Professional Documents
Culture Documents
REFERENES-TEXT BOOKS
1) . KALENDERL, C. KOCATEPE, O. ARIKAN, zml Problemlerle Yksek Gerilim Teknii, Cilt 1, Birsen Yaynevi, 2005 2) M. ZKAYA , Yksek Gerilim Teknii CLT 1 , Statik Elektrik Alan Ve Boalma Olaylar , 1988 , T 3) M.ZKAYA , Yksek Gerilim Teknii CLT 2 , 1988 , T 4) . GNEN , Yksek Gerilim Teknii CLT 1 , 1977 , T 5) M. ZKAYA , Yksek Gerilim Tekniinde Dearj Olaylar , 1979 , T 6) M. ZKAYA , Yksek Gerilim Tekniinde lme , 1984 , T 7) E. KUFFEL , M. ABDULLAH , (evirenler : M. ZKAYA , T. TFEK , N. ERGAN) , Yksek Gerilim Teknii , 1988, T )
Bl. 1 1.5.2
REFERENES-TEXT BOOKS
1) E. KUFFEL , M. ABDULLAH , High Voltage Engineering , Pergamon Press , 1970
2) E. KUFFEL , W. ZAENGL , High Voltage Engineering , Pergamon Press , 1984 3) M. KHALIFA , High Voltage Engineering , Theory And Practice, Marcel Dekkar , 1991
Basic stages from power generation to consumer points are illustrated in the following figure:
Note: Cables used in AC can also b used in DC. Un-presence of capacitive current in DC,
makes power transmission easier in cables. Types of power cables: Paper insulated Oil filled Pressured Gas Plastic insulated
P = 3.U .. cos
cos
= Power factor
P = 3.R. 2
Relative Power Loss:
3.R. P p= = = P 3.U .. cos
2
3.R =
p = P.
R U 2 . cos 2
k .S
cos
cos can be increased within a limited range ( 0<cos <1 ). Since increasing cos requires compensation system, it adds extra cost. So it has limited benefits.
U
Best suitable way is to increase voltage, U. With the increasing voltage ( copper losses = I2. R losses ) decreases.
Transmission voltage level is determined versus power and distance for economic transmission. Following figures gives the economic transmission voltage level versus power and distance for double circuit system:
RESULT: Power is the dominant factor in determining the transmission voltage level between power and distance.
TSE 83
Rated Voltage(kVeff.) 3 6 10 15 30 60 154 380 Maximum Voltage(kVeff) 3.6 7.2 12 17.5 36 72.5 170 420
ANSI C 84
Rated(kV) 34,5 46 69 115 138 161 230 345 500 700
Max(kV) 36 48.3 72.5 121 145 169 242 362 550 765
Voltage Category
Low Voltage Medium- MHV High - HV Extra High-EHV Ultra High-UHV
Interval
220V U 2.4kV
Long transmission line parameters are assumed to be evenly distributed over the line range. So, equivalent circuit of the long transmission line can be given as in Fig. 1.
R L R L
= Line length. R= R . L = L . G= G . C= C .
Z= j..L. impedance, zo
L' L ZO = = ' C C
and
(Surge Impedance)
Surge impedance is also impedance that behaves as a resistive element against traveling wave resulted from resonance, lightning and switching events.
v=
1 L C
This speed in the cabled line is dependent upon the di- eectric constant of l the insulating material, and is approximately equal to half of the light speed. L' 1 L' 1 = 2 2 = ZO = C ' v .C ' C' v.C '
v = 3 108 m / sn (k hz)
Po =
U ZO
It is a power that a line can transmit if the line is loaded with a resistance equal to surge impedance (SIL: Surge impedance loading) . In this case, there is no reactive power transmission.
U2 3 U2 F SIL = = ZC ZC
where U is phase to phase voltage and, UF is phase to neutral voltage. Natural power is defined for a radial line (one generator- single load point). That is why it was frequently used in the past. For interconnected system, it can be used for a specific line loading, which means that natural power is the criteria for determining the maximum loading level of a line.
Fluctuating Magnitude =
Fluctuating Factor =
U max U min 2
According to IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) , FF should be less than %5 when testing the devices using DC voltage (FF < %5 ). Where do we use High DC voltage: Capacitor and cable testing; Electrostatic filter; paint spraying system High AC voltage : If polarity and the magnitude of voltage vary periodically, it
is called alternating voltage. It is used for testing purposes as well as generating High DC and impulse voltage. Generators can supply 10-20 kV or up to 35 kV voltages. In the low voltage level, generally sinusoidal alternating voltages used. In practice they contain HARMONIC COMPENENTS.
An Alternating Current can be characterized by - Frequency; peak value, effective value (rms value) and voltage waveform (sinusoidal, triangular, rectangular)
However, If we know the peak value and the waveform, we can calculate the rms value.
Peak Value (VM): Maximum value of an alternating voltage. (transients and noises are not included) Effective (rms) value: It is a root mean square value of an alternating signal for one period.
1 U= T
1 0 U (t ).dt = T
T 2
U 2m 0 U m . sin t.dt = T
T 2 2
1 cos 2t .dt 2
U 2m = T
1 cos 2t U 2m .dt = 2 T
Um sin 2wt 2 U 2m 1 0 = 2 T 4 l0 = 2 2
Frequency in Europe and TURKEY is 50 Hz. However for testing purposes, the frequency range [40-62] Hz can be used as an 50 Hz value.
As for the magnitude of the test voltage including harmonic components;
1.4. The Classification of H.V. and Definitions - Continue Impulse Voltages : Impulse over voltages arise in Power systems
due to lightning or switching. They represent a principle factor in the design of equipment insulation. Hence impulse voltage generation is very important to investigate the possible defect/breakdown of over voltages.
Most Common Impulse Voltages; 1) Double exponential impulse voltage 2) Chopped impulse voltage 3) Triangular impulse voltage 4) Square or rectangular impulse voltage
5) Switching impulse voltage
Anma Cephesi Sresi (TC) : Anma gerilimi tepe deerinin %30 - %90nn meydana geldii anlar arasndaki srenin (T) 1,67 katdr. Anma Srt Yar Deer Sresi (TS) : Anma balang noktas (O) ile gerilimin srtta tepe deerin yarsna dt ana kar den noktalar arasndaki sredir. Tepe Deeri (UMAX) : Gerilimin maksimum deeridir. Darbe gerilimleri Tc/Ts olarak verilir. En ok kullanlan standart darbe gerilimi 1,2/50 s (Cephe Sresi / Srt yar deer sresi)dir. U TC = 1,2 %30 tolerans kabul edilir. Cephede Kesilmi TS = 50 %20 tolerans kabul edilir. UMAX = UMAX %3 tolerans kabul edilir.
Kesik Darbe Gerilimi: Tam darbe geriliminin bir delinme sonucu herhangi bir deer-den sfr deerine dmesi sonucu meydana gelir.Cephede ya da srtta olabilir. Bir trafonun giriinde kullanlan ark boynuzu byle bir darbe gerilimini ksa devre ederek (atlama ile) ke- silmesini salar ve o yzden transformatrler byle bir darbe gerilimine maruz kalrlar.
t
U
Srtta Kesilmi
Td
Tc/Ts olarak karakterize edilir. Standart ama-kapama darbe gerilimi 250/2500 s dir. [Tc =Cephe Sresi; Ts = Srt Yar Deer Sresi] Tc = 250 %20 s tolerans kabul edilir. Ts = 2500 %60 s tolerans kabul edilir. zolasyon boyutlandrlmas bakmndan, genellikle; - 220 kV a kadar tesislerde atmosferik ar gerilimler nemlidir. - 380 kVun stndeki tesislerde ise i ar gerilimler nemlidir. U < 220 kV D Ar Gerilimler U > 380 kV Ar Gerilimler nemlidir.
Yksek Alternatif Gerilimler Yksek Doru Gerilimler Darbe Gerilimleri 1.5.1 Yksek Alternatif Gerilimlerin retilmesi
a)Bir Katl Deney Transformatrleri : Bu transformatrler birka yz kVa (400kV) kadar kullanlr. G transformatrlerinden glerinin kk , deitirme oranlarnn byk olmalar ile ayrlrlar.
U2
U2
U1 = Primer Sarg(A.G) (Besleme Uyarma- Sargs) U2 = Sekonder Sarg (Y.G) G = Demir ekirdek
G U1
U1
~
Tam zole Hali
~
Tam zole Hali
C2
2
Tesla Transformatr
Buna tesla transformatr de denir.C1 kondansatr U1 gerilimi ile dolar. Fler yaklatrlr ve atlama olunca rezonans ile U2 gerilimi oluur. Gerilim dnce atlama durur. U1 gerilimi srekli uygulannca atlama srekli meydana geldike U2 gerilimi elde edilir. Flerin akl U2 gerilimini L1 ve C1 ise f i belirler. F kresel elktodlarnn faliyete gemesi ile seri rezonans devresi meydana gelir.Yksek frekansl snml titreimler oluur. Bu frekans : X1 = XC1
2. . f .L1 = 1 2. . f .C1 =>
f =
1 2. . L1 .C1
tv = Dorultucudan (Redresrden) akm geme sresi tv = T/2; Uv=Um Uv = Redresrn yaltm(kesim) durumunda dayanmas gereken en byk gerilim
Q = 2.U .C = T . y
U =
y 2.C. f
Um 2
Ortalama deger = U o =
Uv 2.Um
tv << T
a) Villard Devresi:
HATIRLATMA :
t = .e T
wt
D2 diyotu ve C2 kondansatr ile sabit doru gerilim elde edilir . D2 diyotu dalgalanmay azaltr. D2 diyotu kullanlmad zaman UC2=2Um gerilimi ters ynde akm aktarak dalga eklini bozar. kta 2Um lik gerilim elde edildii iin C2 kondansatr 2Umlik gerilime, C1 ve D elemanlar Um' e gre seilmek zorundadr.
ularnda tepe deeri transformatrn tepe gerilimin 3 kat olan dalgal bir doru gerilim elde edilir.
U U(t)
~
C + + +
3Um 2Um
t
U(t)
Kondansatrler Um + Um = 2.Um ile dolar. Bunun zerine Um .sint ile sperpoze edilir.
PROBLEM SOLUTION - 1
PROBLEM 1.1
A single circuit three phase transmission line with bundled conductors of two is located above the ground at a height of 31.75 m (h = 31,75 m). Find the following: a)Charecteristic impedance of the line =? b)Natural power of transmission line=? c)Calculate the line current, transmission losses and reactive power when the line is loaded with a resistance equal to charecteristic impedance of the line. d)Find the required element to be connected to the receiving end of the line if the transmission system is loaded with natural power.
Faz 1 Faz 2 Faz 3
2r a d d a d
U h
Note:
Conductor cross-sectional area= 547,34 mm2. Line lenght, l = 500 km, Conductor specific conductance, k = 31,56 m/mm2, Light speed, v = 3.108 mk = 31,56 /s, 0 = 8,854.10-12 F/m, and r = 1 2 Per-unit lenght capacitance of the line, C / 2 h [F/m] Where, = 0r r = conductor radious= 15,21 mm h = height (mm)
ln r
PROBLEM SOLUTION - 1
ZM 1.1. a) / 2 [F/m] C 2h ln r
C/ =
12
v=
L/ =
C =
/
2 8,854 10 12 ln( )
L/ C/
1 v2 C /
1 (v 2 C / ) = ZC / C
1 v2 C /
2
1 vC/
1 = = 499,75 8 12 3 10 6,67 10
PROBLEM SOLUTION - 1
b) The line voltage U = 380 kV = 380000 V
and, ZC Z0 = 499,75 ohm, then natural power,
U2 P0 = Z0
380000 2 P0 = = 288,94.10 6 W = 288,94 MW 499,75
I=
U Z0
or I =
P0 3 U cos
PROBLEM SOLUTION - 1
Total transmission losses:
P = 3 R I
d) If the transmission system is loaded with natural power, the load should equal to: Z0 = 499,75
R=
l k S
PROBLEM SOLUTION - 1 PROBLEM 1.2 For a three-phase transmission line, calculate SOLUTION 1.2 the following: a) Surge impedance: (a) Surge impedance=? L 1,26 10 3 (b) Wave propagtion speed =? Z0 = = = 374,2 9 C 9 10 (c) Travel time of the wave between sendingend and receiving-end. b) propagtion speed : Note: Transmission line parameters are given as below: 1 1 v= = = 3 105 km/s Line lenght= 400 km. LC 1,26 103 9 109 Line rated voltage = 220 kV R = 0,1 /km, L = 1,26 mH/km, c) Travel time of the wave: C = 0,009 F/km and G = 0,
t= l 400 = = 1,33 10 -3 s = 1,33 ms v 3 10 5
PROBLEM 1.3
PROBLEM SOLUTION - 1
b) We need to know thletim hattndaki kayp gc bulmak iin nce hattn ohmik direnci bulunmal line resistance in order to find power loss through the lines.
A new transmission system will be designed for a power of 100 MVA with power factor cos = 0,85. If current carrying capacity (ampacity) of the line is 400 A , line lenght, l = 300 km with k = 35 m/mm2 and current density j = 0,5 A/mm2, find the following (a) Transmission voltage level =? (b) Line power loss in the transmission system =? (c) Find the power loss for standard voltage. (d) If one-level higher standard voltage is used find the percent reduction in power loss. SOLUTION1.3 a) As we know, power transmission is performed by three phase system. Copmlex power,
R=
l k S
I = jS S =
S = 3UI
UYGULAMA - 1
c) For standard voltage one-step higher voltage should be selected. In this case, U = 154 kV. Current for this voltage,
100 106 I= = 374,9 A 3 3 154 10
d) One-level higher standard voltage is 380 kV. In this case, current,
S=
NOT: D elektromagnetik alanlardan etkilenme gibi zorluklardan dolay yksek gerilimlerin zelliklede yksek darbe gerilimlerinin llmesinde alak gerilim l aletlerinde msaade edilen lme hatalardan daha byk hatalara msaade edilir. Bir ok halde % 2,5 ile % 5 arasndaki lme hatalar kabul edilebilir deerlerdir.
U US U1 U US H= = US U US U { { a
Hk
where Hk = % .
Error classes of the measurement circuits: 0,1% - 0,2% - 0,5% - 1% - 1,5% - 2,5%. For examle if the class is 0.5 then Hk = % 0,5.
Spherical electrode based measurement is performed based on the certainty of the following factors, which are already identified, for a breakdown voltage:
Sphere gap Sphere diameter Measurement system arrangement (vertical or horizontal) Weather conditions
These are prescribed in the standards. They tabulate breakdown voltages for standard conditions and various sphere diameters D as a function of the gap spacing a. U=f(D,a) Spherical electrode based measurement can measure the following voltages: Peak values of AC voltages (from 50 hz to several 500 kHz) Peak values of DC voltages Peak values of impulse voltages
a
D
Sphere Diameter ( cm )
2 5 2.8 kVtepe 6.25 10 12.5 200
Breakdown voltages
(kVpeak)
4.7 kVtepe
.. ..
Un
1000 D= 100 cm D= 50 cm D= 25 cm 10 cm
200
10
50
a
( cm )
Gap spacing
Breakdown voltage of sphere gap as function of gap spacing a, for different arrangement and various diameters D. Weather conditions have an effect on the breakdown voltages of sphere gaps. Breakdown voltages are given for standard conditions in the VDE and IEC norms.
Except for the standard conditions, the factor i.e.. relative air density is used. Breakdown voltages of sphere gaps as a function of relative air density :
U = U n U = k ( ) U n
where:
[ (mm Hg) , ( 0C ) ]
or
=
b 273 + 20 b . = 0,289 . 1013 273 + 273 +
where: [ b (mbar) , ( 0C ) ]
=k()
k()
0,70 0,72 0,80 0,81 0,90 0,91 0,95 0,95 1,0 1,0 1,05 1,05 1,10 1,09 1,15 1,12
Sphere Arrangements :
For symmetric arrangement, voltage is applied to both sphere together. Horizontal arrangement is usually preferred for D < 50 cm used for lower voltage ranges ( 500 kV < 500 mm) With the larger spheres the vertical arrangement is chosen; it is most suitable for measuring voltage with reference to earth potential only. Electric field distribution is symmetrical horizontal and it is unsymmetrical in vertical arrangement.
1) Voltage to be measured U is constant while gap spacing, a is varying 2) While gap spacing, a is constant, voltage to be measured U is varying
U = U n U = k ( ) U n
Continuous voltage measurement is impossible with the sphere gaps, since the voltage sources is short circuited at the instant of measurement.
nd P(U m ) = n
Bu ekilde farkl Um ler iin (a = sbt) atlama olaslklar belirlenirse ekildeki gibi eri elde edilir. Uygulamada atlama olasl % 50 olan tepe deerli darbe gerilimi Ud50 esas alnr ve standart cetveller buna gre hazrlanr. Bir yaltm elemannn (rnein izolatr) atlama gerilimi %50 atlama gerilimi olarak verilir.
% P (U ) Yzde Olaslk ( % )
100 P (Ud )
50
U d 50
Ud
a = sabit
kV
Ud50 Ud . Ud0
Ud50 = % 50 atlama gerilimi Ud = Delinme gerilimi
= Bal hava younluu
(%) 84 50
x 16 x
Ud 16
U d 50 U d
84
Application - 2
PROBLEM 2.1 The breakdown voltage values in the below table is obtained from a sphere gap based measurement of high alternating voltage. The test is performed under standard conditions with the 25cm diameter spheres.
Table:
5,0 137
6,0 161
7,0 180
8,0 206
9,0 226
10,0 244
(a) Find the gap spacing for 190 kV breakdown voltage under NWC (normal weather condition).a190kV=?. (b) Find the U8,5 cm for the weather conditions of 12 oC and 754 mmHg pressure. (c) Find the sphere gap for the 170 kV under the weather conditions of (b). (d) Find the sphere gap for the 170 kV under the NWC Note: NWC (normal weather: 20 oC, 760 mmHg