receip# o% #*e a%%idavi#$ a'd po$i#io' paper$. or #*e e2pira#io' o% #*e period %or %ili'& #*e $ame. #*e cour# $*all re'der (ud&me'#. *ould #*e cour# %i'd i# 'ece$$ar0 #o clari%0 cer#ai' ma#erial %ac#$. duri'& #*e $aid period. i$$ue a' order $peci%0i'& #*e ma##er$ #o /e clari%ied. a'd re1uire #*e par#ie$ #o $u/mi# a%%idavi#$ or o#*er evide'ce o' #*e $aid ma##er$ +i#*i' #e' da0$ %rom receip# o% $aid order. (ud&me'# $*all /e re'dered +i#*i' %i%#ee' da0$ a%#er #*e receip# o% #*e la$# a%%idavi# or #*e e2pira#io' o% #*e period %or %ili'& #*e $ame. Sec 1 . Referral for conciliation. Ca$e$ re1uiri'& re%erral %or co'cilia#io'. +*ere #*ere i$ 'o $*o+i'& o% complia'ce +i#* $uc* re1uireme'#. s6all :e )is.isse) 5i%6o&% 3re/&)ice, an) .a4 :e revive) onl4 a'%er %6a% re@&ire.en% s6all 6ave :een co.3lie) 5i%6. Sec 1!. $rohibited pleadings and motions. 1. 7o#io' #o di$mi$$ #*e complai'# e2cep# o' #*e &rou'd o% lac, o% (uri$dic#io' over #*e $u/(ec# ma##er. or %ailure #o compl0 +i#* ec 12= 2. 7o#io' %or a /ill o% par#icular$= <. 7o#io' %or 'e+ #rial. or %or reco'$idera#io' o% a (ud&me'#. or %or reope'i'& o% #rial= >. Pe#i#io' %or relie% %rom (ud&me'#= ?. 7o#io' %or e2#e'$io' o% #ime #o %ile pleadi'&$. a%%idavi#$ or a'0 o#*er paper= C. 7emora'da= G. Pe#i#io' %or certiorari. mandamus. or pro*i/i#io' a&ai'$# a'0 i'#erlocu#or0 order i$$ued /0 #*e cour#= H. 7o#io' #o declare #*e de%e'da'# i' de%aul#= J. Dila#or0 mo#io'$ %or po$#po'eme'#= 10. Repl0= 11. T*ird)par#0 complai'#$= 12. I'#erve'#io'$. Sec 1". Affidavits 1><

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 M $*all $#a#e o'l0 %ac#$ o% direc# per$o'al ,'o+led&e o% #*e a%%ia'#$ +*ic* are admi$$i/le i' evide'ce. a'd $*all $*o+ #*eir compe#e'ce #o #e$#i%0 #o #*e ma##er$ $#a#ed #*erei'. A viola#io' o% #*i$ re1uireme'# ma0 $u/(ec# #*e par#0 or #*e cou'$el +*o $u/mi#$ #*e $ame #o di$cipli'ar0 ac#io'. a'd $*all /e cau$e #o e2pu'&e #*e i'admi$$i/le a%%idavi# or por#io' #*ereo% %rom #*e record. . a'd RA GCJ1. +*ic* e2pa'ded #*e (uri$dic#io' o% #*e i'%erior cour#$. #*e co'$i$#e'# rule i$ #*a# #rial cour#$ ca''o# re#ai' (uri$dic#io' over e(ec#me'# ca$e$ eve' i% #*e 1ue$#io' ca''o# /e re$olved +i#*ou# pa$$i'& upo' #*e i$$ue o% #*e o+'er$*ip. +i#* #*e cavea# #*a# i' $aid ca$e %6e o5ners6i3 s6all :e resolve) :4 %6e %rial co&r% 'or %6e sole 3&r3ose o' )e%er.inin1 %6e iss&e o' 3ossession. The ad#udication made therein regarding the issue of ownership would merely be provisional and would not bar or pre#udice an action between the same parties involving it CA E T"AT "OULD NOT 3E RE4ARDED A AN E6ECT7ENT CA E: ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) I'(u'c#io' ui# Accio' Pu/licia'a Wri# o% po$$e$$io' +*ere o+'er$*ip i$ co'cededl0 #*e pri'cipal i$$ue Ac#io' %or 8uie#i'& o% Ti#le #o proper#0 ui#$ %or peci%ic Per%orma'ce +i#* Dama&e$ Ac#io' %or Re%orma#io' o% I'$#rume'#$ Ac#io' %or Reco've0a'ce o% Proper#0 ui#$ %or A''ulme'# o% ale. or #i#le. Or docume'# a%%ec#i'& proper#0. PRE6UDICIAL TO

1. T*e pri'cipal i$$ue mu$# /e #*a# o% po$$e$$io'. a'd #*a# o+'er$*ip i$ merel0 a'cillar0 #*ere#o. i' +*ic* ca$e #*e i$$ue o% o+'er$*ip ma0 /e re$olved /u# o'l0 %or #*e purpo$e o% de#ermi'i'& #*e i$$ue o% po$$e$$io'. 2. I# mu$# $u%%icie'#l0 appear %rom #*e alle&a#io'$ o% #*e complai'# #*a# +*a# #*e plai'#i%% reall0 a'd primaril0 $ee,$ i$ #*e re$#ora#io' o% #*e po$$e$$io'. <. T*e i'%erior cour# ca''o# ad(udica#e o' #*e 'a#ure o% #*e o+'er$*ip +*ere #*e rela#io'$*ip o% le$$or a'd le$$ee *a$ /ee' $u%%icie'#l0 e$#a/li$*ed i' #*e e(ec#me'# ca$e. u'le$$ i# i$ dul0 proved #*a# #*ere *a$ /ee' a $u/$e1ue'# c*a'&e i' or #ermi'a#io' o% #*a# rela#io'$*ip /e#+ee' #*e par#ie$. >. T*e rule o' %orci/le e'#r0 ca$e$ i$ #*a# a par#0 +*o ca' prove prior po$$e$$io' ca' recover $uc* po$$e$$io' eve' a&ai'$# #*e o+'er *im$el%. u'#il *e i$ la+%ull0 re(ec#ed /0 a per$o' *avi'& a /e#er ri&*# *e'ce i% prior po$$e$$io' ma0 /e a$cer#ai'ed i' $ome o#*er +a0. #*e i'%erior cour# ca''o# i'#rude i'#o #*e #*e i$$ue o% o+'er$*ip. ?. W*ere #*e 1ue$#io' o% +*o *a$ prior po$$e$$io' *i'&e$ i' #*e i$$ue o% +*o #*e real o+'er i$. or upo' #*e de#ermi'a#io' o% #*e validi#0 a'd i'#erpre#a#io' o% #*e docume'# o% #i#le or a'0 o#*er co'#rac# o' +*ic* #*e claim o% po$$e$$io' i$ premi$ed. #*e i'%erior cour# ma0 re$olve #*e i$$ue o% o+'er$*ip /u# a'0 $uc* pro'ou'ceme'# o' o+'er$*ip i$ merel0 provi$io'al a'd doe$ 'o# /ar or pre(udice a' ac#io' /e#+ee' #*e $ame par#ie$ i'volvi'& #i#le #o #*e la'd. C. T*e Rule o' ummar0 applie$ o'l0 #o ca$e$ %iled /e%ore #*e 7eTC a'd 7TC. ummar0 procedure *a$ 'o applica#io' /e%ore #*e RTC. W*ile a mo#io' %or reco'$idera#io' o% #*e (ud&me'# o% #*e 7TC i$ a pro*i/i#ed pleadi'& u'der #*e Rule o' ummar0 Procedure. a .o%ion 'or reconsi)era%ion .a4 vali)l4 :e 'ile) 'ro. a )ecision o' %6e RTC in %6e e<ercise o' i%s a33ella%e /&ris)ic%ion over %6e in'erior co&r%s in e/ec%.en% cases. Sec 1#. $reliminary in#unction 1>>

CERTAIN 4UIDELINE TO 3E O3ERVED:

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 A po$$e$$or deprived o% *i$ po$$e$$io' #*rou&* %orci/le e'#r0 or u'la+%ul de#ai'er ma0. +i#*i' %ive da0$ %rom #*e %ili'& o% #*e complai'#. pre$e'# a mo#io' i' #*e ac#io' %or %orci/le e'#r0 or u'la+%ul de#ai'er %or #*e i$$ua'ce o% a +ri# o% prelimi'ar0 ma'da#or0 i'(u'c#io' #o re$#ore *im i' *i$ po$$e$$io'. T*e cour# $*all decide #*e mo#io' +i#*i' #*ir#0 da0$ %rom #*e %ili'& #*ereo%. Sec -. $reliminary mandatory in#unction in case of appeal. Upo' mo#io' o% #*e plai'#i%%. +i#*i' #e' da0$ %rom #*e per%ec#io' o% #*e appeal #o #*e Re&io'al Trial Cour#. #*e la##er ma0 i$$ue a 5ri% o' 3reli.inar4 .an)a%or4 in/&nc%ion #o re$#ore #*e plai'#i%% i' po$$e$$io' i% #*e cour# i$ $a#i$%ied #*a#: #*e de%e'da'#L$ appeal i$ %rivolou$ or dila#or0 or #*a# #*e appeal o% #*e plai'#i%% i$ prima facie meri#oriou$. Sec 1$. Resolving defense of ownership. CONTE7PLATE T"AT: ) ) olu#io': Rea$o': T*e de%e'da'# re$i$#$ *i$ e(ec#me'# %rom #*e di$pu#ed premi$e$ 'o# /0 claimi'& o'l0 a ri&*# o% p*0$ical po$$e$$io' /u# al$o #*e o+'er$*ip #*ereo%. T*e 1ue$#io' o% po$$e$$io' ca' /e re$olved o'l0 /0 decidi'& #*e i$$ue o% o+'er$*ip Re$olve #*e i$$ue o% o+'er$*ip /u# o'l0 #o de#ermi'e #*e i$$ue o% po$$e$$io' T*e i$$ue o% o+'er$*ip ca''o# /e de%i'i#ivel0 decided i' #*i$ $pecial civil ac#io'. a'd #*e #rial cour# doe$ 'o# *ave #*e (uri$dic#io' #o decide #*e i$$ue o% #i#le #o #*e la'd.

W*ere #*e de%e'da'# *a$ e'#ered upo' a por#io' o% #*e proper#0 o% #*e plai'#i%%. #*e la##er ca' i'#roduce i' evide'ce *i$ mu'ime'#$ o% #i#le #o $*o+ #*a# $aid por#io' i$ em/raced +i#*i' *i$ proper#0 +*ic* *e po$$e$$e$. a$ *i$ purpo$e i$ merel0 #o $*o+ #*e e2#e'# o% *i$ po$$e$$io' co'$e1ue'# #o *i$ o+'er$*ip o% #*e e'#ire parcel o% la'd Sec 1*. !udgment. I% a%#er #rial cour# %i'd$ #*a# #*e alle&a#io'$ o% #*e complai'# are #rue. i# $*all re'der (ud&me'# i' %avor o% #*e plai'#i%% %or #*e re$#i#u#io' o% #*e premi$e$. #*e $um (u$#l0 due a$ arrear$ o% re'# or a$ rea$o'a/le compe'$a#io' %or #*e u$e a'd occupa#io' o% #*e premi$e$. a##or'e0L$ %ee$ a'd co$#$. I% a cou'#erclaim i$ e$#a/li$*ed. #*e cour# $*all re'der (ud&me'# %or #*e $um %ou'd i' arrear$ %rom ei#*er par#0 a'd a+ard co$#$ a$ (u$#ice re1uire$. BCa@ Sec 1+. !udgment conclusive only on possession= not conclusive in actions involving title or ownership. T*e (ud&me'# re'dered i' a' ac#io' %or %orci/le e'#r0 or de#ai'er $*all /e co'clu$ive +i#* re$pec# #o #*e po$$e$$io' o'l0 a'd $*all i' 'o +i$e /i'd #*e #i#le or a%%ec# #*e o+'er$*ip o% #*e la'd or /uildi'&. uc* (ud&me'# $*all 'o# /ar a' ac#io' /e#+ee' #*e $ame par#ie$ re$pec#i'& #i#le #o #*e la'd or /uildi'&. T*e (ud&me'# or %i'al order $*all /e appeala/le #o #*e appropria#e Re&io'al Trial Cour# +*ic* $*all decide #*e $ame o' #*e /a$i$ o% #*e e'#ire record o% #*e proceedi'&$ *ad i' #*e cour# o% ori&i' a'd $uc* memora'da a'd;or /rie%$ a$ ma0 /e $u/mi##ed /0 #*e par#ie$ or re1uired /0 #*e Re&io'al Trial Cour#. I' e(ec#me'# ca$e$. T*e i'%erior cour# ca' ad(udica#e a'd a+ard ac#ual dama&e$ /e0o'd #*e (uri$dic#io'al limi# i' ordi'ar0 civil ac#io'$. a$ #*e amou'# o% #*e mo'e#ar0 a+ard i$ imma#erial #o i#$ (uri$dic#io'. #*e re$#ora#io' o% po$$e$$io' /ei'& #*e primar0 relie% $ou&*# a'd #o /e &ra'#ed. T*e plai'#i%%. i' e(ec#me'# ca$e$. i$ e'#i#led #o dama&e$ cau$ed /0 *i$ lo$$ o% #*e u$e a'd po$$e$$io' o% #*e premi$e$. /u# 'o# %or dama&e$ cau$ed o' #*e la'd or /uildi'&. +*ic* la##er i#em$ o% dama&e$ $*ould /e recovered /0 plai'#i%%. i% *e i$ #*e o+'er. i' a' ordi'ar0 ac#io'. 1>?

Alle&a#io'$ o% o+'er$*ip are 'o# re1uired i' e(ec#me'# $ui#$ a$ #*e o'l0 i$$ue i$ p*0$ical po$$e$$io'. "o+ever. $uc* alle&a#io'$ ei#*er /0 #*e plai'#i%% or #*e de%e'da'# do 'o# ou$# #*e cour# o% (uri$dic#io' provided #*e purpo$e #*ereo%. a'd #*e recep#io' o% evide'ce #*ereo'. i$ o'l0 #o prove #*e c*arac#er a'd e2#e'# o% po$$e$$io' a'd #*e dama&e$ %or #*e de#e'#io'.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 A' ac#io' %or e(ec#me'# i$ 'o# a/a#ed /0 #*e dea#* o% #*e de%e'da'# a$ #*e 1ue$#io' o% dama&e$ mu$# /e ad(udica#ed. T*e rule$ o% re$ (udica#a a'd co'clu$ive'e$$ o% (ud&me'# appl0 i' e(ec#me'# $ui#$. /u# $u/(ec# #o #*e 1uali%ica#io' #*a# #*e (ud&me'# #*erei' i$ co'clu$ive o'l0 +i#* re$pec# #o #*e ri&*# o% po$$e$$io' u'der a'd /0 vir#ue o% a co'#rac# #*e e2i$#e'ce o% +*ic* *a$ /ee' proved i' $aid e(ec#me'# $ui#. T*e pro'ou'ceme'#$ i' #*e e(ec#me'# $ui# re&ardi'& #*e i$$ue o% o+'er$*ip. /ei'& merel0 prima %acie $i'ce #*e0 +ere made o'l0 #o de#ermi'e #*e i$$ue o% po$$e$$io'. +ould 'o# /e /i'di'& o' #*e par#ie$ i' a $u/$e1ue'# ac#io' over #*e #i#le #o #*e $ame la'd. "o+ever. %i'di'&$ i' #*e %ir$# ca$e o' #*e 1ue$#io'$ o% ma#erial po$$e$$io' +ould /i'd #*e par#ie$ i' #*e $eco'd $ui#. u'der #*e rule o% co'clu$ive'e$$ (ud&me'#. Ac#io'$ %or u'la+%ul de#ai'er. i'cludi'& a' accio' pu/licia'a. ca''o# /e /arred /0 #*e pe'de'c0 o% a la'd re&i$#ra#io' ca$e /e#+ee' #*e $ame par#ie$ a$ #*e %ir$# i'volve$ #*e i$$ue o% po$$e$$io' a'd #*e la##er i$ o' #*e i$$ue o% o+'er$*ip. T*ere i$ 'o ide'#i#0 o% cau$e$ o% ac#io' or o% #*e relie%$ pra0ed %or a'd a (ud&me'# i' o'e ca''o# co'$#i#u#e re$ (udica#a o' #*e o#*er. W*ere #*e par#0 $ou&*# #o /e e(ec#ed u'der a +ri# o% e2ecu#io' +a$ 'o# impleaded i' #*e ac#io' a'd i$ a #o#al $#ra'&er #o #*e de%e'da'#. cer#iorari +ill lie a$. 'o# /ei'& a par#0 #o #*e ac#io'. *e ca''o# appeal %rom #*e (ud&me'# re'dered #*erei'. Sec 1,. Immediate execution of #udgment= how to stay same. I' /&)1.en% is ren)ere) a1ains% %6e )e'en)an%, e<ec&%ion s6all iss&e i..e)ia%el4 &3on .o%ion u'le$$ a' appeal *a$ /ee' per%ec#ed a'd #*e de%e'da'# #o $#a0 e2ecu#io' %ile$ a $u%%icie'# $uper$edea$ /o'd. approved /0 #*e 7u'icipal Trial Cour# a'd e2ecu#ed i' %avor o% #*e plai'#i%% #o pa0 #*e re'#$. dama&e$. a'd co$#$ accrui'& do+' #o #*e #ime o% #*e (ud&me'# appealed %rom. a'd u'le$$. duri'& #*e pe'de'c0 o% #*e appeal. *e depo$i#$ +i#* #*e appella#e cour# #*e amou'# o% re'# due %rom #ime #o #ime u'der #*e co'#rac#. i% a'0. a$ de#ermi'ed /0 #*e (ud&me'# o% #*e 7u'icipal Trial Cour#. 1>C

I' #*e a/$e'ce o% a co'#rac#. *e $*all depo$i# +i#* #*e Re&io'al Trial Cour# #*e rea$o'a/le value o% #*e u$e a'd occupa#io' o% #*e premi$e$ %or #*e precedi'& mo'#* or period a# #*e ra#e de#ermi'ed /0 #*e (ud&me'# o% #*e lo+er cour# o' or /e%ore #*e #e'#* da0 o% eac* $ucceedi'& mo'#* or period. T*e $uper$edea$ /o'd $*all /e #ra'$mi##ed /0 #*e 7u'icipal Trial Cour#. +i#* #*e paper$. #o #*e cler, o% #*e Re&io'al Trial Cour# #o +*ic* #*e ac#io' i$ appealed. All amou'#$ $o paid #o #*e appella#e cour# $*all /e depo$i#ed +i#* $aid cour# or au#*ori-ed &over'me'# depo$i#ar0 /a',. a'd $*all /e *eld #*ere u'#il #*e %i'al di$po$i#io' o% #*e appeal. u'le$$ #*e cour#. /0 a&reeme'# o% #*e i'#ere$#ed par#ie$. or i' #*e a/$e'ce o% rea$o'a/le &rou'd$ o% oppo$i#io' #o a mo#io' #o +i#*dra+. or %or (u$#i%ia/le rea$o'$. $*all decree o#*er+i$e. *ould #*e de%e'da'# %ail #o ma,e #*e pa0me'#$ a/ove pre$cri/ed %rom #ime #o #ime duri'& #*e pe'de'c0 o% #*e appeal. #*e appella#e cour#. upo' mo#io' o% #*e plai'#i%%. a'd upo' proo% o% $uc* %ailure. $*all order #*e e2ecu#io' o% #*e (ud&me'# appealed %rom +i#* re$pec# #o #*e re$#ora#io' o% po$$e$$io'. /u# $uc* e2ecu#io' $*all 'o# /e a /ar #o #*e appeal #a,i'& i#$ cour$e u'#il #*e %i'al di$po$i#io' #*ereo% o' #*e meri#$. A%#er #*e ca$e i$ decided /0 #*e Re&io'al Trial Cour#. a'0 mo'e0 paid #o #*e cour# /0 #*e de%e'da'# %or purpo$e$ o% #*e $#a0 o% e2ecu#io' $*all /e di$po$ed o% i' accorda'ce +i#* #*e provi$io'$ o% #*e (ud&me'# o% #*e Re&io'al Trial Cour#. I' a'0 ca$e +*erei' i# appear$ #*a# #*e de%e'da'# *a$ /ee' deprived o% #*e la+%ul po$$e$$io' o% la'd or /uildi'& pe'di'& #*e appeal /0 vir#ue o% #*e e2ecu#io' o% #*e (ud&me'# o% #*e 7u'icipal Trial Cour#. dama&e$ %or $uc* depriva#io' o% po$$e$$io' a'd re$#ora#io' o% po$$e$$io' a'd re$#ora#io' o% po$$e$$io' ma0 /e allo+ed #*e de%e'da'# i' #*e (ud&me'# o% #*e Re&io'al Trial Cour# di$po$i'& o% #*e appeal. T*e order %or i$$ua'ce o% a +ri# o% e2ecu#io' #o immedia#el0 e'%orce #*e (ud&me'# o% #*e i'%erior cour# i$ i'#erlocu#or0 a'd 'o# appeala/le. Al$o. #*e %ac# #*a# #*e deci$io' o% #*e cour# a 1uo i' e(ec#me'# ca$e$ i$ immedia#el0 e2ecu#or doe$ 'o# mea' #*a# 'o#ice o% #*e mo#io' #o #*e adver$e par#0 i$ u''ece$$ar0. A par#0 +ould 'o# /e i' po$i#io' #o $#a0 e2ecu#io' u'le$$ *e i$ 'o#i%ied o% #*e %ili'& o% #*a# mo#io' %or e2ecu#io'.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Immedia#e e2ecu#io' i$ proper i% #*e (ud&me'# i$ i' %avor o% #*e plai'#i%%. I% #*e (ud&me'# i$ i' %avor o% #*e de%e'da'# +i#* a' a+ard %or dama&e$ u'der *i$ cou'#erclaim$. $uc* (ud&me'# i$ 'o# immedia#el0 e2ecu#or a'd ca' /e e2ecu#ed o'l0 a%#er #*e lap$e o% #*e 1?)da0 period #o appeal +i#*ou# #*e plai'#i%% *avi'& per%ec#ed *i$ appeal TO TAA T"E I77EDIATE E9ECUTION O! 6UD47ENT IIN E6ECT7ENT PROCEEDIN4 . T"E DE!ENDANT)APPELLANT 7U T ) ) ) Per%ec# *i$ appeal !ile a $uper$edea$ /o'd Periodicall0 depo$i# #*e re'#al$ %alli'& due duri'& #*e pe'de'c0 o% #*e appeal

!orci/le e'#r0 ) #*a# de#ermi'ed /0 #*e i'%erior cour# +*ic* $*all /e #*e rea$o'a/le value o% #*e u$e a'd occupa'c0 o% #*e premi$e$ U'la+%ul de#ai'er ) #*a# $#a#ed i' #*e lea$e co'#rac#

T*e mere dela0 o' #*e par# o% #*e plai'#i%% #o appl0 %or immedia#e e2ecu#io' due #o de%aul# o' #*e depo$i# o% re'#al$ doe$ 'o# co'$#i#u#e a +aiver o% $uc* ri&*# #o e2ecu#io'. /u# i% de$pi#e $uc* de%aul# o% #*e de%e'da'#. #*e plai'#i%% accep#ed #*e /ela#ed pa0me'# o% #*e de%e'da'#. #*e' #*e plai'#i%% i$ deemed #o *ave +aived *i$ ri&*# #o immedia#e e2ecu#io'. Sec 1. Immediate execution on appeal to Court of Appeals or Supreme Court. T*e (ud&me'# o% #*e Re&io'al Trial Cour# a&ai'$# #*e de%e'da'# $*all /e immedia#el0 e2ecu#or0. +i#*ou# pre(udice #o a %ur#*er appeal #*a# ma0 /e #a,e' #*ere%rom. T*e (ud&me'# o% #*e RTC $*all /e immedia#el0 e2ecu#or a'd ca' accordi'&l0 /e e'%orced %or#+i#*. I# $*all 'o# /e $#a0ed /0 #*e mere co'#i'ui'& depo$i# o% mo'#*l0 re'#al$ /0 #*e di$po$$e$$or duri'& #*e pe'de'c0 o% #*e ca$e i' #*e CA or C RULE *1 Con%e.3% Sec. 1. *irect contempt punished summarily CLA I!ICATION : Direc# ) co'#emp# i' %acie curiae ) commi##ed i' #*e pre$e'ce o% or $o 'ear a cour# or (ud&e a'd ca' /e pu'i$*ed $ummaril0 +i#*ou# *eari'& I'direc# ) 'o# commi##ed i' #*e pre$e'ce o% #*e cour# a'd ca' /e pu'i$*ed o'l0 a%#er *eari'& Co'$#ruc#ive Co'#emp# 1>G

T*e $uper$edea$ /o'd ma0 /e i' ca$* or /0 $ure#0 /o'd a'd $i'ce i#$ purpo$e i$ #o a'$+er %or #*e re'#$. dama&e$ a'd co$#$ accrui'& do+' #o #*e (ud&me'# o% #*e i'%erior cour# appealed %rom. i# mu$# /e i' #*e amou'# de#ermi'ed /0 #*e (ud&me'# o% #*e lo+er cour#. T"E !ILIN4 O! A UPER EDEA 3OND I NOT RE8UIRED TO TAA E9ECUTION ON APPEAL W"ERE ) ) T*e mo'e#ar0 a+ard i' #*e (ud&me'# o% #*e i'%erior cour# *a$ /ee' depo$i#ed +i#* $aid cour# T*e (ud&me'# o% #*e lo+er cour# did 'o# ma,e a'0 %i'di'&$ +i#* re$pec# #o a'0 amou'# i' arrear$. dama&e$ or co$#$ a&ai'$# #*e de%e'da'#

Eve' i% appeal *a$ /ee' per%ec#ed a'd a $uper$edea$ /o'd *a$ /ee' %iled /u# #*e accrui'& re'#al$ are 'o# dul0 depo$i#ed. immedia#e re$#ora#io' o% #*e premi$e$ ma0 $#ill /e o/#ai'ed a$ #*e $uper$edea$ /o'd a'$+er$ o'l0 %or #*e pa$# re'#al$ a$ %i2ed i' #*e (ud&me'# o% #*e i'%erior cour#. A7OUNT O! UPER EDEA 3OND AND T"E A7OUNT TO 3E PERIODICALLA DEPO ITED 3A T"E DE!ENDANT

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 PENALTA i% commi##ed i' #*e RTC ) %i'e 'o# e2ceedi'& #+o #*ou$a'd pe$o$ or impri$o'me'# 'o# e2ceedi'& #e' da0$. or /o#* i% commi##ed i' #*e lo+er cour# F %i'e 'o# e2ceedi'& #+o *u'dred pe$o$ or impri$o'me'# 'o# e2ceedi'& o'e da0. or /o#* T*e u$e o% co'#emp#uou$ la'&ua&e a&ai'$# a par#icular (ud&e i' pleadi'&$ pre$e'#ed i' a'o#*er cour# or proceedi'& co'$#i#u#e$ i'direc# co'#emp#= i% $aid pleadi'& i$ $u/mi##ed /e%ore #*e $ame (ud&e. i# +ould /e direc# co'#emp#. A/u$e$ a&ai'$# a #rial (ud&e made i' a' appeal i$ a co'#emp# o% #*e appella#e Cour#. 'o# o% #*e #rial cour#. *e'ce #*e %ormer *a$ #*e au#*ori#0 #o deal +i#* $uc* co'#umaciou$ co'duc#. Sec. . Remedy therefrom Mma0 'o# appeal #*ere%rom. /u# ma0 avail *im$el% o% #*e remedie$ o% cer#iorari or pro*i/i#io' T*e remed0 o% habeas corpus ma0 po$$i/l0 /e availed o% i' e2#reme ca$e$ i' vie+ o% #*e %ac# #*a# #*ere i$ a (udicial order o% commi#me'# a'd cer#iorari ma0 lie. Ordi'aril0. *o+ever. /o#* remedie$ ma0 'o# /e $imul#a'eou$l0 availed o% $i'ce cer#iorari a'd pro*i/i#io' pre$uppo$e #*a# #*ere i$ 'o o#*er plai'. $peed0 a'd ade1ua#e remed0 i' #*e ordi'ar0 cour$e o% la+. a'd #*a# i# i$ 'o# #rue +*ere *a/ea$ corpu$ ca' a'd *a$ /ee' i'vo,ed a$ a'o#*er remed0. T"E RE PONDENT "OULD 3E: 1. 4ive' a' oppor#u'i#0 #o comme'# o' #*e c*ar&e +i#*i' $uc* period %i2ed /0 #*e cour#. 2. "eard #*ereo' /0 *im$el% or cou'$el. PROCEDURAL RE8UIRE7ENT !OR INDIRECT CONTE7PT PROCEEDIN4 : ) C*ar&e i' +ri#i'& or a' order o% #*e cour# #o appear a'd e2plai' ) A' oppor#u'i#0 %or #*e re$po'de'# #o comme'# o' #*e c*ar&e a'd #o appear a'd e2plai' i' cour#. Co'#emp# /0 ree'#r0 upo' #*e la'd i$ pu'i$*a/le eve' i% 'o par#0 li#i&a'# i$ adver$el0 a%%ec#ed. a$ #*e ac# co'$#i#u#e$ a de%ia'ce o% #*e au#*ori#0 o% #*e cour#. uc* ac# o% co'#emp# i$ pu'i$*a/le eve' i% i# #a,e$ place /e0o'd %ive 0ear$ %rom e2ecu#io' o% #*e (ud&me'# o% e(ec#me'#. Sec. ". 4ow proceedings commenced. M ma0 /e i'i#ia#ed mo#u proprio. C*ar&e$ %or i'direc# co'#emp# $*all /e comme'ced /0 a veri%ied pe#i#io' +i#* $uppor#i'& par#icular$ a'd cer#i%ied #rue copie$ o% docume'#$ or paper$ i'volved #*erei'. a'd upo' %ull complia'ce +i#* #*e re1uireme'#$ %or %ili'& i'i#ia#or0 pleadi'&$ %or civil ac#io'$ i' #*e cour# co'cer'ed. I' co'#emp# c*ar&e$ ari$i'& ou# o% or rela#i'& #o a pri'cipal ac#io' pe'di'& i' #*e cour#. #*e pe#i#io' %or co'#emp# $*all alle&e #*a# %ac# /u# $aid pe#i#io' $*all /e doc,e#ed. *eard a'd decided $epara#el0. u'le$$ #*e cour# i' i#$ di$cre#io' order$ #*e co'$olida#io' o% #*e co'#emp# c*ar&e$ a'd #*e pri'cipal ac#io' %or (oi'# *eari'& a'd deci$io'. Sec #. Where charge to be filed. commi##ed a&ai'$# a Re&io'al Trial Cour# or a cour# o% e1uivale'# or *i&*er ra',. or a&ai'$# a' o%%icer appoi'#ed /0 i# ) #*e c*ar&e ma0 /e %iled +i#* $uc* cour#. commi##ed a&ai'$# a lo+er cour# ) #*e c*ar&e ma0 /e %iled +i#* #*e 1>H

Sec. !. Indirect contempt to be punished after charge and hearing.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 Re&io'al Trial Cour# o% #*e place i' +*ic* #*e lo+er cour# i$ $i##i'&= /u# #*e proceedi'&$ ma0 al$o /e i'$#i#u#ed i' $uc* lo+er cour# $u/(ec# #o appeal #o #*e Re&io'al Trial Cour# o% $uc* place General R&leA T*e proceedi'& %or i'direc# co'#emp# $*all /e %iled i' a'd #ried /0 #*e cour# a&ai'$# +*ic* #*e co'#umaciou$ co'duc# +a$ commi##ed. E<ce3%ionsA I'direc# co'#emp# commi##ed a&ai'$# a' i'%erior cour# +*ic* ma0 al$o /e %iled i' a'd #ried /0 #*e RTC re&ardle$$ o% #*e impo$a/le pe'al#0 I'direc# co'#emp# a&ai'$# #*e C +*e' i# ma0 cau$e #o /e i've$#i&a#ed /0 a pro$ecu#or. +i#* #*e corre$po'di'& c*ar&e #o /e #*erea%#er %iled i' a'd #ried /0 a Re&io'al Trial Cour#. Sec $. 4earing= release on bail. I% #*e *eari'& i$ 'o# ordered #o /e *ad %or#*+i#*. #*e re$po'de'# ma0 /e relea$ed %rom cu$#od0 &3on 'ilin1 a :on), in an a.o&n% 'i<e) :4 %6e co&r%, 'or 6is a33earance a% %6e 6earin1 o' %6e c6ar1e . O' #*e da0 $e# #*ere%or. #*e cour# $*all proceed #o i've$#i&a#e #*e c*ar&e a'd co'$ider $uc* comme'#. #e$#imo'0 or de%e'$e a$ #*e re$po'de'# ma0 ma,e or o%%er. Sec *. $unishment for indirect contempt. commi##ed a&ai'$# a Re&io'al Trial Cour# or a cour# o% e1uivale'# or *i&*er ra', ) a %i'e 'o# e2ceedi'& #*ir#0 #*ou$a'd pe$o$ or impri$o'me'# 'o# e2ceedi'& $i2 mo'#*$. or /o#*. commi##ed a&ai'$# a lo+er cour# ) a %i'e 'o# e2ceedi'& %ive #*ou$a'd pe$o$ or impri$o'me'# 'o# e2ceedi'& o'e B1@ mo'#*. or /o#*. co'#emp# co'$i$#$ i' #*e viola#io' o% a +ri# o% i'(u'c#io'. #emporar0 re$#rai'i'& order or status 6uo order ) ma0 al$o /e ordered #o ma,e 1>J comple#e re$#i#u#io' #o #*e par#0 i'(ured /0 $uc* viola#io' o% #*e proper#0 i'volved or $uc* amou'# a$ ma0 /e alle&ed a'd proved. Sec +. Imprisonment until order obeyed W*e' #*e co'#emp# consis%s in %6e re'&sal or o.ission %o )o an ac% 56ic6 is 4e% in %6e 3o5er o' %6e res3on)en% %o 3er'or.. *e ma0 /e impri$o'ed /0 order o% #*e cour# co'cer'ed u'#il *e per%orm$ i#. Sec ,. $roceeding when party released on bail fails to answer M #*e cour# ma0 i$$ue a'o#*er order o% arre$# or ma0 order #*e /o'd %or *i$ appeara'ce #o /e %or%ei#ed a'd co'%i$ca#ed. or /o#*= a'd. i% #*e /o'd /e proceeded a&ai'$#. #*e mea$ure o% dama&e$ $*all /e #*e e2#e'# o% #*e lo$$ or i'(ur0 $u$#ai'ed /0 #*e a&&rieved par#0 /0 rea$o' o% #*e mi$co'duc# %or +*ic* #*e co'#emp# c*ar&e +a$ pro$ecu#ed. +i#* #*e co$#$ o% #*e proceedi'&$. a'd $uc* recover0 $*all /e %or #*e /e'e%i# o% #*e par#0 i'(ured. Sec 1-. Court may release respondent. T*e cour# +*ic* i$$ued #*e order impri$o'i'& a per$o' %or co'#emp# ma0 di$c*ar&e *im %rom impri$o'me'# +*e' i# appear$ #*a# pu/lic i'#ere$# +ill 'o# /e pre(udiced /0 *i$ relea$e. Sec 11. Review of #udgment or final order= bond for stay. T*e (ud&me'# or %i'al order o% a cour# i' a ca$e o% i'direc# co'#emp# ma0 /e appealed #o #*e proper cour# a$ i' crimi'al ca$e$. 3u# e<ec&%ion o' %6e /&)1.en% or 'inal or)er s6all no% :e s&s3en)e) &n%il a :on) is 'ile) :4 %6e 3erson a)/&)1e) in con%e.3%, in an a.o&n% 'i<e) :4 %6e co&r% 'ro. 56ic6 %6e a33eal is %a7en, con)i%ione) %6a% i' %6e a33eal :e )eci)e) a1ains% 6i. 6e 5ill a:i)e :4 an) 3er'or. %6e /&)1.en% or 'inal or)er . Sec 1 . Contempt against 6uasi&#udicial entities.

Remdedial.civilprocedure.2012 T*e Rule $*all appl0 #o: co'#emp# commi##ed a&ai'$# per$o'$. e'#i#ie$. /odie$ or a&e'cie$ e2erci$i'& 1ua$i)(udicial %u'c#io'$. $*all *ave $upple#or0 e%%ec# #o: $uc* rule$ a$ #*e0 ma0 *ave adop#ed pur$ua'# #o au#*ori#0 &ra'#ed #o #*em /0 la+ #o pu'i$* %or co'#emp#. T*e Re&io'al Trial Cour# o% #*e place +*erei' #*e co'#emp# *a$ /ee' commi##ed $*all *ave (uri$dic#io' over $uc* c*ar&e$ a$ ma0 /e %iled #*ere%or.

1?0