Chapter No.

01 Introduction
Traffic lights are used at road intersections to control vehicular traffic without traffic policeman. These allows orderly and uninterrupted movement of vehicles during peak hours. Generally a traffic signal system has three lights and is run by a microcontroller. The green light on the light stack signal the traffic to precede the orange light in the middle warns the traffic to slow down and prepare to stop and the red light on the top signals the traffic to stop. Traditionally traffic lights use bulbs which consume a lot of power. Here we present an adaptive traffic light system that uses readily available components. As traffic lights are required throughout the day LED lights have been used. These are more efficient and save energy.

Chapter No. 02 Block diagram for simple traffic light system

POWER SUPPLY

SWITCHIN G SYSTEM

TIMING : CIRCUIT

ROUTING

Y G

FIG.1.Block diagram for simple traffic light system

02.1] POWER SUPPLY: For the any electrical power supply there is need of power supply. In this block diagram we have used 230 volt 50 hertz ac supply. This ac supply is given to the transformer of 15 volt dc. According to requirement of our circuit it needs 12 volt dc.

02.2] SWITCHING SYSTEM: This block contains number of switching diode for switching the power to the particular circuit. Here we have used IC 4044, IC 4041 diodes for switching purpose.

02.3] Timing circuit: In timing circuit we use IC NE555 along with IC 1n4148 which have high speed of operation.

02.4] ROUTING: This block is used for shifting the control to the respective output LOED or light and operating mode for particular selected output.

02.5] LIGHT OUTPUT: This output is last stage of block diagram that is used for controlling the traffic light system.

Chapter No. 03 Circuit diagram of simple traffic light system

FIG.2.Circuit diagram of simple traffic light system

03.1]Circuit diagram description:Above figure shows the simple traffic light system. It is built around an NE555 timer, a decade counter CD4017, AND, OR, NOR and NOT gates, and few discrete components. NE555 is used in astable mode to generate the basic clock for decade counter CD 4017. The clock frequency is determined by resistor R1, preset VR1 and capacitor C1. It can be adjusted by varying preset VR1 Pin 5 of timer NE555 is the control voltage pin that is primarily used for filtering when the timer is used in noisy environments. However, by applying a voltage at this pins, it is possible to vary the calculated period. A 0.01F capacitor connected to pin 5 of NE555 bypasses any noise from altering the calculated pulse width. Reset pin 4 of NE555 is pulled high through resistor R3. When switch S1 is closed pin 4 is connected to ground and the astable multivibrator stops clock generation. Decade counter CD4017 is at the heart of the traffic light system. It is a 5-stage Johnson counter having ten decoded outputs. The clock input receives the clock pulse from pin3 of NE555. Schmitt trigger action in the clock input circuit of CD4017 provides pulse shaping that allows unlimited clock input pulse rise and fall times. These counters advance by one count at the positive clock signal transition if the clock-inhibit signal pin13 is low. A high signal on reset pin15 clears the counter to zero. Q0 through Q7 outputs of CD4017 control the traffic light signal for four roads as shown in figure named simple ideal layout. Q0 and Q1 outputs control the green, orange and red traffic signal sequence for single road. When reset switch S2 is pressed, Q0 output of CD4017 is high and the other outputs are low. The low Q1 output is inverted by NOT gate N13 and fed to pin 13 of AND gate N5. Q0 output is fed directly to pin12 of gate N5. Both the high inputs of AND gate N5 make its output high and the green LED glows. Pin 14 of CD4017 receives a clock pulse and its Q1 output goes high while the other outputs are low. Q1 output is fed directly to pin 8 of gate N6, while the low Q0 output is inverted and fed to pin 9 of gate N6. Both the high inputs of AND gate N6 make its high and orange LED glows. Again pin 14 of CD4017 receives a clock and its Q2 output goes high while the other outputs are low. The low Q0 and Q1 outputs are not also connected to inputs pins 1 and 2 of NOR gate

N1, respectively. Both the low inputs of NOR gate N1 make its output high and the red LED glows. All these three roads light are red. This light sequence for roads works one after the other as explained above. When Q9 output of the CD4017 goes high counter CD4017 resets and the process restarts. The green and red lights glows for the same time period which is set by preset VR1. The orange light glows for few seconds. When the orange light glows transistor T1 receives base bias. The light at the base of transistor T1 drives it into saturation and preset VR2 connects to pin7 of NE555. Resistance of VR1 and VR2 come into parallel and the time becomes small. When there is a heavy traffic on the current road the green light can be kept glowing by closing switch S1. NE555 doesnt regenerate clock pulse. As there is no clock signal for counter CD4017, its output doesnt advance. Open switch S1 normal for operation. The figure simple ideal layout shows on road traffic crossing whereas the rectifier figure shows power supply circuit. The 230V, 50Hz AC mains is stepped down by transformer X1 to deliver a secondary output of 15V, 500mA. The transformer output of 15V is rectified by full wave rectifier BR1, filtered by capacitor C3 and regulated by IC 7812. Capacitor C4 bypasses the ripple present in the regulated 12V supply. LED13 acts as the power on indicator. Resistor R17 limits the current. A capacitor above 10 F is connected across the output of the regulator IC, while diode D6 protects the regulator IC in case input is short with ground.

Chapter No. 04 Component list for simple traffic light system

FIG.3.Componentlist for simple traffic light system

04.1] Resistor: -

FIG.4. Resistor A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct proportion to the voltage across the resistors terminals. Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistors terminals to the intensity of current through the circuit is called resistance. This relation is represented by Ohms law:

Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits. The electrical functionality of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. When specifying that resistance in an electronic design, the required precision of the resistance may require attention to the manufacturing tolerance of the chosen resistor, according to its specific application. The temperature coefficient of the resistance may also be of concern in some precision applications. Practical resistors are also specified as having a maximum power rating which must exceed the anticipated power dissipation of that resistor in a particular circuit: this is mainly of concern in power electronics applications. Resistors with higher power ratings are physically larger and may require heat sinks. In a high-voltage circuit, attention must sometimes be paid to the rated maximum working voltage of the resistor.

Practical resistors have a series inductance and a small parallel capacitance; these specifications can be important in high-frequency applications. In a low-noise

amplifier or pre-amp, the noise characteristics of a resistor may be an issue. The unwanted inductance, excess noise, and temperature coefficient are mainly dependent on the technology used in manufacturing the resistor. They are not normally specified individually for a particular family of resistors manufactured using a particular technology. A family of discrete resistors is also characterized according to its form factor, that is, the size of the device and the position of its leads which is relevant in the practical manufacturing of circuits using them.

04.2] Capacitor:-

FIG.5.Capacitor A capacitor; formerly known as condenser is a passive two-terminal electrical component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. When there is a potential difference voltage across the conductors, a static electric field develops across the dielectric, causing positive charge to collect on one plate and negative charge on the other plate. Energy is stored in the electrostatic field. An ideal capacitor is characterized by a single constant value, capacitance, measured in farads. This is the ratio of the electric charge on each conductor to the potential difference between them. The capacitance is greatest when there is a narrow separation between large areas of a conductor, hence capacitor conductors are often called "plates," referring to an early means of construction. In practice, the dielectric between the plates passes a small amount of leakage current and also has an electric field strength limit, resulting in a breakdown voltage, while the conductors and leads introduce an undesired inductance and resistance. Capacitors are widely used in electronic circuits for blocking direct current while allowing alternating current to pass, in filter networks, for smoothing the output of power supplies, in the resonant circuits that tune radios to particular frequencies, in electric power transmission systems for stabilizing voltage and power flow, and for many other purposes.

04.3] Transistor: -

FIG.6.Trasistor A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify and switch electronic signals and power. It is composed of a semiconductor material with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled output power can be much more than the controlling input power, a transistor can amplify a signal. Today, some transistors are packaged individually, but many more are found embedded in integrated circuits. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is ubiquitous in modern electronic systems. Following its release in the early 1950s the transistor revolutionized the field of electronics, and paved the way for smaller and cheaper radios, calculators, and computers, among other things. The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. A transistor can control its output in proportion to the input signal; that is, it can act as an amplifier. Alternatively, the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit as an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements. There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small current at the base terminal that is, flowing from the base to the emitter can control or switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the

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terminals are labeled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. The image to the right represents a typical bipolar transistor in a circuit. Charge will flow between emitter and collector terminals depending on the current in the base. Since internally the base and emitter connections behave like a semiconductor diode, a voltage drop develops between base and emitter while the base current exists. The amount of this voltage depends on the material the transistor is made from, and is referred to as VBE.

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04.4] Switches:-

FIG.7.Simple switch In electronics, a switch is an electrical component that can break an electrical circuit, interrupting the current or diverting it from one conductor to another. The most familiar form of switch is a manually operated electromechanical device with one or more sets of electrical contacts. Each set of contacts can be in one of two states: either 'closed' meaning the contacts are touching and electricity can flow between them, or 'open', meaning the contacts are separated and non-conducting. A switch may be directly manipulated by a human as a control signal to a system, such as a computer keyboard button, or to control power flow in a circuit, such as a light switch. Automatically-operated switches can be used to control the motions of machines, for example, to indicate that a garage door has reached its full open position or that a machine tool is in a position to accept another work piece. Switches may be operated by process variables such as pressure, temperature, flow, current, voltage, and force, acting as sensors in a process and used to automatically control a system. For example, a thermostat is a temperature-operated switch used to control a heating process. A switch that is operated by another electrical circuit is called a relay. Large switches may be remotely operated by a motor drive mechanism. Some switches are used to isolate electric power from a system, providing a visible point of isolation that can be pad-locked if necessary to prevent accidental operation of a machine during maintenance, or to prevent electric shock.

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04.5] Diode: -

FIG.8.Diode The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in one direction called the diode's forward direction, while blocking current in the opposite direction the reverse direction. Thus, the diode can be thought of as an electronic version of a check valve. This unidirectional behavior is called rectification, and is used to convert alternating current to direct current, and to extract modulation from radio signals in radio receiversthese diodes are forms of rectifiers. However, diodes can have more complicated behavior than this simple onoff action. Semiconductor diodes do not begin conducting electricity until a certain threshold voltage is present in the forward direction a state in which the diode is said to be forward-biased. The voltage drop across a forward-biased diode varies only a little with the current, and is a function of temperature; this effect can be used as a temperature sensor or voltage reference. Semiconductor diodes' nonlinear current voltage characteristic can be tailored by varying the semiconductor materials and introducing impurities into doping the materials. These are exploited in special purpose diodes that perform many different functions. For example, diodes are used to regulate voltage zener diodes, to protect circuits from high voltage surges avalanche diodes, to electronically tune radio and TV receivers varactor diodes, to generate radio frequency oscillations tunnel diodes, Gunn diodes, IMPATT diodes, and to produce light emitting diodes. Tunnel diodes exhibit negative resistance, which makes them useful in some types of circuits.

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04.6] LED: -

FIG.9.LED A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting. Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness. When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased switched on, electrons are able

to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light corresponding to the energy of the photon is determined by the energy gap of the semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area less than 1 mm, and integrated optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present many advantages over incandescent light sources

including lower energy consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, and faster switching. LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources of comparable output. Light-emitting diodes are used in applications as diverse as aviation lighting, automotive lighting, advertising, general lighting, and traffic signals. LEDs have allowed new text, video displays, and sensors to be developed, while their high switching rates are also useful in advanced communications technology. Infrared LEDs are also used in the remote control units of many commercial products including televisions, DVD players, and other domestic appliances.

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04.7] Integrated Circuit: -

FIG.10.Integrated circuit It is the form of circuits those are mounted on small silicon chips instead of using a circuit board for the usage. The name Integrated Circuit is named because it is the integrated form of the large circuit. It is very useful while using the large size circuitry. The ICs are classified into the Analog and digital IC which are also classified into hybrid ICs. The different ICs are used for different purpose. We can use the ICs mostly in all fields to reduce the possibility of error occurrence.

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04.8] Transformer: -

FIG.11.Transformer A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a

varying electromotive force, or "voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called inductive coupling. If a load is connected to the secondary, current will flow in the secondary winding, and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp) and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:

By appropriate selection of the ratio of turns, a transformer thus enables an alternating current (AC) voltage to be "stepped up" by making Ns greater than Np, or "stepped down" by making Ns less than Np. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used to interconnect portions of power grids. All operate on the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in nearly all electronic devices designed for household

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"mains" voltage. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission economically practical.

FIG.12.Rectifier circuitry In the vast majority of transformers, the windings are coils wound around a ferromagnetic core, air-core transformers being a notable exception.

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04.9] Rectifier: -

FIG.13.Rectifier circuitry When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called as bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite corners of the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners. Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a positive potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive potential at point A will forward bias D3 and reverse bias D4. The negative potential at point B will forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time D3 and D1 are forward biased and will allow current flow to pass through them; D4 and D2 are reverse biased and will block current flow.

The path for current flow is from point B through D1, up through RL, through D3, through the secondary of the transformer back to point B. this path is indicated by the solid arrows. One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer reverse, forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current flow will now be from point A through D4, up through RL, through D2, through the secondary of T1, and back to point A. This path is indicated by the broken arrows. Waveforms (3) and (4) can be observed across D2 and D4. The current flow through RL is always in the same direction. In flowing through RL this current develops a voltage corresponding to that shown waveform (5). Since current flows through the load (RL) during both half cycles of the applied voltage, this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier. One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier is that with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output that is nearly twice that of the conventional full-wave circuit.

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This may be shown by assigning values to some of the components shown in views A and B. assume that the same transformer is used in both circuits. The peak voltage developed between points X and y is 1000 volts in both circuits. In the conventional full-wave circuit shown in view A, the peak voltage from the center tap to either X or Y is 500 volts. Since only one diode can conduct at any instant, the maximum voltage that can be rectified at any instant is 500 volts.

The maximum voltage that appears across the load resistor is nearly-but never exceeds-500 v0lts, as result of the small voltage drop across the diode. In the bridge rectifier shown in view B, the maximum voltage that can be rectified is the full secondary voltage, which is 1000 volts. Therefore, the peak output voltage across the load resistor is nearly 1000 volts. With both circuits using the same transformer, the bridge rectifier circuit produces a higher output voltage than the conventional full-wave rectifier circuit.

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Chapter No.05 PCB layout

FIG.14.PCB layout of project

05.1] Introduction of PCB layout:As the first step of PCB designing take proper scale of components and according to such scale make component layout of project circuit, on PCB designer software. This layout is simple as well as small in size. Then draw mirror image of PCB layout which is suitable for project. Take copper clad board of required size and transfer mirror image layout on board. Drill for connection on proper track. Using the paints i.e. the mirror image drawn by then mirror does the painting. After some time check whether the painting is in proper alignment with track and if in case there is any fault then correct it. Take solution of FeCl3 in pot and deep PCB in solution for some hours. After sometime remove PCB from solution we see that copper is removed from copper clad board except the copper, which is painted.

05.2] Precautions taken during designing of PCB: Before mounting any component, examine PCB carefully for any cracks, breaks or other defects in the conduction path. 2) Drill the holes in PCB according to requirement. 3) Carefully cut the lead of the components so that 3 mm of the end extends beyond the wire inside the PCB. The ends of the leads are bent at right angle to make fine contact with surface to which it is to be soldered.

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4) In the case of semiconductor like transistor, diodes the length of the

leads extending

above the component side of the PCB should about 1 cm. this will not only serve as heat sink to each head, at which soldering but will also be useful for measuring voltage their leads. 5) Certain components like transformers and variable capacitor, which are meant for used with PCBs are provided with pin type terminals, which can be simply inserted into the holes and soldered.

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05.3] Component Layout: -

FIG.15.Sample component layout of project This is the component layout of our project. It shows the ideal view that how it will look after mounting all the components on the PCB. Following are the precautions those should be taken after soldering: Observe all the solder joints by eye or using magnifying glass and check them with a continuity tester, make sure there are no dry joints and no track short-circuited by poor soldering. Ensure that position of all the components agree with the mounting diagram. Check that any links needed are present and that they are in the right position to give the desired configuration. Check all the ICs in their sockets see that there are no pin bend under any ICs on neighboring ICs are interchange etc. Checks the wiring at the same time ensures that there are no short-circuit between switches etc. Ensure that the supply transformer is located as closely as possible to the circuit. Check that connection to the earth is there and that they are of good quality. Check that pins, plug or other connections used are in good contacts. Make sure that circuit is working correctly before putting any components into the case.

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05.4] Etching:The vast majority of printed circuit boards are made by bonding a layer of copper over the entire substrate, sometimes on both sides, creating a "blank PCB" then removing unwanted copper after applying a temporary mask e.g. by etching, leaving only the desired copper traces. A few PCBs are made by adding traces to the bare substrate or a substrate with a very thin layer of copper usually by a complex process of multiple electroplating steps. The PCB manufacturing method primarily depends on whether it is for production volume or sample/prototype quantities. There are three common "subtractive" methods that remove copper used for the production of printed circuit boards: 1. Silk screen printing uses etch-resistant inks to protect the copper foil. Subsequent etching removes the unwanted copper. Alternatively, the ink may be conductive, printed on a blank non-conductive board. The latter technique is also used in the manufacture of hybrid circuits. 2. Photoengraving uses a photo mask and developer to selectively remove a photo resist coating. The remaining photo resist protects the copper foil. Subsequent etching removes the unwanted copper. The photo mask is usually prepared with a photo plotter from data produced by a technician using CAM, or computer-aided manufacturing software. Laser-printed transparencies are typically employed for phototools; however, direct laser imaging tech PCB milling uses a two or three-axis mechanical milling system to mill away the copper foil from the substrate. A PCB milling machine referred to as a 'PCB Proto-type' operates in a similar way to a plotter, receiving commands from the host software that control the position of the milling head in the x, y, and if relevant z axis. Data to drive the Proto-type is extracted from files generated in PCB design software and stored in HPGL or Gerber file format inquest are being employed to replace photo-tools for high-resolution requirements.

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05.5] Drilling: Holes through a PCB are typically drilled with tiny drill bits made of solid tungsten carbide. The drilling is performed by automated drilling machines with placement controlled by a drill tape or drill file. These computer-generated files are also called numerically controlled drill (NCD) files or "Excellent files". The drill file describes the location and size of each drilled hole. These holes are often filled with annular rings hollow rivets to create vias. Vias allow the electrical and thermal connection of conductors on opposite sides of the PCB. Most common laminate is epoxy filled fiberglass. Drill bit wear is partly due to embedded glass, which is harder than steel. High drill speed necessary for cost effective drilling of hundreds of holes per board causes very high temperatures at the drill bit tip, and high temperatures 400-700 degrees soften steel and decompose (oxidize) laminate filler. Copper is softer than epoxy and interior conductors may suffer damage during drilling.

05.6] Screen printing: Line art and text may be printed onto the outer surfaces of a PCB by screen printing. When space permits, the screen print text can indicate component designators, switch setting requirements, test points, and other features helpful in assembling, testing, and servicing the circuit board.

05.7] Soldering: PCB soldering requires proper soldering techniques as explain below:1) A light duty soldering iron of 25-30W should be used to prevent the damage printed circuit wiring by excessive heat. 2) Do not used excess solder to prevent solder flowing to adjacent conducting paths, which cause a short circuit. These solder has thin tip because of closed spacing of the tip number 12.SWG wire wrapped around iron trip can also be used for soldering. When soldering semiconductor hold the lead to be soldered by a crocodile clip, which serves as a heat sink to prevent components.

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05.8] Simple Ideal layout: -

FIG.16.Sample outline of project This is the proposed design of our project. We are going to follow the same rules of traffic system that we are using currently. We can allow traffic to flow in anti parallel direction at a time. In a single cross we have to implement a set of minimum four traffic lights. Traffic lights are used at road intersections to control vehicular traffic without traffic policeman. These allows orderly and uninterrupted movement of vehicles during peak hours. Generally a traffic signal system has three lights and is run by a microcontroller. The green light on the light stack signal the traffic to precede the orange light in the middle warns the traffic to slow down and prepare to stop and the red light on the top signals the traffic to stop. Traditionally traffic lights use bulbs which consume a lot of power. Here we present an adaptive traffic light system that uses readily available components. As traffic lights are required throughout the day LED lights have been used. These are more efficient and save energy.

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Chapter No.06 ICs

06.1] IC NE555: These devices are precision timing circuits capable of producing accurate time delays or oscillation. In the time-delay or mono-stable mode of operation, the timed interval is controlled by a single external resistor and capacitor network. In the astable mode of operation, the frequency and duty cycle can be controlled independently with two external resistors and a single external capacitor. The output circuit is capable of sinking or sourcing current up to 200 mA. Operation is specified for supplies of 5 V to 15 V. With a 5-V supply.

Specification of NE555: VCC IA PD 11.2 V 200 mA 448 W

Pin diagram of NE555: -

FIG.17.Pin configuration of Timer IC NE555 RESET TRIGGER VOLTAGE L H H H IRREVELENT < 1/3 VCC < 1/3 VCC >1/3 VCC THRSHOLD VOLTAGE IRREVELENT IRREVELENT >2/3 VCC < 2/3 VCC L H L OUTPUT DISCHARGE SWITCH ON OFF ON

AS PERLAST 1 AS PER LAST 1

Table.1. Features and information Table for IC NE555

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Pin description: Pin 1: Ground is made available at this pin Pin 2: Trigger pulse is given to the IC Pin 3: Output is taken across this pin with respect to ground Pin 4: Reset instruction is used to reset the IC for new use of application Pin 5: Control signals are given to the IC for particular task Pin 6: Threshold voltage is given to the IC across this pin Pin 7: Discharge the power given to IC is can be done by this pin Pin 8: The main power supply +12 V is given at this pin

Application of NE555: Mono-stable multi-vibrator. Astable multi-vibrator. Pulse width modulation. Frequency divider. Missing pulse detector. Pulse position modulation.

Mono-stable multivibrator: For various operations we need multi-vibrator in Industrial as well as applied electronics. By using this NE555 we can generate mono-stable multi-vibrator for generation of single wave generation. The NE555 used to generate pulse timer for operation of square, triangular, saw-tooth wave generation using timer IC.

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06.2] IC CD4017: The CD4017BC is a 5-stage divide-by-10 Johnson counter with 10 decoded outputs and a carry out bit. These counters are cleared to their zero count by a logical 1 on their reset line. These counters are advanced on the positive edge of the clock signal when the clock enable signal is in the logical 0 state.

FIG.18.Pin configuration of CD4017

Pin description: Pin 1 to 11: Pin 8: Pin 14: Pin 13: Pin 15: Decode output are get across these pins VSS provide source voltage. Accepts the clock signal Play important role to enable or disable the clock pulse. VDD provides an dc voltage for IC.

Features of CD4017: Wide supply voltage range: 3.0V to 15V. High noise immunity: 0.45 VDD (typ.). Low power Fan out of 2 driving 74L. Medium speed operation: 5.0 MHz (typ.). With 10V VDD.

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 Low power: 10 mW (typ.).

Applications of CD4017: Automotive. Instrumentation. Medical electronics. Alarm systems. Industrial electronics.

Remote metering.

Automotive: In automotive industry we need logical counters for our counting the flow of pulses, rounds, revolutions and many more. For counting purpose in automotive needs automatic controlled IC that can operate with its own input clock signal for the voltage range +12V this IC is suitable.

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06.3] IC CD4001:The IC4001 Universal Remote Integrated Circuit is a fully integrated solution for a complete four-in-one universal remote control. The IC4001 includes the comprehensive InfoTech library of entertainment remote control codes for the highest possible coverage of consumer products. The IC4001 may be used to control up to four different entertainment devices, typically a TV, VCR, Satellite, and cable box. All basic operations are supported. The IC4001 may be customized to include OEM-specific remote control codes. The choice of programming methods ensures the easiest-possible customer operation.

FIG.19.Pin configuration of CD4001

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Pin description: Pin 1 to 8: Input are accepted for IC Pin 10 to 17: output are collected here for IC Pin 12, 13: Interrupts are added to IC Pin 18,19: Crystal oscillator is accepted here Pin 20: Ground connection is provided here Pin 31: The enable all pins control is done here Pin 37: Low voltage operation are done across this pin Pin 38: Infrared connection are made here Pin 39: LED connection are made here Pin 40: +12 volt supply is provided here

Features of IC 4001: Fully Integrated Solution Low power Sleep Mode for long battery Program code read-back Easy to program

Ratings: VCC: 11.8 V IA : 500 A PD : 448mW

Application: This IC is been used for remote sensing operations of any kind of programs, instruments and many more. It can be used for different sensing operations as well Infrared and LED detection and connections for input and outputs.

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06.4] IC CD4081: The CD4081B, types are supplied in 14-lead hermetic dual-in-line ceramic packages (F3A suffix), 14-lead dual-in-line plastic packages E suffix, 14-lead small-outline packages (M, MT, M96, and NSR suffixes), and 14-lead thin shrink small-outline packages (PW and PWR suffixes). It has medium speed of operation along with less noise margin. It has CMOS configuration showing same requirement of JEDEC standard specification.

Features of CD4081: VDD= 10V VPP = -0.5 V to +20V I/P Voltage range = -0.5V to VDD+0.5 V DC I/P current = 0.5mA PD = 500mW ( for TA = -500 to 1000)

FIG.20.Pin configuration of CD4081

Application: This IC is been used for connection for LED and Infrared transceiver connections.

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06.5] IC CD4069: The UTC CD4069 is a CMOS IC with six inverter circuits and designed for using of wide power supply operating range, low power consumption, high noise immunity, and symmetric controlled rise and fall times. The IC is capable of ESD protection by diode clamps to VDD and VSS.

FEATURES
Wide supply voltage range: 3.0V ~ 15V. High noise immunity: 0.45 VDD typ. Low Power TTL compatibility: Fan out of 2 driving 74L VDD = -0.5V to +18V Vin = -0.5V to +0.5V PD = 500mW

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06.6] IC 7812: These applications include on-card regulation for elimination of noise and distribution problems associated with single-point regulation. Each of these regulators can deliver up to 1.5 A of output current. The internal current-limiting and thermal-shutdown features of these regulators essentially make them immune to overload. In addition to use as fixed-voltage regulators, these devices can be used with external components to obtain adjustable output voltages and currents, and also can be used as the power-pass element in precision regulators.

FIG.21.View of IC7812

Rattings: VD : 12 V ID PD : 1.5 A : 18 W

Features: 3-Terminal Regulators High Power-Dissipation Capability Output Current up to 1.5 A Internal Short-Circuit Current Limiting Internal Thermal-Overload Protection Output Transistor Safe-Area Compensation

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06.7] IC 1N4148: The 1N4148 and 1N4448 are high-speed switching diodes fabricated in planar technology, and encapsulated in hermetically sealed leaded glass SOD27 (DO-35) packages.

FIG.22.View of IC4148

FEATURES
Hermetically sealed leaded glass SOD27 (DO-35) package High switching speed: max. 4 ns General application Continuous reverse voltage: max. 100 V Repetitive peak reverse voltage: max. 100 V Repetitive peak forward current: max. 450 mA.

APPLICATIONS
High-speed switching.

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06.8] IC 1N4007: Features

Low forward voltage drop.

High surge current capability.

FIG.23.View of IC4007 This is one kind of analog IC used for surge current only.

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06.9] Resistors: Resistors are the electronic component that control flow of electrons i.e. current. In our project we had used following resistors Name of resistor Variable resistor Variable resistor R1 R2 R R Number of component 1 1 1 1 2 12 Table.2.Value and no. of resistor used Variable resistor VR1 is used for controlling the time span for Green and Red light of traffic light system. Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are ubiquitous in most electronic equipment. Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance wire wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and can also be integrated into hybrid andprinted circuits. Unit 1 M 10 K 15 K 2.2 K 10 K 1 K

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06.10] Capacitors: Those electronic devices stores charges are called as capacitor. In our projects we have used following capacitors Type Electrolyte Electrolyte Ceramic disc Ceramic disc Number of component 1 1 1 1 Table.3.Value and no. of capacitors used A capacitor formerly known as condenser is a passive two-terminal electrical Unit 1000 F 35 V 100 F 50V 0.01 F 0.1 F

component used to store energy in an electric field. The forms of practical capacitors vary widely, but all contain at least two electrical conductors separated by a dielectric (insulator); for example, one common construction consists of metal foils separated by a thin layer of insulating film. Capacitors are widely used as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices.

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06.11] Miscellaneous : We have used here 1 transformer and switch to ON/OFF switch along with push to on switch and some LEDs. A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to another through inductively coupled conductors the transformer's coils. A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the secondary winding. This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromagnetic voltage EMF, or "voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called inductive coupling. If a load is connected to the secondary, current will flow in the secondary winding, and electrical energy will be transferred from the primary circuit through the transformer to the load. In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp) and is given by the ratio of the number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary (Np) as follows:

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Chapter No.07 Applications

To reduce the stop, wait and go time on traffic light system. To change the traffic according to need.

To change traffic according to need: In normal traffic light system, we cant alter the time interval when there are national functions like Independence Day or various programs like Common Wealth Games. For that purpose should change the timing and traffic way. This can be done by this project.

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Chapter No.08 Future scope

In traffic control of sub-urban area. In all cities meanwhile of any function or program. Using sharp pointers to stop the rule breakers.

Using sharp pointers to stop the rule breakers:In normal life we see that some unsocial elements who break the traffic rule. To avoid this kind of element we can use sharp metallic pointers to puncture the tire of the bike or car. This can be used for awaking people about the traffic light system.

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Chapter No.09
Conclusion
It can be concluded from our project that by using our project we can change the traffic with the help of our project at any time.

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Chapter No.10 Cost Estimation

Sr. No. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. Total Name of Component Resistor Capacitor LED Diodes Transistor IC Switches Plane PCB Connecting wires Transformer Bridge Rectifier = Quantity 19 04 13 06 01 08 02 01 1M 01 01 56 Prize 25 25 40 12 5 60 30 35 10 150 45 337

Table.4.Components quantity and prize

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Chapter No.11 References

www.EFYMAG.com www.wikipedia.com www.google.com Magazine: Electronics For You! Textbook: Electronic Component Application (2nd semister 1st year E & TC)

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Chapter No.12 12.1] Photo:-

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