Egyptian Scarabs

SCARABS.
v
...^^
Ring bearing
the
name
of
King Apepy.
Ring bearing the lame of King

Nefer-Ka-Ra,
Ring
Ring
of
of
King
King Amenhetep IL
Akhenaten,
Ring
of
King Hor-em-heb.
UiNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL
INSTITUTE OF ARCHAEOLOGY
EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES
SCARABS
AN INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF EGYPTIAN
SEALS
AND SIGNET RINGS
BY
PERCY
E.
NEWBERRY
&c.
Author of " The Amherst Papyri," " The Life of Rekhmara," "Bent Hasan,"
"El Bersheh,"
WITH
FORTY-FOUR PLATES AND ONE HUNDRED AND SIXTEEN ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT
CHEAPER RE-ISSUE.
t /
l-.
Îni
LONDON
ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE AND CO LTD
1908
/V
HARRISON AND SONS,

PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HIS MAJESTY,
ST. martin's lane,
LONDON.
55L]
Ira P{
TO
MY FRIEND
MRS.
E.
B.
OF
ANDREWS
"THE BEDUiN."
PREFACE.
Since
Petrie's
the
year
1895,
when
Professor
FHnders
"
book on Historical Scarabs became

the
out
of print,"
want of a comprehensive work

little
on
these interesting
Egyptian antiquities has been

it
much
is
felt.
Two
volumes on Egyptian Scarabs,

published since that date,
true,
have been
but
these works treat of private collections and do not
claim
to
in
deal
with
the subject
in
its
entirety
or
even
a scientific manner.
A
at
long residence, extending over several years,
Thebes, the centre of the Upper Egyptian Scarab
market, and the place where the best imitation Scarabs

are
now manufactured,
has,
may
its
claim,
given
me
exceptional opportunities for studying this class

allied forms.
of Ancient Egyptian antiquities and
For some years

visit to
it
was
my
custom to pay a weekly
Luxor antiquity shops, with the object of examining these and other articles in the dealers' hands and, latterly, scarcely a week has passed
the
;
during
but
my
winter's sojourn
on the banks of the Nile

collector,
tourist,
that
someone,
Egyptologist,
or dealer, has consulted
me
as to the genuineness,
vl
PREFACE.
etc..
reading,
of Scarabs that they have either pur-
chased or intended to buy.

appeals,
The
frequency of these
and the ignorance so generally displayed

traveller
in
I
by the
speaking of Egyptian Scarabs,

could at least advance a step
convinced
me
that
or two on what had been previously written on the
subject
so,
after classifying
my
notes and visiting
and studying the principal collections of England and the Continent, I have prepared the following Introduction to the Study of Egyptian Seals, which
will,
I
venture to hope, be useful to Students and
Collectors.
That
this
have spared no pains
in
order to
I
make
be
book as complete as possible
will,
think,
obvious to anyone
who
will
take the trouble to read
the letterpress and examine the plates.
About one
thousand three hundred specimens of Egyptian Seals
and Signet-rings are
figured,
but these have been

sevên thousand,
selected from drawings of
some
and
from an examination of over thirty thousand examples.

It
may be
in
noticed that the splendid collection prethe
served
National
Museum
:
at Cairo has
been
drawn from but sparingly this is due to the fact that M. Maspero had already commissioned me to
prepare and publish a separate catalogue of the unique
collection
which
is
in that
great savant's care.

is
The
and
it
manuscript of this catalogue

will
now
finished,
be published early
in
the coming year.
PREFACE.
I
vii
have
to
thank the Keepers of Public Museums

of
Private
that
and
many owners
and
Collections
for
the
in
courtesy
kindness
to
they
have
shown
allowing
me
inspect
and draw from the
speci-
mens
Dr.
in
their
I
possession.
To Prof Erman and

to
Schafer
am
indebted for plaster casts of the

;
Berlin
Museum
seals
and
Prof
Petrie
am
indebted for his generosity in placing at

the magnificent historical series
my
disposal
which he has gathered
together at University College,
London.
To
Mr.
Walter Nash,
F.S.A.,
also
wish to express
my
in
grateful thanks for
much
kindly help and encourageof this

friends
ment
in
the
1
earlier
stages
work
and
conclusion
Prof.
J.
must thank
my
the
for
and colleagues
for
M. Mackay and Mr. John Garstang,

proofs
kindly looking through
of this
at
volume,
disposal
and to the
latter
also
placing
my
the library of the
Institute
of Archaeology
of the
University of Liverpool, wherein the manuscript has
been completed.
PERCY
Institute of Archeology, University of Liverpool.
1905.
E.
NEWBERRY.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Preface
Introduction to the Study of Egyptian Seals
(i)
General Remarks
......
:
(2) Importance of the Seal in Ancient Times (3) Origin of the Seal
4
8
(4)
The
(a)
(if)
various Uses of the Seal
.
,
For securing property
12
For authenticating documents,

For transference of authority
Officials
etc.
.
22
(c)
26
(5)
The Egyptian
the Seal
........
concerned
in
the use of
29
(6) Seal
Engravers
and
the
Technique
of
Seal
Engraving
40
The
Varieties of Egyptian Seals

(i) Cylinder Seals (2)
.....
:
43
56
61
Button-shaped Seals and Hemi-Cylinders
(3) Beetle-shaped Seals (Scarabs)
(4) Miscellaneous forms

(5) Signet-rings
.... .....
85
92
Description of the Specimens illustrated in the Plates I-XLV

Indices
:
97
Names
201 205
To To To
Personal
Titles
Royal Names
(a)
(d)
(c)
.
. .
Kings
Queens
Princes
........211
.
. .
216
217
(d) Princesses
.218
LIST OF PLATES
IN
AND ILLUSTRATIONS THE TEXT.
Plate
I.
Some specimens
of rings
Frontispiece.
ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

Fig.
I, 2.
PAGE
Two
jars of the First Dynasty, to illustrate the ancient
method of
3, 4.
sealing
......
. .
13
Complete jar neck, bearing the stamp of Amasis

Jars showing
14
5-7.
paintings in the
8.
method of securing contents. tombs at Beni Hasan)

jar.
(From
16
A
A A
man
sealed
sealing up a honey
Abusir)
9jar.
........
(From a
tomb
at
17
17 17
(From a painting in a (From a

painting in a
tomb
tomb
at at
Mediim)
10.
II.
12.
sealed bag.
Meddm)
Sealing of doors
Securing of folding doors

Sealing of boxes
13. 14. 15.
..... ......
bow
drill.
20
21 22
papyrus roll, tied

office of the
up and sealed
23
35
The
Superintendent of the Seal
16.
The working
of the
1718.
A A
Rekhmara) mounted cylinder-seal.

Cylinder-seal.
.......
(From the
(In the Louvre)
tomb of
42
45
(Figured in a tomb at Medlam)
45
19.
Cylinder-seal.
(Figured in a tomb at Sakkara)
20.
21.
An
early cylinder-seal
.....
.
45 46
cylinder-seal bearing the
name
collection of
Mr. Piers)
....
of Mery-ra.
(In the
46
47
22.
cylinder-seal of
Amenemhat
III
Xll
LIST OF PLATES,
Etc.
FIG.
PAGE
24.
A A
cylinder-seal of
Khyan.
(Cairo)
47
cylinder-seal of Sen-Mut.
(Petrie Collection)
47
Impression from a cylinder-seal in the Berlin

26.
Museum
>>
49
50
SI
27.
28.
Cylinder-seal bearing personal
name
Cylinder-seal bearing rude hieroglyphic

written in vertical
inscriptions
columns
29.
Royal
seal of
Narmer, predecessor of Mena, repro
duced
30.
in outline
....
;
Royal
seal of Zer,
2i
Mena's successor
gives besides the
name
31. 32.
figure of the
monarch
Official cylinder-seal, with royal
name
Official cylinder-seal bearing the

officials
name and
titles
of
33.
34-
Button-shaped seal Hemi-cylinder seal
35.
Button-shaped seal
36.
37.
38. 39.
40.
41.
42.
))
43.
44.
45.
46.
>>
47.
48. 49.
Hemi-cylinder seal
50.
51.
52.
Clay stamp from the ierramare of Montale
in
the
Modenese
61
LIST OF PLATES,
FIG.
Etc.
xm
XIV
LIST OF PLATES,
Etc.
FIG.
86.
87.
A A
seal of the
Eleventh Dynasty
seal bearing the
name
of King Mentuhetep
88. 89.
90.
Specimen
seals of the
Eighteenth Dynasty
91
91.
92.
9394.
A A
seal bearing the
stamp
seal
95-
A A A
seal bearing the
96.
97.
98.
99.
stamp
seal
...... ......
of
name
King Amenemhat III
name
of
King Seqen-en-ra King Sa-Amen

King Thothmes III
seal bearing the

,,
name
of
of the
Hyksos Period
Twelfth Dynasty
.
100. lOI.
102.
,,
,,
,,
Eighteenth Dynasty
103.
104.
J,
bearing the
name
of
.
Rameses
II
of the Saite Period

,,
105.
106.
,,
Thirtieth Dynasty
,,
of Nekhtenebo
107.
108. 109. IZO.
ring of Usertsen III

,,
of the Thirteenth Dynasty

5>
'>
5;
,,
of
Thothmes III
III.
112.
of the period of Akhenaten
Twentieth Dynasty
"3.
114.
,,
Twenty-sixth Dynasty
115. 116.
LIST OF PLATES,
Etc.
XV
PLATES.
PLATE
II.
Scene representing the Chancellor of Tut-ankh-Amen investing a Governor of Ethiopia with the signet-ring
of
office.
III.
Pre-dynastic cylinder-seals.
IV.
Impressions of early cylinder-seals.

Cylinder-seals of the Fourth to Sixth Dynasties.
V.
VI.
Cylinder-seals of the Twelfth Dynasty. Cylinder-seals of the Twelfth to Seventeenth Dynasties.
VII.
VIII.
IX.
Miscellaneous cylinder-seals.
Scarabs
bearing
royal
names.
Fourth
to
Twelfth
Dynasties.
X.
Scarabs of the kings of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth

Dynasties.
XI.
Scarabs of
Scarabs of
officials officials
of the Twelfth to Fourteenth Dynasties.

of the Twelfth to Fourteenth Dynasties
XII.
continued.
XIII.
Scarabs of
continued.
officials
XIV.
Scarabs of
continued.
officials
XV.
XVI.
XVII.
XVIII.
Scarabs of
officials
continued.
officials
Scarabs of
contitiued.
officials
Scarabs of
continued.
continued.
Decorative Scarabs
Twelfth to Eighteenth Dynasties.
XIX.
Decorative Scarabs: Twelfth to Eighteenth Dynasties
XX.
XXI.
XXII.
XXIII.
Decorative Scarabs: Twelfth to Eighteenth Dynasties

contitiued.
Scarabs of the Hyksos Kings. Scarabs of the Hyksos Kings.
(I).
(II).
Scarabs of royal and other personages of the

Period.
Hyksos
XVI
LIST OF PLATES,
Etc.
PLATE
XXIV. XXV. XXVI,

XXVII.
XXVIII.
Miscellaneous scarabs of the Hyksos Period.

Decorative scarabs, mostly of the Hyksos Period.
Scarabs of kings,
etc.,
mostly of the Seventeenth and
Early Eighteenth Dynasties.
Scarabs of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

Hatshepsut.)
(Thothmes
to
Scarabs
of
the
Eighteenth
his family.)
Dynasty
continued.
(Thothmes III and
XXIX.
Officials
from
of the Eighteenth Dynasty, and kings, etc., the tomb of Maket, at Gurob {temp,
III).
Thothmes
XXX. XXXI.
XXXII.
Scarab of the Eighteenth Dynasty
continued. contimied. Scarab of the Eighteenth Dynasty

Historical scarabs of
1.
2.
Amenhetep III and her Harim. Kirgipa The Lion Hunts of Amenhetep
:
III.
3.
The
Parents of
Queen Thyi and the Limits of

III
the Egyptian Empire.
XXXIII.
Historical scarabs of
1.
Amenhetep
Zarukha.
contimied:
The Wild The Lake
Cattle hunt.
at
2.
XXXIV. XXXV. XXXVI.

XXXVII.
XXXVIII.
Scarabs of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Dynasties. Scarabs of the Nineteenth Dynasty (Rameses
Scarabs
bearing
royal
II). I
names
Meren-ptah
to
Sa-Amen.
Scarabs of the Twenty-second to Twenty-fifth Dynasty Kings.
Royal and private scarabs and rings (Twenty-fifth and

Twenty-sixth Dynasties).
Scarabs bearing mottoes, good wishes,
XXXIX.
XL.
XLI.
XLII.
etc.
etc.
Scarabs bearing mottoes, good wishes,
continued.
Scarabs bearing names of figures of gods,

Hieroglyphics, flowers, etc.
etc.
XLI 1 1.
XLIV.
Miscellaneous royal and private scarabs.

Miscellaneouc royal and private scarabs
coJitinued.
INTRODUCTION
TO
THE STUDY OF EGYPTIAN

General Remarks.
SEALS.
I.
are few small objects of antiquity which present General themselves so often to the traveller's notice in Egypt, Egyptian as the little seals of stone, pottery and other material, ^^^^^
There
carved in various forms and engraved on their base, or around their circumference, with an ornamental
device or brief hieroglyphic inscription. These seals are found in a variety of forms some of them are
;
cylindrical in shape, others are button-shaped, but

far
by
the greater number are carved to represent the scarabaeus beetle standing upon an elliptical base, the
under side of which
is
engraved with the device or
inscription intended to be impressed upon the sealing The specimens of this last variety of seal are clay.
universally
known
Italy,
as
"
Scarabs."^
seals
Greece and
Egyptian
;
Like the gems of are generally found
other and larger antiquities usually show on their face the signs of weathering, or they bear the marks of mutilation by man, but
in excellent preservation
The reader must understand, however, that not all Egyptian scarabs were used as seals. Some, but a very small number compared to the seal class, were used as amulets, and a few, like medals,
1
were cut to commemorate historical events. The amulet class will be dealt with in another volume ; the medal-like series is included
in the present
work
(see pp. 170-178.)
EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES.
these interesting little monuments of a long past age often continue to this day as perfect in their finish and delicate workmanship as when they first left the
hands of the ancient lapidary. The soil of Egypt teems with them. Thousands have been found literally
the ddbris of long deserted and ruined towns and temples the fellah often turns them up in the
among
soil
whilst ploughing his fields,

little
and
rich harvests of
objects have been gathered by the antiquary from the myriad tombs that line the desert edge on both sides of the Nile from Alexandria and El
these
Arish to Aswan.
Valley
also,
Outside the boundaries of the Nile
and
in
Egyptian seals are frequently discovered; our museums are to be seen specimens from
Italy, Sicily,
Cyprus and the Greek
Islands, as well as
from the Eastern shores of the Mediterranean, and even from as far afield as Nineveh and the valley of
Clay im^
seafs'"^
the Euphrates. Besides the actual seals, pieces of fine clay bearing impressions of them are often brought to light by the
excavator
some of these served

etc.,
as sealings to jars of
affixed, like
wine, honey,
whilst others
had been
modern
had
seals of
wax, to documents written on papyrus

to
or leather.
The documents
attached
have,
which some of them

too
often
been
unfortunately,
perished from decay, or they have been consumed by

fire,
but in the stamped clay may still nearly always be seen the holes for the string, or the markings of it, by which the seal was fixed to the document
:
some instances even the string itself remains. These sealings are usually unearthed in excellent preservation, and they are consequently as useful for
in
the purposes of study as the seals themselves.
SCARABS.
the student of the history and civilization of Importance ^^ the study ancient Eevpt the importance of these seals and ^ ^'^ of Egyptian " " to him they are as the coins seals. is very great sealings and gems to the student of Ancient Greece and Rome.
_ ,
;
To
Their range
far
in date is greater
;
than that of any other
monument the earliest appear as back as the very dawn of History, and these little objects present from that period onward an unbroken series of such length and completeness that they afford
class of inscribed
a most valuable illustration of the early history of the In some cases they supply the outline Nile Valley.
of a portion of history
that
was otherwise almost

of our information
wholly
lost.
To them we owe most
For much of our regarding the earliest dynasties. knowledge of the period intervening between the end
of the Twelfth and the beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasties we are also indebted to the same class of
monument, while small scarab-shaped
seals are as yet
the only extant evidence of several of the Hyksos Their value as corroborative evidence to other kinofs.
must not be overlooked, nor can certain classes of them be lightly cast aside as bric-a-brac
historical data
by the archaeologist who
sets
himself
the
task
of
solving, or of inquiring into, the many problems that have lately arisen concerning the early people To the student of of the Mediterranean region.
Ancient Art also

tration
they afford
a most happy
illus-
of the ever-varying styles in vogue in successive reigns, and their study, as will be seen in
the following pages, often enables us to obtain those glimpses into the manners and customs of the ancient
Egyptian people which so wonderfully help to elucidate our view of bygone days and men.
B 2
2.
Importance of the Seal in Ancient Times.

It is
Importance
of the seal
in ancient
very
difficult
for us,
especially for those of
us
who
are not familiar with Eastern civilization, to
times.
importance that was attached to the It was far seal by the peoples of the Ancient World. more of a necessity in everyday life to the people of
realize the great
antiquity than are our seals to us, or locks and keys still use the seal, it is to a modern householder.
We
true,
for
our legal
documents,
sometimes
for
our
letters, for our post-bags,
up a room.
and occasionally Our Ministers of State have
for sealing
their Seals their
of Office, our Corporations and
Companies have
registered official seals, and in our Coronation ceremonies there is the investiture of the Sovereign with
the Royal Signet Ring. But all these uses of the seal are as ancient as the pyramid-builders of Memphis,
When we
use the signet for sealing our letters or our legal documents, we are but following in the footsteps of the Ancient Egyptian, who, many hundred years
before the time of Moses, employed the seal for the same purpose. When our Ministers of State receive
from the Sovereign their Seals of Office, they are but following a custom that prevailed in Egypt as early as the Fourth Millennium before Christ and when
;
was recently invested with the Royal Signet Ring at his Coronation, he was but conforming to a ceremonial act that was recorded
the Seventh
Edward
by the
Nile Valley four thousand years before William the Norman set foot on the shores of
rulers of the
Britain.
But
in ancient
times the seal was used for
many
SCARABS.
convenient.
doors,
purposes for which later inventions have proved more At the present day, when closing our
we
generally lock them by a spring-bolt, and
Locks and only attach a seal on very rare occasions. are comparatively modern inventions, keys, however, for the most ancient in Egypt are not older than the
Roman
seals
period
to
were
and what locks and keys are to the people of the Old World.
us,
In
ancient
times,
whenever
man
left
his
home he
always sealed up such parts as contained stores or other valuable property, so that they might be
rendered secure from the attacks of thieves or slaves.

In like
manner boxes containing
clothes or personal
ornaments, and jars containing wine or oils, were kept under seal. The words meaning "to close" and "to
"
seal
were
in
place a thing
"
indeed, to Egyptian^ synonymous " under seal was an ancient expression

;
equivalent to the modern one of keeping a thing "under lock and key." To secure property from theft was, however, only
one of the many uses of the

in
seal
it
important ways. countries, where writing has now become a universal

equally
other
was employed In Western
accomplishment, a person's written signature is sufficient to give authority to a document, but in ancient
1
g
seal up."
khefem,
"a
seal,"
J |^
^
is
kMem, "to
close,"
or
in
"to
In Hebrew the word

khatim,
Dn"n,
or
which survives
ring."
the Arabic, J,"!^

determinatives
"a
signet,"
"signet
The
and
suspension; Petrie,
for represent a cylinder-seal, with string of this figs. 18, 19, Medmn, cf. p. 45,
^^
p.
33;
The intermediate volume, and Griffith, Be7iz Hasan, III, p. 15. form between these two signs is found in sculptures in the tomb of
Tahutihetep at Bersheh (Newberry,
El Bersheh,
I,
PI.
XX).
to anyone signet was a necessity amount of property, possessed of even the smallest for without it no legal or other writing could be Herodotus (I, 195) mentions that everyone attested.
times a seal
or
Babylonia carried a seal, and the same remark In England, would apply with equal truth to Egypt. from the Norman Conquest to the time of the taking
in
effect of the original Statute of
was always used to and in Scotland every freeholder was required by law At the present day to have a registered seal.^ an Eastern, when sealing a letter, smears the seal, not the document, with the sealing-substance, and
illiterate
Frauds (1677), the seal make a writing valid and binding,
persons will sometimes use the object nearest at hand, such as their own finger, which they daub In with ink, and press upon the paper therewith.
Babylonia the finger-nail was sometimes impressed into the clay as a seal while in America, in comparatively recent times, the eye-tooth impressed upon the
;
wax has been used

Va.
42,
for attesting a
in
document
(i
Wash.
American Law Review, Vol. XXVIII, p. 25). The right hand smeared with ink and impressed upon a parchment was often used in
quoted
mediaeval times in place of a signature, and this, with the seal impressed beside it, gave rise to the modern
"
legal expression,
Witness
my hand
and
seal."
The
Sultan's cipher,
official
which appears on the coinage and documents of the Turks, is said to have origin-
ated in this way. The Republic of Ragusa concluded a commercial treaty with the Ottomans in 1395, by
which
it
placed
^
itself
under their protection, and

Review, Vol. XXVIII,
p. 25,
it is
American
Law
SCARABS.
said that
Murad signed
the treaty, for lack of a pen,
with his open hand, over which he had smeared some a veritable signink, in the manner of Eastern seals In manual. (Stanley Lane-Poole, Turkey, p. 35.)
ancient times, however, the document
was
rolled
up
and
tied with a piece of string, the
knot of which was

It
covered with a pellet of clay and sealed.
was
not only in Egypt that this was so, but in all countries in Babylonia and Assyria as of the ancient world written signature well as in Greece and Italy.
;
would have been of no avail

seal
to attest a
document
had always to be used. Doubtless in the earliest times only the most powerful persons possessed seals,
but as civilization advanced the officers of the administration
official
came
to use, besides their
own
personal seals,
Thus it was ones for government purposes. that the seal, being the real instrument of the power and authority of an office, came to be used as the
symbol of it, and the delivery of an official or State seal to an individual, gave to that individual the and duties authority and power to execute the rights
of his
office.
various links in the history of the seal which connect its employment for securing the con-
The
original tents of jars, to its latest one for transferring authority from one person to another, are all preserved, and form
a most interesting object lesson
in
"
social evolution."
The
seal
is,
early history
origin goes
indeed, so intimately associated with the of civilization, that it is probable that its
institution of the right ot
back to the very
Its early history is full of interest. private property. If we turn to any of the literatures of the Old World or Babylonian, the whether it be the
Egyptian
Hebraic or Assyrian, the Greek or Roman, it is the same we find in each and all of them abundant
;
passages concerning the importance of the seal and

the various uses that
it
was put
to.
Further,
if
we
study these references, we discover that the signification of these little objects was everywhere the same,
and
if
passages were selected
from the
it
writers resfardin": the uses of the seal,
Egyptian would be
easy to parallel them all from the works of any of the other Old World peoples. ought, however,
We
before discussing the various

inquire into
its origin.
uses
of the
seal,
to
3.
Origin of the Seal.
)rigin of le seal.
In his Hand-book of Engraved Gems} King has stated his belief that the use of the seal was almost
coeval with the very institution of the right of private property, and this seems to be well borne out by what
we
actually
know
of
its
early history.
All the evidence

its
from Babylonia and Egypt available as to
original
use appears to point in one direction, that it was first employed for securing household stuff and other moveable property. In the earlier stages of civilization this consisted mainly of grain, honey, etc., always liable to
be pilfered by the dishonest slave, or by smaller hands addicted to picking and stealing. If the proprietor,
therefore, wished to
was necessary
'
keep his stores of food intact, it that he should adopt some means of
Hand-book of Engraved Gems, pp. 4 and
5.
C.
W. King.
SCARABS.
checking the
to
pilferer,
and the idea early occurred
he placed his little store in a jar or other vessel, and covered the mouth of it with a plaster of mud or clay, it might be protected to a
that
if
him
But merely plastering the mouth with mud or clay was not enough to preserve the contents from a skilful plunderer, for he
certain degree against the thief.
might easily, and without fear of immediate detection, remove a capping, steal the contents of a jar, put on another plaster of mud, and leave no trace of his theft It was obvious until the jar was opened by its owner. therefore that a capping of clay alone was not
sufficient.
probable that the mud used in the process of covering the mouth of the vessel would often be rolled or smeared fiat with a piece
it
Now
is
of stick, a joint of a reed, or a flat-bottomed pebble. Many of these objects must have had natural markings on them which would have left impressions on the clay, while these impressions, we can hardly doubt, were early noticed by the primitive store
owner, and their condition served to
tell
him whether
In this or not his closed jars had been tampered with. connection it is interesting to note that Aristophanes (Thesmo., 424-428), when referring to the custom of
securing doors
by sealing them, alludes to certain dpnTTjhecrra a-^payihia, which were worm-eaten bits 01 wood used as rude seals. He speaks of them as
having supplanted the simple seals of olden days, but they ought rather to be considered as a return to the
early
type
of
"reed"
Kttnst., 97, 2.)
From
(Muller, Arckdol., I. the natural markings upon the
seal.
objects employed to smooth the clay, the transition was easy to some definite device scratched around
10
EGYPTIAN ANTIQUITIES..
or reed, or
upon the surface of the stone or pebble, by the owner, and

the circumference of the stick
mark. appropriated to himself as his own peculiar But as these markings or devices would have had
little
weight with a determined

that,
thief,
we can
:
hardly
doubt
Babylonia at any rate, so that their early imbued with a magical signification The real power would be moral rather than physical.
in
they became
reasoning of the lawyers of the Middle Ages regarding the sealing of contracts was that a seal attracts and
excites
caution
in
illiterate
persons,
^
and
thereby
operates as a security against fraud. The simple scratchings that we find
the early Egyptian pots wêre indeed. King contends that "this instinct of possession extending itself to the assumption of exclusive owner-
on so many of the possessors' marks

;
ship in certain configurations of lines, or rude delineations of natural objects, is a universal impulse of man's
and one found existing amongst all savage nations when first discovered, wheresoever the faintest trace of social life and polity have begun to develop
nature,
themselves."
of these signs Professor Petrie has preserved in his various records of exploraThus the Red Indian tions. {Cf. his Naqada, p. 44.)
A great
number
has besides the tribal mark, that of the individual (his

special totem),
wherewith
to identify his
own
or the
carries
game he may
the
kill.
The South Sea

that
property, Islander
tattooed
pattern
distinguishes his
particular family, imprinted

also
upon
his
own
skin,
and
draws the same upon

It is
his credentials like a regular
coat of arms.
therefore in these markings firstly scratched on pots, and next on rude seals, that we
'
American
Law
Review, Vol.
XXV,
p. 25.
SCARABS.
have the very beginnings of writing
but
a
II
long
period probably elapsed before these primitive signs were combined together to form words. The designs
on these seals were probably at first rough configurawhich sufficiently served their purpose if they could be readily identified by the owner; but after a time these primitive figures seem to have given place
tions of lines,
to rude delineations of natural objects
which expressed
the
name
;
of the owner, like the Greek coins of
Rhodes
of Melitaea (a bee), and were consequently have not as looked upon as his particular mark.
(a rose)
We
yet got back
Egypt to such primitive forms, but on Greek gems and coins this type parlant, " figured
in
is
speech,"
well
known.
The
original
seals
Egyptian and in the small scratched pebble
we have
forms of the two great groups of in the piece of notched reed

;
the
first
the true
prototype of the cylinder, both in form and in mode of application the second as clearly the original of
;
the stamp seal. Simple as the invention of these two forms and the art of sealing may now appear, the
discovery that an impression of a seal could be obtained by pressing it on clay or other plastic most substance was nevertheless one of the
momentous
has yet been made, and the sealimpression furthermore suggested the idea of decorathat
the invention of the simple complex printing-press with its moveable types appears a long way to travel, but that we have the germ of this great invention in the simple seal is
tion in bas-relief.
seal to the
From
obvious when
Egyptian or his signet on a lump of
The old we come to think of it. Babylonian who first took an impression of
plastic clay,
had discovered the
12
though
it
principle of printing,
took the
human mind
many hundred
was years before the next great step submade, that of smearing some black or coloured stance upon the seal and taking a "print" of it on
plaster, as
in
the
tomb of Thothmes IV
(circa B.C.
1400),
and
in ink
on a papyrus of the Ptolemaic age.
4.
Various Uses of the Seal.

{a)
For securing
Propei'ty.
has been suggested in a preceding paragraph that the original use of the seal was for securing stores
It
of food from dishonest servants

is
and
this
statement
corroborated by
the fact that the earliest "sealings"
that have been found in
Egypt are from
jars that
were
used for storing wine, honey, grain, and other food stuffs. Figures i and 2 represent two jars found by
a First Dynasty cemetery in Upper Egypt, (circa B.C. 3500), and the general system of sealing jars and large vessels may be clearly seen from
in
^
M. de Morgan
of the jar, it will be observed, was first covered by an inverted plate or cup of pottery (fig. i), in order to prevent the wet clay
these examples.
The mouth
(the
sealing earth," of the Greeks) used in the process of closing the mouth from falling
yri
"
cTT^/xayrpt?,
into the jar.
Upon and around

(fig. 2),
this
high cone of clay
mixed with palm
was plastered a fibre, and
carefully smoothed, so as to take easily the impression

1
De Morgan, Le
tomheau royal de NegadaJi,
p.
172.
SCARABS.
of the cylinder seal, which was rolled across Generally two impressions of the angles.
it
13
at right
same
seal
are found on each clay cone, but sometimes two or
more impressions upon the same cone occur from This shows the great care that was different seals.
given in early times to secure the contents of a vessel
Fig.
I.
Fig. 2.
TWO JARS OF THE
FIRST DYNASTY, TO ILLUSTRATE THE ANCIENT METHOD OF SEALING.
from thievish servants, a fact which is emphasised by our sometimes finding that a jar had often two separate
sealings,
one below the other, the outer coat being put on while the inner one was still damp. "Thus,"
writes Professor
Petrie of
some
clay cones of this
14
kind which he found at Abydos, "often a quite illegible cone may yet yield a good inscription by carefully
knocking away the outer coat."^ This system of sealing large jars with high clay cones apparently lasted on till the beginning of the
then another kind of sealing is sixteenth century B.C. met with. In the place of the high clay cone, a clay cap with flat top was used, the flat top and sometimes the
;
sides being impressed with a
wooden stamp.
Later
Fig.
3-
Fig. 4.
the time of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty, the to a pottery cap early inverted cap or plate gave way which was secured in place by string or linen or
still,
at
bung, bands, and covered with
a rounded
cap of plaster.
There is an interesting specimen of a complete jar neck bearing the stamp of Amasis, with clay and
plaster sealing
still
fixed to
it is
it.
found
at Tell
Defenneh
(see
figs. 3
and
4)
important as showing the very

p. 26.
Petrie,
Royal
Toml>s,
I,
SCARABS.
i5
elaborate system of sealing jars at that time in vogue. Firstly, a large bung of pottery (fig. 3), made hollow,
was put
fastened
tied
into the
mouth of the
jar.
This was then
down by
linen bands, the ends of which
up
it
in the middle,
were and a lump of sealing clay fixed

six
upon
and impressed with

this in
different
seals
of
the course of ages, it still left a cast in the plaster showing the seals as they appear in fig. 4. After the six inspectors had each put his seal on it, the jar was sent out to the
plasterer,
plaster,
Although been washed out by rains

inspectors.
clay
had crumbled and
who capped
it
and sealed
the whole top with a head of with the royal name in its oval-
cartouche.
Even these elaborate precautions, it would did not suffice to secure the contents of this seem,
amphora from the
is
particular
Professor Petrie remarks,
the jar neck, as an instance of a successful

thief, for
attack upon the royal stores.
The cap of plaster has been bored through just at the edge of the jar, and
large
the
bung
inside
smashed through, so
as
to
enable the thief to reach freely the wine. The piece of plaster broken out here is shown missing in fig. 4,
the hole just shows the edge of the neck, and was filled up with a scrap of the old plaster and a smear of new of a different
though
it
was found
in the jar
quality
no attempt was made to imitate the missing

suspicion,
part of the cartouche, and this probably raised the

cellarer's
and
made him break

as evidence.
off
and
preserve the whole jar neck
(Petrie,
Defenneh,
p. 72.)
This method of securing the contents of largre jars and amphorae lasted on far into Roman times.
Horace mentions
as a test of a
good tempered house
i6
go wild with passion even if a seal of a wine jar had been broken. he found that And even at the present day the traveller on the Nile
master, that he did not
may
still
see
boats, at certain
floating
down
seasons of the year, stream from Erment, Kus, and other
centres of the sugar industry, laden with molasses in peculiar jars {ballalis), secured, in place of the early
bung and the
earlier inverted plates,
cane leaves thrust into
by a plug of sugar the mouth of the vessel, and
plastered over with a thick cap of white clay.
Fig. 5.
Fig. 6.
Fig. 7.
JARS SHOWING
METHOD OF SECURING CONTENTS.

in the
(From paintings
tombs
at
Beni Hasan.)
For securing the contents of smaller vessels the This was by Egyptians had another method. stretching over the mouth a piece of skin or beaten metal, which was then firmly tied down by a cord, the two ends and knot of which were covered by a pellet of clay, and impressed by a small stamp or scarab (see and 7). figs. 5, 6,
An
process
illustration of
man
actually
engaged
in the
of covering
up
a jar of honey has been
SCARABS.
preserved
in
17
a tomb at Abusir
he
is
fastening the
string around the vase, and above
him
"
is
the
legend,
Khetem
fig.
bati,
seaHng honey" (see
8).
The
beautiful
dolomite
marble
in
and carnelian vases found
the
Fig. 8.
MAN SEALING UP A
HONEY
JAR.
at
tomb of King Khasekhemui (circa 3300 B.C.) at Abydos are secured in this way. Each of these has a
cover of thick gold
top,
foil fitted
over the
(From a sculpture
Abusir. )
and
tied
down with
C5
a double turn
,4.z.,Voi. xxxviii,Pi.
V.
of
twisted
crold
wire,
over the
is
of which a small lump of clay fixed, which in this instance has not
tie
been impressed with a
seal,
but merely
Generpressed together by the fingers. the pellet of clay to be "sealed" ally
was placed on the top of the and 7), but sometimes figs. 5
the knot at the side (as in fig. same manner of securing the
a jar
still
jar (as in
it
covered
9).
The
A SEALED JAR. (From a painting in a tomb at
Medum.)
mouth of
survives in the
bottles,
way our
in
etc.,
liqueur are often
sealed,
and
the
way we
it
close our
latter case
jam pots, except we no longer find
that in the
necessary
to attach a seal.
Fig. 10.
The
A c.,:-TT.T^ T,r, SEALED BAG.

,
slso secured
contents of bags and sacks were by means of the seal; a ^

^
(From a painting in a tomb at Medum.)
piecc of cord was tied round the neck, r the knot 01 which was immersed in a
, ,
^
pellet of clay
and "sealed" (see fig. 10). A large number of broken seals of this kind have been found
i8
Egypt, and sealed bags containing gold dust and
In
other materials are often figured in the ancient paintTo the custom of sealing bags ings of the tombs.
Job alludes
(xiv, 17).
In the story of Hor-ded-ef
we
read of certain midwives
assisted in bringing into the world a child, being rewarded by the father
who had
with "a bushel of barley," which
straightway sent to the brewhouse to be kept under the midwives' seal. Our modern post bags are rendered secure from being examined by unauthorised persons in exactly the same
is
manner.
already been remarked, were unacquainted with the use of locks
The Ancient
Egyptians,
find
it
has
and keys, hence we
that they
employed
their
seals for the purpose of securing the doors of their These latter, indeed, were houses and storerooms.
termed
^v
Khetemzi,
"
sealed rooms," and they

:
are frequently alluded to in the ancient inscriptions ^ Such storehouses in foreign lands were provision depots
for the
Government Egyptian troops or garrisons. storehouses were, of course, in charge of officials who
kept them under their seals. Nebuaiu {circa 1 500 B.C.), for instance, proudly boasts that the treasury of the " Temple of Osiris was kept under his signet ring,"
and the Vezir Rekhmara that it was his duty to

in
(circa
"
1500
B.C.)
tells
us
seal
up
^
all
the
Amen," temple things of gold dust and other valuables were bags
the
of
and that
precious all the

his
"under
1 A mer k/ieiemu, "SuperinE.g., Boulac Papyrus, No. 18. tendent of the storehouse," in the land of Zaru is mentioned in the Bologna Papyrus, No. 1086, 1. 11. -
Newberry, Rekhmara,
PI.
XII.
SCARABS.
signet."^
19
When
a storeroom
was opened, the
official
responsible for the things contained in it appeared in person and sealed it up again when the stores were
taken out.
There are many passages in the papyri which tend to show how great was the care taken to prevent The storehouses irresponsible hands from pilfering.^
of private people were probably in the care of the housewife, or some other woman of the household, for
when
near
scarab seals are discovered in graves, it has been noticed that they are usually found at the side of, or
to,
the
body of a
female.'^
Thus
it
it
is
probable
that in Egypt, as in other countries,
was the matron
of the household
who had charge

little
other provisions, and her
of the grain and string of seals has its
direct lineal descendant in our modern housekeeper's bunch of keys. " happy the times," wrote Pliny,
How
"how
truly innocent, in
;
at anything food even and our drink have to be preserved very The from theft, through the agency of the ring."
which no seal was ever put to the present day, on the contrary, our
modern "weddingf
rino-" oricjinated in
the custom of the
man
presenting his wife, on her marriage, with a seal, which she was to use for sealing up her stores of prothese seals were worn suspended from a string of beads around the neck. Sometimes they were strung on a cord which was tied round the
visions, etc.
At
first
Rekhmara,
See,
for
PI.
VII,
1.
3.
instance,
"Drawn out by
3
Kahun Papyri, PI. XXXVII, the servant there and sealed with the seal of the
Griffith,
cf.
servant there," and
my
Boulac Papyrus, No. 18. Parva, p. 51 ; and this has been Mace, own experience in the graves that I have opened at Thebes.
numerous
entries in
in Petrie's Diospolis
C 2
20
and
at a later period they
wrist,
were secured
to the
finger
seal
by a piece of string or wire.

into the signet-ring.
This wire and
developed
Then, with the
introduction of locks and keys, it was the key-ring that was given by the husband to his wife. These keyrings, however, were soon found to be too cumbersome
be worn with comfort on the finger, and so a plain band of metal was given to the bride with a key,
to
key," writes Cicero (Ph. 2. 28), "was given to the bride on entering her home, to signify that she was " it appointed mistress of the house {jnater familias)
;
"The
used by her to lock up her store-room, and in case she was divorced it was taken away from
was, in fact, the present day, if the ring is not forthcoming at a wedding, the key of the chancel door can be used
her.
At
instead.
of sealing doors was very simple. In the case of single doors a wooden peg with projecting
The manner
head was fixed

in the
in the
fig.
jamb and another

11).
door (see
When
the
door was closed the two pegs would be near to one another, so that a
piece
Fig
II.
of string
could
be
easily
tied
This strincr havino- been o o fastened by a knot, the knot securely was then covered with clay, and the clay impressed by seal, thus making it impossible to open the door without destroying the seal or removing
round them.
the pegs.
Folding doors were secured by a sliding bolt, but such bolts of course gave no security against a
thief,
as
in
so they also were sealed. with a groove 12, fig.
They were shaped

running across the
SCARABS.
centre
;
21
a piece
of string was stretched across this
groove, and then, after pellets of clay had been put on the two ends, it was sealed down
as
shown
in the figure.
An
doors
interesting
reference
sealing-
to this last
method of
in
occurs
the
well
known
inscription of
in
Piankhy
Cairo
preserved
the
Museum.
king,
after
This
his
Ethiopian
victorious
Fig. 12.
journey through Egypt, goes

to
Heliopolis to present offerings of flowers, etc., to Ra, the famous god of that town. Proceeding
to the shrine of the deity, " " Piankhy relates that he " stood alone," that he and " slid broke the seals " " back the door bolt," opened the double doors and
After performing certain ceremonies therein, he goes on to tell us " that the doors were again shut, " clay was applied to
in the
saw
his father
Ra
holy shrine.
them, which was then sealed by the king's own hand. Herodotus also, it may be remembered, refers to the
Egyptian custom of sealing up doors, in the story of Rhampsinitus and the clever thief, who succeeded in
by means of a loose stone in the wall of it. When the king happened to open the chamber, says the historian, he was astonished at seeing the vessels deficient in treasure, but he was
pilfering the royal treasury
unable to accuse anyone, as the seals were unbroken
and the chamber well secured.
The
sealings to
tomb
doors, the Egyptian's "eternal
habitation," being required to be permanent,
were much
22
elaborate.^
more
After the mourners had retired, and
the door had been closed, clay was smeared round the juncture of it with the lintel, jambs and threshold, and
then stamped
As
down
in
over by the seal of the priest in charge. the case of doors of houses and storeall
chambers, so also with boxes, the

to secure their contents.
lids
were sealed
nearly all ancient Egyptian boxes that have been found are to be seen two knobs (or the holes
On
which they were fastened), one on the lid, the other on the box itself. Fig. 1 3 shows how these were
into
Fig- 13-
placed,
seal,
and with a piece of string, a lump of clay and it was an easy matter to secure the contents
;
all
be done was to follow the same process that has already been described for securing doors.
that
to
(d)
had
For mdhenticating Documents,
etc.
With
ment of the
1
the advance of civilization, and the developart and practice of the seal began writing,
See the description of the seaHng up of the sarcophagus chamber
of the
tomb
of
Thoutinosis IV, p. xxx,

the Ancient
Thothmes IV, in Carter and Newberry, The Tomb of and cf. Wilkinson's Manners and Customs of
(ed. Birch), Vol. Til,
p.
Egyptians
436
Herodotus,
II,
121
Matthew
xxvii, 66.
SCARABS.
to be
for
23
very recent times writing has been an accomplishment of few except professional scribes, hence it was natural that seals which bore the personal badge or mark of the
employed
documents
also.
Till
owner, began to be used by those

their
who
could not write
names for giving that authenticity and authority to a document which is now more usually conferred by a written signature. Legal documents were therefore
.</
FNiTn
Fig.
14.
A PAPYRUS ROLL, TIED UP AND SEALED.

(This hieroglyph was used as a determinative of
early period.
)
all
abstract
words from a
very-
attested
by the
seal,
and a
legal contract
^
was known
in
9 Khetemt, "the sealed."^ Egypt by the But the method of attaching the seal to the document was different in ancient times to that of the present
day.
old Egyptian, instead of impressing with his signet the surface of the sheet of papyrus, used to roll it up,^ tie it round with string, and then, after
name
The
knotting the string in the middle of the roll, he affixed Thus the clay to the knot and sealed it (see fig. 14).
For a copy of a sealed decree of the Fifth Dynasty, see Petrie's On the walls of two tombs at Siut (one Abydos, II, PI. XVIII. are inscribed a number of contracts that were concluded unpublished)
1
by the nomarchs
Abydos,
2
in order to ensure certain revenues for religious
services after death (see Griffith, Siut, Pis. 7

II, 25,
and
49.
8,
and
cf.
Mariette's
and Jeremiah
;
xxxii, 11.
ix,
Cf. Isaiah xxix, 11

xii,
Daniel
24,
xii,
"Written evidence
sealed," Jeremiah
10, xxxii, 11, 14, 44.
24
roll
the
could not be opened, and consequently the writino- of it could not be altered nor new matter introseal
duced without the
being
first
broken, and the mere
breaking of the seal would be legal proof enough to show that the document had been tampered with. It
till the Ptolemaic period that there is an instance a document stamped with ink,^ although the stamp of in paint has been shown to be as early as the
is
not
Eighteenth Dynasty.^
familiar instance of the use
of the seal for legal documents
is given by the prophet a field of Hanameel, he Having bought Jeremiah. the owner seventeen shekels of silver for it payed This then subscribed the evidence and sealed it.
;
being done, he took the evidence of the purchaser, "both that which was sealed according to the law and
custom and that which was open," and gave it to Baruch in order that it might be put in an earthen
vessel,
and so
preserved
in
case of
any
dispute.
(Jeremiah
xxxii, 9-14.)
But
attested
it
was not only

;
legal
documents that were

were sealed up by hands,^ and several
by the signet
letters also
the
sender before they left his such letters, with the seals still unbroken, have been found by the excavator. The aim of the signet in
this
connection was of course to afford proof of the identity of the sender, and to warrant the contents of
letter.
the
The importance
the East
is is
attached to the seal at
present
in
so great, that without one no
document
^
regarded as authentic.
Biahmu and Arsinoe,
See Professor Sayce, in Petrie's Haivara,
p. 29.
~
'
See above,
p. 22,
note
i.
Compare
Kings
xxi, 8,
and Esther
iii,
10-12.
SCARABS.
From
tlie
25
use for authenticating documents, the seal came to be employed for another purpose that
of authenticating the purity or weight of a piece of the stamp upon the coin being gold or other metal
;
the government guarantee of the fineness and weight of the piece of metal. It has often been supposed that
the specimens of the scarab class of Egyptian seals were used as tokens of value, that they represented the small change of the Pharaohs. In support of this
interpretation a
remark of
Plato, to the effect that
"
in
often
Ethiopia engraved stones were used as money," has been quoted. It is of course true that the
Egyptians had no coined money of their own before the time of the Macedonian Conquest taxes were
;
collected
done by
were paid as in Central Africa at the present day. barter,

salaries
in kind,
and
and all trade was
The
however, that scarabs themselves were used for the purposes of barter, or as tokens of exchange, is
idea,
not supported by the inscriptions, or by any of the scenes depicted on the monuments. But we do find.
very important, that during the Hyksos period [circa 1700 b.c.),^ and later under Amenhetep III {circa 1400 b.c.),^ the Khetem or "seal" is given as a
this is
and
measure of value, although here it is probable that it was not the seal itself that is meant, but the impression
of
it
upon another substance.

relates,
Timotheus, Polyaemus
to
pay
his troops, ''issued his
The Athenian General being in want of money own seal" for coin, and
This can only mean
this substitute
was accepted by the traders and market
people confiding in his honour.
F.S.B.A., XIV, 436, and
Gurob
Papyri, in Griffith's
XV, 307. Kahim Papyri, XXXIX,
i,
6.
26
that impressions of his signet on clay, or some other substance, were put into circulation as representatives
It is in the of value, and so received by the sellers. impression of a seal or stamp upon a piece of gold or
other metal that
is
we have the origin of coined money. of the early history of coined money study Rude peoples pass from barter a most curious one.
The
to the use of metallic currency

article
and the most general
of wealth
is
taken as the standard to which,
either as a multiple or a fraction, all other possessions In Greece, as in Italy, the ox was are adjusted.^
the unit of value, and in Italy^ a piece of metal was stamped with the impression of an animal i^nota
pec2idiLni),
whence
it
was termed pecunia,^ but when
such a stamp was first placed on "the bar or piece of metal it is, of course, impossible to
and by
whom
say."
The Egyptian
light
inscriptions,
fortunately,
at
throw
as
some
B.C.
on
this
I
subject, for as early
least
1700, a
kkete?n
is
mentioned as a unit of
"
is
value for metals, while " an ox
valued as one
seal.
Furthermore, the word
g ^;^
1
khetem, determined by
a seal with the figure of an ox stamped on skin sealed.*

(c)
an ox, actually occurs as a measure of value, and means it, or an ox
For Transference of
Aztthority.
We
to
1
have just seen that the affixing of a seal a document gave to that document its validity
Ridgeway, Journal of Hellenic
seq.
Studies, Vol. VIII, p. 158,
and
203.
Vol. IX, p. 30 ^/
2 ^
"*
Cf. Mommsen, Hist, of Home (English edition), The ox being par excellence the pecus of Italy. Rhind Mathematical Papyrus, entry No. 67.
Vol.
I,
p.
SCARABS.
and binding
that,
27
force,
and
it is
now
not
difficult to realize
being the real instrument of the power and authority of an office, it should have become the
symbol of
or
signet
it.
The
by committed to the individual the authority and power to execute the rights and duties of his office. The
Egyptian monarch himself was invested at his Coronation ^ with the Royal Signet,^ upon which his name and titles were engraved this was as important
;
either
delivery therefore of the seal the king or by his minister,
a part of the insignia of royalty as his sceptre or his In an early text {circa 2500 B.C.) it is said crown.
that
"
Mer-en-Ra maketh
his
appearance as king, he
{salt)
hath taken possession of his signet

throne."^
(variants
I
and of
his
The word
|
for signet
is
here
l""n^ Sah
\ji>S
^^^
%^
SaJi^ note the
necklace
and cylinder seal as determinative), and the signet was repeatedly used in ancient Egypt to denote a man of
noble rank, one
the
royal
who was allowed name engraven upon
to carry a signet with

it.
Osiris
is
named
Sahu, "seal bearer" of the gods v^hom he has called into existence, and a hymn* calls him the glorious
Sahu among the

(2000
1
saJius.
The
Prince
Khnemhetep
B.C.), at
Beni Hasan, says of himself that he was

17;
Cf.
"Sealing with the Signet of the King," Daniel

12
;
vi,
Esther
^
iii,
viii, 8,
10;
Kings,
xxi, 8.
sovereigns, as well as those of most other European have been from very early times invested with a ring at their Coronation (see Archaeologia, Vol. Ill, p. 393), cf. The Coronatiofi
States,
Our own
Book of Charles and 33.

2
of France, edited by E.
S.
Dewick, pp.
6,
22
Compare
Naville's Deir El Bahari, III, 60. In the Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, line 7.
28
;
that nobles {sahu) distinguished above all the king's is to say, the order of men bearing the signet or sign
of investiture.
mummified person
is
also called
Sahti, in virtue of investiture.^
The Great
ancient
Seals of State were as important in

as they are in this country, and it was bestowing his own seal, or one of the
Egypt
only by the king Great Seals of State, on one of his subjects, that he In the Biblical account could delegate his authority.
of Joseph
see,
I
we
read,
"and Pharaoh
over
all
said unto Joseph,
have
set thee
the land of Egypt.
And
it
Pharaoh took
over
off his ring
from his hand, and put
upon Joseph's hand

all
the land of Egypt."
and made him ruler That this ceremony was
true, and that the giving of the seal or ring of office by the king, or by one of his ministers, on the appointment of a high government official, was indeed usual,
at the time of the proved by several inscriptions middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty, Amenhetep III
is
:
(1450 B.C.) places "the two lands" in the "hands" of " the the Vezir Ptahmes, and signet rings of the
Horus"
a
is
{i.e.,
the
the
II)
scene
in
(PI.
In Sovereign) upon his fingers.^ tomb of Huy at Thebes, which
here
published for the
first
time,
the
Chancellor of King Tutankhamen, 1350
presents the gold signet ring of the office of Royal Son {i.e., Viceroy) of Ethiopia "to the Prince Huy, in order
B.C.,
that the office of the Royal
Son
of Ethiopia
may be
made
to flourish."
Book of the Dead, 255. Palette of Ptahmes in the Louvre (No. 3026)
d! inscriptions inedite, I, p.
cf.
Pierret,
Rec.
93
SCARABS.
29
5.
The
Officials Concerned in its use.
As
uses
officials
the seal
was put
to such varied
it
in
Ancient Egypt,
of the
is
and important no wonder that many

in
its
Government were concerned

There were tl^'^^
employment.
"sealers"
^
"
khetemtiu}
a
sealer
"),
(singular
i^^^
all
kketemu,
attached
to almost every
department of the public
service,^ as well as to
;
the religious institutions of the
country and even wealthy noblemen^ usually had one or more of these "sealers" in their household, whose
duty it was to give out from the k/ietemzi, "sealed rooms" or "store rooms," the provisions and other private
property required by the great man or by his household. So important was it that the process of sealing jars, boxes, and doors should be clone properly, that
n
1 2
sehez,^
"instructors," in the
art
were employed.
the reading, see supra, p. 5. find, for instance, those of \he per seten, or "Royal domain," A.Z., 1888, p. 90; of the /^r zet, or wakf, Petrie, Medum, PI. XIII; of the at af, "department of meat," Mariette, Mon. Abyd., 290, 308 ;
On
We
and many
3
others.
See
L.,
D., II, IV, and
4,
where he
carries a
box of
is
linen
cf.
my Bent
Hasan,
"
I, PI.
II, PI.
XIII, where there

I,
Seals of the linen."
In Beni Hasatt,
title
a khetemu ne henket, PI. XXIX, we find the
corresponding feminine
i^^, a woman who apparently had
charge of the harim, or perhaps was a confidential female servant. A title [^\) _S) "O" also occurs very frequendy on Egyptian
Papyri, PI. XII, 1. i ; Mariette, Mon. Abyd., 182, 183, 187 ; Newberry, El Bersheh, I, Pis. XX, XXIX, It seems to mean a kind of "confidential seal," or "privy etc:).
monuments
(Griffith,
Kahun
purse."
4
L.,
D.
II, 96.
-,o
scene
In
A
in
tomb
at
Sakkara^
pail
shows one
of
"
these
it,
officials
carrying a
of
mud
with a ladle
" sealers going to instruct his pupils. These formed a regularly organized body, and served
under a
I
1
I
mer
that
or
"
suoerintendent."^
The
to
reader's
fact
attention has
the
the
already been drawn monarch was invested at his
coronation
with a
titles
name and
Royal Signet, upon which his were engraved. In the earlier
periods of Egyptian history this Royal Signet was, doubtless, either worn by the monarch himself or
carried in
some secure way about

in
his person.
We
earliest
do
not
read
the
inscriptions
of
the
" dynasties of any Keeper of the Royal Seal," as we find so frequently alluded to in the hieroglyphic texts from the Middle Kingdom onwards, and it
would consequently appear as

those
early
if
times
attended
to
the king himself in the business con-
nected with his Treasury Department. Two important officials of the oldest period, however, were closely concerned with the use of the seal, and
their titles "
were derived from

Sealer of the
"
its
name.
;
One
of these
was the
"
'"^
Honey
[jars]"
the other
was
first
the
title
Divine Sealer,"
Sealer of the God."
The
1^^
D.,
II,
"
the Se aler of the_^Honey [jars]," was,
'
L.,
2
103
a.
The Story of Satiehat, I. 300; L., El Assassif, Grab 25, c.d. Z>., II, This title was formerly believed to signify " Treasurer of the King of Lower Egypt," but it must be pointed out that byty, in the " He that belongs to the bee," or perhaps, " the royal title, meant Bees were the producers of the chief of primitive Bee-keeper."
Mariette,
Cat. Abyd., 855;
luxuries,
and the use of honey and the
offering of
it
instead of wine
SCARx\BS.
perhaps, the oldest of the
that
31
many hundreds
of
titles
Egyptian history, and onwards there was probably from the Third Dynasty not a man of less than royal rank who would not
we
find at all periods of
have been
It originally meant, proud to bear it. as we have said, "the Sealer of the Honey [jars],'
honey being the greatest of all primitive luxuries, and its use reserved for the king's table. This title must therefore be regarded as a relic of the most extreme antiquity, and it certainly goes back to the
At time before the use of wine in the Nile Valley. the beginning of the Fourth Dynasty {circa 3000 B.C.),
however,
obsolete,
meaning had probably become already and from that period onwards it meant
its
*' ^ Royal Sealer," or one entitled nothing more than a to use a seal with the monarch's name engraven upon
it.
Doubtless there were several of these

in
officers
employed
the
royal
palaces
to
look
after
it
the
security of the king's private property,
and
was the
duty of some of them to accompany the sovereign
on
his various military expeditions.^
In contradistinction to this secular

the
title
we
find
|cfO
"Divine
Sealer,"
the
priest
who
had
ought probably to be considered as a survival from a prehistoric state of society in which wine was unknown {cf. Journal of Hellenic If this meant "Treasurer of the King of Shidies, Vol. XV, p. 21).
Lower Egypt," we should expect
to
find a
corresponding
1*^
I
"Treasurer of the King of Upper Egypt," but know, never occurs.

1
this title, so far as
In
the
Twelfth Dynasty and
later
is
found the frequently
recurring variant >/

3
Q.
1.
See A.Z., 1890,

ii.
p. 91.
Stele of
Kuban,
32
charge of the temple treasure, furniture, and goods This title, that were kept under the temple seals. like the one that we have just discussed, occurs
an early period, and continued in use till " These " Divine Sealers were very late times.^
also
at
attached
to
the service
of various
gods,
or
they
were employed by the religious authorities of certain

districts.
they are specified as "of Amen,"" "of Horus," etc.; while in the second
first
In
the
case
as
"of Abydos,"
that they
"of Thebes," etc. It were placed under a -jner^ or

title
is
is
possible
"
Superin-
tendent," but the

usually the case.
to obtain
so rare that this was not
It
was the Divine Sealer's duty
and supervise the transport of stone for the temple buildings,^ and to pay for and, if necessary,
to collect in far distant countries precious things for the service of the gods. In order to obtain stone
for statues or for
temple buildings, he sometimes led

to
semi-military
expeditions
it
quarries
far
in
the
was necessary to convey the deserts,^ huge blocks of granite and other material down the in command of the river, he was usually placed
transport
ships.'''
and when
Thus we read
of a
j
"^^
de
"
(I
Divine Sealer of
p.
Amen"
under Alexander
(II,
(^Rec.
iravaux,
XIV,
33); and Plutarch
363 b) speaks of an Egyptian priest, <t0/j7<<7t//9, who seems to have been identical with this old Egyptian official. Cf. further on
this title, Revillout, in A.Z., 18S0,
2
^
]).
71-3.
Rec. de travmix,
XIV,
p.
Louvre,
33 and 57.
13.
*
'"
Rec. de travaux, VII, 115.

L.,
n., II, 18, 114,
etc. etc.
* '
L., Z>., II, 115/^, L., D., II, 18,
144^,
a, etc.
97
SCARABS.
From
the time of the Middle
title
^
33
2000) onwards the

intendent" or
Kingdom [circa b.c. " ,^\ mer kketem,^ Superof
"Keeper
the
(Royal)
Seal"^
is
constantly occurring in the hieroglyphic inscriptions. During the first half of the Twelfth Dynasty, while
each province was yet ruled over by semi-independent chieftains, there appears to have been a Keeper of
the (Royal) Seal employed in the administration of
to collect
each nome,* whose duty

himself, he
1
it
was
and transmit
treasure to the central office.
Next
to the chieftain
was perhaps the most important personage

of this
title
The
earliest instance
that I
know
of occurs at
Shut er Rigal, in the scene of King Antef (Eleventh Dynasty) here the mer kheiem stands before Neb-kheru-Ra Mentu-hetep behind his sovereign Antef. The title also occurs in a immediately
:
tomb
2
at
Kasr
es Sayyad, the date of
which may be perhaps a
little
earlier than the Shtlt er Rigal graffito.
This
title
should not
be
confounded with the

"Superintendent of
the
somewhat
Sealers,"
as
"
simaar one
^^,^,,
I,
Beni Hasan,
I
xxx.
Nor
is
it,
of
course,
the
same
the
or
^\ Q
"
Superintendent
I,
of
It
the
Storehouses
"depots" (Pap. Bologna, 1086,

differentiated
2).
ought also perhaps to be

"
from J^^]
"
^
?
"
'
Superintendent
or
"
Keeper of
Contracts
"
or
Records
"
although there appear to be several
instances where i|\)[

3
equals
^^| r-^"
Cf. the title

p. 18,
Rekhmara,
khetem
^
is
mer net, " Governor of the (Royal) City (see my and cf. my note in Garstang's El Arabah, p. 32) ;
here probably to be understood as signifying the seal excellence, i.e., the Royal Seal.
par
For a 7ner khetem

I,
in (i) the
;
Oryx nome, see Newberry, Beni
Hasan,
PI.
Bersheh,
I, PI.
XXX, XXVII
in
etc.
;
(2) the Hare nome, see Newberry, is a mer khetem (3) the Siut nome there
El
em
an unpublished tomb ; (4) the Antaeopolite nome, on an unpublished fragment from the tomb of Uah-ka at Gau.
Said mentioned
34
he had control over
its
in the province, for
revenues,
public works were carried out under his Baqt, the Keeper of the (Royal) Seal supervision. in the Oryx nome, supervised the excavation and adornment of Khnemhetep's magnificent monument
and
all
its
at
nomarch's great officials defiled before him, the Keeper of the (Royal) Seal stood in the place of honour^ behind the uhem ** or Herald," and in front of the mer ineshau or
Beni
Hasan. ^
When
that
was the nomarch's trusted friend, and accompanied him on his hunting and fowling^ expeditions in the desert and on the river, while in Khnemhetep's funeral procession to Abydos, his place was in the State barge at the
General of the Troops."
side
"
He
very scene at Beni Hasan shows the Keeper interesting of the (Royal) Seal seated in his kha^ or "office,"
prince's
of the
deceased
children.*
watching
one
of his
assistants
weighing
gold,
or
a
some other precious

seated scribe writes
tablet
metal,
in
a balance, while
down
the weight on a
wooden
or
sheet
of
papyrus
office here shown was very Vezir ^ it was a columned

;
The (see fig. 15). similar to that of the

of six
hall
columns
in
two rows, the front being open to the air, while at the back was a door which gave entrance to the
bet el
1
mdl
or treasury.
pi.
2 3
See Newberry,''j5if;zz Hasan, I, Ibid., PI. XXX, cf. PL XIII.

Ibid., PI. Ibid., PI.
XXVT.
XXXIII.
XXIX.
word kha, see the paper in the Proceedings of the Society of Bibhcal Archaeology, XXII, pp. 99-105. ^ See Newberry, Life of Rekhmara, PI. IV, and p. 23, where will be found a plan of the ofifice.
the
On
SCARABS.
About the middle
change appears
constitution
to
35
of the Twelfth
Dynasty a great
of
have taken place in the political Egypt we no longer hear of the

;
Chieftains of
Nomes
or Provinces,
and
it
seems that
the Government,
for a short
time at
least,
became
much more strictly centralized than it had ever been With this centralization of the administration several new offices were created, the provincial
before.
Keepers of the (Royal) Seal" appear to have been suppressed, and adenus, "wakils" or "deputies" of
"
Fig.
15.
THE OFFICE OF THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE

(From
a painting in a
SEAL.
tomb
at
Beni Hasan.)
the Chief Keeper, appointed
in
their
stead.
The
Treasury Department, however, was still presided over by a single^ " Keeper of the Royal Seal," who
It is probable that already at the time of the Eleventh Dynasty there was a Chief Keeper of the (Royal) Seal, for Mariette found at Karnak a monument of a certain Khety, who is described as mer khetem em ta er zer-ef, " Keeper of the (Royal) Seal in the
1
whole land."
statuette
in
Of this Khety there is a Mariette, Karnak, pi. 8 j.) the Leyden Museum, and he is certainly the same
we
see represented behind
Rigal.
|
individual as
rocks
of the
Shut er
Under
the
King Antef on one of the New Empire we find
mentioned once a
^^\ the
Q ^=^
Great
'^'^'^^^
"HK '^^^ '^'^'^^^

Sea,"
i.e.,
"
Chief
the
Keeper
of
the
Seal
of
Green
of
Mediterranean.
(Capart, in Rec. de travatix,
XXII,
p. 106.)
36
was
one
of
the
henceforth
most
^
;
important
and
he became, in powerful personages in the realm Lord fact, the Chancellor of the Exchequer,^ an Chancellor, Keeper of the Seal.
Unfortunately
of the Vezir,^ so
we have no
it
long inscription record-
ing this great official's duties, as

is
we have
in
the case
and there from many

of the
only by gathering a fact here sources that we can obtain any
idea of his multifarious duties.
That he had charge
Government
stores,
and supervised everything
connected with the
Treasury, is certain ;* he had also to be responsible for the payment of all

If any important public monument bills. be erected,^ or if any government business had to was to be undertaken, it was his duty, together with
bet el inal ox
Government
his staff of assistants, to
make
all
necessary arrange-
ments regarding the payment of the employes, which must have been a most onerous task, when we re-
member
1
that the Egyptians possessed no coined

is
money
This
seen from
many
inscriptions
Notably from the rock

;
inscription of
Mentu-hetep in the ShUt
er Rigal
the inscription of
Nefer-hetep at Aswan (De Morgan, Cat., I, p. 17); the inscriptions of Rekhmara (Newberry, Rekhmara, PI. Ill, 1. 5, etc.); the scene on a slab from the tomb of a High Priest of Memphis, where the
Chancellor
is
and from the very powerful Ta-usert and Sa-ptah. The
represented standing immediately behind the Vezirs ; position of the Chancellor Bay under
position of the Chancellors during the
Hyksos period was also of very great importance, 2 He has been described as a kind of " Keeper of the Signet " but his rank in the Egyptian State was much higher than that of the Scottish official. It is a position that appears to have been even greater than that of the Roman cura afiulis, or " Keeper of
;
the Imperial Seal" (Just, Hist, XLIII,

8
5).
Rekhmara,
PI. II
4
^
Ibid., PI. II,
and III. lines 5 and 6.

{Melanges Arch., 1875,
p. 218.)
Stela of Sa-satct at Geneva.
SCARABS.
until
2>7
after
the time of Alexander the Great.
The
to
supervision of the taxation of the country appears also have been placed in the Chancellor's hands, and it
his custom, as
it
was
still
is
with the heads of the
departments of the various services of the Khedive's administration, to make an annual tour of inspection
^ throughout the length and breadth of the country. In time of war a number of his officers accompanied
expeditions, and when a town was plundered by the royal troops, they took possession of
the
military
the spoil, some of which was kept for the Treasury, while the rest was given to the temples as an offering
to the gods.^
But not only did the Egyptian Chancellor have charge of everything connected with the Treasury, he
seems also
to
have had a considerable share of the

of
appointing various State officials. have already referred to the story of Joseph's appointment to the Vezirate, in which case the Seal or
responsibility
We
Signet of office was given by the king personally. With other officials, however, it seems to have been
the custom for the Chancellor to deliver the Seal, and
this
in a bureaucratic country such as then was, must have entailed a vast amount of Egypt
ceremonial
time.
officers,
Possessing the authority to appoint high and also the means of controlling the State
it
Treasury,
is
no wonder that these old Chancellors
attained to a great degree of power, and there seems
Griffith
and Tylor, The Tomb of Faheri,

these
officials,
PI.
IX,
1.
44.
For
at
earlier tours of
see several
Cat.,
I.
graffiti
on the rocks
Aswan, published in
2
De
1.
Morgan's
81.
Stela of Piankhy,
38
its
reason to believe that more than one dynasty had origin in a Chancellor's family.
So many and various were the duties of the Keeper of the (Royal) Seal, that it is hardly matter for surprise if we find that he employed a large staff
of assistants to help him.
"
Among
these the
^^ t^l
Deputy of the Keeper of the (Royal) Seal/ appears to have been the most important. When his chief was absent from the capital on one of the official tours
country, this adenu or deputy charge of the central office, and the duty naturally devolved upon him of looking after the permanent staff of the Treasury Department. This
of inspection
"
"
through the
left in
was
staff consisted of
(i)
A ^^^^^"^^^^
who
was,
I
"Chief
Overseer
Seal,"-
of
the Courtyard of the

official
Keeper of the (Royal)

believe,
an
deputed
also
to
personally
supervise everything that
went
in or out of the
Bet el
mal
or Treasury.
There was
(2)
A ^\ y^
^
^'^'^^c^l
^''
"Overseer of the
(Royal)
or
Courtyard of the
(^)
Keeper
of
the
Seal."^
ZTi^B?
^--^'^'^^^[jllfl'''^'^.^^
"Over-
seer of the Courtyard of the Office of the the (Royal) Seal."

^'
Keeper of
Louvre, C. 30 ; Mariette, Mofi. Abydos, 262, 326, etc. the high position of the Ademe, Boidac Papyti, No. 18, PI. ~ Mariette, Mofi. Abydos, 125, and De Rouge, Et.
'
Cf. for
XIX,
5.
Egypt, LIII.
Rec. de travail x, XII, p. 50. Louvre, C. 5; Mariette, Mon. Abydos, 229.
SCARABS.
(4) Several
39
^1
"Assistants."^
(5)
'i[o|^-j
"Chief Scribe,"^ and several

"Scribes,"^
(6) 'fi
R
who
had
their
own
V^ '^
or
"men
servants?"
These
scribes of
:
the
Chancellor were very important officials they were intrusted with official seals, and allowed to
transact
affairs
on
their
own
responsibility important business
connected with the State.

title
They appear gene"Scribe

in
rally
with the
of the Seal,"
or,
more
fi^f^^S^ "
literally,
Charge
title
he who writes with
an
Official
Seal."
They
are found under this
only towards the end of the Twelfth Dynasty, and their services were retained by the bureaucratic
kings of the Thirteenth Dynasty, but no mention occurs of them in later times. They were employed
in writing official in fixing prices
documents,
to be paid
in
keeping accounts, and
for
wages of
labourers.
From
seem
inscriptions that
that each
town *
have been preserved, it would had its own " Scribe in Charge
of the Seal," and
read of a " Scribe in Charge of " the Seal of the labour bureau in a Thirteenth Dynasty
we
papyrus.^ Besides the foregoing

1
officials,
who were
doubtless
Lepsius, D., II, 135 /i, etc. Schiaparelli, Cai. Flor., 282;
Schiaparelli, Cat. Flor., 279.
cf.
also
PI.
XIV,
2,
of
the
present work.
'^
in Griffith, Kahun Papyri, XIII, 21, is named a "scribe in charge of the Seal of Qesab," a town in the Delta; of this work. cf. also PI. XIII, 20,
4
For instance,
Griffith,
KF.,
PI.
XIII,
11.
9-12.
40
paid by the Government, the Chancellor had also his

private staff to
manage
his
own
estates
^
and
affairs.
Among
"
these
" ^
;
Steward
;
may mer
a iner per, or " shenti, or Superintendent of the

letter writer
" *
;
be mentioned
Granary
" ^
a sesh ska, or "

^
and an
ari aa, or
"
doorkeeper."
6.
Seal Engravers and the Technique of
Seal Engraving.
The
profession of the seal engraver

in
was obviously
not find any
an important one
Egypt, but
we do
references to his occupation in the ancient literature. He was called the mer kesti, and the scarab-seal of
one named Amen5^-ank.h is in the possession of Mr. Arthur Evans (see PI. XVII, s;).^ The process of making a seal out of hard stone
was simple enough

1 fie
suitable piece
of amethyst,
In order to
make
the
list
complete,
1707),
mer khetem (Liebl., N.F., khetem (Brit. Mus. Stela, 215).

3
we must notice an am-sa and an ari at ne sa ne per me

10477.
Papyrus of
Nu,
in
the Brit. Mus., No.
variant
rnTi
3
r^^
Brit.
*^^
^^^^ ^^^^
occurs in the
tomb
of Sebekhetep {temp.
Thothmes IV),
Mus.
*
''
at
Thebes.
Stela, 1012.
Tomb
of Sebekhetep, at Thebes,
Rec. de travmix, XII, p. 13.
The work
of seal engraving
is
mentioned as a
is
distinct
occupa''^:n:::7>,
tion in Ecdes. xxxviii, 27. In Egyptian there " " meaning to engrave," to carve."
a verb t^\)
SCARABS.
jasper, or other material
41
was taken,
cut into the shape
of a cyHnder, stamp, or scarabaeus beetle, and polished. The device or inscription was then engraved in In the case of steatite, schist, and other soft intaglio.
stones, the device
was sometimes drawn

seal
in ink^ before
being
cut,
and the
was
finished
into a vitreous glaze in order to
by being dipped harden it.
terra-cotta moulds.
Pottery and paste scarab seals were moulded in lump of potter's clay or paste
was taken, then pressed

shaken out and
left
into a dusted
mould,
It
and
flattened with a knife at the bottom.

to dry.
was then
When
dry, the scarab
hands, and the inscription or device was cut on the elliptical base the whole
was placed
in the engraver's
was then sometimes coated with vitreous
glaze.
glazes used were of different colours, varying from pale blue to deep violet, and from pale to dark
The
Sometimes red and yellow glazes were also Often the glazes have changed colour, employed.
green.
and sometimes only

Seals that are
faint traces of
in
it
remain on a
seal.
now brown
colour were originally
green, while grey or white examples were generally

blue.
The
knife,
used were apparently of four kinds a graver, a simple drill, and a tubular drill.
tools
knife,
The
for
perhaps of hardened bronze, was used
cutting
the
specimens
of the of
softer
flint
materials
obsidian,
into
shape,
while
the graver,
or
was employed for cutting the device or inscription. Herodotus mentions^ that the Ethiopians pointed their
1
See a specimen in the

VII, 69.
Edward's Collection
at
University
College, London.
2
42
flint
arrows with the same sort of hard stone or
that
engraving signets. The simple drill, used for drilling the soft stone seals and for engraving those of the hard stone class,
consisted of a metal
drill
was used
for
with handle, the butt end of
which revolved inside a stone or wooden cap which the engfraver held in his hand, and was thus able to
direct the point to the right
place.
The
drill
itself
by means of rapidly movingforwards and backwards by a bow, the string of which

to
was made
revolve
Fig.
1 6,
WORKING THE BOW

(From the tomb
of
DRILL,
Rekhmara.)
was wound round the stick of the drill. Carpenters and cabinet workers in the East still use a similar
bow drill at the present day. The tubular drill was also worked
with a bow, but instead of the
in the
drill
in the
same way
simple drill, it was tubular. both these kinds of drill were used, with emery powder
being pointed as With hard stones
and
oil
or water.
SCARABS.
THE VARIETIES OF EGYPTIAN

SEALS.
It
may
has already been remarked that Egyptian seals be divided into two great groups: namely (i)
Varieties of
Egyptian
SC3.iS.
those of cylindrical shape, which were rolled over the and (2) clay or other substance to be impressed which were used as stamps. those with a flat base,
;
Both
Asia,
seals
;
these types
probably originated in Western
The
to
group comprises all (a) cylinder the second belong all {b) hemi-cylinder and
first
cone shaped
seals, {c)
[e)
shaped
seals,
button shaped seals, {d) scarab plaques and other miscellaneous
forms, and (/) Signet rings.
I.
Cylinder Seals.
that
The
Egypt
ranofe
oldest
seals
have been discovered
in
Cylinder
seals.
are
cylinders,
of cylindrical shape, hence their name, or more correctly, cylinder-seals. They
in size in
inches
three
from half an inch to three and a half an inch to length, and from a quarter of
inch
in
quarters of an
diameter.
They
are
pierced longitudinally with a hole, the diameter of which varies from a size just sufficient to receive a
an aperture in which an The two ends ordinary sized finger can be thrust.
small thread of linen,
to
are always quite plain, the engraving, in intaglio, beingconfined to the convex surface, which, as a rule, is
parallel
to the axis.
In
some specimens, however,
44
is
the surface
hollowed
of the cylinder is middle, but such cylinders are rare, and generally show traces of nearly erased signs appearing through the
such a way that the diameter greater at the ends than in the
in
engraving
they must
therefore
be
considered as
having had their original inscription ground down in order to be re-engraved with other characters they are in fact cylinders that have been re-used.
;
Hew
used.
When
the cylinder seal
was required
the
for sealing,
it
was gently but
firmly rolled over the soft clay or other

to
substance destined
receive
impression.
To
make a good and continuous

mounted cylinder
consequently
is
sealing
with an un-
not,
however, an easy matter, and
we
find that this class of seal
was often
by inserting a rod of metal through its aperture, the ends of which rod projected from the cylinder, so that it could be easily held by the forefinger
mounted
and thumb, while the
rod, serving as
enabled the operator to keep the seal in the same time to preserve an even pressure whilst This metal rod was somerolling it over the clay.
times finished off at one end into a kind of boss, while
the other end was coiled round to form a loop, so that the cylinder might be attached to a necklace or string
(fig.
an axle^ place, and at
17).
more
cylinder seals of kings and nobles had elaborate mountings, and their ends were often
in gold, as in
The
encased
a specimen found by Dr. Reisner near Girgeh, and as in an example figured in a Fourth
Dynasty tomb
at
Medum
(fig.
18).
Another method
of mounting is shown in a hieroglyph (fig. 19) from a Fifth Dynasty Tomb at Sakkara. Here the cylinder
appears to be mounted on a metal rod, the projecting ends of which were fixed to either side of a small
SCARABS.
45
frame, with a handle in which the cylinder seal could revolve. By holding the handle and dragging the
cylinder over the clay to be impressed, the seal would revolve as easily and evenly as a wheel on its axle, and consequently leave a good and firm impression
behind.
The
greater
number of
cylinders, however,
are found without any trace of having been mounted, and as many show signs of wear on the edges inside
the hole,
we may conclude
that they
were generally
simply threaded on a cord, which, for security sake.
Fig.
I 8.
CYLINDER SEAL.
(Figured in a tomb at
Medum.)
Fig.
17.
A MOUNTED CYLINDER
SEAL.
(In the Louvre.)
CYLINDER SEAL.
(Figured in a tomb at Sakkara. From a drawing by Borchardt,
A.Z.,
vol.
XXXV,
p. 106.)
was
either
hung by the owner round
his
neck or
waist,
It is possible that or tied to his girdle or garment. sometimes the cylinders were kept in boxes. {Abydos, Prof Petrie has discovered an ivory II, p. 25, 12.)
panel of a box for
King Den engraved with a group
of hieroglyphics, suggesting that the box had contained the gold seal of judgment of the king. The history of cylinder seals in Egypt covers the period from prehistoric times to the end of the
its history,
46
Twenty-sixth Dynasty, but they were only in general use down to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty, when they gave place to the more convenient
"
scarab
"
form of
seal.
They may be
according to
most conveniently
classified
Fig.
20.
the subjects found engraved upon them, but it is also an important matter for the student to carefully note the shape and the size of their perforation, two points which are often of considerable impor-
AN EARLY CYLINDER SEAL.
tance
Varieties of
when
The
shape and
perforation.
desired to accurately date a specimen. earliest examples that are at present known
it is
are of a peculiarly short thick type, with a narrow hole
running through them (fig. 20) they are almost identical in shape with the
;
Chaldean and early Babylonian cylinder seals, and consequently may be

thought to indicate a connection at a very remote period between the civi-
Western Asia and Eg3^pt connection which is still more apparent when we come to consider
lizations of
the subjects engraved on many of the seals themselves.^ At a later period appears another variety, which is long
W\
and thick (see
fig.
21),
but with a
Fig. 21.
larger perforation than that of A CYLINDER SEAL BEARING THE NAME", the cylinders of the earliest period. OF MERY RA. These two varieties have been found (In the collection of
much
together in tombs of the beginning of the First Dynasty, but the earlier disappears soon after the reign of King Zet (First Dynasty),.
^
Mr.
Piers.)
See
p. 50.
SCARABS.
while the later one was in general use
47
down
to the
end of the Sixth Dynasty.
With the beginning of the Middle Kingdom we have another type of cylinder seal making its appearance this resembles more a long cylindrical bead
;
with an aperture of only sufficient size to admit of its being strung on a thin cord or thread.
(ng.
22),
The examples
and
size,
his
dating from the time of Amenemhat III immediate successors are often of fairly large
but with narrow perforation, while those of the latter part of the Thirteenth Dynasty are always much
Fig.
22.
48
Material.
Although comparatively few specimens have been found in wood, it is clear from many clay impressions ^ that cylinder seals were generally made of this
material.
One example
of
wood
was
found
at
in
Abydos^ having the

ink,
inscription written
upon
it
showing that the design was sketched out on the cylinder by a scribe before it was cut by the Next to wood, the commonest material in engraver. but a few specimens early times was black steatite
;
have been found of haematite, green jasper, and ivory. Copper and bronze examples appear during the Fifth
glazed pottery specimens a little later. White or grey steatite, coated appear with blue or green glaze, was the favourite material of the Twelfth Dynasty kings and officials, and this
material
and Sixth Dynasties, and
was
in
vogue
till
the Nineteenth
Dynasty.
carnelian
At
the beginning of the Eighteenth
Dynasty
The
sub-
make their appearance, and the latest specimen known is of this hard stone. The subjects engraved upon Egyptian cylinder
cylinder seals
seals
_
jects en-
graved upon divisions. Egyptian cy in er crravingr on t & seals.

^
may
be
.
orrouped
there
into
is
three
well defined
Firstly,
a small class the enof
which depicts r
fiorures t,
men and
several
animals,
>
sometimes very beautifully executed.

class, represented by which bear true hieroglyphic specimens,
Secondly,
much
larger
hundred
inscriptions.
Thirdly, a very small class with other ornamental devices.

"
scroll
patterns or
On some
impressions
sign,
is
bottom across the
and
therefore accidental.
is
a raised line running from top to This could only very likely to occur
be produced by a spUt in the seal, and such in wood." Petrie, R.T., I, p. 24.
2
Of King Qa.
Petrie, R.T., II, PI.
XII,
5.
SCARABS.
The specimens
studied in
of the
first
49
class
require to be
they contain elements which are of great importance to the comparative archaeodetail, for
logist.
some
Figures of men an animals.
I.
typical
example
in PI.
is
given in
fig.
i.
fig.
25,
and a
of the
second
will
be found
Ill,
One
most
distinctive features of these seals is the double-
forequartered animal, a feature which occurs again on the button-shaped seals ^ of the period intervening
between the Sixth and the Twelfth Dynasties. This does not appear to be an Upper Egyptian motif, but
Fig.
25.
IMPRESSION FROM A CYLINDER-SEAL IN THE BERLIN MUSEUM.
one
of
common
to the Delta
and
to an early civilization
Western Asia. Another distinctive

is
feature of these early cylinder
a curious bow-legged figure of a man, whicTi is found also on the button-shaped seals ^ of a later date.
seals
"
The
characteristic form of the lower limbs," writes
Mr. Evans,
who was
"
the
first
to
draw attention
to this
class of seal,^
1
shov/s that
we have here
2
to deal with
See
p. 59.
See
p. 59, fig. 42.
Journal of Hellenic
Studies, 1897, pp.
366-372.
50
same grotesque personage who so
appearance
^
the
his
often
makes
in
"
cyHnders Mr. Evans
of
is
a secondary position in Babylonian an extremely archaic type, and
of opinion that this figure has been taken direct from the early cylinders of Babylon." I would suggest, however, that this feature, like that of the double-headed animals,
is
but another instance of

It is not,
Delta and Western Asian influence.

of a Delta civilization which
indeed,
improbable that in the cylinders of this class

relics
we have
from
was
distinct
and Upper Egypt. In point of date the specimens of this group range from prehistoric times to
that of Middle
fifiivfliOtli\?
Fig. 26.
IMPRESSION FROM A CYLINDER-SEAL IN THE BERLIN MUSEUM.
about the end of the Old
Kingdom
(circa
out.
2500
B.C.),
when they appear

I.
to
Hiero-
Qf
î^g
lyphic incriptions.
second sfroup of Eor-yptian cylinder
bearing hieroglyphic inscriptions, a are figured in the plates, but a glance at large the reproductions of them will show that they are of
namely, those
......
1897, vide
derivative
have entirely died
seals,
number
several different types, and that they

1
may be more
p. 366-372. perhaps figures may be seen in the pigmy or embryonic form |of Ptah-Sokar-Osiris and its offshoots, and the Phoenician Pataecus (a parallel but variant type is seen in
Journal of Hellenic
"
Sfi/dies,
Allied
or
Bes), but there can be^ no question that the type seen on these earl}cylinders is the direct reflection of that which appears at a very A. J. Evans, Jotir?ial of early date upon those of Chaldea."
Hellenic Studies^ 1897,
p.
369.
SCARABS.
conveniently studied
divisions.
if
51
First
The examples of an earlier period Dynasty may be subdivided into two

first
they are grouped into subthan the

separate
classes.
In the
primitive
may be
placed
signs
in
hieroglyphic
all those bearing any which appear to give

(fig. 26).
Primitive
^^y'^"^^''-
personal names written
a horizontal line
is,
Class
I.
remarkable feature of
this class
that on
most of
the examples occurs a curious figure of a stork with head turned over its back.
the second class belong all those seals which give personal names, with a seated figure as determinative, and always written in a horizontal line (see
To
Class
II.
Fig.
27.
A CYLINDER-SEAL IN THE COLLECTION OF CAPT. TIMMINS.
fig.
27).
This seated figure
Is
very unlike that which

;
occurs in later hieroglyphic inscriptions it is always represented as wearing a long wig of hair, which falls
behind the head to some distance below the shoulders, and in front of the figure is generally shown a table
The figured loaves of bread. standard-sign Neith is often found on cylinder-seals of this type, and would perhaps point to the Western
upon
which
are
Delta as the
place
of
their
origin
I,
the
stork,
so
common on specimens on
never to occur
in
Class
seems, however
Class II.
them.
beginning of the historical period appears another class, which Is characterized by rude
the
With
E 2
52
inscriptions written in vertical columns,
lines
hieroglyphic
which columns are generally divided by

fig.
28)
These are
the
of
true
prototypes
of
(see the
Egyptian
cylinder-seals
the
Old
and
Middle
Kingdoms.
'linderils
of
fnastic
nes.
Dynastic times which bear hieroglyphic inscriptions may be divided into groups
Cylinder-seals
of
according to the meaning of their inscriptions. we have (i) a group which bears the names and
of kings and other royal personages
;
Thus
titles
(11)
a group of
Fig.
28.
IMPRESSION OF A CYLINDER-SEAL FROM MR. MACGREGOR'S COLLECTION.
officials
which bear the king's name and the

latter
title
of the office or
of
the
official, but never the personal name and (iii) a small group of private
seals
!^ylinder-
which bear the name and
titles
of the former.
One
is
eals bcar-
that of
ng Royal
lames.
of the earliest Royal seals that Narmer, the predecessor of

in
we know Mena it
;
of
is
reproduced
the
Zer,
outline
in
fig.
29,
and gives merely
Horus-name of the
king.
The Royal
seal
of
Mena's successor, gives besides the name of
SCARABS.
the monarch,
53
a figure of him seated and wearing the two crowns, typical of Upper and Lower Egypt
Fig.
29.
IMPRESSION OF A CYLINDER-SEAL OF NARMER. (From Petrie's Royal Tombs II, PL XIII, 91.)
^
(see
fig.
30).
At
is
the
first
time of the
Third Dynasty
the Royal
name
put into an oval ring or car-
Fig. 30.
IMPRESSION OF A CYLINDER-SEAL OF KING ZER. (From Petrie's Royal Tombs, II, PI. XV, 108.)
touche, and a
generally accompanied by the statement that the king is "beloved of

little
later the
name
is
54
With
first
the gods," or beloved "of the goddess Hathor." Men-kau-ra the tide Sa Ra, " Son of Ra,"
appears,^ but
it
is
not
we
At
find the full
name
the Twelfth Dynasty that of a king cut on a single seal.

till
the time of the Twelfth and Thirteenth Dynasties the king's name is generally given in a cartouche
either with^ or without^
it
his
official
titles,
and then
is
is
often accompanied
by the statement that he
"
beloved of Sebek
"* of
some
specified locality.
few cylinder-seals of
of two or
this period also
bear the names
The only specimens of the kings.^ Hyksos period that are known up to the present are those of Kh^ân one of these is in the Museum
more
;
at
Athens,*^
another
is
in
is
the
in
Lanzone,'^ and a
fig.
third
possession of Signor the Cairo Museum (see
remarkable cylinders of about the same period are figured in PI. VII, 2, and VIII, i while to the latter half of the Hyksos period must
23).
;
Two
be
placed
the
cylinder-seal
of
King Antef (NubDynasty, which
kheper-ra), of the early Seventeenth

is
The Royal cylinder-seals figured in PL VII, 12. of the Eighteenth Dynasty generally bear the king's name in the cartouche without other decorations,*^
but some have also a figure of the king, or figures

of gods and animals.'^ The large specimen reproduced in outline on PI. VIII, 7, is the seal of Sety I of the Nineteenth Dynasty, and is one the latest
specimens of Royal cylinder-seal known.

1
3
"
PI. V, fig. 3. See PL VI, fig. 13. See PI. VI, figs. I,
See
See See See
PI.
VI, VI,
VII,
figs,
figs.
fig.
i,
2, etc.
PI.
Pi.
PI.
2, 3, 4, etc.
10, etc.
7.
See
PI.
VIII,
fig.
9
10.
See
VIII,
figs. 2, 3, etc.
See
PI.
VIII,
figs. 5, 6, etc.
SCARABS.
Official
55
cylinder-seals
are of two
kinds.
They
Official
^^'
either bear (a) the name of the king together with the title of the office or official, but not the personal
^^gj"
Fig. 31.
IMPRESSION FROM A CYLINDER-SEAL OF PEPY

(In Mr. Piers' Collection.)
I.
name
official
of the latter
or
(d)
simply the
title
of the
without the
name
name appears once

first
The Royal of the king. or thrice on the seals of the

is
group, and,
inscription
repeated, the rest of the placed between the names

if
;
the
titles
and name of the king are almost

in
always written
a direction contrary to that of the other words, apparently as a
mark
official
of
respect
(see
fig.
31).
These
Fig- 3'
range in date from the First Dynasty to the time of Pep^^ II of the Sixth Dynasty, when they became
cylinder-seals
superseded by the seals of the stamp form.

Cylinder-seals bearing the name officials are also known (see iîg. 32).
and
titles
of
Private
^l^^^
These appear
56
have been used as the
privâte seals of the
to
persons
whose names are engraved upon them. They date from the Twelfth Dynasty into the Twenty-Sixth,
.
Scroll
terns, etc.
but are very rare. very small class of cylinder-seal bears scroll These appear for patterns or geometrical devices,^
time during the intermediate period between the end of the Sixth and the beginning of the Twelfth
the
first
Dynasty, when they are generally made of glazed
and are very coarsely executed. The specimens of a later time (probably Seventeenth or early
pottery,
Eighteenth
Dynasty)
are
of
glazed
steatite,
and
beautifully cut.
2.
Button-shaped and Hemi-cylinder Seals.

small, but very distinctive class of seal, cut in
the shape of a button, with flat circular disc and loop at the back (see has recently been found in fig. ^s),
Egypt, and closely akin to
this class
is
another, but
Figs,
^s and 34.
much
smaller one, the examples of which are cut in
the form of a hemi-cylinder (sometimes with projecting base), and pierced through their length by a hole of
sufficient size to
1
admit of 1
See
PI.
fine piece of string

figs.
being
VII,
and
9.
SCARABS.
inserted (see
seals
fig.
57
34).
Some
:
of the
instead
is
have ornamented backs

fig.
button-shaped of the loop
being plain as in
as to
39,
it
cut in such a
way
represent two hawks' heads, or the fore-parts of two lions back to back. Occasionally we also
find
specimens
(fig.
in
the
shape of
hippopotamus'
head
40).
Fig. 35-
Fig. 36.
The specimens
of these two classes were used as
How
used
stamps, and they are generally found either attached mounted. to a finger by a flaxen thread, or threaded to a string
of beads, in which case they were worn around the neck as pendants.^ Occasionally they have been found
without any attachment, but simply held by the owner in his or her left hand.
Fig 37-
Fig. 38-
These two
in
classes of seal
were
in use in
Egypt
for Their
history.
a limited period only.
They appear
for the first time
graves belonging to the end of the Sixth Dynasty,^

1
Garstang's Mahdsna,
p. 33.
Perhaps even
earlier.
58
and during the period intervening between that time and the beginning of the Middle Kingdom they were Before the end the commonest form of seal in use.^ of the Eleventh Dynasty they seem to have entirely
disappeared.
Fig- 39-
The subects en-
;raved on i) button'.eals.
patterns^ that we find engraved upon buttonshaped seals are distinctive, and they are certainly not
The
Upper Egyptian
rarely occur
{cf.
in
fig.
their origin.
41),
Hieroglyphs very
do,
and when they
they
Fig. 40.
are clearly imitations
of Egyptian
characters
for
made
apparently by foreigners.
The motives
some of
JSl
1 See Mace, in Petrie's Diospolis Farva, p. 39, and cf. Garstang, Mahasna, pp. 33 and 34. ^ For specimens beyond those figured here, see Petrie, in the Antiquary, XXXII, p. 136, and Garstang, / J/ay^cw/â, PI. XXXIX.
SCARABS.
the designs are clear
59
thus a
common
type
is
that
which has already been noticed as occurring on a

class of early cylinder-seal
the
linked forequarters of
gazelles and
[cf.
other
;
animals
symmetrically
find
arranged
a curious
40) running figure of a

figs.
39,
sometimes also we
man
(fig.
42,
and
cf, fig. 35),
and
Fig. 41.
Fig. 42.
Fig. 43.
occasionally a tortoise, a lizard

{cf. fig.
{cf. fig.
43), or a spider
44).
Conventional and geometrical patterns

the meander^ and the radiated disc
are also found,
being perhaps the most frequent.
See
1
also figs. 45-6.

seals (2) Hemicylinders,
The
but the
patterns occurring on the hemi-cylinder

1
are nearly
all
geometrical, as
figure
is
shown
ngs. 47-57,
in
human
sometimes represented, as
34-
Fig. 44.
Fig. 45.
Fig. 46.
button-shaped seals are of considerable Historical interest to the student of comparative archaeology, Q^KtoT and they are certainly not Upper Egyptian in their shaped
origin.
^
The
The
earlier
forms have, moreover, no

in
affinity
See Arthur Evans,

p. 104.
the
Annual of
the British School at
Athens, No. VIII,
6o
Mycenaean
series of designs, and, as
to the
Mr. Petrie^
has remarked, the
spirals, butterfly, cuttlefish
and other
characteristic types are absent.
On
the other hand,
they have several links which connect them to the Greek Island and Cretan class of seals, and also to
Fig. 48.
Fig. 49,
some found
in Italy,
from which we
origin.^
may perhaps
infer
that they are of
common
An
almost exact
reproduction of some of these steatite buttons in clay actually occurs in the Italian tei'i''amare, and in the
Ligurian
periods.
Mr. A. Evans
cave deposits of neolithic and aeneolithic " The clay stamp from writes.
'
"
II
Fig- 5-
Fig- 51-
the terramare
of Montale in the
52,
Modenese, repreis
sented
in
fig.
the top of which
now
broken,
an exceptional interest
engravers."
eventually prove to have quite the history of Aegian art, as the direct progenitors of the lentoid beads so much affected by the Mycenaean
The Antiquaij, XXXII, "Tliese stone buttons

in
p. 37.
may
A. Evans,
m Journal of Hellenic Studies,
XIV,
p.
335.
SCARABS.
was probably once perforated,
6i
in
is not only analogous form but bears a simple geometrical design almost identical with that on an early steatite
button-seal from Knossos."
Specimens of button-seals have been

found
lazuli,
^^Jl/I^^
^^S* ^~'
Material,
in
gold, amethyst, carnelian, lapis black steatite, steatite glazed blue

ivory,
or
green,
bone,
and blue
or
green glazed
hemi-cylinders are only as yet in steatite crlazed blue or grreen.

pottery.
The
known
3.
Scarab-shaped Seals.
seal
By
far the
commonest form of Egyptian
was
Scarabg^^j^
that cut in the shape of the scarabaeus beetle, hence " its name, Scarab" or " Scarabaeus," from the Greek
name
an
of the insect,
o-KapaySo? or o-/capa/3to9 (Latin
scarabaeus).elliptical
The
base,
beetle
is
represented standing on
is
engraved in intaglio The a hieroglyphic inscription or ornamental pattern. seals of this class range in size from a fifth of an inch
in length to four or
on which
even
five
inches,
but the com-
about three-quarters of an inch, by half-an-inch broad and a quarter of an inch high.
monest
size
is
are nearly always pierced longitudinally with a hole, the size of which is usually just sufficient to
They
receive a thread or thin wire.

^
Journal of Hellenic
Studies,
XIV,
p.
336.
The
beetle, called in
Egyptian Kheper, was the sacred emblem
of the god
who made
all
things out of clay.
62
When
[ovv used.
the scarab-seal was used for sealing, it was simply pressed upon the clay destined to receive the impression, just as a signet is used at the present
day.
large
number of
clay-sealings from scarabs
have been found
in different localities in
in
Egypt, and
bear witness to the manner
which
this class of seal
was used.
[ow
lounted.
The
greater
number of scarabs were probably
simply strung on a thread of string, by which they were secured to the garment or girdle of the person
Somethey belonged. times they were worn on the finger, attached by a piece of string (fig. 53),
to
whom
they were simply mounted as swivels to metal rings, in which they

or
revolved
Fig. ^z.
(fig.
closed in
they were ena metal frame or fmida in

54), or
order to protect their edges from injury, and then mounted as swivels to metal rings (fig. 55), Such
Fig.
54.
Fig2
:
55I.
mountings often give us a clue to the date of these objects, and will be found described in detail in
,'urrent
leas
the section on signet-rings. The beetle upon which
these
little
seals
are
jgarding
carabs.
modelled,
and from which they take
their
name,
SCARABS.
is
63
the
which
is
Scarabaeus sacer of entomologists, an insect remarkable not only for the structure and
its
situation of
hind
legs,
which give
appearance when walking, but also

rolling
a singular for its habit of

it
up
balls of excrementitious
matter in which
balls
the female encloses

the insect rolls
her
eggs.
The
until
about the sand

thick
coated
with
a size often as large

Egyptians,
nature,
layer of dust, as the insect
dung become they and grow to

itself.
of
The
of
who were always keen

noticed
this
observers
habit,
early
remarkable
and
selected
the scarabaeus as the symbol of their god " " " " or rolls he who turns for the conKhepera,
;
Khepera caused the sun to move across the sky, as the beetle causes its ball to roll There was also another reason along the sand.
ception was
that
for
the
Egyptian
:
linking
the
insect
as the young beetle together the ball of clay it was believed that a female beetle " did not exist, that it was consequently the only" creature self-produced begotten," because it was a Hence we find and not conceived by a female." that for this reason it is said to have been taken as
and the god came forth from
the
emblem
who we find
found
" Father of the Gods," of Khepera, the created all things out of clay. Consequently
that several
meaning
archaeologists attach a sacred to the myriads of scarabs that have been

;
in Egypt they regard them simply as emblems of the god Khepera. It is, however, as a "charm" or "amulet" having
magical qualities that the scarab is usually spoken of at the present day, and that a few of them had
a magical
signification
is
proved
beyond a doubt
64
are
by the inscriptions that some of them. There is

being
also a
found engraved upon mention of a scarab
purposes of magic in a magical receipt book^ of the period intervening between the end of the Twelfth and the beginning
employed
for
the
of
the
Eighteenth
in
Dynasty
this
but
it
must here be
is
remarked that
khetem
to
case
the
scarab
called
or
"seal,"
which
clearly
shows that
the
Egyptians regarded these objects primarily as whatever other uses they may have put them.
seals,
the fact that scarabs bearing royal are often found with mummies in the tombs,
From
names
it
has
been conjectured that they were laid with the dead " to place them under the protection of their former lord in the next world, and to ensure that they should
follow
him and share
in
all
the
immunities
and
privileges that so great a divine being
would enjoy
with the gods.'
Another theory regarding Egyptian scarabs is that they were employed as tokens of value, but, as
we have already
remarked,-^ the idea that they
were
not
used for the purposes of barter or exchange
is
supported by the inscriptions, or by any of the scenes depicted on the walls of the ancient tombs or temples.
The
statement of Plato that engraved stones were used in Ethiopia as money refers to Ethiopia alone
and not
to Egypt, for there

in
was
certainly
no coined
of the
money
the
Nile Valley until
the
period
Ptolemies.
these objects were
Other archaeologists there are made and used

1
who
for
hold
that
the
purpose
Erman, Zauberspriiche
P. 2f.
filr
Mutter und Kind,
p. 38.
SCARABS.
but although there of personal decoration reason to believe that they were often,
;
65
is
every
perhaps
generally, worn follows that this

use.
on
was
person, it by no means their only or even their principal
the
present day we often carry our seals on our watch chains, or we wear our signets as rings on our fingers, but we cannot rightly say that these
At
the
articles
were made
solely for the
adornment of the
person.
These are the

and
been set forth
principal theories regarding the use
signification of the
in
Egyptian scarab which have works hitherto published on the
subject, but archaeologists are beginning to abandon these views in favour of another and a simpler one,
that has not as yet
been discussed at length, but that
recognizes in these little objects nothing more than a simple seal or signet.^ This use is borne witness to
by the great number of actual impressions of them on bits of clay that have served as seals to letters and
other documents, as well as to boxes, vases, and bags that have been found in the ruins of ancient towns
;
and these impressions include every variety of scarab royal, official, and private, as well as those bearing
of animals
figures
and ornamental
patterns.
The
large
officials
number of scarabs which bear the names of and private persons also points to the same
it
impossible to regard the examples of this extensive group in any other light than as the
conclusion, for
is
"direct forerunners of the private seals which are so universal in the East at the present day." large
more than
This interpretation of the scarab was first given by Dr. Birch half a century ago, but has geiierally been lost sight of
by archaeologists.
66
number of scarabs have also been dug up by excavators which are mounted hi metal bands { fundue), showing that they had served as bezels to rings, and
many early rings with scarab bezels may be seen in these can hardly be regarded in any our museums
;
other light than as signet-rings. It has been urged against this interpretation that the manufacture of scarabs in such profusion as we
find them, precludes the idea that they
and nothing more, but
it
seems
to
were signets have been for-
gotten that many millions of people must have lived during the several thousand years of ancient Egyptian
history.
The
fact also that so
many
bear the royal

like-
superscription
of one and
the
same king has

;
wise been brought forward as a serious objection to the theory that royal scarabs were used as seals but
here again the two kings whose names are most often found on these objects are the two Thothmes III
and Rameses
all
II
whose
reigns were the longest of
the Egyptian monarchs, and they must have employed a great number of officials entitled to use the
It is in royal seals during their long administrations. the light of seals, therefore, that scarabs are considered
in the present
Their
'^ '^'^^'
volume.
to fix the precise period at
first
It
is difficult
which the
scarab form of seal
It is a appears that not a single specimen noteworthy fact, however, has yet been authenticated from a grave of a date
in history.
anterior to the Sixth Dynasty.
The remarkable tombs
discovered by Petrie, de
Morgan and others, at Abydos, and Bet Khalaf, though they contained not a Nagada,
single scarab or impression of one, produced a large series of clay sealings used for wine jars, etc., ex-
SCARABS.
hibiting impressions of cylinder seals.
also that in the extensive
It is
67
remarkable
cemetery of Dendera, where there were many remains of the Sixth to Eleventh Dynasties, not a single scarab was found which could
be attributed to an earlier period than the Twelfth Dynasty, and a similar result was obtained from the
cemetery at
Hu of the
same
period.
excavations at Beni
Hasan, out tombs of the period that were opened and examined, not one inscribed scarab was found of the Eleventh
In Mr. Garstang's of eight hundred
and early Twelfth Dynasties. These facts would lead one to suppose that at least scarabs were not in
general use in Egypt until the middle of the Twelfth
Dynasty. A few scarabs, however, bear the names of kings of the Fourth, Fifth, and Sixth Dynasties, but from
the forms of the backs, the glaze and general technique, they all appear to me to be of a much later period
than that of the monarchs whose names they bear.
The names
anterior
to
the
Twelfth
Dynasty
that
occur upon such scarabs are Mena, Khufu, Kha-ef-ra, Men-kau-ra, Unas, Mery-ra (Pep)^ I) and Mer-en-ra.
The Mena
scarabs are admitted by Prof. Petrie and
other Egyptian archaeologists to be of a much later date than the Old Kingdom. That scarabs of Khufu,
Kha-ef-ra and
Eighteenth
question.
Men-kau-ra were made during the and later dynasties there can be no
In the Cairo
Museum
are four scarabs,
all
found together by Mariette at Sakkara, which are of
one exactly the same modelling, material and glaze bears the name of Khufu, another that of Nefer-ka-ra,
:
the
third
that
of Nefer-ra, while
the
fourth
is
of
Amenardes
of the
Twenty-Fourth Dynasty,
F 2
In a
68
private collection in Cairo is a scarab bearing the name of Kha-ef-ra in green glazed steatite, with cutting,
form of back, and glaze exactly similar to that of a well-known type of Thothmes III. All the Men-kaura scarabs are also undoubtedly not earlier than the
The Unas scarabs period of the Eighteenth Dynasty. bear a great resemblance to a certain class of the
Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties they are generally coarsely cut, and the glaze has turned a dull
:
only scarab of Mery-ra known same style as the scarabs of the Thirteenth Dynasty, and Mer^-ra was a fairly common
brown.
The
is
of the
personal
that
name
is
at
that period.
I
About the
Fig. 56.
Mer-en-ra example
it
am
inclined to believe
perhaps contemporary with
the
king whose name it bears, for it is of glazed pottery, and closely resembles in style and technique a very small and distinctive class of scarab-seal which has been recently found in association
with
of
graves
button-shaped seals in the intermediate period
between the end of the Old Kingdom and the beginning of the Twelfth
Dynasty.^ That scarabs sometimes bear the names of two or more kings,
Fig. 57.
is
also another proof that
we cannot
SCARAB BEARING
THE NAMES THOTHMES HI AND AMENHETEP II.
always treat of them as contemporary with the kings whose names they
bear.
Thus scarabs are known Thothmes I, III, and Sety I, ' 2:1 Thothmes III and Usertsen III, Men-kau-ra and Thothmes III.
^
of
of
of
See
later, p. 70, fig. 59.
SCARABS.
It
69
seems
in
clear, therefore,
that
scarabs were not
Egypt before the end of the Sixth At the beDynasty, and then only very rarely. ginning of the Twelfth Dynasty their use was still
employed
very restricted, but at the middle of that dynasty they came into general use very quickly, and by the time of Amenemhat III they seem to have been widespread in Egypt.
From
that time
onwards
to the
end
of the Twenty-sixth Dynasty the history of Egyptian after scarab-seals can be traced in an unbroken line
;
the latter period they
became very
times.
scarce,
and
finally
disappear
early in
Roman
Many Egyptian scarab-seals have been found in Geographi In Syria they regions other than the Nile Valley.
^gJpJian
In Cyprus, Rhodes, have been turned up in plenty. the Aegean Islands and the Greek mainland, numerous
scarab-seaL
examples have been found.

discovered
at
They have
in
also
been
Crete,
in
Italy
and Sardinia, on the

in all Babylonia, relations with the
north
places
coast
in
of
Africa,
and
fact
that
had
trade
Egyptians.
period to which a scarab belongs may often Varieties be determined from its shape and the markings on the ^"^P^-
The
of
back of the beetle
hence
it
is
important to carefully
In
note the varieties of form which occur.

will
fig. 58 be seen a specimen of a scarab-beetle (the real Scarabaeus sacer^) with the nomenclature of its various
:
parts described
references.
these
names
will
be used
in
later
Prof. Flinders Petrie believes that
he can recognize, besides

beetle
:
the
true
scarab,
four
other varieties
of
the
Artharsius^
Copris,
Gymnopkarus and Hypselogenia.
70
The
earliest
re-Middle
.insfdom.
small in size
examples known are of pottery, glazed, and somewhat rough in modelling. The
but distinguish the head, prothorax
lines are coarse,
HEM
--mm
pmwaMx
SHOULDER
FEMUn
S.saouLDm
ELYTM
Fig. 58.
and body, with elytra marked. The specimens figured, No. 59, are from El Mahasna, and are now in the
museum
just
at Cairo.
tells
Probably they
may be
dated, the
discoverer
me, to the rise of the
Middle Kingdom,
before the
Eleventh
bearing the
class.
name
The example Dynasty. of Mer-en-ra (fig. 56) is of this
Fig. 59-
The
Pwelftii
Three
varieties
of form are characteristic of the
Dynast).
Twelfth Dynasty.
to the reigns of
The
earliest,
I
Usertsen
dated approximately and Uscrtsen II, show
beetle carefully modelled, with clypeus (fig. 60), prothorax and elvtra, as well as the legs, well defined.
the
SCARABS.
71
Just later, about the time of Amenemhat III, a more decorative and conventional style appears, in which,
while the lines are treated with more freedom, and

small
embellishments are introduced for ornamental

fig.
purposes as in
61,
the form and details of the
Fig. 60.
Fig. 61.
beetle are nevertheless well preserved.
common
noticeable
form of
this date is
shown
in fig.
62
it is
that the elytra are not outlined, but the marking of the head, eyes, and legs appears as in the previous
examples.
This type, with

through
in
slight variations, perseveres,
being
traceable
the
of
Hyksos
the
early
period,
and
reflected
specimens
Eighteenth
Dynasty.
The
closing years of the royal line of the Middle
Fig. 62.
Fio"
61
Kingdom, commonly called the Twelfth and Thirteenth Dynasties, are marked by a special variety of beetle,
which has a high back (particularly at the protkorax, where the scarab is thickest) and a narrow waist, pro-
duced by an indent on either side
at the point
where the
72
prothorax and elytra adjoin. The head shows clypeus and eyes the legs are usually shown in outline only,
:
There is a second while the elytra are not marked. type, characteristic also of these times, which is in
reality a
development from
earlier forms, as
may be
Fig. 64.
Fig. 65.
seen by comparing the example in

previously illustrated in fig. 60. decorative effect seen in this case
fied
is
fig.
64 with that
to
The tendency
further exempli-
by a number of scarabs which seem to follow the
prototype of fig. 61, though failing to preserve the quality of the lines and cutting.
iC
Hyksos
As
previously
mentioned,
riod.
which no elytra are shown

variety through the
type of remains the

the
period.
back
in
common
Hyksos
short notch
Fig. 66.
Fig. 67.
on each side indicates the point of division of the prothorax from the body, and in the example shown The head and in fig. 65 the legs are suggested only.
clypeus are plain
;
the eye
is
is
sometimes represented.
in
decorative effect
produced
some
instances, as
SCARABS.
in fig. 66,
by representing hairy legs upon the back A unique example for the period is of the beetle. illustrated in fig. 67, where the back is scored with
lines
diagonally in each direction.

is
Another
typical
form
shown
in
in fig. 68,
which the threading holes
Fig. 68.
Fig. 69.
are supported by a ring carved with the scarab, while the beetle itself is developed apparently from the type
in
fig.
back
In such scarabs the hairy legs upon the Another Hyksos occasionally may be noted.
63.
type characteristically
represents the human head 69, and compare the scarab of King Apepy (fig. figured in Plate I) upon the body of the scarab with
or without the
leofs
over the back.
Fig. 70.
Fig. 71.
Hyksos period there is no The discontinuity in the forms of scarab-backs commonly D^ynasty! represented, but there is a marked incoming of new
close of the
With the
motives.
Fig. 70 well shows the survival in the early Eighteenth Dynasty of the plain-bodied scarab which
74
we have seen surviving throughout the earHer periods. Marks hitherto naturalistic are seen to be becoming
conventional or decorative, but the form both in outline
and
in
section
is
however, there
In fig. 71, preserved. seen a new type, characterised by

is
well
Fig. 72.
Fig. 73-
the oval base, the curving of the lines separating the prothorax from the body, and a superiority of tech-
nique evidenced both by symmetry and firm cutting. Fig. 72 illustrates a development of this tendency in
a highly-finished and
decorative
ornamental feeling now over the naturalistic. The support of the thread-hole
specimen, in which predominates for the first time
Fig. 74-
Fig. 75.
survives in this instance in the decoration, while the

legs overspread upon a broader margin to the base. The date of this example is Amenhetep I. But the
typical
Eighteenth Dynasty which illustrated by the example shown in fig.

']'i^,
form of the middle
is
is
SCARABS.
dated by the
75
of Hatshepsut. The head and back are well shaped in the section, while the clypeus and head are clearly and exquisitely cut. The pro-
name
thorax
is
rounded at the base, while

is
in the forepart of
the elytra a small notch
indicated in the
wing case
Fig. 76.
Fig- 77-
on each
side.
The
in
fig.
legs are
sometimes well modelled,
at other times indicated only in outline.

is
variation
illustrated
74,
which dates from the time
of
Amenhetep III. With the advent

it
tendency
to enlarge the base,
of the Nineteenth Dynasty the The and the spreading legs
^metcent!
and around the scarab, becomes typical of the period, as illustrated in figs. 75, 76. Another numerous class is of pottery, glazed as before, in which the head
upon
Fig. 78.
Fig. 79.
is
outlined.
elongated while the prothorax and elytra are not downward notch on either side of the
forepart
wing cases, however, indicates the The separation of the prothorax from the body.
legs stand high,
of the
but project only a
little
(fig.
^"j).
76
During the reign of Rameses the Great an interesting

decorative motive
is
introduced in a few examples, of
The figs, j^, 79 are specimens of interest. former, in the Amherst Collection, is of ivory, finely cut. Upon the base is the device of
which
Rameses
back
in
is
in his
chariot,
while
upon the
filled
the outline
his
of the
beetle,
with
cartouche
and
emblems.
Fig. 80.
During the same period the human head upon the scarab body makes its reappearance as a device
for decoration.
he
thiopian Dminion.
With the Ethiopian dominion a ram's head (the emblem of Amen-ra) frequently is found upon the beetle body (fig. 80) while sometimes, as shown in the body of the scarab is replaced by the fig. 81, familiar Hathor head with uraei on either side.
;
he subcts en-
The
subjects
engraved on Egyptian scarab-seals

into
aved on
arab-seals.
may be
groups. there are those which bear hieroglyphic inFirstly, Secondly, there are scriptions.
divided
several
well-defined
those which bear figures of men, and thirdly, animals, or flowers

;
those which bear geometrical designs, coil

Hieroyphic
scriptions.
and rope patterns,
etc.
For the purposes of study the

first
group
:
may be
subdivided
into
(i) those
which are inscribed

Fig. 81.
with the names of kings and other royal personages (2) those which
;
bear the names of officials and private people (3) those which have titles without names (4) those which re; ;
present the names or figures of deities, and (5) those which bear good wishes, mottoes, and magic formulae.
SCARABS.
^^
i'i largest riT^ and titles or the
The
class of these objects bear the
names (0
!
;
bgyptian kings
they are conse-
Royal names.
quently most valuable for the illustrations they afford some of these names being of Egyptian history if at all, known except from these sources. scarcely,
:
information they convey is, of course, usually very laconic, but sometimes the names are coupled with some facts connected with them, such as that the
The
king is the son of a certain prince (PL X, he is born of a queen (PI. X, 3), or that he
of
2),
is
or that
beloved
some god
(PI,
XXX,
22), or that
he has conquered
the foreigners (PI. XXVIII, 10). Scarab-seals bearing seals of
officials
and private
(2) Private
They usually persons form the second largest class. one or more titles of the official, together with give The earliest example known is the personal name.
one
"
in the
Amherst
of
it
Collection, bearing the

at
name
of the
Mayor Tahutihetep," from a tomb

is
El Bersheh, and
the date
Usertsen
II
were common during the

early
late
;
(PI. XI, 15). They Twelfth Dynasty and
period they occur fairly often during the first half of the Eighteenth Dynasty^ but are rarely found after that date. Frequently these
intermediate
private scarabs are decorated with a scroll pattern or other ornament, often very beautifully executed.
very small number bear titles without personal namies, such as "the courtier" (PI. XLI, 20), "the
(3) Titles.
governor of the royal city" (PI. XLI, 22), "the priest," and " the mayor." These are all of a late date
(Twenty-sixth Dynasty), and are very
rare.
(4)
Names
are
or figures of deities engraved on scarabs common, but they are mostly of the principal gods
Names
êities'^^^
and goddesses of Egypt, such as Amen,
Amen-Ra
78
XLI,
(PI.
(PI.
iS),
Ptah
5),
(PI.
XLI,
13),
Khensu,
Isis,
XLI, Set (PL XLI, 15).

5)
Hathor
Mut, Horus (PI. XLI, 10), and These date from the beginning of
the Eighteenth onwards to the Twenty-sixth Dynasty.
Good
ishes,
lottoes,
Scarabs bearing good wishes, mottoes, and magic formulae are numerous. Some of them not only give
the good wishes, but even the names of the persons
nd magic
)rmulae.
from
whom
"
:
they emanated and to

inscription
whom they
were
sent.
Thus the
reads the
(PI.
on one
to his
in the Petrie Collection
May
Ptah give a
Happy New
Year, from
"
Prince
Shashanq
mother Ka-ra-ma-ma
"
A XL, 8). Others give simply the words, " Happy New Year" (PI. XL, 2), or May Bast give a If Happy New Year" (PI. XL, 3). Some read,
*'
Amen
"
*I.
is
behind, there
is
no
fear
"
(PI,
XXXIX,
27),
while a
I
Figures
/f
men and
little plaque in the Hood Collection says, am true of heart" (PI. XL, 21). Many scarab-seals bear the figures of men and
nimals, etc.
animals, the principal animals figured being the lion, Birds are also bull, cynocephalus, horse, and gazelle.
often engraved, the hawk, the emblem of Horus, being the commonest. Serpents are very common, and we
of serpents with animals, sphinxes, griffons, and sometimes beetles and locusts (see PL XXV). Flowers, such as the lotus,
are frequently found engraved on these seals. Hunting scenes on scarab-seals appear
first
also occasionally find combinations
for
the
time during the Hyksos period, and a beautifully cut specimen of this date is in the Ashmolean Museum
represents a king clad in a striped loin-cloth with fringed edge, and wearing a Armed with a bow and curiously-shaped head-dress.
at
Oxford (PL
XXV,
26).
It
arrows, he hunts three ibex-gazelles and a lion
among
SCARABS.
79
bushes of a desert wady. To a later period, probably not earlier than the Nineteenth Dynasty, belong the
^^) shows a hunter with lions and cheetahs chasing a gazelle. The second and commonest type represents an archer
rarest type (PI.
common hunt scarabs 33-39. The first and
of the types figured in PL
XLII,
XLII,
hunting the lion and other desert animals

35).
(PI.
XLII,
The
third type
the hunter riding in horses (PI. XLII, 37-39), while on other scarabs we sometimes see the huntsman overtaken by a lion, and
lying
elaborate, and depicts a chariot drawn by one or more

is
more
on the ground, apparently slain (PI. XLII, 34). The cutting of these Nineteenth Dynasty hunt scarabs
flat
less coarsely
is always more or few specimens bear any trace of glazing, and when found it is always of an inferior kind, which has turned brown. is
generally deep, and the subject
rendered
Scarabs with ornamental devices, such as
coils
and
Coil and
patterns,
twisted rope patterns engraved upon them, appear first about the reign of Usertsen I, and continued in use to
the middle of the Eighteenth Dynasty, after which The date of any single period they rarely occur. be determined by the form of specimen may generally the back, but the glazing and general style of cutting is also important in this connection. Specimens of the
late
fine
Twelfth and early Thirteenth Dynasties are often examples of ornamental art they are generally designed with much care, and executed with wonderful
:
minuteness and delicacy of touch. Finely worked specimens are also found of the time of Queen
A representative Hatshepsut and Thothmes III. series of coil and rope-pattern scarabs is given in
Pis.
XVIII and XIX.
The
rope-patterns figured in
8o
XIX,
PI.
PI.
1-3, are of the
Hyksos
range
period, while those

in
on
XVIII,
1-15,
18,
date
from the
coilDynasties. patterns given in PI. XIX, 4, 5, 9, are certainly of the Hyksos period, while the remainder of the coil
Twelfth to the
Eighteenth
The
patterns are mainly of the late Twelfth and EighOften the continuous loop coil teenth Dynasties.
was
used
to
ornament the scarabs

in
officials.
The
of kings and earliest example, indeed the earliest

coil-pattern
I,
example of any
fully
Egypt,
is
found on
a scarab of Usertsen
most exquisitely worked and

it
developed
(fig,
82).
For a long time past

tne
spiral
has been
a motive
thought that
in
as
decoration
originated in the Nile Valley, and
much
misconception seems to prevail among archaeoloo"ists as to its occurrence in
Egypt.
^^' ^'
Prof.
Petrie
says^
that
its
earliest use in the
country was for the
decoration
spiral
of
scarabs,
and
as
he would
the
Fifth
it
trace
the
motive
single
back
as
that
far
Dynasty.
is
The
bears
is
scarab
he instances,
true,
the
prenomen of Dad-ka-Ra (Assa),

the slightest
particular
but there
believe
not
this
reason
to
make one
is
that
specimen
contem;
the poraneous with the king whose name it bears whole style of it, on the contrary, clearly shows that it belonos to no earlier a date than the
Eighteenth
1
Dynasty.
Decoi-ative
is
Prof.
Petrie
18
also
attributes
Egypiiati
Aft,
pp.
and
19.
The
spiral,
it
should be noted,
found on certain upright and squat prehistoric of the sequence dating 39-64, but these are always single, not pots
spirals.
conjoined or returning
SCARABS.
8i
a number of scarabs bearing coil, hook and link ornamentation to the Sixth and Eighth Dynasties,
but these have been conclusively
shown by Eraser ^
than p7'e that the spiral has
rather
and
Griffith^
to be
in reality post
The fact is Dynasty. not yet been found on Egyptian monuments of an It was older date than the reign of Usertsen I.
Twelfth
then used as a motive for decorating- a
the
ceilino-
in
tomb
of
a
it
chieftain
is
at
Assiut.^
Employed
until
architecturally
not
found
again
the
beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty, when it was perhaps the most frequent motive for ceiling decorations
in
Theban
tombs.
In
these
tombs
it
is
generally coloured yellow, to represent gold, and it is highly probable that the ornament itself originated
in
metal wire-work.^
At
the
same time as we
find
we
this
also
find
bearing the
the spiral used prenomen of Usertsen

is
occurring at Assiut, to decorate a scarab

it
I
(fig.
82).
On
cut with very great care and regularity, indicating that the design was " a
1
specimen the ornament
Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology, Vol.

Ibid., Vol.
XXI,
p. 148.
3 ^
XIX,
detail
p. 294.
ceiling (with wrong colouring) is Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians, Vol. I, PI. VIII, fig. 7. Identically the same pattern occurs in a Twenty-sixth Dynasty tomb at Thebes.
small
in
of
this
published
Wilkinson's
Milchhofer, Z)ie Anfdnge der Kunst, p. 16 et seqq. ; Petrie, Egyptiafi Decorative Art, p. 29. ; Much, Die Kupferzeit, p. 55 ; Hall, TJu Oldest Civilization of Greece, p. 157 ; A. C. Haddon, Evolution in Art, p. 141. Dr. Arthur Evans, on the contrary,
first used in stonework, and only at a metal and other materials {Journal of Hellenic Studies, Vol. XIII, p. 329).
believes that the spiral was
later
date transferred
to
82
^ novelty, which had not yet become stereotyped and reproduced as a matter of course." The same ex-
workmanship is found on some scarabs bearingprivate names of the time of Amenemhat III or a little and here the continuous coil is combined with later a continuous coil, the lotus in a most beautiful design with flowers and buds in the spaces (PI. XIV, figs.
quisite
;
21-26).
It is
difficult to
believe that such a design

;
sprang been found

to
into being fully developed

in
Egypt at all like it the Twelfth Dynasty we must

;
but nothing has yet of a period anterior

therefore search for
the origin and development of the spiral motive in ornament elsewhere than in the Nile Valley. We do
not yet
know
sufficiently the history of the

it
Delta to
did not originate there, but the probabilities are that we should look for its earliest employment and development outside the realm of
say definitely that
Egypt.^ However that may be, the spiral was one of the most important of the motives of the decorative From very ancient times it art of the ancient world.
was largely used by the peoples of Western Asia and " the wake of early the Eastern Mediterranean, and in
commerce
was spread afield to the Danubian basin, and thence in turn by the valley of the Elbe to the Amber coast of the North Sea there to supply the
it
;
Petrie,
Egyptian Decorative Art,
p. 22.
Among
the jewellry discovered by
M. de Morgan
at
Dahshur
{temp. Usertsen II) was an exquisite gold ring (certainly not of Egyptian manufacture), with two spirals worked on its bezel in gold In the wire-work. (See De Morgan, Dakchour, I, p. 68, fig. 145.)
Ashmolean Museum
characteristic of
is
a black ware vase from Egypt of the style
the late Twelfth Dynasty deposits, which has a punctuated returning spiral ornament round the upper part of its
body.
SCARABS.
83
Scandinavian Bronze Agê population with their lead-
Adopted by the Celtic tribes ing decorative designs. in the Central European area, it took at a somewhat
later date
a westerly turn, reached Britain with the ^ invading Belgae, and finally survived in Irish art." Scarabs are made of all kinds of material, from the
hardest obsidian and
Material.
even wood.
stones.
In
all
^^^^ amethyst, to soft steatite and stones, ages they were made of hard obsidian,
*^^^*
Obsidian, spotted diorite, beryl, white quartz, hematite, amethyst, serpentine, green and red jasper,
as well as red carnelians, lapis lazuli, and turquoise were all in use from the end of the Twelfth Dynasty
onwards
Twenty-sixth. Rarely during the earlier periods were the bases of the hardest stone specimens engraved they were usually covered with
to
;
the
a gold plate, upon which the device or inscription was

incised.
a few of gold, and Gold, two or three of silver are known of the Eio-hteenth s"^^''-
Metal scarabs are very rare
^^^
and Nineteenth Dynasties, while about a dozen examples of bronze, of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Dynasties,
are preserved in our museums. At the middle of the Eighteenth
first
Dynasty glass and of the reigns of the Amenheteps III appears, and IV a number of seals have been found of a beautiful
Glass and
^y^""^-
Of the late deep blue glass. a few specimens are known of Eighteenth Dynasty
semitransparent
1
A.
J.
Studies, Vol.
Evans, Primitive Pidographs, in Journal of Helkfiic XIV, p. 328. Cf. G. Coffey, The Origins of Prehistoric
1894,
Ornament
p. 142,
in Ireland, in
of Ireland,
J.
Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries 1895 ; and A. C. Haddon, Evolution in Art,
Romilly Allen, Celtic Art in Pagan and Christian Times,
PP- 51-54.
G 2
84
cyanus, an alkaline silicate coloured a deep blue with carbonate of copper, and this material was used in
dust and
tcatite. '
increasing quantity till the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. Besides the hard stones enumerated above, shellylimestone, schist, and steatite were also employed, and a few scarabs are known that were made of ivory.
'
Steatite (or soapstone)
was used
in the
manufacture of
'
scarabs from the Twelfth to the Twentieth Dynasties, and by far the greater number of specimens are made
of this material.
easily
cut,
It
is
a silicate of magnesium,
soft,
and
at
the
it
same time
pactness
injured,
finish
I
secures
from
superior combeing readily broken or

its
and
it
is
also capable of receiving a higher
and much sharper impression of the subject

steatite
than porcelain.
Che Glazes.
scarabs were nearly always glazed, and the glazing often helps to indicate the date of a specimen. Only by a careful study of a large
of specimens can the eye be accustomed to differentiate between the varieties of glazing used at different periods. very fine blue glaze of excellent
The
number
'.
characteristic of the Twelfth Dynasty, and green glaze was also often used at this period. Many
quality
is
shades of blue and green glaze of very hard quality on the specimens of the Thirteenth are found
Dynasty, and the few Hyksos scarabs that yet retain their colour show that a green glaze of a poorer The characteristic quality was used at that period.
I
glazes of the early Eighteenth
Dynasty are green, of
'
a slightly greyish
generally of a fine surface, while those of the latter half of the dynasty, though coarser
tint,
in quality, are often
very
brilliant in colour,
all
and show a
variety of tints ranging through
the shades of blue
SCARABS.
and green.
period.
85
Violet glaze was also employed at this The glazes of the Nineteenth Dynasty are
often poor in quality, and generally of a dark yellowish-
green colour, though sometimes blue and violet. colour commonest during the Twentieth and
The
later
It should be period are blue of various shades. remarked here that the greatest number of scarabs the brown ones were invariably are brown or white coloured green, and the white specimens blue.
:
4.
Miscellaneous Forms of Seals.

other forms of seals are met
Miscelj-^J^^^"^
Besides scarabaei,
with in Egypt. Many of them have little models of men or animals on the back, as human-heads,
symbolic eyes, hippopotami, lions, hedgehogs, ducks, while not a few are shaped fish, frogs, flies, crocodiles
;
like cowries.
A
cones.
large
number are
squares,
also cut in geometrical forms,
tablet-shaped,
rectangles,
ovals,
all
cubes,
and
Like the scarabs, they are

mounted.
in
their long axis or diameter, with a

hole,
pierced, through narrow cylindrical
and were
similarly
The specimen
illustrated
fig.
83,
now
in
the
Fig. 83.
Fig. 84.
MacGregor
base.
Collection, bears a private
name upon
the Animals
devices.
as
The
material
is
steatite,
beautifully carved,
86
figure
is
The
wig.
that of a male, squatting in the familiar
attitude, his
hands upon
date
is
his knees,
in
The
the
late
is
and wearing a the Twelfth
full
Dynasty.
of
Fig. 84
another illustration
same motive, dating from the

in
Eighteenth Dynasty. Animal forms are Illustrated

figs.
the
re-
85,
86,
Sy,
88,
89.
The
group,
first
presents
a
its
naturalistic
calf,
is
a
cut
cow
in
suckling
steatite.
exquisitely
It
in
the
collection
of
Fig. 85.
Captain Timmins
in Cairo.
The
in its
design
upon the base
is
analogous
symmetry and the
devices employed to the steatite stamp, fig. 94, in the same collection, which probably dates from about the Eleventh Dynasty. The two stamps, figs. 86
Fig. 86.
and
Sy, are
by
the
very important, one of them being dated cartouche of Mentuhetep of the Eleventh
its
Dynasty, the other by of a running figure in
analogy, and by the device
line frequently
employed upon
SCARABS.
the button-seals
42,
87
(fig.
and
cf. fig.
28).
Hornets are
seal,
fig.
employed upon the Karnak three-sided
86,
Fig. 87.
which
the
probably of earlier date, about the close of further example of this Sixth Dynasty.
is
character,
being
ram
with
horns,
is
in
the
Fig. 88.
Fig. 89.
MacGregor
Collection
upon the base
is
an
interest- Misceldevices,
of ing pattern in coils, dating probably from the end the Twelfth Dynasty. great number of seals with
'
Fig. 90.
Fig. 91.
Fig. 92.
cats
(fig.
88),
fish (fig. 90),
hedgehogs, hippopotami (fig. 89), and date from the time of Thothmes III in
88
Eighteenth
91,
92),
the
(figs.
Dynasty,
while
flies,
those
to
with
ducks
frogs,
and
seem
be slightly
III.
later,
dating from the reign of
Amenhetep
Fig. 93-
large seals are oval in form one of these, with a device of animals incised upon the back,
;
number of
in fig. 93,
shown
form
cartouche
(fig.
bears upon the base the blundered of Amenemhat III. One of rectangular
without
94) is rather of the nature of a stamp, being decoration upon the back other than the
Fig. 94.
necessary suspension hole in the attachment, while upon the base is the device previously described as
belonging to the period which precedes the Middle
SCARABS.
Kingdom
ties,
89
between
its
from
the Sixth and Eleventh Dynasanalogy to the button-seals of that time. are
illustrated
in
figs.
Other stamps
95
and
96,
Fig. 95-
Fig. 96.
having oval bases.

Dynasty,
They
date from the Seventeenth

of
bearing the
names
Seqen-en-ra
and
Se-Amen.
Another stamp
a simple handle down device in this case represents a number of captives or
has (fig. 97) of larger size, the middle of the back. The
Fig. 97.
votives below the
emblem
of Anubis.
This
class
of
stamp, used generally for the sealing up of tombdoors, as in the case of the tomb of Thothmes IV at
90
Thebes, seems to date from the Eighteenth Dynasty.
Fig. 98.
Fig. 98 represents another
common form
of the
same
period, itself dating to the reign of the
emblem upon
Fig. 99.
Fig. 100.
Fig. 10 1.
it,
Thothmes
III.
is
less usual class,

fig.
dating from the

99.
Twelfth Dynasty,
represented in
The back
Fig. 102.
Fig 103.
is
in this instance
plain,
the form of the stamp re-
SCARABS.
sembling a
the
slice face.
1
91
from a sphere, with the device upon
plane
hole
pierces
the
thickness.
01, represent other objects of this class, Figs. 100, which from its Aegean analogies is of peculiar
importance.
inscription on
The
its
is
former specimen
in
is
dated, from an
;
back, to the reign of Usertsen III
the
employed interesting examples are shown
coil
device
each
case.
Two
103,
in figs. 102
and
Fig. 104.
Fig. 105.
the one being of the Eighteenth Dynasty, from its cutting and its glaze, the other of the Nineteenth
Dynasty, from the cartouche of Rameses II incised
upon it. A late example is that shown in fig. 104, and is a common type of the period of the Saite
renaissance in the Twenty-sixth Dynasty. The inscription gives the name of Tahuti son of Aahmes,
chief of the scribes of the temple.
It is of pottery,
glazed green, and
is
in
the
Collection
of Captain
Timmins.
92
Two
typical
stamps of the Thirtieth
Dynasty,
one in bronze, the other in pottery, are pictured in and 106. They are both without device upon figs. 105
the plain handle of suspension.
The one
fig.
105
Fig. 106.
bears the
other bears the
name of the Royal son Za-hapi-amen the name of king Kheper-ka-Ra, otherwise
;
Nekht-neb-ef, with
whom
the
list
of Egypt's kings
comes
to a close.
5.
Signet-Rings.
Signet-rings.
The
signet-ring
was
1
called in
Egyptian
Coptic
^^
c^
zebat (var.
In
its
jg,
pi.
y 0*7^
to^,
tooE.).
consisted of {a) a perforated bezel, the part that bears the inscription or device, and ifi) a hoop or wire which runs through the bezel
earliest
it
form
and round the inside of the
finger.
The
bezel
was
generally a separate piece of stone or metal, and when that was the case, it was generally encircled by a metal band [ftinda) and pierced so that it formed a swivel
ring.
SCARABS.
The
earliest
93
examples that we know of are not older than the middle of the Twelfth Dynasty, but from that period onwards they are fairly common in Egypt.
Their
^^
^^^'
number were found by M. de Morgan,

all
:
at
Dahshur,
III,
of the date of Usertsen III to
Amenemhat
and
a scarab of one type threaded on a piece of gold wire, the

these are
ends
several
of
which
times
107).
are the
twisted
round
of
the
later
on
back
hoop
(fig.
At a somewhat
Fig. 107. period we find the gold wire thickened in the middle to lend additional strength, and the
two ends thrust
into the perforation of the scarab.
The specimen
is
illustrated
Thirteenth Dynasty.
108) dates from the second type of this period

(fig.
is
shown
in fig. 109.
Here the scarab
mounted
in
a gold /unda and the perforation is threaded by a wire, the ends of which are wound tightly round the hoop.
Fig. 108.
Fig. 109.
which
The same of a separate piece of metal. form survives during the Hyksos period (see PI. I, ring of King Apepy), and on to the end of the
is
made
Eighteenth Dynasty
heb, PI.
I).
(fig.
10,
and the ring of Hor-em-
Dynasty
of the Eighteenth another form appears, that of a plain metal
With the beginning
94
ring with the outer surface of the bezel flat and the This form was rare during inner curved (fig. iii). the earlier reigns of the dynasty, but common under
Fig.
no.
HI.
Fig. III.
RING OF THOTHMES
Amenhetep
PI.
I),
1 1 1
and
it
ring of Akhenaten, At the survives to the present day.

{see
and Akhenaten
time of Thothmes III, a ring consisting of a plain hoop beaten out into a lozenge shaped plate occurs (PI. XXIX, 31), but it is a very rare form until after the
Twentieth Dynasty.
With the
reign of Amenhetep III,
Fig. 112.
Fig. 113.
all
pottery rings
of
till
very
common
forms are found, and these are the beginning of the Nineteenth
Dynasty.
SCARABS.
95
Pottery rings, with long bezels, as shown in 113, appear first at the end of the figs. 112 and
Twentieth Dynasty, and continue on

the Twenty-third.
till
the end of
The examples
of the Twenty-sixth
Â\vm}
Fig. 114.
Fig. 115.
Dynasty are of several forms, the commonest being the plain hoop beaten out into a rectangular or lozengeshaped plate which bears the inscription. Other forms
give the outer surface of the bezel flat and the inner curved, as in
114 and 115: the one being a ring of a priest of Khufu, named Nefer-ab-ra the other that of a
figs.
;
priest of Tahuti,
named
is
Hor-se-ast.
fig.
1 1
^^^- ^^^'
rarer form
is
that illustrated in
6,
where the
flat
engraved plate
welded on to a plain hoop.
DESCRIPTIONS
OF THE
SPECIMENS FIGURED
IN
THE PLATES.
ji
99
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS.
The
following abbreviations are
used to denote
the collections and works most frequently quoted in the descriptions of the Plates
:
Alnw.
....
The Duke
of Northumberland's Collection at
Alnwick Castle, Northumberland.
Amh
Ashm
Ath
A.Z.
.
Lord
Amherst
of
Hackney's
Collection
at
Didlington Hall, Norfolk.
The Ashmolean Museum
at Oxford.
The Athens Museum.

.
. .
Zeitschrift fi'ir Agyptische Sprache, Berlin.
Benson
Berl
....
Mr. E. F. Benson's Collection, London.
B.M
Bol
The
The Egyptian Museum, British Museum.
Berlin.
The Museo
Civico, Bologna.
B.P
(Delhaes Coll.)
Buda
Pesth.
C.d.M
The Cabinet
des Medailles, Paris.
CM
Dat
Davis
The Cairo Museum.

G. Dattari's Collection, Cairo.
....
Z>.
.
Mr. Theodore M. Davis' Collection, Newport,
Rhode
de M.
Dres
.
.
Island, U.S.A.
M. de Morgan's Fouilles a The Dresden Museum.
Dahcliour.
Edw
Evans
The Edwards'
London.
Collection,
University College,
....
Col.
John Evans' Collection, London.
loo
The
Fitzwilliam
Fitzw
Museum, Cambridge.
F.Sc
Gibs
Mr. G. W. Eraser's book "^âra^j." Mr. Gibson's Collection, Liverpool.

Mrs.
Gdn
Gr
Green
Goodison's
Liverpool.
Collection,
Waterloo,
near
The
late Dr. Grant's Collection, Liverpool.
....
.
Mr. F. W. Green's Collection, Tunbridge Wells.
Har
Herm.
.
The Harrow School Museum, Harrow.
The Museum
of the Ermitage,
St.
Petersburg.
Hood
H-P
....
Mrs. Hood's Collection, Nettleham Hall, Lincoln.
Mr. Hilton Price's Collection, London.
L
Leyd
Liv
The Egyptian Museum

The Leyden Museum. The
Liverpool
of the Louvre, Paris.
Museum.
in Dealers'
Luxor
....
Specimens seen
shops at Luxor.
Marseilles.
Mars
The Chateau
Borelly
Museum,
dti
M.
^
Cat. Ab.
.
.
M. Maspero's Guide
Boulaq.
visiteur
au Musee de
M.
Mariette's
Catalogue
general
des
Monuments
d'Abydos.
M.D
M-G
M. Mast.
.
Mariette's
Monuments Divers.
Mr. W. MacGregor's Collection, Tamworth.

.
.
Mariette's Les
Mastabas de VAncien Empire.
Murch
Myers
.... ....
....
Mr. Chauncey Murch's Collection, Luxor.
The
late
Major Myers' Collection, now
in the
Eton College Museum, Eton.
Nash
Mr. W. Nash's Collection.

Scarabs in the possession of the writer.
Newb
N.Y
Piers' Coll.
.
The Abbott
.
Collection at
New
York.
Mr.
Piers' Collection,
New
York.
Prof. Petrie's Collection
at University College,
London.
V.I.
Prof. Petrie's Illa/iun,
Kohun and
Gurob.
SCARABS.
v. V.
loi
K.
R.T.
....
. .
Prof. Petrie's
Prof. Petrie's
Kahun, Gurob and Hawara.

volumes on the Royal Tombs of
Abydos.
P. Sc.
....
.
.
.
Prof. Petrie's Historical Scarabs.
F.S.B.A.
Proceedings of the Society of Biblical Archaeology.
S.K
The South Kensington Museum.

.
Thomp.
Timmins'
Sir
.
Herbert Thompson's Collection, London.
Coll.
Capt. C. Timmins' Collection, Cairo.
T
Vat
Vien
v-B
The Turin Museum. The Egyptian Museum

of the Vatican,
Rome.
The Vienna Museum.

Baron von
Hissing's Collection,
Munich.
W
W. S.B.
. .
Mr. John Ward's Collection, Belfast. Mr. John Ward's volume on

T/ie
Sacred Beetle.
SCARABS.
103
PLATE
I.
SOME ROYAL SIGNET-RINGS.

I.
Signet-ring of
Apepy
I.
Mr.
Theodore M.
Davis.
In the possession of The bezel is of
green-glazed steatite, carved in the shape of a scarabaeus-beetle with a human head, and
mounted
the bezel
in
is
a thin gold funda.
On
the base of
engraved
cartouche, the
user-ra
is
name
I),
{Apcpf
Good King AaThe cartouche giving life."

of the
in intaglio, "
and within a
surrounded by a continuous rope-pattern. The hoop of the ring is of gold, and the bezel
secured
to
it
by means of a gold wire running longitudinally through the funda and scarab, and coiled tightly round its two ends.
is
II.
Signet-ring of Amenhetep Museum of the Louvre.
II.
The
In the Egyptian bezel is of solid
On gold, in the form of a rectangular plaque. one face are engraved, in intaglio, the titles " of and
of
The King prenomen Amenhetep II and Lower Egypt, the Lord of the Upper
:
Two
Lands,
Aa-kheperu-ra,"
the
cartouche
being surmounted by two cobras, and resting on the nud-s'ign. On the other face are the
titles
" the Heru, ka nekkt, user pehtet, Horus and Mighty Bull, strong in power."
:
The
hole,
bezel
is
and
it is
pierced longitudinally by a narrow fixed to the hoop of the ring by
I04
means of a rod running through
to the shoulders.
it,
and rivetted
III.
Signet-ring of Nefer-ka-ra (Psamtek the possession of Mr. Walter Nash.
II).
In
plain of gold, beaten out into a lozenge-shaped hoop plate, upon which is cut, in intaglio, the prenomen of Psamtek II.
IV. Signet-ring
Setep-en-ra In the possession of Mr. Walter (Akh-en-aten). Nash. hoop of silver, with massive bezel,
of
Neferu-kheperu-ra
the inner surface of which

outer
flat,
is
curved, and the
with the prenomen of Akh-en-aten

it.
engraved upon
V. Signet-ring
of
Zeser-kheperu-ra
In the Egyptian (Hor-em-heb). This is the most the Louvre.
Museum
Setep-en-ra of
remarkable
specimen of an ancient Egyptian signet-ring known. It is formed of a quadrangular plaque
and a thick hoop, swollen

strength,
in
the
;
middle for
it
both
125*50 grs.
engraved, in em-heb, while on the other

lion,
weighs one face of the plaque is intaglio, the prenomen of Horgold
of
solid
On
is
marching
emblem
Neb Khepsh, Upon the two

(i) a scorpion,
is
of royal power, and the words " Lord of Valliance," above it.
sides are delicately
engraved
and
(2) a crocodile.
its
The
bezel
centre, and pierced longitudinally through secured to the hoop by means of a thick gold
wire,
which threads the
bezel,
and
is
coiled
round the two ends of the hoop.
SCARABS.
105
PLATE
II.
Scene representing " the Superintendent of the Seal" {i.e., the Chancellor) of King Tut-ankh-Amen,
investing Prince Hu^^ with the Official Seal of the Governorship of Ethiopia. The inscription above and
giving of the Seal of the Royal Son by the Superintendent of the Seal, in order to make to flourish the office of the Royal
:
between the figures reads
"
The
Son of Ethiopia, Wn^ {his boundary) begins at Nekhen (Hieraconpolis) and (ends) at Ker^^^ (Gebel
;
Barkal)."
The
represent gold.
at
ring and bezel are coloured yellow, to From a painting in the tomb of Hu^
Kurnet Murai, Thebes.

1
On
this place-name, see p. 172,
note
i.
io6
PLATE
III.
PRE-DYNASTIC CYLINDER SEALS.

Three animals
in a desert wad^^ (?).
I.
M-G.
2-7.
Black steatite cylinder-seals, bearing personal
names
written
in
{)rimitive
hieroglyphic
characters, each name being determined by These examples the seated figure of a man. are all in the M-G. Collection, except No. 3,
which
8 and
9.
is
in the
Amh.
Collection.
Black
steatite cylinder-seals,
(?),
bearing personal
names
written in
characters,
but
primitive hieroglyhic without a seated figure
determinative.
10.
M-G.
personal
(?)
name reading Asunut.

in
Amh.
fine
specimen
black
wood.
cylinder-seals,
11-13. Three
steatite
bearing-
inscriptions of uncertain meaning.

14.
M-G.
beautifully cut ivory cylinder-seal, bearing a
personal
name reading Sheden.
Murch.
SCARABS.
107
PLATE
IV.
IMPRESSIONS OF EARLY CYLINDER-SEALS.^

I.*
Birds, gazelles,
traps
for
and other desert animals, with This sealing capturing them.
belongs to the pre-Dynastic group, but was found in a First Dynasty tomb at Abydos.
(P. 2.^
"
R.T.
II, xiv, 104.)
Aha," the Horus-name of Menes, the founder of the First Egyptian Dynasty. (P. R.T. II,
xiv, 98.)
3.
black steatite cylinder-seal, bearing a hieroglyphic inscription of uncertain meaning.
M-G.
4.
A
"
personal
name
i^\
Berl. 14594.
5.
The Royal Daughter,

(F. Sc.
I.)
Meh-en-pet-tha."
v-B.
6.
A
"
wooden
cylinder-seal, bearing a hieroglyphic
inscription of uncertain meaning.

7.*
M-G.
The King
of
Upper and Lower Egypt,

First
Mer-pa-ba." (P. R.T. I, xxvi, 60.) Dynasty, found at Abydos.

1
An
asterisk prefixed to
clay-impression or
"
sealing," not
these descriptions means an actual cylinder.
an ancient
io8
"
8.*
Sekhem-ab," the Horus-name of King PerSee also infra, ab-sen. (P. R.T. II, 165.
Nos. 12 and
13.)
"
9.*
Den," the (P. R.T. \,
Horus-name
xxii, 39.)
of
King
Setui.
10.*
"
The
(P.
Mayor
R.T.
I,
of
the
Town
of
Se-ka."
xxii, 32.)
II.*
"
The King
of
Upper and Lower Egypt, Kha(P.
sekhemui."
12.*
R.T.
II, xxxiii,
201.)
"The King
Per-ab-sen."
"
of
Upper and
(P.
Lower Egypt,
164.)
R.T.
II, xxii,
13,'^^'
Sekhem-ab," the Horus-name of King Perab-sen. (P. R.T. II, xxi, 164.)
black steatite cylinder-seal, bearing a hieroglyphic inscription of uncertain meaning.
14.
Gdn.
15.
Fish
in
a stream.
Berl.
15338.
This
seal
should be classed in the pre- Dynastic group.

16.*
"The Mother
Hap."
(P.
of Royal
Children,
xxiv,
Ne-Maatcf.
R.T.
Naville
142.)
II,
210;
also,
Borchardt,
and
Sethe,
in
A.Z.
XXXVI,
p.
SCARABS.
109
PLATE
V.
CYLINDER-SEALS OF THE FOURTH TO SIXTH DYNASTIES.

1.
"
Kha-ef-ra, (?) beloved of the Gods."
P.
2.
"
Men-kau-ra, beloved of the Gods and beloved of
Hather."
"
3.
P.
The King
ra,
Upper and Lower Egypt, Men-kaubeloved of the Gods daily and of Hatherof
duat daily." the earliest
Evans.
This cylinder-seal gives

of the king's
title
Sa-Ra,
"
4.
"
known instance Son of Ra."

At the
Men-kau-ra."
side of the cartouche
is
seated figure of the goddess Hather holding before her is the word neê7'' the uas-sceptrG
;
and the
Men-ab.
"
5.
name
of
Men-kau-ra's
pyramid
(?)
Murch.
Sahu-ra, beloved of the Gods," and his Horus-
name, Neb-khau.
6.
v-B.
(Fr. Sc. 12.)
Sahu-ra, beloved of Hather, the beautiful Star and Fitzw. Mistress of the Sycamore."
'*
7.
User-ka-ef, beloved of the Gods," and the HorusAr-maat. Found on the name of this
king
Island of Elephantine.
M.D.
54
e.
no
8.
"
User-ka-ef, beloved of the
Gods and beloved
of
Hather."
"
9.
B.M. 16774.
Nefer-ar-ka-ra, beloved of the

priest of Hather."
Gods
daily,
and
W.
S.B.
XVI,
331.
10.
"The Royal
his
Favourite
who executed
the orders ot
Lord the King of Upper and Lower Egypt,

(I),
Pep^'
also
tau'i,
beloved of Anhur."
The
inscription
:
gives the
Horus-name of
Pep^^
Mer;^
this
states that the official for " chief over cylinder was cut was
and
whom
made
the secret
the
he things of the court," and that favours of the court." B.M. 29061.
11.
"
"The King
Upper and Lower Egypt, taui (Pep^ I), the Good God, and Lord Two Lands," with the Horus-name of
of
seal the king
is
Mer^ôf the
taui.
Mer>În the horizontal line at the bottom of

said
to be
"
the
beloved of
Like the Sak, Lord of the Two Rats (.-*)." " specimen No. 10, this is a seal of the Royal
Favourite,
who
the Regulator of the Festivals, he executed the orders and made the favours
of the king," his master.
B.M. 5495.
SCARABS.
Ill
PLATE
VI.
CYLINDER-SEALS OF THE TWELFTH DYNASTY.

1.
steatite cylinder-seal, giving the prenomens of the six consecutive kings of the Twelfth
Dynasty
(i) Sehetep-ab-ra
(2)
(Amenemhat
I).
I).
Kheper-ka-ra(Usertsen
(3) (4) (5) (6)
Nub-kau-ra (Amenemhat
Kha-kau-ra (Usertsen
II).
III).
II).
Kha-kheper-ra (Usertsen
Ne-maat-ra (Amenemhat
III).
Brocklehurst Collection.
2.
(P. Sc. 272.)
"Nub-kau-ra (Amenemhat II), beloved of Sebek, Lord of Ref-sam (?)." B.M. 16408.
"
3.
Nub-kau-ra (Amenemhat II), beloved of Sebek, Lord of Ha." CM. 3657. Nub-kau-ra (Amenemhat II), beloved of Sebek, Lord of Semenu." P. /. VIII, 24.
Usertsen, beloved of Sebek, Lord of Semenu."
"
4.
*'
5.
Amh.
6.
'
II),
beloved of Sebek,
Lordof
Re-sehui."
M-G.
112
"
7.
Kha-kheper-ra (Usertsen II), beloved of Sebek, Lord of Semenu." B.M. 3928.

II)
8.
"Kha-kheper-ra (Usertsen
(Usertsen III)."
and
Kha-kau-ra
P. /. VIII, 28.
9.
"Kha-kau-ra (Usertsen
III)."
CM.
3654.
10.
The nomen
of
Usertsen
and
the
(Ne-maat-ka) of
ir.
Amenemhat
III)
P.
III.
prenomen B.M. 16747.

Ne-maat-ra
"Kha-kau-ra (Usertsen
and
11.
(Amenemhat
12.
III)."
K. X,
of
"The Good God, Lord

"
the
Two
Lands,
III)."
B.M. 16746.
13.
III),
beloved of Sebek,
Lord of
"
14.
Shediti."
M-G.
III),
beloved of Sebek,
(formerly
in
Lord of
Shediti."
Amh.
;
the
II,
possession of
P- 23).
Bonomi
cf.
Sharpe, Eg. Insc,
15.
"Usertsen and
III)."
M-G.,
16.
said to have been found at El Bersheh.
"Amenemhat, beloved
Davis.
of Sebek, Lord of Hent."
17.
"Amenemhat, beloved sam (?)." Amh.

"
of Sebek,
Lord of Ref-
8.
Amenemhat, beloved of Sebek, Lord of Aaneferu(?)."
Leyd. 663.
SCARABS.
"
19.
II o
The King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Nemaat-ra (Amenemhat III), son of Ra, Amen5>', the Lord of the Two Lands, the Good God, Amenemhat." M-G.
Amenemhat and M-G. ka[-5^t]."
Usertsen IL
the
20.
"
Daughter A-taA-ta-Kayt was a daughter of

Royal
{A.Z.
XXXVII,
full
91.)
21.
This cyHnder-seal bears the

of
titles
Queen Sebek-shedeti-neferu.
of
and name B.M. 16581.
22.
"
The King
/7e
Upper and Lower Egypt, Maakheru-ra (Amenemhat IV)," with the legend
qe
es
neb
tern,
and
(?)."
"
beloved of
Hather,
Mistress of Re-aat
M-G.
114
PLATE
VII.
CYLINDER-SEALS OF THE TWELFTH TO SEVENTEENTH DYNASTIES.

1.
"The Mayor
Alnw.
of Het-kha-Usertsen and Superintendent of the Temple Senba, justified."

. . .
Het-kha-Usertsen
was
probably
the
pyramid town of Usertsen II (Griffith, K.P., Other mayors of this locality are p. 58).
recorded in the tomb of Tehuti-hetep at El Bersheh (Newberry, El.B. I.. XXXIII) on a
;
statue at
pp.
PI.
Alnwick Castle (Birch, Cat. Alnw., 60-62), and on a scarab published on
XIII, 20 of the present work.
2.
Cylinder-seal of a king with the Horus-name of " Chieftain of the Two Lands," Her-tep-taui,
and
"beloved
Murch.
of Sebek, Lord of Sunu." This king certainly belongs to the
beginning of the Thirteenth Dynasty, but his personal name has not as yet been fixed.
3.
The
full
names and
titles
of king
Amenenhatis
senb-ef.
Amh.
This beautiful cylinder-seal
of steatite, coated with a fine blue glaze, and the hieroglyphs are very delicately cut. It was
found at Mohalla (Mualla), opposite Gebelen,
and the monarch whose name

otherwise
it
records
is
unknown
(cf.
my
note in P.S.B.A.,
XXI,
282).
SCARABS.
"
4.
115
Sekhem-khu-taui-ra, beloved of Sebek, Lord of

(?)."
Ref-sam
"
5.
B.M. 3663.
(Aa-ab), beloved of Gr.
The Good God, Uah-ab-ra

Sebek, Lord of Sunu."
6.
"
The Good God,
Se-bak(?)-ka-ra,
beloved
of
Sebek, lord of Sunu."

"
7.
Amh.
of the Mountains,"
The Hek Kkaskkei, Ruler

Kh5^ran (Kh^ân).
In the possession of Signore
Lanzone of Turin.
8.
cylinder-seal with decorative
coil-pattern.
It
was found at Nubt (Petrie, Naqada, LXXXI, 79), and belongs to the intermediate period
between
the
end
of i:he
Twelfth
and
the
beginning of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

9.
Cylinder-seal, with interlacing coil-pattern.
MG.
Athens.
Of
10.
''ll'\\^
the early Intermediate period.
Hek
nefer,
Good
Ruler, Kh5ân."
figures
11.
Cylinder-seal, with
human
and cartouches
of
with
hieroglyphic
P.
inscriptions
doubtful
reading.
12.
Hyksos
period.
green glazed
"
steatite cylinder-seal,
bearing the
of
legend
Kheper-nub-ra,"
the
prenomen
Antef V.
period.
"
13.
B.M. 30772.
Late
Intermediate
The Governor
Add. MS.
of the (Royal) City {i,e.^ Thebes) and Vezir, Ankhu." Figured in the Brit. Mus.
29816,
f.
193.
This vezir lived
under King Khenzer, of the Thirteenth Dynasty [cf. my note in P.S.B.A. XXII, 64).
ii6
PLATE
VIII.
MISCELLANEOUS CYLINDER-SEALS.
1
.
Cylinder-seal, with figures of
men and
flowers,
and
v-B.
a cartouche with unreadable inscription.

(Fr. Sc. 153.)
2.
Hyksos
period.
I)."
" "
Zeser-ka-ra (Amen-hetep
B.M. 16579.
III)
3.
Neb-maat-ra
(Amen-hetep
and
Queen
ThyC
"
4.
CAM,
The
Superintendent of the Garden of Amen, and Chief Steward of the Queen [Hatshepsut], SenP.
mut."
of
Sen-mut was the favourite minister

the architect of the
Bahari.
Queen Hatshepsut, and famous temple at Der el
biography, see
my
account of his
life in
(For his Benson
and Gourlay's TAe Te^nple of Mut, pp. 299312, and a supplementary note in the P.S.B.A.
XXII,
"
5.
63.)
I)."
Zeser-ka-ra (Amen-hetep
P.
6.
"
Aa-kheperu-ra (Amen-hetep II), with figures of Ptah and Khnem, and a gazelle among bushes.
Dat.
7.
Cylinder-seal of Set5^
"
I,
with
titles.
P.
8.
Sahu-ra," with his

In the
Horus and Hor-nub names.

of Alan
possession
Joseph,
Esq.,
of
Cairo.
SCARABS.
"
9.
117
Kha-ef-ra."
Kha-ef-ra,"
Berl.
10.
"
with
his
Horus-name,
User-ab.
C.d.M.
11.
"
Nub-kau-ra (Amenemhat II), beloved of Sebek, Lordof Anu."^ Mr. Nahmann, Cairo,
cylinder-seal ot
A
is
"
Amenemhat, beloved of Sebek, Lord of
Anu,"
in the H.-P. Collection {Cat. 3813).
ii8
PLATE
IX.
SCARABS BEARING ROYAL NAMES FOURTH TO TWELFTH DYNASTIES

:
1-9.
Scarabs
:
Ancient Kingdom
1.
bearing
names of kings of the
"
Neb-ka-ra."
2.
3.
"Khufu." "Khufu."
"
B.M. 23296. B.M. 22949.
Gr.
4.
5.
Kha-ef-ra."
Alnw.
''Kha-ef-ra."
"
"
M-G.
6.
Unas."
Amh.
Luxor.
7.
Mer5^-ra."
" "
8.
Neb-kha-ra."
H-P. 166.
Gr.
9.
Men-kau-ra."
1-39, Scarabs bearing names of kings and other royal personages of the Eleventh and Twelfth Dynasties.
10.
"Se-ankh-ka-ra"(Mentuhetep [IV.?]). P. For this king's personal name, see a monument in

the Cairo
Museum
"
(No. 31439).
I).
11.
"
Se-hetep-ab-ra
I,
(Amenemhat
W.
S.B.
215.
12.
"
Cairo. Se-hetep-ab-ra-senb." Mr. Nahmann, The back of this seal is of the button-type.
SCARABS.
"
13.
"
119
Kheper-ka-ra
type
{cf. fig.
(Usertsen
I).
Gr.
This
"
scarab-seal has a back of the

68, p.
']'^,
"
Yabek-her
with a lotus flower
engraved on the right wing.

"
14.
Kheper-ka-ra" (Usertsen
Usertsen."
I).
M-G.
"
15.
Luxor.
P.
"
16.
"Amenemhat."
"
17.
"
Kheper-ka-ra
"
(Usertsen
I).
Amh.
Gr.
18.
Kheper-ka-ra
"
(Usertsen
I).
19.
Kha-kheper-ra" (Usertsen
"
II).
CM.
Gr.
20.
"
Kha-kheper-ra
(Usertsen
II).
21.
"Nub-ka-ra" (Amenemhat
"
II).
M-G,
DavisM-G,.
22.
Kha-kau-ra
"
(Usertsen
III).
"
23.
Kha-kheper-ra" (Usertsen
II),
24.
"Kha-kau-ra" (Usertsen III). CM. at Dahshur [cf. de M. D. I, vi, 4).

"
Found
25.
Ne-maat-ra
"
(Amenemhat
III).
Gr.
26.
"
Ne-maat-ra" (Amenemhat
III).
Ashm.
with
titles.
27.
"Ne-maat-ra" (Amenemhat
III),
CM.
(de
This scarab
is
of lapis-lazuli, set in
a gold funda, and was found at Dahshur,
M. D.
I,
fig.
14S.)
I20
"Ne-maat-ra" (Amenemhat III). emerald stone, and found at
(de M. D.
"
I,
28.
CM. Of
Dahshur,
fig.
149.)
29.
Ne-maat-ra
"
(Amenemhat
III).
Gr.
30.
"The Royal
lapis-lazuli,
I,
Daughter, Merert." and found at Dahshur,
C.M. Of (de M. D.
fig.
147.)
"
31.
The Good God, Lord of two Lands,

Usertsen."
"
Nub-ka-ra,
perhaps a late issue," which might account for the

is
M-G.
This scarab
prenomen of Amenemhat
to the
II
;
nomen
of an Usertsen
being joined or it may be
a contemporary specimen,
the
two names
appearing being due to the co-regency of Amenemhat II and Usertsen II.

"
32.
The Royal Wife who

the
is
joined to the Beauty of
White Crown." C.M. A queen's scarab, found at Dahshur, (de M. D. I, xx, 48 b.) C.M. Royal Daughter, Sat-hather." Found at Dahshur, (de M. D. I, fig. 153.)
C.M.
152.)
2^'}^.
"The
" 34.
The Royal Daughter, Mer>n."

at
Found
Dahshur,
(de
M. D.
I,
fig.
35.
"The
Hereditary Chieftainess, the Royal Prinv-B. (Fr. Sc. 75). cess, Anket-nefret-uben."
Two
other
scarabs
of
this
princess
Sc.
are
76),
known, one in the v-B. Coll. (Fr. and the other in the Petrie Coll.
SCARABS.
"
36,
121
Ne-maat-ra
"
(Amenemhat
is in
"
III),
with
titles.
L.
A
"
37.
"
similar specimen
ra
the Petrie Coll.

III).
Ne-maat
(Amenemhat
Alnw.
L.
^S.
Maa-kheru-ra" (Amenemhat IV).
"
39.
The Hereditary
cess,
Chieftainess, the Royal Prin-
Nub-em-ant."
v-B.
(F. Sc. 80.)
122
PLATE
X.
SCARABS OF THE KINGS OF THE
THIRTEENTH AND FOURTEENTH DYNASTIES.

1.
"
Sekhem-khu-taui-ra."
Murch.
2.
"
Sekem-se-uaz-taui-ra, Sebekhetep [II], the Divine Father Mentuhetep."
made
ot
CM.
3.
"Sekem-se-uaz-taui-ra, Sebekhetep [II], born of the Royal Mother Auhet-abu." B.M. 30506
{cf.
M.D., 48
i).
"
4.
Kha-seshes-ra (Neferhetep), " Father Ha-ank-ef v-B.
made
of the Divine
(Fr. Sc. 46.)
"
5.
Neferhetep, born of the Royal Mother Kema." v-B.

Kha-nefer-ra," Sebekhetep [III].
6.
"
Nash.
Gr.
"
7.
Kha-nefer-ra," Sebekhetep [III].
8.
"Kha-nefer-ra (Sebekhetep [HI]), made of the Divine Father Ha-ankh-ef." CM.

'*
9.
Kha-nefer-ra (Sebekhetep [HI]), born
of the
Royal Mother Kema."

10.
"
B.M. 3934.
[III]).
Kha-nefer-ra" (Sebekhetep
H-P. 3693.
B.M. 25554.
11.
"Kha-nefer-ra" (Sebekhetep
[III]).
SCARABS.
12.
123
"
Kha-nefer-ra
"
(Sebekhetep
[III]).
L.
"
13.
Kha-nefer-ra (Sebekhetep[III]), combined with the prenomen of Kha-ankh-ra (Sebekhetep

[IV])."
Ashm.
Gr.
"
14.
Kha-ka-ra."
15.
"Kha-ka-ra."
"
Amh.
16.
Kha-hetep-ra," Sebekhetep [V.]
CM.
3666
(cf.
M.D. 48
"
17.
p).
"
Uah-ab-ra
"
(Aa-ab).
P.
18 and 19.
Mer-nefer-ra, A)^."
Alnw. and
o).
CM.
3668
(for the latter, cf.

20.
M.D. 48
Nash
L.
"
Mer-nefer-ra
"
(A^^.)
{cf.
M.D. 48
q).
21.
"
Mer-hetep-ra, Ana."
22.
"
Maa-ra, Sebekhetep [VI
?]."
Gr.
"
23.
Maa-ra (Sebekhetep [VI

Sebek-em-sau-ef."
is
.?])."
M-G.
This specimen
"
24.
H-P.
187.
dark g^reen basalt, with a gold covering, upon which the cartouche is incised.
in
"
25. "
Dedui-ankh-ra
Dedui-ankh-ra
Sebek."
"
(Mentu-em-sau-ef).
"
P.
26.
(Mentu-em-sau-ef).
Murch.
"
27.
In the possession of Mr. A. H. Sayce.

at
Bought
Luxor.
(P. Sc. 281.)
124
"
28.
Shens."
Grant
Coll.
Another specimen
is
in
the B.M. 32392.

"
29.
Nefer-ded-ra
"
(Dedu-mes).
v-B.
(Fr.
6"f.
62.)
For the nomen of

the Cairo
"
30.
this king, see a stone slab in
Museum, 20533.
Nefer-ankh-ra."
Found
at
Defenneh.
(Petrie,
Defenneh,
PI.
XL
I,
57.)
SCARABS.
125
PLATE
XI.
SCARABS OF OFFICIALS OF THE TWELFTH TO FOURTEENTH DYNASTIES.

1.
"The Governor
of the (Royal) City and Vezir,
H-P. 3726. Ptah-dedut-senb, justified." clay impression of a somewhat similar seal (of the Vezir Y-meru) was found by Prof. Petrie
at
"
Abydos.
of the (Royal) City and Vezir, Murch. This Vezir is mentioned on a
2.
The Governor
Auy."
stela
in Vien.
(No.
117;
cf.
Rec.
des trav.,
IX, 62.)
"
3.
The
Scribe of the Vezir, Ren-ef-senb."
Thomp.
4.
"The
Superintendent of the Seal, Neb-re-sehui." L. 6288. Three other scarabs of this official
are
90),
known
one
is in
is
in the v-B.
Coll.
(Fr.
Sc.
another
the Fitzw. Mus. (Budge, Cat.

is
155),
and the third
in
Mr. Nahmann's hands
in Cairo.
"
5.
The
Gr.
Superintendent of the Seal,
Up-em-heb."
6.
"The
Superintendent of the Seal, Senba." Gr. Another scarab of this official is in the B.M.
(24108, P. Sc. 445.)
126
8.
and
"
The Superintendent
of the Seal, Senb-su-
ma." (Gr. and M-G.) Several other scarabs Three are figured of Senb-su-ma are known.
by Petrie {Sc. 446-448), from the Louvre, other specimens are Petrie and Grant Colls.
;
in
the
Cairo
Coll.
Mus.,
the
Amh.
Coll.
and the
Edws.
beautiful
at
light
blue
specimen was found its provenance and
Kahun
(P. /.
glazed VIII, 42),
style pointing to the late

official.
;
Twelfth Dynasty Senb-su-ma is named on several

the Cairo Mus., gives the
Sert-taui (M. Ca^.
as the date of this

stelae
one, in
name
;
of his father,
Ab. 784)
106)
another, in the
his
in
Leyd.
Mus. (V.
"
;
names
stela,
wife,
"the
Lady Tau-ma
Mus. (M.
Cat.
a third
the Cairo
Ab. 904) gives the name of his son, the art at abu, Pepa, whose scarab seal is Senbin the Meux Coll. (Budge, Cat. 455).
su-ma's
(252)
;
name
in
also occurs
on
stelae in the
B.M.
the Ermitage Mus., St. Petersburg His (58); and in the Turin Mus. (1303). tomb was at Dahshur, a slab of stone from it
having been found

place (M. Mast.,
9.
in
the
cemetery of that
Seal,
p. 583).
"The
v-B.
"
Superintendent
(Fr. Sc. 86.)
of
the
Yu-senb."
10.
The Superintendent
v-B.
(Fr.
Sc.
of the Seal, Amenhetep." Three other scarabs of 91.)
this State Officer are
known
around
one, with con-
tinuous
loop-pattern
the
name,
is
was
found at Abydos {M.D. 52 f.), figured in another is in the Petrie Coll., and PI. XVI, 3
;
and
the third
is
in the v-B.
(Fr. Sc. ^j.)
SCARABS,
11. 12.
'
127
The Superintendent The Superintendent

B. 17230.
Coll.
of the Seal, Herfu."
L.
"
of the Seal, Erde-ne-Ptah."

is
Another specimen
in the
Petrie
"
1
3.
The Deputy Superintendent of the Seal, SehetepCM. From Abydos. (M. Cat. Ab. ab-ra."
p.
541
cf.
M.D.,
pi.
48 m.)
14.
"The
'
Scribe of the Superintendent of the Seal,

P.
Nehesi."
15.
The Mayor,
Tehuti-nekht."
in
Amh.
This scarab
was bought
many
other
Cairo in 1899, and came with antiquities from the tomb of
Tehuti-nekht at El Bersheh.
dated to the reign of Usertsen
the early years of
Hence
I,
1 1
it
can be
or at latest to
(see Griffith
p.
Amenemhat
Bersheh
and Newberry,
El
II,
13);
it
is
consequently the oldest absohtteiy dated scarab of an official known.

16.
"The
L.
'
Mayor,
Amenemhat-senb-ne-Hather-ab."
Found
in Phoenicia.
17. 18.
The Mayor, Amenemhat."
L.
"The Mayor, Auy-mes."

"
B.M. 21906.
19.
The Great Uartii of the (Royal) City, Sa-sebek." M-G. Another scarab of this official, ornamented with a continuous loop decoration,
the v-B.
(Fr. Sc. 118.)
is in
20.
"
The Uartu
hetep."
of the
Ruler's Table,
Sebekhetep,
son of the Uartu
of the Ruler's Table,
Mentu-
Ashm.
Several other scarabs of this
128
official
are
(P.
known
Sc.
two specimens are

391); another
is
in
the
Louvre
389,
in
the
Turin Mus. (1134; Klaproth, Palin Coll. a fourth is in the Cairo Mus. (3795
11 13);
;
from
Abydos,
pi.
M.
;
Cat.
Abyd.,
fifth
p.
541
cf.
M.D,
48 n)
is
and a
in
and
well
preserved
example
21.
the Petrie Coll.
"
"
The Great General The
Pehui-ef-hu
"
?
Murch.
22.
General, Hora."
Ashm.
23.
"The
"
Superintendent of the Mentiu (Asiatics), Ren-senb." Evans.

of the Great Kitchen
(?)
24.
The Superintendent
Heryt
(?)-si-hetep."
Murch.
25.
"The
King's Friend, the Superintendent of the
stela of Murch. Musicians, Neb-qemiu." this man, in the Cairo Mus. (M. Cat. Abyd. 813), gives the names of his father, Hora, and
mother, Sefget, and certainly dates from the period of the Sebekhetep kings,
26.
The
Surveyor, Nefer-sebek-dedu."
B.M. 2S235.
Murch.
27.
28.
"The Royal
"
Scribe .... Aka-senb-na."
The
Private Sealer, Sa-hather-aa."
Murch.
"
29. 30.
The
Storekeeper, Neb-seshenu."
Murch.
"The
Instructor of the Followers, Deda, son of
the Instructor of the Followers, Beba."
Murch.
SCARABS.
129
PLATE
XII.
SCARABS OF OFFICIALS OF THE TWELFTH TO FOURTEENTH T>YÂSi:m^continued.

1.
"The Royal
the style of the cutting and the back of this scarab, I should be inclined to recognize in this Antefa one of
P.
Son, Antefa."
From
the princes of the intermediate period between
Seventeenth Dynasties, rather than a prince of the Eleventh Dynasty.

the
"
2.
Thirteenth and
The Royal Son Kha-kau."

this is a scarab of
L.
Formerly
in the
Palin Coll. (Klaproth, PI. VI, 295.) Perhaps Usertsen III before the Ra
to his
was added
3.
name
(?).
"The Royal
Cat.
Son, Sa-hather."
539.)
CM.
Abd.
Sa-hather was
3796. (M. the son of
King Neferhetep.
4 and
"
5.
The Great Royal Wife who
is
united to
the beauty of the White Crown, Ana." L. and Another specimen is in the Petrie Coll. v-B.
The
style
point to
6.
and cutting of these scarabs would the period of the Sebekhetep kings.
Wife,
Sat-sebek."
"The
Royal
Davis.
in
A
B.M.
similar scarab
of this
queen
is
the
32265.
I30
'The Royal
'
7.
Clothier,
Nehy."
v-B.
8.
Tehepenkhet-mery
(?)."
B.M. 4323.
Prison, Sesa."
P.
9-
'The Scribe of the Great

'
10.
The Great Uab-^nest
of
Hather,
Mistress of
v-B.
Tep-ahu, Khnem-set-heru-sebek
1
(?),"
1.
'The Royal Friend, Dedut."

'
B.M. 4322.
12.
The Guardian
B.M. 17544.
of the Storehouse, Hap-hetepu."
'
13-
The Great One

L.
of the Southern Tens, Tha-ath."
'
14.
'
The Royal
Friend, Hepu-em-sha."
P.
1516.
The Steward
Sep,
Son of Ankh."
v-B.
C.
{cf.
'The Royal Friend, Sa-sebek."

48
'
M.A.
i).
1718.
'
The Doctor and
Judge, Ha-ankh-ef."
Gr.
Ashm.
The Lady,
Mer5^t."
'
19.
The Lady, Nub-em-sau-es."
T.
Interior, the
20.
'The Superintendent of the
Super-
intendent of the North Land, Senb-tefi."

21.
22.
'
Ashm.
The Royal
Friend, Ay."
Gr.
Ptah-ur."
'The Doctor and Embalmer,

29226.
'
B.M.
^Z-
The
Priest of
Sebek
in
Thebes, Neferhetep."
B.M. 24132.
'
24..
Sebek-aa-senes."
Murch.
SCARABS.
25.
26.
131
"The Royal
"
Friend, Apepa."
W.
is
(W. S.B.)
united
to the
The Great Royal Wife who

beauty of the
Murch.
in PI.
White Crown, Nub-hetep-tha."^ Another Scarab of this Queen is given

13.
XLIV,
27.
"The
Lady, Nenna." Murch. name is mentioned on a stela

77)-
lady of this in the CM. (No.
28.
"
The Royal
Attendant,
Sealer,
Chief Steward and Royal

Davis.
Tha-tha."
stela in the
Tha-tha
is
named on a
Fitzw. Mus. (Budge,
29.
"The Royal
"
Chief Steward and Royal B.M. 28226. Attendant, Ren-ef-em-ab."

Sealer,
30.
The Guardian
nefer."
of the Storehouse,
Hor-khent-
Murch.
of
Nub-hetep-tha-Khred was a daughter

I, p.
Amenemhat
III.
(De Morgan, Dahchour^
128.)
132
PLATE
XIII.
SCARABS OF OFFICIALS OF THE TWELFTH TO FOURTEENTH TiY"^ ASTIKScontinued.

1.
"
The Royal
Son, Tar (or
Ar
.?)."
Murch.
2.
"The
"
Steward, Teta-shera."
Attendant, Antef."
Berl. 3613.
3.
The
Berl. 9747.
4.
"The
Steward, Sebek-se-ankh."
Berl. 13618.
5.
"The
"
Superintendent of the
Ar-sa-khet."
(P. /.
Edws.
6.
Found
at
Kahun
VIII,
20).
The
Superintendent
Petrie Coll.
of the
District,
Mentu/.
nesu."
Found
at
Illahun (P.
VIII, 41).
7.
"The Lady
"
Hez-uah-mert
(?)."
Berl. 3618.
8.
May
the
the
King give an
Berl. 3664.
offering to Ptah-seker for
ka of the
Uai^t
of
the
Ruler's
Table,
Nushu."
*
9.
The Great One

ur."
of the Southern Tens, Sebek-
Berl. 7417.
10.
"The Royal
P'itzw.
Sealer and Chief Steward, Aka."
(Budge, Cat. 157).

is
Another scarab of
(Fr. Sc. 85.)
this official
in the v-B.
SCARABS.
11.
133
"
The Superintendent
Nehy."
Fitzw.
of the Interior of the Dep.,
(Budge, Cat. 154.)
12.
"
The ankket^
of
Upper Egypt, Nefer-hetep."
13.
"The
Scribe of the
Temple
of Hetep-Usertsen,
(P. /.
Senbu."
IX, 26.)
Clay-seaHng found at Kahun.
Hetep-Usertsen was the name of the

(Griffith,
pyramid of Usertsen III at Dahshur.

K.P., pp. 89 and
14.
90.)
"The
"
Uaj'hi
of
the
Ruler's
Table,
Hora."
Chicago Mus.
15.
The Regulator
IllahCm.
of the Palace, the Superintendent
of the Temple, Hora,"

(P. /. IX, 18.)
Clay-sealing found at
16.
"The
Superintendent of the Interior of the Dep.,

Gr. Sealer and General, Sa-nab."
of
P.
Ankha."
17. 18.
"The Royal
"The Guardian
Hor-ankh."
"
the
Department
of
Meat,
v-B.
offering to Ptah-seker
19.
May
the
King give an
for the
ka of the Guardian of the House of
Offerings, Sen-pu."
Found
2.
at
Illahun (P.
this
official
/.
is
IX,
17).
PI.
Another scarab of
given in
20.
XXIX,
"
The
charge of the Seal of HetepUsertsen and the Seal of Ankh-Usertsen, Y-ab." A clay-sealing found at Illahun (P. /.
IX, 20).
Scribe in
On
this title, see
Newberry,
El Bersheh,
I,
p. 8,
note
3.
134
"The Mayor and
Ankh."
Superintendent of the Temple, at Illahun. (P. /. IX, i6.)
21.
Found
22.
"
The Royal
Chief Steward and Royal Attendant, Erde-en-Ptah." Davis. (P. Sc. 438.)
Sealer,
Berl. 15 135.
"
23.
Amenemhat."
"
24.
The Royal
Sealer and Superintendent of the Field Labourers, Surtha." P. Scribe of the Army, Nefer-iu."
Berl. 9519.
"
25.
The
26.
"The
"
Slave of the Ruler, Sat-Ptah."
Gr.
27.
The Royal
ef."
Sealer, Chief Steward, am-as,

is
Ankhstela in
This Ankh-ef
mentioned on a
the Cairo Mus. [Ca^. Ad. 887), and the names of the officials who served under him are "fiven.
28.
"The
"
ank/i of the Ruler's Table, lu-senb."
Gr.
29.
The Guardian
ra."
of the Storehouse,
Sehetep-ab-
Berl. 15363.
30.
"The Royal
Wife, Senb-hena-es."
Berl.
10977.
Another scarab of this queen is in the same Coll. (9518), and a third example is in the
Davis
31.
Coll.
;
cf.
my
note
in
P.S.B.A.
"The
Royal Sealer and Superintendent of the Berl. 3667. Seal-bearers, Sedem^."

Superintendent of the Interior and of the
{i.e.,
32.
"The
North Land
the
Delta),
Amh,
On this officer, see Garstang's El Arabeh, p. 32.
Sehetep-ab-ra." my note in
SCARABS.
"
;^^.
135
The
Royal Sealer, Superintendent of the Sealers and Royal Attendant, Res." (Tubieres,
(T Antiquitds
Recueil
^gyptiennes,
Vol.
VI,
PI. Ill, 8.)
34.
"The
Instructor of the
House
of Life,
Senb."
CM.
35.
"The Guardian
of the Bows, Senb-ef."
P.
I-.6
PLATE
XIV.
SCARABS OF OFFICIALS OF THE TWELFTH TO FOURTEENTH DY'ÂSTIY.S continued.
1.
"The
"
Mayor
P.
and
Divine
Treasurer,
Amen-
hetep."
2.
The Chief
PI.
Scribe of the Superintendent of the
Seal, Sa-ptah.
S.K.
(Garstang,
El
Arabeh,
X,
p. 34.)
"
3.
The
Uab-priest, Ab-ah(?)-senb-tefi."
v-B.
(Fr.
Sc. 92.)
"
4.
The
Guardian
of
the
Granaries,
Seresa."
Ashm.
"
5.
The Steward
H-P. 3719.
of the Accounts of Corn, Ay."
6.
" "
The
j^r
^^j)/^,
Senaa-ab."
B.M. 4316,
7.
The Great One of M-G.
the Southern Tens, Senaa-ab."
8.
"
The Great One Amh. hetep." The

Beer
PI.
of the Southern Tens,
Ptah-
"
9.
Superintendent
(?)
of
the
the
Department
title,
cf.
of
Sat-ab."
17.
For
infra,
XVI,
SCARABS.
10.
137
"
The Royal
Sealer and
P.
Domains, Erde-en-ptah."
11.
"The "The "The

"
Lector of Nekheb
(i.e.,
El Kab), Sebek-
hetep."
12.
Lansing
Coll.
(P. Sc.)
Attendant
of
the
...
Beba."
B.M.
15706.
13.
Great
P.
One
of the Southern Tens,
Ankh-
tefi."
14.
The
P.
Scribe of the Great Prison,
Pa-enti-en."
15.
"The
"The
Lady, Neferu."
Scribe
of
the
B.M. 24094.
Great
Prison,
Sezeda.'*
16.
B.M. 1 7251. Found at Kurneh. Add. MS. 29857, f, 8.)

17.
18.
(Brit.
Mus.
"The Royal
Friend S.
sutekh
(?)."
Murch.
"The
"The
"The
"
Eldest
Royal Daughter,
Erdet-en-ptah."
Brocklehurst Coll.
19.
Great Royal Wife who
is
united to the
L.
beauty of the White Crown, Khensu."

20.
Divine Father, Sebekhetep."

Steward, My."
P.
21.
22.
The
CM.
"The
T.
"
Great Uartu of the Ruler, Au-su-ankh."
23.
The Chief
sebek."
P.
Scribe
of
the
Great
Prison,
Sa-
138
"
24.
The Royal
v-B.
Sealer and Superintendent of the Field Labourers, Af." An obsidian scarab,

(Fr. Sc. III.)
**
25.
The Wakil
Nethenu."
of the Superintendent of the Seal,
B.M. 28223.
of
26.
"
The Superintendent
Antef."
the
Labour Bureau,
B.M. 28240.
SCARABS.
139
PLATE
XV.
SCARABS OF OFFICIALS OF THE TWELFTH TO FOURTEENTH T>Y^ ASTIRScontinued.

1.
"The Guardian
senb."
of the Storehouse, Kha-kau-ra-
Amh.
of
2.
"
The Superintendent
28232.
the
District
and the
Scribe of the Gate/ Ren-senb-Usertsen."
B.M.
3.
Petrie "Mery-ra." (P./. VIII, 40.)
Coll.
Found
at
Illahun.
4.
"The Royal
PI.
Sealer and
Sealers, Saubu-sa."
CM.
(M.
Abydos,
II,
40 j.) For the reading of the name, see B.M. Stela, 215, and cf. L.C. 43.
of the Treasury, Sa-hez-nefer."
"
5.
The Guardian M-G.
6.
"
The
Scribe of the Secrets
(?),
Sa-hather."
L.
7.
"The
Lady, Zera."
B.M. 17228.
of this name, see a stela in

(V, 22).
8.
For a lady the Leyd. Mus.
"
The Lady, named on

in the
Sat-sutekh." This lady is Gr. a stela of the Thirteenth Dynasty

(91).
Vienna Mus.
I.e.^
the Judge or Chief Justice.
See
my
Life of
Rekhmara,
p. 18.
I40
"The
"
Priest,
9.
Dede-nub."
T.
From
the
Palin
Coll.
ID. 11.
(Klaproth, Palin
Coll., 56.)
The Doctor and
^r/
A^^/^/^^;2,
Auqa."
P.
"The Royal
''
Friend,
the Palin Coll.

12.
From Sebekhetep." T. Palin Coll., 876.) (Klaproth,

Davis.
L.
ThQ
ser Aay I, Theti."
"
13.
14.
The
Superintendent of the Lake, Khnemsu."

of
i?î"/^?^/^^,
"The Mayor
lu-bena."
L.
P.
15.
"The Royal Ornament.

stela at Marseilles,
Mu-nu-ab."
For the
reading of the name, see a Thirteenth Dynasty
No.
28.
16.
"The "The
[farlti of thG
Uresh, Akuu."
L. 6313.
(.'*),
17.
P.
Weapons
Sper-
nef."
18.
"The
"The
" "
Registrar,
Aa-khnem."
B.M. 30552.
Murch.
19.
Doctor, Erde-ne-ptah."
Semi-nefer."
L.
20.
The Lady,
21.
22.
The Lady,
Ashm.
Erdet-[en]-ptah."
Ashm.
"The Great One "The

"
of the Southern Tens, Sa-aah."
23.
24.
Scribe of the Soldiers, Mehti

of the
(?)."
Murch. Murch.
The Attendant
The
(?)
Ankh."
Murch.
Keru."
"
25.
26.
"
Khent-kheti."
of the
The Attendant
L.
SCARABS.
141
PLATE
XVI.
SCARABS OF OFFICIALS OF THE TWELFTH TO FOURTEENTH J^Y'ÂSTl'EScontinued.

1.
"The
"
"
Uab-^n&st
(?),
tu-senb."
M-G.
M-G.
2.
The ahems
The Royal
Seal,
ne dep^ Amenemhat."
3.
Sealer and Superintendent of the
Amenhetep."
CM.
the
i^M.D.
pi.
48
f.)
see also stipra, PI. XI, 10.

"
4.
The
Regulator
of
Palace,
Sen-ankh."
Murch.
"
5.
The
^^r ^^^/, Mentuhetep."
Alnw.
6.
"
The Wakil
Neb-sunu.
PI.
of the Superintendent of the Seal,
Found
15.)
at
Nubt.
(Petrie,
Naqada,
LXXX,
7.
"The
is
Sledge (?), Setmes." P.C. (A scarab of another person bearing this title
figured in Petrie's
Chief of the
Naqada, LVIII,
q.
188.)
8.
"
The
Scribe of the Superintendent of the Seal, Davis. lu-senb."

of
the
"
9.
The Guardian
Khu."
House of
Offerings,
B.M. 17254.
of the
10.
11.
" "
The Attendant
Au-ab."
P.
The
5<fr
>^^jl'/,
Senb."
B.M. 17872.
142
"
12.
The man
Nefertfim."
of
the
P.
Scribe
of
the
Altars
(?),
"
13.
The Mayor and Superintendent

Amen^^-senb."
of the Temple,
B.M.
of
the
District
"
14.
The Superintendent
Temple, Ka."
Lady, Neb-tefa."
Superintendent
of
the
B.M. 17254.
B.M. 24095.
of
the
Interior,
15. 16.
"The
"The
Bed.
Teta."
17.
"The
Superintendent
Sa-h^^."
of
Beer(?)
p. 540.
CM.
title, cf.
Department of M. Ca^. Ab., 3042.

supra, PI.
the
For the
XIV,
9.
18.
"The
Superintendent of the Granary, Apa." Ashm. ker ne shent of this name is men-
tioned on a stela of the Thirteenth Dynasty, published by Mariette (Ca/. Ab., p. 879).
"
19.
The
Scribe of the Council, Sebek-her-khenat( .'*)."
Berl. 3620.
20. 21.
"
The Attendant Senb."
Berl.
"The
"The
Chief of the Lake, Senba."

Coll., PI.
(Klaproth,
Palin
22.
V, 249.)
Steward, Neb-pu."
CM.
3753.
Berl. 13818.
23.
24.
"The
"
Chief Steward, Neb-kau."
The Superintendent
Ren-senb."
of the Interior of the Dep,
"
25.
The Superintendent
Bu-senba."
P.
of the Interior of the
De
SCARABS.
143
PLATE
XVII.
SCARABS OF OFFICIALS OF THE TWELFTH TO THE FOURTEENTH DYÂSTIY^S continued.

'
1.
The The
Eldest Royal Daughter, Ptah-ur-bau."

Priest
Gr.
2.
"
and am-kkent, Sebek-azer."
B.M.
17231.
"
3.
The man Th^
(read
zau
(?)
of the
Royal
Hartm.
Sehetep-ab."
''
Ashm.
Heru-hetep."
4.
enti
em
sert,
B.M. 29225.
"
5.
The Guardian
sunu."
of the
House
of Offerings,
Neb-
6.
"
The
Brewer, making the favours Davis. Usertsen."
of
Sebek,
"
7.
The Great One

Murch.
of the Southern Tens, Neh^-."
8.
"
The Royal Daughter, Ren- senb." The

Instructor
B.M. 28126.
Anhur-
"
9.
of
the
Attendants,
ankh."
10. 11.
B.M. 24262.
"
"
The Lady, Ana."
M-G.
Edws.
Interior
The Lady
Sat-spedu."
12.
"The
and the
Superintendent of the North Land, Se-ankh."
Amh.
144
"The
"
13. 14. 15.

16.
Scribe of the Altar, Auf-er-senb."

am-l'/ie^~a/>du, Anu-cnt'i {?)."
v-B.
The
v-B.
"The
"
Lady, Decle-meti."
Murch.
Steward,
The
Wakil
of
the
Chief
Khent-
17.
B.M. 28254. hetep." "The Guardian of the
Treasury,
Unnefer."
M-G.
18. 19.
"
"
The Under Sealer, Aa-khnem." Davis. The Royal Clothier, Neb-sunu." From
Palin Coll.
the
(Klaproth, Palin
Coll. 814.)
20.
"
The
Scribe of the Accounts, Khnems."
B.M.
12801.
21.
"The
"
Lector of the
Beautiful House,
Ankhu."
Murch.
22.
The Uartuoi
the Oxyrhynchite Oasis, Hetep."

h.)
C-M. i^M.D. 52
"
23.
"
24.
The Guardian of the M-G. The Superintendent of

Murch.
Storehouse,
Hetep."
Atef-ef."
the
Lake,
" 25.
The
Scribe of the Surveyor of the District of Hetka, Ptah-ath." M-G.
26.
"
The
The
Scribe with
the
Seal
of
g.)
the
Treasury,
Senbef."
"
27.
CM.
{M.D. 48
of
the
Superintendent
In
the
Seal- Engravers,
Amen)^-ankh." Arthur Evans.

28.
possession of Mr. (C/. Louvre Stela, C. 85.)

wife of the Mayor, Ren"j"^?)
"
The Lady Nub-khusi,

senb.'"
v-B.
(Fr. Sc.
SCARABS.
145
PLATE
XVIII.
DECORATIVE SCARABS: TWELFTH TO EIGHTEENTH DYNASTIES.

This series ranges in 1-18. Rope patterns. date from the Twelfth Dynasty onwards to the time of Thothmes III, The evolution of simple to
complex forms is interesting. 5-7 and 10 are common.

1.
Scarabs of the types
Benson.
10.
Gr.
2.
B.M.
Benson.
II.
Amh.
Benson.
3.
2.
4.
Benson.
13.
14.
Evans.
Gr.
5.
H-P. 958.
6.
Ashm.
15.
Benson.
7.
Amh.
Alnw.
Ready.
Coil
patterns.
16.
Murch.
8.
17.
18.
Newb.
P. /. VIII, 84.
9.
I9~35patterns
infinite.
The
in
variety
is
of
coil
found
on
Egyptian
scarabs
almost
This series ranges

to the
date from the Twelfth
onwards
Eighteenth Dynasty.
The
type 24
is
146
Thothmes
I
believe, peculiar to the reigns of
and
Hatshepsut.
19.
Evans.
28.
29.
H-P. 994.
20.
21.
B.M. 27013.
W. (W.
44-)
S.B. XI,
Newb.
P./. VIII,
75.
22.
23.
30. 31.
32.
33.
Amh.
Ashm. Ashm.
B.M. 27194.
Murch.
24.
25.
26.
27.
Ashm.
Ashm.
Benson.
Ashm.
Newb.
34.
35.
M-G.
SCARABS.
147
PLATE
XIX.
DECORATIVE SCARABS: TWELFTH TO EIGHTEENTH T>YÂSTl'ES continued.

1-3.
Rope
patterns.
all
Types
and
I
common, and
the specimens that
very have seen of

period.
are
these two types are certainly of the
Hyksos
I.
Evans.
2.
Hood.
3.
B.M. 27782.
Types 4 and 5 4-36. Coil and loop patterns. belong to the Hyksos period the other types range in date from the Twelfth Dynasty onwards to the
;
Eighteenth.
4.
Benson.
14.
Ashm.
H-P.
P. /. VIII, 85. P.
5.
Ready.
15.
16.
1 7.
6.
B.M. 26598.
7.
Ashm.
Alnw. 1232.
Koptos X, 40.
11 58.
8.
18.
Alnw.
Cr.
9.
B.M.
19.
10.
Ashm.
B.M. 27321.
20.
B.M. 3860.
Evans.
II. 12.
21. 22. 23.
B.M. 3832.
Liv.
Ashm.
13.
W. (W.
5".^.
XI, 38.)
148
P.
/.
24. 25.
26.
VIII, 68.
31. 32.
Murch.
Leyd.
W. (W.
S.B.
Ashm.
P.
/.
XI, 223.)
27.
28. 29.
X,
168.
S3.
Ashm.
Ashm.
P.
Benson.
P. /.
34.
X,
148.
35. 36.
K. X,
27.
30.
Amh.
Benson.
SCARABS.
149
PLATE XX.
DECORATIVE SCARABS: TWELFTH TO EIGHTEENTH DYNASTIES conîfmed.
-36. Miscellaneous
I50
PLATE
XXI.
(I).
SCARABS OF THE HYKSOS KINGS.

1-8.
"The Good God,

1.
Maa-ab-ra."
5.
L.
Murch.
2.
Evans.
6.
7.
M-G.
B.M. 24132.
Gr.
3.
B.M. 32320.
4.
M-G.
8.
9-18.
9.
"The Son
Gr.
of Ra, Shesha."
14.
15. 16. 17.
18.
P. P.
10.
M.G.
P.
11. 12.
13.
Newb.
Murch. Murch.
M-G.
Murch.
19-22.
19.
"The Good God,

Gr.
Se-kha-en-ra."
21.
M-G.
Gr.
20.
Gr.
22.
" 23 and 24.
The Son
of Ra, Qar."
Both examples
are in the Grant Collection.

"
25-29.
25.
The Good God,
Kha-user-ra.'"
28. 29.
P.
Gr.
26. Gr. 27.
Ashm.
P. P.
"
30.
The Good God, Kha-mu-ra."
SCARABS.
151
PLATE
XXII.
(II).
SCARABS OF THE HYKSOS KINGS

"
1-3.
I.
The Good God,

Davis.
2.
Aa-hetep-ra."
P.
3.
B.M. 28097.
"
4-6.
4.
The Son
of Ra,
Ya-mu
5.
(.?)."
B.M. 32441.
6.
v-B.
(Fr. Sc. 182.)
Ashm.
"
7-12.
7.
8. 9.
1 3.
The Son
H-P.
P.
of Ra, t-keb."
10. II.
12.
Ashm.
Gr.
P.
Gr.
Perhaps a blundered scarab of '^-keb.

"
14-18.
14.
15.
The Son
of Ra, Aa-mu."
16.
Evans.
P.
M-G.
18.
17.
Gibs.
Evans.
Nub-taui-ra."
19.
"The Good God,

'*
B.M. 30512.
20-26.
Kh>ân."
20.
The Good God,

22.
User-en-ra,
Son of Ra,
v-B.
Fr. (see P. Hts^.
I,
p. 119).
21.
Murch.
"
23-25. Murch.
Mer-user-ra,
26.
CM.
27-30. t-keb-her."
The Good God,
Son of Ra.
27. Gr.
152
PLATE
XXIII.
SCARABS OF ROYAL AND OTHER PERSONAGES OF THE HYKSOS PERIOD.

"
1-3.
The Good God,

Y-keb-her
I
"
continued.
Mer-user-ra,
Son of Ra,
and
2.
Murch.
at
3.
Found by Mr. Mace Parva, XLI, 12.)
Hu.
(P., Diospolis
"
4.
The
6.
5.
'*
Eldest Royal Son, Nehesi."
M-G.
and
The Son
of Ra, Nehesi."
6.
P.
Amh.
"
7-9.
The Good God, Uazed."

Gr.
(Stolen, but figured in P.
9.
.S*^.,
7.
348.)
8.
B.M. 32319.
khaskhet, 'Ruler
v-B.
C.M. 3674.
Mountains,'
10.
"The Hek
of the
Sem-ken."
11.
(Fr. Sc, 179.)
"The Hek
khaskhet, 'Ruler of v-B.
the Mountains,'
Ant-her."
12.
(Fr. Sc. 180.)
"The Royal Son

Murch. and
(and
son
of
8.)
Ra
?)
Seket."
(Cf. PI.
XLIV,
13
14.
13.
"The
M-G.
Eldest Royal Son, Apek."

14.
Gr.
SCARABS.
15 and 16.
15.
153
"The
P.
Eldest Royal Son, Ka-pepen."

16.
L.
17.
"The
" "
B.M. 20824. Royal Wife, Tau-tha." Another specimen is in the Davis Coll.
Wife, Uazet."
(?)."
18.
The Royal
P.
19.
The Royal Wife
Gr.
20-22.
"The Royal
20.
Sealer and
Superintendent of
the Seal, Har."
Nash.
21.
B.M. 24109.
22.
Ashm.
23.
"The Royal
"
Son, Sa-ket."
B.M.
of the
Seal,
24-26.
The Superintendent
uah."
P.
25.
Per-em-
24.
27.
M-G.
of
the
26.
M-G.
Ra-ha.""
"The
"
"
Superintendent B.M. 28228.
Seal,
28.
Kethuna," a personal name.
Gr.
29.
The Royal
"
Son, Apepa."
I)."
Ashm.
30-35.
Aa-user-ra (Apep)^
P.
30.
^^.
Murch. Murch.
31. Gibs.
32.
34.
P.
35. Gr.
154
PLATE XXIV.
MISCELLANEOUS SCARABS OF THE HYKSOS
PERIOD.
1-29. Scarabs
inscriptions.
1.
bearing
unreadable
hieroglyphic
Davis.
17.
Gdn.
2.
Ashm.
Gr.
18.
M-G.
3.
19 and 20. Gr.

21.
4.-7
8.
M-G.
M-G.
Ashm.
22.
23. 24.
CM.
L.
9.
M-G.
Ashm.
10 and II. Gr.

12.
Gdn.
25-27.
28.
29.
M-G.
13 and 14. Gr.

15.
16.
Evans.
Gr.
M-G.
Gr.
"
30 and
31.
Aa-user-ra (Apepy
31.
I)."
30. 32.
Amh.
P.
" the Royal Sealer blundered scarab-seal of and Superintendent of the Seal, Per-em-uah.
Gr.
"
33.
^Cf. PI.
XXIII, 24-26.)
Gr.
Sa-khet-sa," a personal name.

*'
34 and
35.
Aa-user-ra (Apepy
I)."
Amh.
36 and 37. Nub-ka-ra."
Murch.
SCARABS.
155
PLATE XXV.
DECORATIVE SCARABS, MOSTLY OF THE HYKSOS PERIOD.
1-30 are all, I believe, of the Hyksos and 32 belong to the Earlyperiod; Nos. 31 Eighteenth Dynasty and the remaning four scarabs
;
Nos.
on
this plate are of the
Late Middle Kingdom or the

20.
Early Hyksos period.

1.
Gr.
Gdn.
Evans.
2.
Edws.
21.
3.
B.M. 28077.
Leyd.
22. Green.
23.
4.
5.
B.M. 17472.
B.M. 24250.
Gr.
24.
25.
M-G.
B.M.
(P. /. IX, 151.)
6.
7.
Gdn. and
9.
26.
Ashm.
B.M. 3635. B.M. 3681.
8
10.
11.
Gr.
27. Gr.
28.
Evans.
Benson.
Gr.
29.
12.
13.
30.
31.
W.
Benson.
Evans.
14.
M-G.
Evans.
32. Gr.
15 and 16. Green.

17.
18.
19.
33 and 34. Green.

35.
Hood.
Hood.
Evans.
36.
B.M.
(Griffith, Tell el
8.)
Yahudiyek, X,
156
PLATE XXVI.
SCARABS OF KINGS, ETC, MOSTLY OF THE SEVENTEENTH AND EARLY EIGHTEENTH
DYNASTIES.
1.
'*
Uaz-kheper-ra (Karnes)." P. This scarab is set in a gold funda, and was found at Thebes.
Uaz-kheper-ra, Pa-hek-aa (Karnes)." P. at Thebes.
2.
"
Found
"
3.
The Governor
Teta-nefer."
of the (Royal) City and Vezir, This is a hematite cowroidP.
shaped
4.
5.
seal.
"The Royal
"
Wife, Aah-hetepu."
B.M. 26981.
Louvre.
Aah-hetep."
gold ring
in the
6.
"The
"
Eldest Royal Son, Aah-mes."

"
CM.
7-10.
Neb-pehti-ra
7. 8.
(Aah-mes).
9.
Newb.
Nash.
CM.
3097.
10.
B.M. 28050.
11.
*'
The Hek
Aah-mes."
Tain,
'Ruler of the
Two
Lands,'
T.
Gr.
12.
"The
Divine Wife, Nefret-ari."

"
13 and 14.
Aahmes-nefret-ari."
13. 15.
Davis.
14.
M-G.
B.M. 32371. B.M. 32450.
"The "The
Divine Wife, Nefret-ari."
16.
Royal Mother, Nefret-ari."
SCARABS.
"
157
17.
Neb-pehti-ra (Aahmes
"
I),
with the
name
of his
P.
Sat-kames," on the reverse. daughter, From Thebes.

18.
"The Royal
Daughter, Tursi." Set in a gold funda, and found at Hu. (See Mace, Diospolis
Parva, XLI,
19 and 20.
*'
17.)
The Great Royal
Wife, Mer^^t-amen."
20.
19.
W.
B.M.
21.
"The
Divine Wife, Mer>^t-amen."

of Mer^'t-amen."
B.M.
22.
"The domain
lian scarab,
"
x\m\\.
carne-
from Thebes.
I)."
23-30.
23.
Zeser-ka-ra (Amenhetep
Alnw.
27. 28. 29.
M-G.
L.
24.
25.
26.
Murch.
Brocklehurst Coll.
Davis.
Murch.
Evans.
30.
31.
names of Amenhetep I and his mother, "the Divine Wife, Nefret-ari."' B.M. 30561.
scarab, with the
32.
"The Royal
{Cf.
Wife,
Aah-hetep."
B.M. 28624.
B.M. 28592.)
I)."
"
33.
Zeser-ka-ra (Amenhetep
L.
P.
"
34.
The Royal
Hist.
Son, Amen-mes."
{Cf. Petrie,
II, fig. 23.)
"
35.
36.
The Royal
Mather
Son, Tu-re."
P.
"The Royal
Coll.
Daughter
and
Sister,
Neb-ta."
is
scarab of Neb-ta
Petrie, Hisi. II,
in
the
P. Coll. (figured
by
fig.
24).
158
PLATE
(Thothmes
i-ii.
1.
I
XXVII.
SCARABS OF THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY.

TO Hatshepsut.)
"
Aa-kheper-ra (Thothmes
I)."
Alnw.
6.
Amh.
B.M.
Alnw.
2.
B.M. 32418.
B.M. 32377. B.M. 17774.
Luxor.
II.
7.
3.
8.
4.
5.
9.
B.M. 16578.
10.
B.M. 30568.
B.M. 30570.
I)
Aa-kheper-ra (Thothmes L. the favoured of Amen."

13.
12.
"
and Hatshepsut,
Great Royal Wife, Aahmes." possession of Mr. F. C. Cole.

14.
"The
In the
"The
Divine Wife, Aahmes."
Liv.
15-17. "Aa-kheper-en-ra (Thothmes II)."

15.
18.
Brocklehurst Coll.
"
16.
Alnw.
the
17.
P.
Usert-kau,
nebt
taui,"
Z'^-name
of
Hatshepsut.
"
19.
T.
renpetu," the nedî naime of Hatshepsut.
Uaz
L.
SCARABS.
20-30.
20. 21.
159
"
Maa-ka-ra," the prenomen of Hatshepsut.

23. 24.
Gr.
Gdn.
Alnw.
Liv.
B.M. B.M. 29230.
22.
26. 27.
28. 29.
25.
The
" "
'*
heiress of Ra."
B.M.
Berl. 1903.
Favoured with
delicacies."
Rising in the Horizon."
Har.
Sweet of scent
of Thebes."
to the nostrils of the
Gods
In the possession of Mrs.
Wright of Netley.
30.
CM.
Hatshepsut,
the
31.
"Maa-ka-ra,
favoured
of
Amen."
"
32.
B.M.
Hatshepsut, the favoured of Amen."
B.M.
30572.
33-35SS-
"
The Divine
34.
Wife, Hatshepsut."
35.
Berl. 1904.
Alnw.
B.M. 28438.
i6o
PLATE
XXYIII.
SCARABS OF THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY

continued.
(Thotiimes HI AND His Family.)

1.
"
Neferu-ra" (Daughter of Hatshepsut).

Neferu-ra, the Divine Wife."
P.
2.
"
Scarab, set in a
gold funda.
"
3.
Gr.
The
Royal
L.
Daughter
and
Royal
Sister,
Neferu-ra."
"
4.
The Divine
"
Wife, Neferu-ra."
"
L.
5-34.
5. 6.
Men-kheper-ra
Gr.
L.
(Thothmes
15.
16.
III).
Alnw. 981.
Evans.
L.
Berl. 14427.
7.
8.
B.M. 28745.
Alnv/. 999.
17. 18.
9.
B.M. 16789.
19.
Gdn.
10.
B.M. 16838.
P.
20.
21. 22. 23.
B.M.
P.
11.
12.
13. 14.
Hood.
T.
T^
B.M. 16790.
In the possession of
Evans.
Mrs. Roller.
SCARABS.
24.
i6i
CM.
i62
PLATE XXIX.
OFFICIALS OF THE EIGHTEENTH DYNASTY;
AND
FROM THE TOMB OF MAKET,! AT GUROB {temp, THOTHMES III).

RINGS,
ETC.,
1.
"The
"
Superintendent
of
the
Royal
Temple,
Aahmes."
2.
Murch.
of the
The Keeper
Sen-pu."
PI.
Storehouse of Offerings, Murch. This scarab probably
belongs to the end of the Twelfth Dynasty.
(C/
"
3.
XIII,
19.)
The
Scribe of the Recruits, Ab-ka-user."
M-G.
"
4.
The
Workmen
of
Amen,
Men-kheper-ra-senb."
"
5.
Murch.
The High
29435.
Amen, Hapu-senb." B.M. Hapu-senb lived under Thothmes II

Priest of
and Queen Hatshepsut. (For remarks on his life, see my note on him in P.S.B.A. XXII,
pp. 31-36.)
6.
"The Steward
Murch.
of
the
Oueen,
Pe-en-Thebu."
7.
"The
uab-'^nest,
in
Amen-em-heb."
Hood.
Mounted
1
a & sTold funda.

from the tomb of Maket have
The
rings, scarabs, etc., figured
been drawn from Prof.
Petrie's Illahun, pi.
XXVI.
SCARABS.
8.
163
"
The Eyes and Ears
of the
Lord of the
II
Two
(see
This Lands, the Mayor, Sen-nefer." (of Thebes) Hved under Amenhetep
Mayor XXII,
my
"
9.
notes
on
him
in
the
P.S.B.A.
pp. 52-61).
The sedem ash
of the
Seal, Min-nekht."
10.
Superintendent of the Davis.
"
The Divine
Father, beloved of the
God
{i.e.,
the King), the Vezir, Ptahmes."
CM.
Alnw.
II." The Chantress of Amen,

12.
Ma5^."
"The
Lady, Art."
B.M. 30639.
"
13.
"The
"
Royal Brother
Apu-ser."
B.M. 27790.
14.
The Lady,
Alnw.
the
15-46. Rings,
etc.,
from
tomb of Maket
III).
at
Gurob
15. 17, 18,
16.
(temp.
Thothmes
20-28. Scarabs with ornamental devices.
"
Ra," a very mens of it
common may
type of scarab, and specigenerally be dated to the first
half of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

"
19-32.
Amen-ra."
;
This
is
another very
of
common
date
type
it
is
nearly always
the
of
Thothmes
"
29.
III.
The Good God, Lord

kheper-ra (Thothmes
of the
III).
Two
Lands, Men-
30. 3I' ZZ-
"The
Lady, Maket."
i64
"
34.
Aa-kheper-ka-ra (Thothmes
"
I),
chosen of Amen.
III)."
35-41.
42.
Men-kheper-ra (Thothmes
of
the
Plaque, with figures Ptah.
Gods Tahuti and
43.
cylinder-seal, bearing the titles
and names of
Thothmes
44-45. Flat
46.
seals,
II.
with ornamental devices.

with a beetle engraved upon
Frog
in porcelain,
the base.
SCARABS.
165
PLATE XXX.
continued.
(Amenhetep
"
II
TO Amenhetep
III.)
1-15.
1.
Aa-kheperu-ra (Amenhetep
"
II)."
Born
at
Memphis."
P.
2.
"
Beloved of Tahutl."
of
heart."
Luxor,
3.
"Firm
B.M. 4077.
:
This
rectangular plaque is a splendid specimen of the engraver's art it is of yellow

jasper, and on the reverse is cut a representation of one of the horses of the king.
4.
5.
B.M.
"
6.
B.M. 16915. Lord of Glory
in
the house of
Amen."
W.
7.
(W., S.B. IV, 6^.)
L.
8. 9.
L.
Alnw.
10.
B.M, 4069.
P./.. VIII, 39.
"
11.
12.
Prince of Thebes, Lord of Valiance, and beloved of Amen," P, /. VIII.
13.
14. 15.
Alnw. (plaque),
(W, S.B. IV, 400.) B.M, 3944.
i66
1
6.
A
"
gold plaque, forming the bezel of a swivel
ring,
in
:
reads
the
Valiance,
The inscription Liverpool Museum. The Good God, son of Amen, Lord of the Son of Ra, Amenhetep (II), the Divine
Son of Amen, whom he P. K. XXIII, 7.
Ruler of Heliopolis, fighting hundreds of thousands."

17.
Aa-kheperu-ra,
himself."
(Amen) created
"
18-25.
18.
Men-kheperu-ra (Thothmes IV)."
Brock.
gold plaque, forming the bezel
of a swivel-ring.
19 and 20. Gr.

21.
22.
" "
Lord of the sweet wind."

Beloved of Ptah."
24.
L.
B.M.
25.
III).
23. Gr. "
Ready.
L.
26-32.
Neb-maa-ra (Amenhetep
26 and 27.
28.
Newb.
and "the
"
Neb-maa-ra (Amenhetep III) Royal Wife Thyi." B.M.

Beloved of Amen." Beloved of Ptah."
Luxor.
"
29.
"
30.
Amh.
Amenhetep
(III),
"
31.
Lord of the
festival,
Ruler of Thebes."
32.
T.
Gr.
SCARABS.
167
PLATE XXXI.
ico7itiimed)
.
Amenhetep
1-12,
his
III {continued)
to A^.
14-18.
Thyî.
Neb-maa-ra (Amenhetep III) and
Queen
1.
Newb.
B.M. 28314.
"
2.
3.
Neb-maa-ra and the Royal Wife, Thî." B.M. 29454.

Great
4.
"The
"
Royal Wife,
Th>î."
B.M.
32351.
5.
Pleasing with Victories."
B.M. 32433.
6.
B.M. 28571.
B.M. 32304.
7.
8.
"The Royal Wife

"
Th)î."
9.
"Amenhetep (1 1 1), Ruler of Thebes." Newb.

Abounding
in things."
10. 11.
12.
B.M. 32405.
Newb.
B.M. 32348.
See below under Amenhetep IV.
13.
14. 15.
Amh.
"Amenhetep
30446.
(I II),
Ruler of Thebes."
B.M.
gold ring.
i68
i6.
17.
"Neb-maa-ra and the Royal Wife,
Th^ri." P.
"The
Royal Wife, Thyi."

Divine Wife,
B.M. 30589.
Th^î,
18.
"The Great
of Isis."
28.
I
beloved
13,
19-25,
ua-en-ra Nefer-kheperu-ra, afterwards called Akhenaten. (Amenhetep V),

27,
"
13.
Ruler of Thebes."
B.M. 4097.
"
19.
Lord of the Sweet Wind."

Beloved of Hor-akhuti."
20. 21.
22.
"
"
Beloved of
Amen
(IV),
and Mut."
the
Gdn.
Ruler of
"Amenhetep
Thebes."
"
Divine
Newb.
B.M. 29236.
23.
24.
Chosen of Amen."
plaque in the Amherst Collection giving the two names of Amenhetep IV, and
on the reverse, "beloved of Sebek-ra, Lord of Sunu." Amh.

25.
A
"
"
silver ring in the
M-G.
Collection.
27.
28.
Pacifying the Aten."
B.M. 30596.
Beloved of the Aten."
B.M. 28417.
(A^^).
26, 29.
Kheper-kheperu-ra, ar maat
See
also
No.
26.
29.
34.
"
"
Beloved of Amen."
Beloved of Amen."
B.M. 4096.
Newb.
30.
" Nefer-neferu-aten
Nefert-iti,"
in the
Queen
Louvre.
of
Akhenaten.
Gold ring
SCARABS.
31.
169
A
"
bronze ring of Ankh-kheperu-ra, in the

Collection.
M-G.
32.
Neb-kheperu-ra (Tut-ankh-amen), beloved of P. Ptah, Lord of Heaven."

Ankh-nes-pa-aten,"
P.
"
SS.
Queen
of Tut-ankh-amen.
34.
gold ring of Kheper-kheperu-ra, ar maat

(Ay).
Leyd.
I/O
PLATE XXXII.
HISTORICAL SCARABS OF AMENHETEP
I.
III.
KiRGiPA AND
Her HarIm.
is
specimens of this scarab are known, and it perhaps the most interesting one of the series. One
Two
example is preserved in the Berl. Mus. (11002), the other was in the possession of Madame Hoffmann.
An
elaborate study of the text of the latter example
has been published by Brugsch in th&A.Z., XVIII, 81, and Maspero has given a drawing of the inscription (by Legrain, from a paper impression) in his Recueil The text given in the Plate des Travaux, XV, 200. is from the Berlin specimen, restored from Maspero s
published copy.
(a)
I.
Transliteration.
(b)
I.
Translation.
Renpt
X kJier hen en
2-5.
Ankh Hern. (Here follow the usual titles of Amen - hetep III and
The tenth year under the Majesty of " the 2-5. Living Horus."
(Here follow the
of
"
full titles
"
Amenhetep
III
and
6. veil
Thyi.) en tef-ef Yuaa; ren-en
Thyi.)
6.
is
The name of her father Yuaa the name of

;
7.
met-es Thuaa.
Bayt : anen
tir
"
7.
her
mother,
:
Wonders
8.
Thuaa.
yt Jien-ef sat Neherina
ne
8.
"His Majesty brought the

daughter of the Prince
of Mesopotamia, " Sa-tha-ra-na (the Princess) Kir-gi-pa
9.
Sa-tha-ri-na- Kir-gi-pa
9.
10. tepu
ne khenera-es
10.
"(and)
the
head-women
of her harim
11. set, 317.
11.
"Women,
317."
SCARABS.
The Lion Hunts of Amenhetep
171
2.
III.
Scarabs bearing an inscription recording the lion hunts of Amenhetep III are common, and about forty
specimens are known.
Of
these, five are in the British
12520, 16987, 24169,29438); four are in the Louvre (Inv., "]%"], 788) four in the Berlin Museum
;
Museum (4095,
(3481, 3482, 8443, 13274); three in the Leyden Museum (O. 83-85) and one each in the Cairo (M., Cat. Ad.,
;
1388), Florence (840), and Bologna (2455) Museums. In the Cat. des Med., Paris (102 1), and in the Amherst, Edwards, Fraser (Sc. 261), Grant, Hertz
(Cat., p. 112),
Kennard, Myers, one each.
Meux
(1785),
Palin,
Petrie,
Posno, H- Price
(Cat. 284),
and several smaller
collections, are also

is
in the possession of
The example figured Mr. Nash. The hieroglyphic

PI,
text of this scarab has
been published, among others,

36,
by Mariette (A/d. de Boiilaq,

(Histoire,
II, p. 315),
Budge (Mtimmy, p. been given by Pierret (Cat. Salle Hist., Louvre, 1877, p. 138), by Birch (Records of the Past, XII, p. 40), and many others.
(a)
532), Maspero XVIII, 81), and Brugsch (A.Z., 241), and a translation of it has
Transliteration.
(b)
Translation.
1-5. (Full titles
of
and names Amenhetep III and
1-5. (Full titles
of
"
5.
and names Amenhetep III and

of the lions
his
5.
Thyi.) ari-khet niaî
Th))i.)
Number
his
6.
anen
hen-ef em
satet-ef
6.
"brought by
in
Majesty
shooting,
zes-ef shaa
own
7.
em
X mau
8.
renpt
nefnjt er re?ipt
"
7.
beginning from the year one ending at the year ten: lions
hesa, 102
8.
"fierce, 102."
172
The Parents of Queen Thyi and the Limits
OF the Egyptian Empire.
3.
Many
scarab.
specimens
are
known
of
this
historical
In the Louvre there are two examples (Inv. ySy); in the British Museum are three (4096, 16988, 29437, the latter specimen of fine blue-glazed steatite);
Cairo Museum, one (3817, figured in Mariette's Album de Boulaq, XXXVI, 541; Maspero, Struggles
in the
Bologna Museum, one Edwards, Petrie, Eraser (Fr., Sc. X, (2454); 262), Nash, Hilton-Price (Cat. 283), Dattariand Myers" as well as several others in Collections, one each
of the Nations,
in the
p.
315)
in the
The example figured here private hands. Birch (Records the Amherst Collection.
Past, XII, 39);
(Fr. Sc, X,
(a)
I.
is
from
Budge (Mummy,
of the 242), and Eraser

text.
56),
have published translations of the

(b) Translation.
I.
Transliteration.
Afikh Hern. (Here follow

the
full
"The
Living
Horus."
titles
titles
of
his
AmenQueen
(Here follow the
of
his
hetep III
and
Amenhetep HI and
"
5.
Thyi)
'^
5.
6.
en tef-es Yuaa, ren en inet-es Thiiaa

re7i
6.
Queen Thyi.) The name of her father is " Yuaa, the name of her mother is Thuaa
;
7.
hemt pu ent
tasJi
seten nekht
7.
"she
is
the wife
;
of
the
8.
ef res er
Kary
8.
victorious king "his southern

is
boundary
northern
Kary,^
his
is
9.
mehti er NeJia-
9.
"(and)
boundary
10. rina.
1
Meso-
10
is
"
potamia."
This
probably the same place-name as the Kery mentioned
of HCiy at Thebes as the southern boundary of Kush It at the time of King Tfjt-ankh-amen (see PI. II). (Ethiopia) was almost certainly the modern Gebel Barkal.
in the
tomb
SCARABS.
173
PLATE XXXIII.
HISTORICAL SCARABS OF AMENHETEP III
{continued).
I.
The Wild Cattle Hunt.

this
Two
specimens of
scarab are known, and
both are in the MacGregor Collection at Tamworth. The text of one of these, together with a rough
translation,
published by Fraser in the and a good photographic facP.S.B.A., XXI, 156, simile of it has been given by the same collector in
the Catalogue of his Scarab Collection (Frontispiece,
has
been
and
p.
56).
from a
The text given in copy made by the writer
PI.
at
XXXIII, i, is Tamworth of the
example published by Fraser, and some restorations have been added from the inscription on the second
specimen.
(a)
I.
Transliteration.
Renpt II kher hen ne
2-4.
Ankh Heru
(here follow the
full titles
of
Amenhetep
III
4.
5.
and Thyi), Baat khepert

ne hen-ef : yu-tu er zed ne hen-ef, au un semau her khaset ne u ne Shetep (or Shetaii)
:
6.
nat hen-ef
em khed em
em
seten
uaa
7.
"
Kha-em-madt "
hetep er u ne
her tra ne khani, shep uat nefert, sper

Shetep (or Shetaii)
8.
her tra ne dua.

khet-ef
Khat hen-ef
er sesemet meshau-ef tent
em
9.
sehent seru
anklm ne meshaii
er zer-ef
ma
qed-ef nekhenu
174
(?)
10.
ne a
er art resii Jier naii semau.
A si
iizii
ne Jien-cf
erdet [-/]11. h-tu

12. j)
nen semau
em
sebti
hena
sJiedij,
uzu
ne hen-ef er [/lesed?] 7ien semau cr ari semau 190 ari khei
fu
sen, ari
khet ne
13.
anen hen-ef em behes

Jieru 4,
em heru pen semau 56; uah an
hen-cf
14.
em
usJi erdet
seref ne sesemet-ef : khat hen-ef her sesemet
15.
16.
ari khet nen semau anenef en behes semau 20

20,
demd semau
96.
(b)
I.
Translation.
"
The second year under

Living Horus."
III
the Majesty of
full
2-4. "the
Amenhetep
"
5.
(Here follow the and Queen Thyi.) "

'
titles
of
wonderful
thing happened
to
His Majesty. A messenger (lit. one ') came to tell His Majesty that there were wild cattle upon the
district
desert
6.
"of the
thereupon dahabiyeh,
^
floated
"
of Shetep^ (or Shetau) His Majesty down the river in the Royal
;
Kha-em-maat "
the
"district
"
{i.e.,
Shining-in-Truth
(Shetep)"
"),
is
The
position
of
of
Shetau or
uncertain.
The
place from whence Amenhetep and his officers Mr. Fraser {F.S.B.A., XXI, p. 157) suggests as the starting place, and the Wady Tumilat as the scene Memphis of the hunt, and he further remarks that " except the Fayum, there is no place that I can think of in Upper Egypt where one can
started
is
stream, and the name of the
inscription merely says that the king went down that the journey took him a night to accomplish, but
not recorded.
imagine there were ever wild cattle." from Thebes that the royal hunter
set out,
suspect, however, that it was and that the district of
Shetau (or Shetep) was one of those wadys near Keneh (just a night's journey from Thebes down stream) which at certain times
this
1
of the year contain low, but luxuriant vegetation. I have visited district several times (in February 1896, again in December 901, and for a third time in
by the great
March 1904), of vegetation which quantity
and was much struck

is
to be
seen
in
the
SCARABS.
7.
175
" at the time of evening, and (after) having had a good journey, arrived in safety at the district of Shetep
(or Shetau)
8.
"
at the
time of morning.
His Majesty mounted upon
a horse, and his whole

9.
army followed him.
"The
nobles and the ankhu'^-oi^cQxs of the entire
army
were marshalled, and the children

10.
"of the quarter (district?) were ordered to keep watch His Majesty thereupon upon these wild cattle.
ordered that they
"
(lit,
one) should surround
1,
these wild cattle with a net(?)"
and a dyke^ and

There
in a
desert to the east of Kuft

particular
which extends
for
and Keneh. some miles
is
one wady
in
northerly direction
between Legeta and Keneh that literally abounds in low shrubs and other vegetation, far more than enough to support vast herds
of wild
cattle. It
may
here be pointed out that the ancient fauna
Before the of Egypt differed very greatly from its present fauna. advent of the camel into Egypt, all the wadys of the Arabian
chain of
hills
were plentifully stocked with game of
all
kinds.
At
Beni Hasan, El Bersheh, and
many
scenes of hunting wild animals,
other places are represented including the lion, bubalis, etc. ;
and the wadys

at the
east of Keneh were celebrated as hunting grounds In more than time of Thothmes III and Amenhetep II. one private tomb at Thebes we have scenes of hunting which are " in the Ant" i.e., the desert expressly stated to have taken place
to the east of
Kuft, and in the tomb of Men-kheper-ra-senb the of the hunting at Kuft is mentioned. superintendent 1 On this title, see my note in Garstang's EI Arabeh, p. 33.
Driving the animals hunting in ancient times
"
into
nets
was a favourite method of
El Bersheh,
still
I, pi.
(^, among many other instances, my Nets are VII, and the Vaphio Vase at Athens).
used
3
for
this
purpose
in
some
to
parts
of
Africa
(Baker's
Ismailia, pp. 435-438).
Dr.
Budge has suggested

covered
pits
been a
series of
into
thus enabling the huntsmen to also identify the semau of the Egyptians
that this dyke may have which the animals would fall, He would capture them easily.
me
with
the rtmi of the
Assyrian inscriptions, other monarchs.
an animal hunted by Tiglath Pileser and
176
"
12.
His Majesty then ordered that these wild cattle should be counted(?) in their entirety, and the number of
them amounted
13.
to,
wild cattle 190.
The number
"of wild
cattle
in
hunting
four days
14.
which His Majesty brought in [his own?] this day (was) 56 His Majesty rested
:
"in order to give spirit (lit. 'fire') to his horses; then His Majesty mounted (again) upon a horse
15.
"and
the
number of
in
these
wild
cattle
which
were
brought to him
16.
hunting (was) wild cattle 20
+
cattle
"20
(i.e.,
40): (making) the total
number of wild
(captured) 96."
2.
The Lake
at Zarukha.
;
Three specimens of this scarab are known one is in the Egyptian Museum of the Vatican at Rome another is in the Golenischeff Collection, and the third
;
is
in the possesion of the
Duke
of Northumberland
at
is
Alnwick
in
fragment of a fourth example the Petrie Collection. The Vatican scarab was
Castle.
first
c/.
published
Vol. Ill, pt.
by Rosellini (Mon. St., PI. 44, I, pp. 263-268), and again by Stern
p.
2,
in
1878 (A.Z., 1877,
^y).
translation of this text
was made by
and published by him in the Records of the Past (Vol. XII, p. 41). The text given here is that on the Alnwick Museum specimen.^
Birch,
^
scarab has been
Since this was written, a study of the inscription on this published by Steindorff, from my copy of the
in A.Z.,
Alnwick specimen,
XXXIX,
62.
SCARABS.
177
(a)
Transliteration.
(b)
Translation.
I.
Renpet XI, abd heru I, kher
III, shat,
I.
"The
third
eleventh year, the month of the

season,
harvest
the
day
2-5. {ankJi) follow
I,
under
Horus.
the
Heru}
the
full
(Here
titles
2-5. the
(living)
"(Here
usual
follow
of
Amenhetep
and
titles
of
Amen-
Thyi.)
6.
hetep and Thyi.)

6.
uzu hen-ef art mert^ ne hemt seten urt
"
His
that
Majesty ordered there should be

a lake for the
made
great Royal Wife

7.
TJiyi,
es en
8.
ankh tha, em demaZarufu-ef meh em 3700*

ineJi
7.
Th;î, living, in her
town
of Zaru8.
khcL" ;
kha
usekh-ef
its length to be 3,700 cubits, its breadth cubits

;
9.
700.
ar lie uba inert
hen-ef
heb
9.
700.
His Majesty made

festival
the
of
the
opening of the lake

1
viated kher
2
The Vatican specimen gives kher hen 7ie Hem Heru on the Alnwick example. The Vatican scarab gives the determinative
for the abbre-
of
land
(the
triangle) in the place of the /

5
on the Alnwick specimen.
mis-reading (Zaru) of this place-name has led to the identification of the city with Zaru or Zal (perhaps the modern Sele), the
eastern frontier fort of Egypt, Prof Breasted, Prof Steindorfif, and the writer, however, all came independently to the conclusion that
Zarukha must be the name of the palace-town of Amenophis III and Thyi, which is situated a little to the south of Medinet Habu ;
the lake mentioned on this scarab the
is
therefore to be identified with
modern Birket Habu.

*
The numerals
given on the Vatican scarab are blundered, and
consequently
difficult to read.
178
Transliteration
(a)
10.
contd.
heru
i6,
(b)
10. in
Translation
the
third
contd.
month
of
em abd III
shat,
khent hen-cf
the
harvest
season,
on the sixteenth day (when) His Majesty

sailed
1 1,
em
seten
uaa
"
Aten-
11.
in
Royal dahabiyeh " (named) Atenits
the
2.
taheii}
"
em
kJiejiu-ef.
12.
tahen," in
cabin."
Read
tahen^ not neferu
this is clear
on the Vatican specimen.

stela
An officer of this boat is mentioned Museum of the Louvre (C. 207).
on a
in
the Eg)^tian
SCARABS.
179
PLATE XXXIV.
SCARABS OF THE EIGHTEENTH AND NINE-
TEENTH DYNASTIES.
1-6.
1
.
Zezer-kheperu-ra (Horemheb).
Luxor.
"
2.
Ruler of
Heliopolis.
Chosen of
Ra."
Bol. 2528.
3.
Newb.
Hood.
**
4.
5.
Ruler of Thebes."
Dattari.
6.
"
Beloved of Amen.
Hor-em-heb."
Alnw.
and
7.
8.
Mut-nezemt, Queen of Horemheb.
Ring, P.
"
8.
The Great Royal

Mar. Abyd.,
II,
Wife."
frog on back.
40m.
I).
9-13. Men-pehti-ra (Rameses

9.
B.M. 32474.
10. 11. 12.

13.
B.M. 24187.
B.M. 32445.
v-B.
(Fr. Sc. 225.)
Gr.
i8o
14-21. Men-maat-ra (Sety^
14.
I).
Newb.
B.M. 17157.
B.M. 32406.
18. 19.
B.M. 30601.
"Prince
of
15.
Truth."
CM.
16.
17.
20. 21.
B.M.
17 142.
B.M. 32373.
"Beloved of Ptah." B.M. (Loftie.)

II).
22-36, User-maat-ra setep-en-ra (Rameses

22.
23. 24.
Luxor.
30. 31.
Amh.
B.M. 30615.
Newb.
P.
32.
^;^.
B.M. 32303.
25.
26.
Luxor.
P.
Amh.
T.
34.
35.
27.
B.M. 29239.
B.M. 30613.
Amh.
Amh.
28.
29.
36.
B.M. 30614.
SCARABS.
i8i
PLATE XXXV.
SCARABS OF
THE
NINETEENTH
II).
DYNASTY
(RAMESES
1-6.
User-maat-ra setep-en-ra (Rameses

1.
II).
Liv.
"
4.
Ramessu, beloved of
2.
Ramesseum.
Amen."
5-
Amh.
3.
Amh.
6.
Cairo.
"
The Great
Noble."
L.
"
7.
Nefret-ari, beloved of
II.
Mut," Queen of Rameses
L.
II).
8-14. User-maat-ra setep-en-ra (Rameses

8.
B.M. 20826.
Gurob.
12.
B.M. 29443.
"Glorious
in the
9.
13.
House
10.
Alnw. Alnw.
of Amen-ra."
14-
B.M. 32328.
11.
1
L.
1 1
5.
Plaque.
Obverse, the cartouches of Rameses

*'
Wife, Ur-maat-neferu-ra, daughter of the Great Chief of the Kheta." Found at Tell el Yahudiyeh, and now in the
reverse,
The Royal
B.M.
16.
Plaque.
Obverse, the prenomen of Rameses
II
reverse,
"The
Hereditary Mayor and
Priest,
the Governor of the (Royal) City, the Vezir, Paser." W. On Paser, see my notice of him
in
P.S.B.A., Vol. XXII, pp. 62, 63, and No. 17.
cf.
i82
" The Judge, the Doctor and dr'i Nekhen, Plaque. the priest of Maat, the Governor of the (Royal)
17.
City, the Vezir, Paser."

18.
L.
Cf.
No.
16.
Plaque.
The
19.
User-maat-ra setep-en-ra(Rameses II), Chieftain of the Harim of Isis, Min." CM.

Obverse,
*'
"
Plaque.
Prenomen
Royal son
of
of
Rameses
his
II
reverse,
The
beloved one, Ramessu-user-pehti."

20.
body, v-B.
his
" The Royal son, Plaque, with scarab on back. born of the Great Royal Wife, the Chief of the
Bowmen,
21.
Pa-ra-her-amen-ef."
M-G.
Plaque.
Obverse, "The High Priest of Amen, Bak-en-khensu ;" reverse, " Son of the Superintendent of the Recruits of the Temple of Amen,
Amen-em-apt."
person,
Murch.
life
On
this
in
p.
celebrated
see
my
of him
Benson
343-347.
and
Gourley's The Temple of Mtit,

22.
Plaque.
Obverse, Prenomen of Rameses II " Scribe of the memory of the Lord of reverse,
;
the
23.
Two
Lands, User-maat-ra-nekht."
v-B.
II
Plaque.
Obverse,
"
Prenomen
of
Rameses
reverse,
The
Sein-]^x\^s,\.
of Ptah, the Governor
of the (Royal) City, the Vezir, Nefer-renpet."
Amh.
24.
Plaque.
Obverse,
" "
Prenomen
ot
Rameses
II
reverse,
Khensu-in-Thebes
On
sides,
The
KS<?;;/-priest
Nefer-hetep." of Ptah, Nefer-
renpet,"
Cities,
and "the Governor of the (Royal) the Vezir, Nefer-renpet." B.M. 4104.
SCARABS.
183
PLATE XXXVI.
SCARABS BEARING ROYAL NAMES: MERENPTAH I TO SA-AMEN.
I
and
2.
"
Ne-ba-ra mery-Amen, Hetep-her-maat

I). 2.
"
(Merenptah
I.
Leyd.
T.
"
2)-"].
User-kheperu-ra
mery-Amen Sety-mer-en4.
6.
Ptah"(Sety
3.
5.
II).
Gr.
Alnw.
M-G.
Luxor.
M-G.
7.
8 and
9.
Akh-en-ra Setep-en-ra Mer-en-ptah Saptah (Siptah).

8.
P.
9.
Alnw.
Siptah).
10.
Ta-usert
Setep-en-Mut
(Queen of
Newb.
11.
Ta-usert akh-en-Mut (Queen of Siptah).

"
v-B.
12.
The Royal Wife Ta-usert (Queen

M-G.
Sat-ra
of Siptah).
"
13.
mer-en-Amen
(Queen
Tausert)."
Newb.
14.
"The
"
Chancellor, Bay."
Chancellor of Siptah.
Luxor.
15.
User-khau-ra
Cairo.
mery-Amen"
Luxor.
(Setnekht).
16.
17.
Setnekht mery-ra.
of Heliopolis
"
User-maat-ra mery-Amen,
Rameses,
111).
*'
Ruler
(Rameses
Luxor.
p
i84
"
i8.
User-maat-ra mery-Amen, the strong lion."
B.M. 17803.
19.
B.M. 17130.
20. 21.
22.
B.M. 17123.
Nash.
"
User-maat-ra Setep-en-Amen" (Rameses IV).
M-G.
"
23.
Heq-maat-ra sa
17.147.
Amen " (Rameses

"
IV).
B.M.
"
24.
Rameses, Pnnce of Truth B.M. 29241.
(Rameses IV).
"
"
25.
User-maat-ra Set kheper-en-ra
(Rameses V),
Edw.
26.
"
Neb-maat-ra mery-Amen Luxor.

User-ra
VII).
"
(Rameses
VI).
"
27.
mery-Amen Setep-en-ra" (Rameses

B.M. 17134.
"
28.
"
Rameses the Divine Prince of HeliopoHs

(Rameses VI).
Gr.
29.
"Rameses mery-Amen, Amh. VIII).

"
akh-en-ra'
(Rameses
30.
The
great Noble
"
(Rameses VIII).
"
Amh.
"
31.
Nefer-ka-ra Setep-en-ra
(Rameses IX). Gr.

"
"
32.
User-maat-ra Setep-en-Neith
(Rameses X).
M.D.
"
S3.
"
32.
Sa-Amen."
M-G.
"
34.
Neter-kheper-ra setep-en-ra
(Smendes). Gr.
SCARABS.
185
PLATE XXXVII.
SCARABS OF TWENTY-SECOND TO TWENTYFIFTH DYNASTY KINGS.
1-8.
"
"
Hez-kheper-ra setep-en-ra
1.
(Shashanq
I).
M-G.
M-G.
5.
Amh.
M-G.
Luxor.
Gr.
2.
6.
3.
M-G.
Nash.
7.
4.
8.
9.
"The Royal
"
Wife, Ka-ra-ma-ma."
Pe-de-se-Bast
"
Ready.
(Petsubastis).
10.
Se-her-ab-ra
Luxor.
*'
11-13.
Sekhem-kheper-ra
setep-en-ra,
Osorkon
"
(Osorkon
II.
I).
Leyd.
12.
Newb.
13,
T.
14.
"Hez-kheper-ra setep-en-ra, The Divine Ruler of " Newb. Thebes, Takelethi (Takelotis I).
15.
"Mery Amen Se
L.
Bast Shashaq
"
(Shashanq
II).
16.
"User-maat-ra Mery
III).
Amen Shashanq"
(Shashanq IV),
18.
(Shashanq
Cairo.
"
17-19.
"
Aa-kheper-ra
17.
Amh.
(ivory).
Gr.
19.
Gr.
p 2
i86
Kash-ta and Amenardes.
Luxor.
20. 21.
Amenardes.
B.M. 20855.
22 and 23. Uah-ka-ra (Bokkheris).

22.
P.
23.
Davis.
24.
Shep-en-upt.
"
Hood.
of the City and Vezir, Zed-auf-
25.
The Governor
Tahuti
"(?).
26 and
"
27. 26.
The Divine Wife Amenardes.

27.
Alnw.
Alnw.
28.
Pe-ankhy and Taharqa.
W.
29 and 30. Nefer-ka-ra (Shabaka).

29.
Bologna 2533.
30.
Alnw.
SCARABS.
187
PLATE XXXVIII.
ROYAL AND PRIVATE SCARABS AND
DYNASTIES.)
1.
RINGS.
(TWENTY-FIFTH TO TWENTY-SIXTH
"The
Priest of Ra,
the Governor of the

P.
Two
Cities, the Vezir, Hor-sa-ast."

2.
Ta-har-qa.
Hood.
3. 4.
5.
Ded-ka-ra.
Ta-har-qa.
Nefer-ka-ra.
M-G.
P.
M-G.
B.M. 17168.
at
p.
6.
7.
Nefer-ka-ra Shabaka.
Shabaka.
B.M.
Found
Nineveh.
(Layard,
Nineveh and Babylon,

8.
9.
156.)
Ka-ankh-ra.
M-G.
Psamtek.
CM.
Bologna.
Gr.
L.
P.
10. 11. 12.
Uah-ab
Uah-ab
ra.
ra.
Ta-har-qa.
13. 14.
Psamtek.
Uah-ab-ra.
Alnw.
15.
16.
Nefer-ab-ra.
'*
M-G.
Anhur and Shu, son
Gold
T.
ring.
The
Priest of
of Ra,
Ankh
sha-ba-min."
17.
L.
Aahmes
sa-Neith.
18.
Men-nefer-ra.
M-G.
i88
Haa-ab-ra.
19.
Uah-ab-ra.
CM.
(M. M.D.
32.)
20.
Heru Aa-ab.
Khnem-ab-ra.
"
Newb.
21.
22.
CM.
32.)
Psamtek, beloved of Ptah-anb-res-ef."
CM.
(M. M.D.
"
23.
The
Priest
of Hor-pa-khred
of the senb."
14.)
"
Temples
of
Regulator Sekhet-hetep, PsamtekPI.
....
(Griffith, Tell el Yahudiyeh,
XVIII,
24.
The
L.
Priest
Hor, son of Horuza."
"
25.
The Hereditary Mayor,

Lord of Dedu, the Great
the Priest of Osiris,

Chief, Pa-ma."
M-G.
Nefer."
26.
"
The
B.M.
;
Chief
of
the
Mayors,
from Naucratis.
"
27. 28.
The
Priest of Her-she-ef." Priest of Hather,

"
Gold
ring.
L.
"The
"
Lady
ring.
of the
L.
Sycomore
Gold
29.
The nomarch
Father of
Priest,
of the Hermonthite nome, Divine

of the gods of the
ring.
(?),
,
Amen-Ra, King Opener to the Holder
the^M-priest, Yerhararu."
Gold
Luxor.
SCARABS.
189
PLATE XXXIX.
SCARABS BEARING MOTTOES, GOOD WISHES,
ETC.
The
inscriptions
extremely difficult found translated on

only
references
to
on these scarabs are generally to interpret, but a few will be

p.
78.
the
collections
give here, therefore, from which the
examples have been

I
figured.
and
2,
v-B.
go
PLATE
XL.
SCARABS BEARING MOTTOES, GOOD WISHES,

ETC. -continued.
References are only given here to the collections from which the specimens have been figured. A few
of the inscriptions will be found translated on p. 78.
1.
B.M. 3702,
Alnw.
19.
Fitzw.
(Common.)
2.
20.
B.M. 26618.
Hood.
3.
21. 22.
23.
Arthur Evans, Esq.

4.
5.
Amh.
Luxor.
Gr.
(Very
Hood.
common.)
24.
6.
7.
B.M. 17270.
Bol., 2641.
Fitzw.
(Very
common.)
25.
8.
P.
Bol.
2770.
(Not
9.
B.M. 26596.
Ashni.
Gr.
26.
rare.)
Luxor.
10. 11.
1
27.
28.
H-P.
2.
Luxor.
Newb.
13
15
17.
1
and and
14.
16.
Amh,
Hood.
29 and 30.
31.
Amh.
Mrs. Cox. Luxor.
8.
H-P. 4603;
32.
cf.
1
B.M.
PI.
XXXIX,
and
27.
SCARABS.
191
PLATE
XLI.
SCARABS BEARING NAMES OF FIGURES OF

GODS, ETC.
*'
1.
Isis,
Lady
of
Heaven and
Mistress of the Gods."
T.
At.
2.
Ym-hetep.
"
"
H.P.
Life."
3.
Amen-ra, Lord of the Breath of
Alnw.
4.
5. 6.
Amen-ra, abundant
of Hathor.
in things."
Newb.
Head
*'
T.
Her-she-ef.
M-G.
Son of Amen."
Gr.
7.
Ra-nefer,
Ptah.
8.
Cairo.
9.
"Shu, Sonof Ra."
Amh.
Vat.
10.
11.
Horus and Uraeus.

Horus and Uraeus.
T.
12.
king adoring Thoth.

in front of
CM.
two
altars.
13.
14.
Ptah standing
Ahiw.
Mentu.
Set.
15.
16.
CM. CM.
Amh.
supported by
Cairo.
Bes.
17. 18.
19.
Amen
Maat.
Ra and
Pacht.
Amh.
Amen-ra.
Newb.
"
20.
The
title
Courtier."
CM.
192
The The The
The
title title
*'
21.
Hereditary Prince."
Gr.
22.
23.
24.
"Governor of the
'
City."
CM.
royal royal
title,
Son of Ra."
Luxor.
titles,
"The Good
Luxor.
"
God, Lord of the
Two
25.
Lands."
titles,
The
royal
King of Upper and Lower

of
Egypt."
26.
Newb.
inscription
A common
B.M.
Hieroglyphic Luxor.
doubtful
meaning.
27.
signs
symmetrically
arranged.
28.
M-G.
Luxor.
29.
30.
Amen-ra.
Cairo.
31.
32.
B.M.
B.M.
(A very common
inscription.)
3S. Luxor.
34.
35.
36.
Luxor.
Naucratis.
Luxor.
SCARABS.
193
PLATE
XLII.
HIEROGLYPHICS, FLOWERS, ETC.

1.
Ankh,
"
Life."
*'
Newb.
Life
2.
Ankh
nefer,
"
and beauty."
truth."
Newb.
3.
Nefer maa,
Do.
Beauty and
do.
Newb.
do.
4.
5.
Hieroglyphic signs.
Luxor.
Cairo.
6.
Two
nefer signs.
"
7.
Ankh
1.
nefer,
Life and beauty."
Newb.
8-1
12.
Hieroglyphic signs.
"
CM.
coil pattern.
Nefer,
Beauty," surrounded by a
CM.
13.
Two
feet
and an ox's head
(?).
M-G.
14.
15.
16.
Lotus buds.
CM.
Lotus flower and buds.
CM.
Papyrus flowers.
Newb.
17.
18.
A A A
cat, fish,
and
eye.
CM.
An
eye.
L.
19.
fly.
Hood.
two
uraei,
20.
beetle,
and a
crocodile.
Newb.
194
A A A A A
cat
21.
and
17.)
fish
in
an eye.
CM.
(see
above,
No.
22. 23.
24. 25.
26.
hawk, two
hand.
Gr.
uraei,
and a
crocodile.
Newb.
King
fish
(?) seated.
Very common.
Gr.
and a scorpion.
uraei.
Three
Liv.
27.
28.
man
holding two crocodiles.
Hood.
Gr.
Two monkeys
climbing a palm-tree.
29. ô.
palm-tree and two crocodiles.

fish.
Dattari.
Two
Cairo.
31.
32.
Two
scorpions.
Gr.
gazelle.
Newb.
B.M.,
33-39.
Hunting scenes.
Colls.
Newb., and
H-P.
SCARABS.
195
PLATE
XLIII.
MISCELLANEOUS ROYAL AND PRIVATE

SCARABS.
1.
"
The Royal
ef."
Sealer and Divine Father, Ha-ankh-
P.
2.
"
The
Steward,
Khnems."
Dat.
Thirteenth
Dynasty.
"
3.
The son
Amenemhat-Sebekhetep, beloved Davis. Lord of Shyteru"(?). of Sebek-ra.

of Ra,
Thirteenth Dynasty.
p. 250.)
4.
(See P.S.B.A.,
XXIV,
Twelfth
"The "The
" "
Steward,
Amen>^."
P.
Late
Dynasty.
5.
Scribe of the Army, Nehy, born of the Thirteenth Dynasty. Lady Kesen."
CM.
6.
Neferui-uah-ra."
Fitzw.
7.
The Royal
hather."
Friend,
Doctor and
Scribe,
Sa-
CM.
Thirteenth Dynasty.
8.
"
The Chief
Superintendent of the Office of the ThirDavis. Nen-semkhut-ef." Treasury,

teenth Dynasty.
"
9.
The Doctor and
ari Nekken, Antef."
Davis.
Thirteenth Dynasty.
196
"
10.
The Royal
period.
Sealer, Royal Friend, and Superintendent of the Seal, Ab-tau.' Davis. Hyksos
11.
*'
Ankhes-en-pa-aten."
nasty (Akhenaten).
Davis.
Eighteenth
Dy-
12.
"The
Superintendent
P.
of the
Cattle
of
Amen
Sen-nefer."
Early Eighteenth Dynasty.

Davis.
I.
13.
''The
lived
Veztr,
Ym-hetep."
This Vezir
P.S.B.A.,
under Amenhetep
p.
(See
XXIII,
14.
250.)
"Apepa."
Davis.
Hyksos
period.
15.
"The Mayor and
Superintendent of the Granary of Amen, Aahmes. Davis. Tim.e of Hatshepsut or early Thothmes
III.
16.
"The End
Chantress of Amen,
of the
Nefret-ari."
Dat.
Eighteenth or beginning of the
Nineteenth Dynasty.
17 and 18. "Shesha."
period.
"
19.
Mr. Nahmann, Cairo.
Hyksos
{Cf. PI.
XXI,
9-18.)
The Son
of Ra,
Ambu."
of
CM.
Hyksos
period.
20.
blundered
{Cf. PI.
scarab
Se-kha-en-ra.
Davis.
XXI,
of
19-22.)
Hyksos
period.
21.
"The Son
period.
Ra,
Y-keb."
Davis.
Hyksos
{Cf. PI.
XXII, 7-13.)
Y-kebu."
v-B.
22.
"The
Royal
{^^^
Son,
Hyksos
period.
S7ipra,
No.
21.)
SCARABS.
"
23.
197
The Superintendent
ka."
P.
of the Unguents, Kheper-
Twelfth Dynasty.
24.
"The
"
Superintendent of the Office, Atef." Thirteenth or Fourteenth Dynasty.

Scribe Teta." Davis.
CM.
25.
The
Middle Eighteenth
Dynasty.
26.
"
The Steward
B.M.
of the
House of
Prayer, Mesu."
"
27.
The Mayor of
Thothmes
Heliopolis, Ben, son of

(Fr. Sc. 81.)
Ma."
v-B
III.
28.
"The Guardian
of the
Storehouse,
Ay."
T.
Thirteenth Dynasty.
29.
"The Guardian
"
of the Storehouse, Senb."
C.M.
Thirteenth Dynasty.
30.
The Overseer
of the Surveyors, Thati."
C.M.
Thirteenth Dynasty.
"
31.
The
Chief over the Secrets of the Royal Palace,
the Royal Sealer, and Superintendent of the

Seal, Hor."
Philadelphia
Museum.
p. 32.)
(See
my
note in Garstang's
2.
El Arabeh,
The Guardian
of the Unguents, Nub-user."
C.M.
Thirteenth Dynasty.
"
The
Superintendent of the (Cattle ?) C.M. Thirteenth Dynasty. Benera."
stalls,
198
PLATE XLIV.
MISCELLANEOUS ROYAL AND PRIVATE SCARABS continued.
1.
"
The Superintendent
Timmins'
Coll.
of the
Interior,
Kenem.
2.
"
"
The
Eni-a-ast, Sebeknekht."
Cairo.
3.
The Steward
of the Accounts of Cattle, Hora-
khent-kheti-hetep."
4.
Timmins'
Coll.
"The Lady
"
Sent."
Timmins'
Coll.
Coll.
5.
The
Scribe Hu-ma-thu."
of Ra, Kh)ân."
Timmins' Timmins'
6.
"
The Son
Coll.
"
7.
The Good God,

Piers' Coll.
Kha-user-Ra,
giving
life."
8.
"
The Son
of Ra, Seket."
Piers' Coll.
9.
"The King
ka-Ra."
of
Upper and Lower Egypt, Se-baq-
Cairo.
?
10.
"The
Superintendent of
Anna."
Tim-
mins' Coll.
11.
"The
Superintendent of the Haaiu." Timmins' Coll.
Gold
Workers,
12.
"The
Court Under-sealer, Ab-ref"
SCARABS.
1^.
199
"The
"
Great
(?)
Royal
Wife,
Nub-hetep-tha."
Murch.
14.
The Lady,
Y-ab."
Cairo.
"
15.
The Great One

heb."
of the Southern Tens, Sebek-herColl.
Timmins'
Chief
16.
"The
Steward,
Mentu-hetep
Zeszes."
Timmins'
17.
Coll.
"The
"
Scribe of
Coll.
the
Great
Prison,
Dehenti."
Timmin's
18.
The
ahi. 7ie at
Sebek-aa.
'
Cairo.
19.
"May
King give an offering to Ptah-sekerOsiris Neb ankh taui for the ka of the Great one of the Southern Tens, Sebek-em-heb, Son
the
of
hufi."
Cairo.
20.
"
The Governor
of the
city,
Ptah
{.'^)."
Cairo.
21.
22.
""
Ari-at of the followers, Yu-senbu."
Cairo.
"
Royal Sealer, Superintendent of the Peasantmen,

Nefer-hetep."
Cairo.
"
23.
Royal
Senb."
Sealer.
Superintendent of the prison,
Murch.
^r/iV^/^/^^;^?,
"
24.
" 25.
26.
The judge and
Ren-ef-res."
Cairo.
Royal daughter, Nebt-tep-ahu."

"
Murch.
Neb-ankh.
"
Royal Sealer, Murch.
Chief
Steward,
INDEX TO PERSONAL NAMES.
Aahmes, XXIX, i. Aa-khnem, XV, i8. Abh-a-senbtefi, XIV,

Ab-ka-user,
Ab-ref,
Atef-ef,
XVII,
24.
Au-ab, XVI, 10.

3.
Au-ef-er-senb,
XVII,
3.
13.
XXIX, XLIV, 12.

10.
3.
Au-het-ab, X,
Auqa, XV,
10.
Ab-tau, XLIII,
Au
su ankh, XIV, 22.

2.
Aka, XIII,
10.
Auy, XI,
Ay, XII,
;
Aka-senbna, XI, 27.
Auy- mes, XI, 18.

2
1
;
Akuu, XV,
16.
XIV,
XLIII,
21.
28.
Amen-em-apt, XXXV, 21. Amen-em-hat, XI, 17 XIII,
23,
Bak en khensu, XXXV,

Bay,
XVI,
16.
2.
XXXVI,
14.
Amenemhat-senb-ne-Hather, XI,
Beba, XI, 30; XIV, 12.
Ben, XLIII, 27.

7.
;
Amenemheb, XXIX,
Amenhetep, XI, 10
Benera, XLIII, 33.
XIV,
i ;
Bu-sen-ba,
XVI,
25.
XVI, 3. Ameny, XVII, 27 XLIII, 4. Ameny-senb, XVI, 13. Ana, XVII, 10. Ankh, XV, 24; XVII, 9, 21.
;
Deda, XI, 30.
Dede muti, XVII, Dede nub, XV, 9.

Dedetu, XII,
Dehenti,
11.
15.
Ankh-ef, XIII, 27.
XLIV,
17.
Ankh-sen, XVI,
Ankh-tefi,
4.
XIV,
13.
16.
Ankhu, VII, 13; XIII, Anna, XLIV, 10. XIV, Antef, XIII, 3; XLIII, 9.
Anu-enti
(?),
Erde ne ptah, XI, 12 ; XIII, 22 XIV, 10 XV, 19.

;
Erdet ne ptah, XV, 21.
26;
Ha
ankh
ef,
X,
I.
4,
8;
XII, 17;
XVII,
;
14.
XLIII,
Haaiu,
Apa, XVI,
Apuser,
Art,
Atef,
18.
XLIV,
II.
Apepa, XII, 25
XLIII,
12.
14.
Hap-hetepu, XII,
12.
5.
XXIX, XXIX, 12.

XLIII,
24.
Hapu
senb,
XXIX,
Har, XXIII, 20-22. Hepu em sha, XII, 12.
202
Neb-pu, XVI, 22.
Herankh, XIII, i8. Her hetep, XVII, 4.

Hera, Heru, XI, 22; XIII,
14,
Neb
qemiu, XI, 25.

4.
Neb-re-sehui, XI,
15; XLIII, 31.

Herfu, XI, 11.
Her-khent-kheti-hetep,
Neb-seshen, XI, 29.
Neb-sunu,
XVI, 6;
19.
XVII, 5;
25.
XLIV,
3.
XVII,
Hetep, XVII, 23. Hu-ma-tha,
Nebt-tep-ahu,
5.
XLIV,
XLIV,
Nefer-hetep, XII, 23;
XIII, 12
Huy,
II.
XLIV,
14.
22.
Neferni, XIII, 25.
Ka, XVI,
Kema, X, 5, 8. Kenem, XLIV, Keru, XV, 26.

Kesen, XLIII,
Nefer renpet, XXXV, 23, 24. Nefer turn, XVI, 12.

i.
Neferu, XIV, 15. Nefret ari, XLIII, 16.
5.
Nehesi, XI, 14.

28.
Kethuna, XXIII,
Kha-kau-ra-senb,
XV,
25.
i.
Khent
Nehy, XII, 7 ; XIII, 11 XLIII, 5. 7

;
XVII,
hetep,
XVII,
16.
Nenna, XII,
26.
Khent-kheti,
XV,
Nen sem
khuft,
XLIII,
8.
Kheper ka, XLIII, 23. Khnem-aa, XVII, 18.

Khnem-set-heru-sebek
?
Nub-em-sa-es, XII, 19. Nub-khusi, XVII, 28.
XII,
10.
Khnems, XV, 13;

XLIII,
2.
XVII, 20;
Pa-enti-en,
XIV,
14.
Paser,
9.
XXXV,
,
16, 17.
Khu, XVI,
Ma, XLIII,
Maket,
Mehti,
27.
Pe-en-thebu, XXIX, 6. Pehui-ef-hu ? XI, 21.

30, 31, 33.
XXIX,
XV,
23.
Per-em-uah, XXIII, 24-26.

Ptah,
May, XXIX,
11.
XLIV,
20. 25.
Ptah-ath,
ra senb,
XVII,
Men
kheper
XXIX,
XI,
Ptah dedetu senb,

4.
XI
8.
i.
Mentuhetep,
X,
2;
20;
Ptah-hetep,
XIV,
XVI, 5. Mentu nesu, XIII,

Mary
ra,
Ptah-mes,
XXIX,
10.
Ptah
6.
ur,
XII, 22.
i.
XV,
Ptah ur bau, XVII, Raha, XXIII,
3.
Meryt, XII, 18.

Min-ast,
XXXV,
18.
9.
27.
Min-nekht,
XXIX,
15.
Mu-nu-ah, XV,
Ren Ren
ef-em-ab, XI, 29.

ef senb, XI, 3.
Mf, XIV,
21.
26.
Rensenb, XI,
23
XVI, 24
Neb-ankh, XLIV,
Neb-kau, XVI, 23.
Usertsen, XV,
Res, XIII, 33.
XVII,
8, 28.
2,
INDEX TO PERSONAL NAMES.

Sa aah, XV,
22.
203
Sen-mut, VIII,
Sen-nefer,
4.
Sa buu, XV, 4. Sa hather aa, XI, 28.
XXIX,
;
XLIII, 12.
2.
Sen-pu, XIII, 19
7.
XXIX,
Sa hather, XV, 6 Sa hy, XVI, 17. Sa neb, XIII, 17. Sa nefer hez, XV,
XLIII,
Sent,
?
XLIV,
4.
Sep-sa-ankh, XII, 15.

resu,
Se
5.
;
XIV,
4.
Sesa, XII, 9.
Sa ptah, XIII, 26 XIV, 2. Sa sebek, XI, 19; XII,
Set mes,
16;
Sezedu,
XIV, 23. XIV, 9. Sat spedu, XVII, 11. Sat sutekh, XV, 8. Seankh, XIII, 21 XVII,
Sat ab,
;
XVI, 7. XIV, 16. Spernef, XV, 17.

Surtha, XIII, 24.
Tefta,
12.
XVI,
15.
?
,
Tehepenkhet mery
XII,
8.
Sebek-aa, XLIV, 18. Sebek aa senes, XII, 24.
Tehutinekht, XI, 15.

Teta, XVI, 16; XLIII, Teta kherd, XIII, 2. Teta nefer, XXVI, 3.
25.
Sebek an, XVII, Sebek dedu, XI,

Sebek-em-heb,
2.
26.
19. 15.
ig,
XLIV, Sebek-her-heb, XLIV, ? Sebek her ant, XVI,

Sebekhetep, XI, 20; 20 ; XV, II.
Sebek-nekht,
Tha Tha
11,
ath, tha,
XII, 13. XII, 28.

12.
Thati, XLIII, 30. Theti,
XIV,
XV,
XLIV,
9.
2.
Sebek-se-s-ankh, XIII,
4.
Un nefer, XVII, Up em heb, XI,

User, XLIII, 32.
17.
5.
Sebek-ur, XIII,
Sedemy, XIII, 31. Sehetep, XVII, 3.

Sehetep-ab, XIII, 32.
Se-hetep-ab-ra-senb, IX, 12.
Usermaa
Usertsen,
ra nekht,
XXXV,
22.
XVII,
8.
6.
Usertsen senbu, XIII, 13.
Ushu, XIII,
Sehetep ab
ru,
XI, 13
20.
6, 7.
XIII, 29.
Y-ab, XIII, 20
;
Semi
nefer,
XV,
XLIV,
13.
14.
14.
Senaa-ab, XIV,
Y-m-hetep, XLIII,
Yu-benera,
Senb, XIII, 34; XVI, 11, 20, 21 ; XLIII, 29; XLIV, 23.
XV,
9,
Yu-senb, XI,
28; XVI,
i,
Senba, VII,
XI,
6.
XLIV,
26.
20.
Senb Senb Senb
ef,
XIII, 35.
ef nefer ankh,
XVII,
Zedau [f ] Heru, XXXVII,
25.
Senb-su ma, XI,

tefi,
7, 8.
XII, 20.
XV, 7. Zeszes, XLIV,

Zera,
16.
INDEX TO TITLES.
abu ne
at,
XLIV,
i8.
mer khetem, see mer khetem. adenu ne mer per ur, see mer per tir. ahems ne dep, XVI, 2.
adenii ne
am-as, XIII, 27.
am
am
klient ne Sebek,
XVII,
,
2.
khent \gv^
res-tep,
^,
-f
\\\
XVll,
^,^^^^
14.
ankhet net
XIII, 12.
ankhui
tie
neb taut,
XXIX,
8.
ariat, XI, 29; XII, 12, 30; XIII, 293

28, 29.
XV,
i;
XVII, 23; XLIII,
ari at ne auf, XIII, 18.

art at
ari at ne per hez, ar/ at fie shenisu,
neper dedn, XIII, 19 ; XVI, 9 XV, 5 XVII, 1 7.

;
XVII,
XXIX,
2.
XLIV,
21.
ari at ne shenl, XIV, lo. ari beSy XLIII, 32. ari Nekhen, XII, 17; XV. 10; XLIII, 9; ari pedet, XIII, 34.
XLIV,
24.
â^/
;'d
//^^,
XIII, 26.
<?i%^/
f;
j^?-/,
XVII,
14.
e?;â,
XI,
18.
ha, XI, 15,
16, 17,
18; XIII,
15,
;
21; XIV,
XVI, 13; XVII,
28
XXIX,
XLIII, 15
i.
p. 49,
H-
^S-
ha
ha
/let
Jie
Usertsen, VII,
An, XLIII, 27. ha ne Reshuu, XV, 14. hemt neter, XXVI, 12,
15, 21,
31
XXVII,
12;
14, 33, 34,
35
XXVIII,
4; XXXVII, 26, 27. hemt neter urt, XXXI, 18;
XXXVI,
XXXVII,
9.
2o6
;
Iiemtseten, IX, 32
4,
XII, 6
2
;
XIII, 30;
15.
XXIII,
17,
1,8,
19;
XXVI,
32
XXXII,
XXXV,
;
XII, 4, 5, 26; XIV, 19; XXVI, 19, 20; XXVII, XXVIII, 35, 37 XXXI, 3, 4, 8, 16, 17 XXXII, r, 3 ; XXXIII, I, 2 XXXIV, 8; XXXV, 20; XLIV, 13. hen 7teter^ XV, 9 XVII, 2. ]ien nefer ne Sebek em Was, XII, 23.
he}nt seten urt,
13
hen tep neter ne Amen,

heq khask/ief, VII,
XXIX,
XXII,
XXXV,
;
21.
heq ankn k/uzuf, XIII, 28.

7
;
20, 21, 22
XXIII,
10, 11.
heq neferu, VII, 10. /^j7 ne kenbef, XLIII, 30.

fier 7te tern,
XVI,
7. cf.
her per, XLIII, 4;

Jier sesJieta {ne)
mer per.
XLIII,
31.
per
seten,
her
s/ie,
see 7ner
s/ie.
k/ier heb ne JVek/iebef,
k/ier Jieb ne per nefer,

klierp
XIV, 11, XVII, 21. XIV, 4. aha, XIII, 15

;
klierp nesti,
XI,
15,
klietemu bati, XI, 4-12, 18, 21, 22, 29; XII, 28; XIII, 10, 16, 21,
24, 27, 31
;
XXIV,
32
XIV, 10, 24 XV, 4; XVI, 3; XXIII, XLIII, I, 10, 31 XLIV, 22, 23, 26.
;
20, 21,
22;
klvetemu kefa ab, XI, 28.
klutemu kJur-a, XVII, 18
XLIV,
XII,
12.
khnemt
nefert
Jiez,
IX, 32
4, 5,
26
XIV,
19.
mer
akJienuti,
XIII,I 32
XVI,
;
16,
25;
XVII, 12; XLIII, 24;

;
XLIV,
I.
mer akJienuti ne dep, XII, 20 XIII, 11, 16 mer akJunuti ur ne per hez, XLIII, 8. mer aru (?), XIII, 5. mer ast ne heq, XIV, 9 XVI, 17. mer ast urt, XI, 24. mer besu (?), XLIII, 23. mer hemt ne Amen, XXIX, 4. mer lienu 7ieter, XI, 15, 18 ; cf. hen tieter. mer Jusu ur, XI, 25.
;
XVI,
24,
i7ier
he t neter, VII,
XI, 17
i.
XIII, 15, 21
XVI
13.
f7ier lietu sete7t,
XXIX,
Pier
khau ne Amen, XLIII,
12.
INDEX TO TITLES.
mer khau, XV,
t?ier
207
17. 23.
; ;
khenf,
XLIV,
mer klietemtiu, XI, 9 XIII, 31 XV, 4. mer kketemu, XI, 4-1 1 XXIII, 20-22, 24-27;
;
XXIV, 32;
6.
XXXVI,
adenii ne
sesh ne
14; XLIII,
10, 31.
; ;
sesh
mer kJietemu, XI, 13 XIV, 25 XVI, mer k/ietemu, XVI, 8. tir ne mer kJietemu, XI, 14 XIV, 2.
;
setem ash ne tner khetem,
XXIX,
9.
mer mentiu, XI,

7?ier
23.
meshaji, XI, 22; XIII, 17.

.
mer meshau ur, XI, 2 1 mer neferu ne per Amen, mer net, VII, 13; XII,
XXXV,
i,
21.
2;
20.
XXVI,
3;
XXXV,
16,
17,
23,
24;
XXXVII, 25 mer nnbij, XLIV,

;
XLIV,
;
11
p. 55, fig. 32.

;
mer per, XII, 15 XIII, 2, 4; XIV, 21 mer per heseb ahu, XLIV, 3. mer per lieseb ati, XIV, 5. mer per lieseb remf, XIV, 26. mer per ne dua, XLIII, 26. mer per ne lumt seten, XXIX, 6.
XVI, 22
XLIII,
mer perne s/iejtt, XVI, 18. mer per nr, XII, 28, 29 XIII,
;
10, 21, 27
XVI, 23
XLIV,
16, 26.
}ie
seten
p, 47, fig. 24.
aden7i ne
mer per
ur,
XVII,
16.
mer mer mer mer mer mer
qesti,
7ner qesu,
XVII, 27. XIV, 10.

XIII, 24; XIV,
13.
24;;
seklietiu,
XLIV,
22,
she,
XV,
sesh ne she,
sJient ne
XV,
6.
Amen, XLIII,
; ;
15.
7ner ta mehu, XIII, 6, 32

u,
tt
XVI, 25
XVII,
12.
XIII, 6
XV,
2.
ne Het-neter,
I
XVI,
33.
14.
mer {>
mertiii
XLIII,
neb taui,
Jie
XXIX,
8.
met
seten,
IV, 16; X,
18,
3, 5, 8,
9;
XXVI,
16.
nebt per, XII,
19,
27;
XIII, 7; XIV, 15; XV,

;
7, 8, 20,
;
XVI,
15
XVII,
10, 11, 15
XXIX,
12, 14, 30,
31
21; XLIII, 5 ;
XLIV,
4, 14.
2o8
2, 4,
neter atef, X,
XIV, 20
XXIX,
10
XLIII,
i.
neter hemf, see
hemt
neter.
neter hen^ see hen neter. neter khetemu,

neter viert,
XIV,
i.
XXIX,
10.
/a
scr aa,
XXXV,
26.
6.
XXXVI,
11
;
30.
16.
<jemat ne
qenbeti,
qesti,
Amen, XXIX,
XLIII,
XI,
XVII,
rekkseten, XI, 25; XII, 11, 14, 16, 21, 25;
XIV,
17
XV,
4,
10.
:f
seten,
IX, 30; XII, 1-3; XIII,
XVII, 8; XXIII,
12-16,
XXVI, 34, 35; XXXV, 19, 20; XLIII, 22. sa seten 7ir, XXVI, 6. XV, 10 XLIII, 7, 9; XLIV, 24. sab, XII, 17, 22 sat seten, IV, 5; VI, 20; IX, 33, 34 35, 39; XXVI,
23,
29;
18,
36;
XXVIII, 3. sat seten aat, XIV, 18; XVII, sat urt ne Nehcren, XXXII, i.
seba
7ie
i.
per ankh, XIII, 35. 30 ; XVII, 9. semer uati, XI, 4-12 ; XLIII, 7,
sehez shemsu, XI,
10.
sen seten,
sent seten,
XXIX,
;
13.
I
5,
XXVIII, 3. XV, 10; XVI, serhayt, XIV, 6 sesh XLIII, 7, 25 XLIV, 5.

;
11.
sesh her klietemu ne Hetep-Usertsen, XIII, 20. sesh
Mr khetemu
XVII,
ne per hez,
20.
XVII,
26.
sesh heseb,
sesh het neter ne Hetep-Usertsen, XIII, 13. sesh khaut,

sesh ne
XVII, kha ne neb
13.
taui,
XXXV,
22.
17.
sesh ne khent
sesh ne sesh
2irt, XII, 9; XIV, 14, 16, 23 ; XLIV, mer khetemu, see mer khetemit. ne meshati, XIII, 25; XV, 23; XLIII, 25.
sesh ne neferu, XIII, 25.

sesh ne qenbetu
sesh ne she, see sesh ne ta seba,
?ie tin
tne
Hct-ka, XVII, 25.
mer
she.
2.
XV,
sesh ne zat, see zat.
INDEX TO TITLES.
sesh ne zazat,
209
XVI,
19.
3.
sesh nefertf,
XXIX,
sesh seten, XI, 27.

sesk
setem ash ne
ur ne mer khetemti, see mer kkelefnu. mer khefemii, XXIX, g.

hemt
urf,
seten hemf, see seten
hemt seten. see hemt seten
tirt.
seten kekJieru,
XV,
15.
seten sa, see sa
sete?i.
seten sat, see sat seten.
seten sat aat, see sat seten aat. seten sesh, see sesh seten.
seten seshemsu, see shetnsit seten.
seten
IS
XII,
XVII,
19.
shemsu, XIII, 3 ; XVI, 20. shemsu ne remen tep, XIV, 12
XV,
24,
26; XVI,
10.
shemsu
sunu,
seten,
XII, 28, 29
XIII, 21.
XV,
19.
uab,
?^fl(^
XIV,
fl<a:
3,
16;
XXIX,
;
7.
;2e
Hather nebt
net,
Tep-ahit, XII, 10.
tiartu
aa ne
XI, 19
XIV,
22.
8, 14.
khaiit, XI, 20; XIII, uartu ne Ursh, XV, 16. nartu ne Ut, XVII, 22.
uartu ne hek
uhem,
XV,
18.
;
ur
res
met,yA\, 13
XIII, 9
XIV,
7,
8,
13;; XV, 22; XLIV,
i5> 19ut,
XII, 22.
zat,
VII, 13; XI,
I,
2;
XXVI,
3;
13.
XXIX, 10; XXXV,
16, 17, 23,
24;
sae/ (?)
XXXVII,
/^,
25; XLIII,
sesh ne zat, XI, 3.

jîfe^z
XVII,
3.
zau ne
sesh,
000
XVI,
1 2.
XV,
25.
INDEX TO ROYAL NAMES
(a)
KINGS.
17.
Aa-ab (Uah-ab-ra), VII,

Aa-hetep-ra,
X,
XXII,
1-3.
Aah-mes I (Neb-pehti-ra), XXVI, 6-1 1, 17. Aah-mes II (Sa Neith), p. 14, fig- 4; XXXVIII,
Aa-kheper-en-ra (Thothmes II),
;
17.
XXVII, 15-17 XXIX, 43. Aa-kheper-ka-ra (Thothmes I), XXVII, 1-12; XXIX, 34. Aa-kheper-ra (Shashanq II), XXXVII, 17-19.
Aa-kheperu-ra (Amenhetep
1-17.
II), p. 68, fig.
57
I,
VIII, 6
XXX,
Aamu, XXII, 14-18.

Aa-user-ra
(Apepy
i I), I,
XXIII, 30-35
I, 4.
XXIV,
34, 35.
Aha
(Menes), IV, 2. Akh-en-aten (Amenhetep IV),
Akh-en-ra (Siptah),
XXXVI,
8, 9.
Ambu
(?), XLIII, 19. Amenemhat, VI, 16-18, 20; IX,
16.
i
;
Amenemhat Amenemhat Amenemhat
I (Sehetep-ab-ra),
VI,
IX,
;
11.
1 1.
II (Nub-kau-ra), VI, 1-4
VIII,
III (Ne-maat-ra), p. 47>

;
fig-
22;
p. 88, fig.
93; VI,
i,
10-15, 19
IX, 25-29, 36, 37.

22 (Maa-kheru-ra), VI,
;
Amenemhat IV
IX, 38.
Amenemhat-sebekhetep, XLIII, 3. Amenemhat-senbef (Seshes-ka-ra), VII,
3.
Amenhetep
(Zeser-ka-ra),
p.
68,
fig.
57
VIII,
2,
XXVI,
23-3i> 33-
Amenhetep II (Aa-kheperu-ra), I, 2 VIII, 6 XXX, 1-17. Amenhetep III (Neb-maat-ra), VIII, 3; XXX, 26-32 XXXI, 14-18; XXXII, 1-3, XXXIII, 1-2.
;
1-12,
Amenhetep IV (Nefer-kheperu-ra), Ameny, VII, 19.
I,
XXXI,
13, 19-25, 27, 28.
Ana
(Mer-hetep-ra), X, 21.
Ankh-kheperu-ra,
Anther, XXIII,
XXXI,
31.
n.
212
I (Aa-user-ra),
I,
Apepy
XXIII, 30-35
XXIV,
34, 35.
Ay Ay
I (Mer-nefer-ra),
X, 18-20.
II (Kheper-kheperu-ra ar maat),
XXXI,
22, 23.
26, 29, 34.
Bak-en-ren-ef (Uali-ka-ra),
Ded-ka-ra,
XXXVII,
XXXVIII,
3.
Dedui-ankh-ra, X, 25, 26.
Dedu-mes
Den, IV,
(Nefer-ded-ra), X, 29.
9.
Hatshepstat (Maa-ka-ra),
XXVII,
II),
12,
2.
18-25.
Her
tep taui (Horus name), VII,
Hez-kheper-ra (Shashanq
Hez-kheper-ra (Takelot
XXXVII, 1-8, 15. XXXVII, 14. Hor-em-heb (Zeser-kheperu-ra), I, 5 XXXIV, i-6.

I),
;
Ka-mes (Uaz-kheper-ra), XXVI,

Kashta,
i,
2.
XXXVII,
i
;
20.
9,
Kha-ef-ra, V,
VIII,
10; IX,
4, 5.
Kha-hetep-ra (Sehekhetep IV), X,

Kha-ka-ra, X, 14, 15.
16.
Kha-kau-ra (Usertsen
III), p. 93, fig.

II),
107
7,
VI,
;
i,
g, 11
IX, 22, 24.
VI,
i, 6,
IX, 19, 20, 23.
Kha-mu-ra, XXI, 30.

Kha-nefer-ra (Sehekhetep III),
H, 6-13.
4, 5.
7.
Kha-sekhemui, JV,
Kha-user-ra,
11.
Kha-seshes-ra (Neferhetep), X,
XXI, 25-29
XLIV,
Kheper-ka-ra (Usertsen
I), p. 80, fig.
82
VI,
i ;
IX, 13, 14, 17, 18.
Kheper-ka-ra (Nekhtenebo),
Kheper-nub-ra, VII,
12.
p. 92, fig. 106.

II),
Kheper-kheperu-ra ar maat (Ay
XXXI,
26, 29, 34.
Khnum-ab-ra
Khufu, IX,
(?),
XXXVIII,
p.
21.
2, 3.
Khyan (User-en-ra), XLIV, 6.

Maa-ab-ra,
47,
fig.
23;
VII,
7,
10;
XXII, 20-26;
XXI,
1-8.
Maa-ka-ra (Hatshepsilt), XXVII, 12, 18-35. Maa-kheru-ra (Amenemhat IV), VI, 22 IX, 38. Maa-ra (Sehekhetep), X, 22, 23.
;
Menes
(Aha), IV,
2.
INDEX TO ROYAL NAMES.

Men-kau-ra, V, 2-4
;
213
IX,
9.
Men-kheper-ra (Thothmes
fig.
III), p. 68, fig.
57
p. 90, fig.
98
p.
94,
no; XXVIII, 5-34; XXIX, Men-kheperu-ra (Thothmes IV), XXX,

Men-nefer-ra,
29,34-41.
18-25.
XXXVIII,
I),
18.
Men-maa-ra (Sety
Men-pehti-ra
XXXIV, 14-21. (Rameses I), XXXIV, 9-13.

10.
Mentuhetep,
p. 87, fig. 87.
Mentuhetep (IV? Se-ankh-ka-ra), IX,

Mer-en-ptah (Ne-ba-ra),
Mer-en-ra, p. 68,
fig.
XXXVI,
i, 2.
56.
Mer-hetep-ra (Ana), X, 21. Mer-nefer-ra (Ay), X, 18, 19, 20.

Mer-pa-ba, IV, 7. Mer-user-ra (Ykebher), XXII, 27-30 ; XXIII, 1-3. Mery-ra (Pepy I), p. 46, fig. 21 ; p. 55, fig. 31 ; V, 10, 11
IX,
7.
Nar-mer,
p. 53, fig. 29.
Ne-ba-ra (Merenptah),
Neb-ka-ra, IX,
i.
XXXVI,
i,
2.
Neb-kha-ra, IX, 8.
Neb-kheperu-ra (Tut-ankh-amen), XXXI, 32. Neb-maa-ra (Amenhetep III), VIII, 3; XXX, 26-32;
XXXI,
1-12,
14-18; XXXII, 1-3 XXXIII, I, 2. Neb-maa-ra (Rameses VI), XXXVI, 26, 28. Neb-pehti-ra (Aahmes I), XXVI, 6-1 1, 17.
;
Nefer-ab-ra,
XXXVIII,
V,
9.
15.
Nefer-ankh-ra, X, 30.
Nefer-ar-ka-ra,
Nefer-ded-ra, X, 29.
Nefer-hetep (Kha-seshes-ra), X, Nefer-ka-ra (Psamtek II), I, 3.
4, 5.
Nefer-ka-ra (Rameses IX), XXXVI, 31. Nefer-ka-ra (Shabaka), XXXVIII, 29, 30
XXXVIII,
13,
5-7.
Nefer-kheperu-ra (Akhenaten),
Neferui-uah-ra,
I,
4; XXXI,
19-25, 27, 28.
XLIII,
6.
Nehesi, XXIII, 4-6.
Nekhtenebo, p. 91, fig. 105. Ne-maa-ra (Amenemhat III),

Neter-kheperu-ra (Smendes),
Nub-ka-ra, IX, 21, 31
;
p. 47, fig.
22;
p. 88, fig.
93; VI,
i,
10-15, 19; IX, 25-29, 36, 37.
XXXVI,
36, 37.
34.
XXIV,
214
II),
Nub-kau-ra (Amenemhat
Nub-taui-ra,
VI, 1-4
VIII, 11.
XXII,
ig.
Osorkon
(Sekhem-kheperu-ra),
XXXVII,
11-13.
Pe-ankhy,
XXXVII,
28.
Pe-de-se-bast (Se-her-ab-ra),
XXXVII,
21
;
10.
fig.
Pepy
(Mery-ra), p. 46,
fig.
p.
55
31
V, 10, 11
IX,
7.
Per-ab-sen, IV, 8, 12, 13.
Psamtek,
XXXVIII,
9,
13, 22.
I,
Psamtek
Qar,
II (Nefer-ka-ra),
3.
XXI,
23, 24.
Rameses Rameses
I (Men-pehti-ra),
XXXIV,
75,
9-13.
figs.
II
(User-maa-ra), p.
78,
79;
p.
90,
fig.
103;
XXXIV, 22-36; XXXV, 1-6, 8-16, 18, 19, Rameses III (User-maa-ra), XXXVI, 17-21. Rameses IV (User-maa-ra), XXXVI, 22-24. Rameses V (User-maa-ra), XXXVI, 25. Rameses VI (Neb-maa-ra), XXXVI, 26, 28. Rameses VII (User-ra mery-amen), XXXVI, 27. Rameses VIII, XXXVI, 29, 30. Rameses IX (Nefer-ka-ra), XXXVI, 31 Rameses X (User-maa-ra), XXXVI, 32
Sa-amen,
p. 89, Sahu-ra, V, 5, 6
fig.
3
22-24.
96
XXXVI,
8.
33.
VIII,
Se-ankh-ka-ra (Mentuhetep ?), IX, 10. Sebaq-ka-ra, VII, 6 ; XLIV, 9.
Sebek, X, 27.
Sebek-em-sau-ef, X, 24.
Sebekhetep II (Sekhem-se-uaz-taui-ra), X, Sebekhetep III (Kha-nefer-ra), X, 6-13.

Sebekhetep IV (Kha-hetep-ra), X, Sebekhetep (VI?, Maa-ra), X, 22,
Se-her-ab-ra (Pe-de-se-bast),
16.
2, 3.
23.
10.
XXXVII,
i
;
Se-hetep-ab-ra (Amenemhat I), VI, Seket, XXIII, 12; XLIV, 8. Se-kha-en-ra, XXI, 19-22; XLIII,
IX,
11.
20.
Sekhem-ab
(Per-ab-sen), IV, 8, 12, 13.
Sekhem-kheperu-ra (Osorkon),
XXXVII,
11-13.
.M

Sekhem-khu-taui-ra, VII, 4; X.
10.
i.
215
Sekhem-se-uaz-taui-ra (Sebekhetep II), X, 2,
3.
Semqen, XXIII,
Seqen-en-ra, p. 89, fig. 95. Seshes-ka-ra (Amenemhat-senb-ef), VII,
3.
Setnekht (User-maa-ra), XXXVI, 15, 16. Setj^ I (Men-maa-ra), VIII, 7; XXXIV, 14-21.
XXXVI, 3, 7. XXXVI, 8, 9. Siptah (Akh-en-ra), Sha-ba-ka (Nefer-ka-ra), XXXVII, 29, 30; XXXVIII, Shashanq II (Hez-kheper-ra), XXXVII, 1-8, 15. Shashanq III (User-maa-ra), XXXVII, 16. Shashanq IV (Aa-kheper-ra), XXXVII, 17-19.
Set^ II (User-kheperu-ra),
Shens, X, 28.
5-7.
Shesha,
XXI, 9-18; XLIII, 17, 18. Smendes (Neter-kheperu-ra), XXXVI,
34.
Taharqa, XXXVIII, 2, 4, 12. Takelot (Hez-kheper-ra), XXXVII,
14.
;
Thothmes Thothmes Thothmes

fig.
XXIX, 34. (Aa-kheper-ka-ra), XXVII, 1-12 II (Aa-kheper-en-ra), XXVII, 15-17 XXIX, 43.
;
III (Men-kheper-ra), p. 68,
fig.
57
p. 90, fig.
98;
p. ij4,
no; XXVIII,
XXXI,
5-34
32.
XXIX,
29, 34-41-
Thothmes IV (Men-kheperu-ra), XXX, 18-25.

Tut-ankh-amen,
Uah-ab-ra (Aa-ab), VII, 5; X, 17. Uah-ab-ra (Psamtek I), XXXVIII,

Uah-ka-ra (Bak-en-ren-ef),
10, 11, 14, 19-
XXXVII,
i,
22, 23.
Uazed, XXIII, 7-9.

Uaz-kheper-ra (Karnes),
XXVI,
7,
2,
Unas, IX,
6.
User-en-ra (Khyan), VII,

User-ka-ef, V,
7, 8.
10
XXII, 20-26
15, 16.
XLIV,
6.
User-khau-ra (Setnekht),
XXXVI,
User kheperu ra (Sety II), XXXVI, 3-7. User-maa-ra (Rameses II), XXXIV, 22-36;
18, 19,
XXXV,
1-6,
8-16,
22-24;
P- 75' figs- 78,
79;
P- 90, fig- 103-
User-maa-ra (Rameses III), User-maa-ra (Rameses IV),
User-maa-ra (Rameses V), User-maa-ra (Rameses X),
XXXVI, 17-21. XXXVI, 22-24. XXXVI, 25. XXXVI, 32.

R
2i6
User-maa-ra (Shashanq III), XXXVII, i6. User-ra Mery-amen (Rameses VII), XXXVI, 27.
Usertsen, VI,
5, 10,
15; IX, 15, 31.
18. (Kheper-ka-ra), p. 80, fig. 82; VI, i ; IX, 13, 14, 17, Usertsen II (Kha-kheperu-ra), VI, i, 6, 7, 8 ; IX, 19, 20, 23.
Usertsen
Usertsen III (Kha-kau-ra),
p.
93,
fig.
107
VI,
i,
9,
11
IX, 22, 24.
Yamu, XXII, 4-6. Ykeb, XXII, 7-13; XLIII, 21, 22. Ykebher (Mer-user-ra), XXII, 27-30
Zeser-ka-ra
XXIII,
1-3.
(Amenhetep
I),
VIII,
I,
2,
5;
XXVI,
23-31, 33.
1-6.
Zeser-kheperu-ra (Hor-em-heb),
5,
XXXIV,
(d)
QUEENS.
Aah-hetep,
XXVI,
4, 5, 32.
Aahmes, XXVII,
Aahmes-nefret-ari,
13, 14.
XXVI,
37.
12-16, 31, 13, 14.
Aah-sat,
XXVIII,
4, 5.
Amenardes, XXXVII,
Ana, XII,
Ankhnes-pa-aten,
20, 21, 26, 27.
XXXI,
33.
Auhet-abu, X,
3.
Hap-en-maat, IV, 15. Hatshepset meryt-ra, XXVIII, 35, 36. Hatshepsut (see under Kings).
Karamama, XXXVII, 9 Kema, X, 5, 9. Khensu, XIV, 19.

Maat-neferu-ra,
XL,
8.
XXXV,
15.
Meryt-amen, XXVI,
Mut-nezemt,
19-22.
7, 8.
XXXIV,
Nefer-neferu aten Nefert

Nefret-ari,
yti,
XXXI, 30
XXVI,
12, 15, 16, 31.

Nefret-ari mer-en-mut,
21
XXXV,
7.
Nub-hetep-tha, XII, 26;

Sat-aah,
XLIV,
13.
XXVIII,
37.
Sat-sebek, XII, 6.
Sebek-shedeti-neferu, VI, 21.
Senb-hena-es, XII, 30.
Shep-en-upt,
Tausert,
XXXVII,
24.
XXXVI,
10-12.
Tautha, XXIII,
Thiy, VIII, 3;
17.
XXX,
28;
XXXI,
3,
4,
8,
16-18; XXXII, 1-3;
XXXIII,
I, 2.
Uazet, XXIII, 18.
(c)
PRINCES.
Aahmes, XXVI,
Antef, XII,
I.
6.
Amenmes, XXVI,
Apek, XXIII,
34.
13, 14.
Apepa, XXIII,
Ar, XIII,
I.
29.
Kha-kau, XII
2.
Kupepen, XXIII,
Nehesi, XXIII,
4.
15, 16.
Pa-ra-her-anien-ef,
XXXV,
20.
Ramessu-user-pehti,
Sa-hathor, XII,
Sa-kat-sa,
3.
XXXV,
20.
XXIII, 23. Sheshemet, XXIII, 12.
Turi,
XXVI,
35.
Y-kebu, XLII, 22.

Za-hapi-amen,
p. 91, fig. 105.
2i8
{d)
PRINCESSES.
A-ta-kayt, VI, 20.
Erde-ne-Ptah,
XIV,
18.
Mehen-pet-tha, IV,
5.
Meryt, IX, 30, 34.
Meryt-amen,
XXVI,
22.
Neb-ta, J^'X-VT, 36:
,.N^-fep-ahu,
XLIV,
25.
Nefert-ankt-uben, IX, 35.

Neferu-ra,
XXVIII,
1-4.
Nub-em-ant, IX, 39.

Ptah-ur-bau,
XVII,
8.
i.
Rensenb, XVII,
Sat-Hathor, IX, 33.
Sat-kames, Tursi
XXVI,
18.
17,
XXVI,
SCARABS.
Egyptian Antiquities.
Plate II.
"nm^^sxwL
f.t.H.
P.E.N.
Tut'Ankh'Amen's Chancellor
presents
Huy
with the
Signet-Ring of his Office.

(F'roin the Totnh of itfty nt ThohrM.)
CYLINDER-SEALS,
Plate TIT.
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13
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P.E.N.
I.
Pre'dynastic Cylindef'Seals.
CYLINDER-SEALS.
Plate IF.
Fgyplian Anfiqin'/its.
Wsm^ ^m. wm^

Ml
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:^^:^^*mm
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Scale 1:2.
Early Cylinder'Seals.
CYLINDER-SEALS.
Plate V.
fjgjl
CYLINDER-SEALS.
Rgypliau
A utiqtiities.
Plate r/.
TPP^
20
Scale
I
:
^f
22
P.K.N
21
Cylinder-Seals
2.
Twelfth Dynasty.
CYLINDER-SEALS.
Plate
VII
M
9
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I
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pi
(i6
'm^-^.mmM
^v^9^^
MB^^
12
11
.?.a^'
I
:
2.
P.E.N.
Cylindef'Seals
Twelfth
to
Seventeenth Dynasties.
CYLINDER-SEALS.
Egypt u^n Antiqidties.
Plate Vlll.
twji iiii
I)
>
'III \ji /
^,
j^
^///f-
Av-i^'
''
'
A-'--^
rMM
i^<=
V.
4
U5:
^
^1
4
jL.#iir
1
(3
0O&
C30I
11
vVcvj/^
I.
P.E.K.
Miscellaneous Cylinder'Seals.
SCARABS.
Egyptiatt Aittigiiities.
Plate IX.
Scnie
I.
i;.N.
Scarabs with Royal
Names: Fourth
to
Twelfth Dynasties.
SCARABS.
Egyptia ft Antiquilies.
riatc X.
V.
v.. N'.
Scale
Scarabs of Kings of the Thirteenth and following Dynasties.
SCARABS.
i;yp!ia it
A ntiqtiities.
Plait
XL
Scarabs of Officials of the Twelfth
to
Fourteenth Dynasties.
SCARABS.
Plate XII.
Egypliafi AntiqitilUs.
Scale
I.
P.E.N.
Scarabs Royal Personages and Officials Twelfth to Fourteenth Dynasties.

of
of the
SCARABS.
Egyf'tiiiii Aiiliijiiities.
Plate Kill.
c / Cicr.lc
P.E.N.
I.
to
SCARABS.
Ei^ypiia n
A ntiquities.
Plate
XIV.
Scale
I.
P.EN.
Scarabs of Officials of the Twelfth to Fourteenth Dynasties.
SCARABS.
Ei^yptian
A ittiqiiilics.
riaU
XV.
Scale
t,
I'.li.N.
to
Fourteenth Dynasties,
SCARABS.
J'latr
M7.
Egyptian Antiquities
Scale
I.
to
SCARABS.
Plate
XVJ/.
6\atc
1.
P.E.N.
Scarabs of Officials of the Twelfth to Fourteenth Dynasties.
SCARABS.
Egyptian
Aniiijuities,
piau
xvni.
13
14
15
17
18
35
Scnhi-.i.
r-.K.N.
Decorative Scarabs
Twelfth
to
Eighteenth Dynasties.
SCARABS.
I\gyA'/'iin
,
i ntiu'trilifs.
J'l.jh-
X/X.
Sca.-e
t.
r.K.X.
Decorative Scarabs
Twelfth
to
SCARABS.
Eg}'Pii<in
A Htitjuities.
Plate
XX.
Sculf
P.K.N.
J
:
J.
Decorative Scarabs: Twelfth
to
SGA.RABS.
Egyptian
A utiquitks.
I'luU
XXL
['.K.N'
Scale
I ; I.
Hyksos Kings
(l).
SCARABS.
E^ypiUxn AntiqiiilUs.
Plnle
XXI r
lO
11
icAit
I.
P.E.N.
Hyksos Kings
(i)
SCARABS.
PLtii
Ei^vt/i'"'
Aiiliqiiiti^'s-
XX I
[I.
Royal Persons and
Officials of the
Hyksos
Period.
SCARABS.
E^'Nii^ "
''
'"
^''J
"
r/aU
'^' '^^
AX/r
P.K.N.
Slii'c
I
;
I.
Hyksos
Period.
SCARABS.
Egyptian
A utiquities.
riatcXXV
Scale
i.
IM--.N.
Figures of Men, Animals, &c., mostly of the Hyksos Period.
SCARABS.
I'Lit-
Egyl^tian Antlquiths.
XXVI.
J'.h.N.
Scale
I-
and early Eighteenth Dynasties. Scarabs of Kings, &c., of the Seventeenth
SCARABS.
E.i^'ptian Aiiliquilins.
riaie
XX 111.
Scale
I.
I'.K.X.

(Thtthttics
I.
f Hatftht'pstit.)
SCARABS.
Plate
Egypi'itJ'i Aittiquitici,
XX r///.
P.K.N.
Scale
1
:
1.
Scarabs of the Eighteenth Dynasty. (TUotUmes IIM. ami Family. )
SCARABS.
IL^plia u
A niiqiiifiiS.
Plate
XXIK.
Scale
(1-14) Officials of the
Eighteenth Dynasty, and (15-46) Rings, &c.,

of
from the
Tomb
Maket
at
Gurob (Thothmes
III.).
SCARABS.
Plate
XXX.
P.E.N.
Scite
I
:
I.

rAmeuhetep II.-.Amenhetep
III.).
SCARABS.
EgyptI nf
^ ntiijui/ics.
Plate A'A'AV.
ScaU
P.l^.N'.
I
:
I.
Scarabs of the Eighteenth Dynasty*

(Amenheteit fWT.
(eta.)
-Ay.)
v.
W
J3
H
n
a
'J
i;
<
C/5
00 OQ
<
hJ
u
00
H
rj
'J
00
(J
c
rS
Q.
'S;
^5
Q.
O
00
U
t3
SCARABS.
Plate
XXXIV
Egypliau Antiquities.
P.E.N.
Scaie
I
:
I.
Scafabs with Royal Names.

itiot'-ent-heh to Buniese^ Mr.)
SCARABS.
Egyptian Autiquitifs.
Plate
XXXV.
Scale
i.
P.K.N.
Plaques and Scarabs of Ramescs
11.
SCARABS.
riaU
" y1 iitiquities. T-',!^yf/ia
XXXV
J.
I'.K
.V,,(AI
:
N.
1.
Scarabs with Royal
Names
Mer-en-ptah
I.
to
Sa-amen.
SCARABS.
n Egypliii
A ntiq
riak XXXVII.
it ilia.
P.KX.
Scale
I
:
I.
Scarabs with Royal
Names
Twenty-second
to Twenty-fifth Dynasties.
SCARABS.
Plate
XXX VI 11.
Egyp!ta
11
niiq
uities.
SCARABS.
Egyptian
A n/ir/uiti'rs.
riate
XXXIX.
Scale
P.E.N-.
Scarabs bearing Mottoes, Good Wishes, &c.
SCARABS.
Plate
XL.
Egyplhni
Antiqtiities.
10
ui
14
15
16
IM'.N.
.s<.v
I
;
1.
&c. Scarabs bearing Mottoes, Good Wishes,
SCARABS.
P/atf S/J.
12
It
13
14
ts
(6
18
22
21
sm
23
33
^-^
24
25
27
29
30
26
3t
32
34
35
36
P.E.X.
Scarabs bearing
Names and
Figures of Gods, &c.
SCARABS.
Plate
Egypliau
A ntiquities.
XL II.
12
10
18
13
14 )5
16
17
23
19
2t
22
24
25
26
27
28
29
34
30
35
36
37
38
39
l-.L.N.
Hieroglyphs, Flowers, &c.
SCARABS.
F.,s;vplic^'
'i Ji/iqiii/ies.
P/nfr Xl.lir.
P.E.N.
Scale
I
:
I.
Private Names. Scarabs bearing Royal and
SCARABS.
phifr
xrjv.
Es^yplwt Antiquities.
P.E.N,
Sale
I.
Scarabs bearing Royal
and Private
Names.
p)
Diiûiniwi oc'wi
SEP 2
1982
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
CARDS OR
SLIPS
FROM THIS POCKET
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY
NK
5561 N^9
Newberry, Percy Edward Scarabs
c."^

Egyptian Scarabs

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Egyptian Scarabs

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SCARABS.

Ring bearing the lame of King

AND SIGNET RINGS

HARRISON AND SONS,

book on Historical Scarabs became

want of a comprehensive work

Egyptian antiquities has been

volumes on Egyptian Scarabs,

these works treat of private collections and do not

long residence, extending over several years,

Thebes, the centre of the Upper Egyptian Scarab

market, and the place where the best imitation Scarabs

exceptional opportunities for studying this class

of Ancient Egyptian antiquities and

For some years

custom to pay a weekly

on the banks of the Nile

or dealer, has consulted

of Scarabs that they have either pur-

chased or intended to buy.

and the ignorance so generally displayed

speaking of Egyptian Scarabs,

or two on what had been previously written on the

notes and visiting

venture to hope, be useful to Students and

have spared no pains

book as complete as possible

take the trouble to read

the letterpress and examine the plates.

thousand three hundred specimens of Egyptian Seals

and Signet-rings are

but these have been

selected from drawings of

from an examination of over thirty thousand examples.

noticed that the splendid collection prethe

great savant's care.

manuscript of this catalogue

the coming year.

thank the Keepers of Public Museums

and draw from the

To Prof Erman and

indebted for plaster casts of the

indebted for his generosity in placing at

which he has gathered

together at University College,

grateful thanks for

kindly help and encourageof this

M. Mackay and Mr. John Garstang,

kindly looking through

the library of the

University of Liverpool, wherein the manuscript has

various Uses of the Seal

For securing property

For authenticating documents,

Varieties of Egyptian Seals

Button-shaped Seals and Hemi-Cylinders

(3) Beetle-shaped Seals (Scarabs)

(4) Miscellaneous forms

Description of the Specimens illustrated in the Plates I-XLV

AND ILLUSTRATIONS THE TEXT.

ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT.

jars of the First Dynasty, to illustrate the ancient

Complete jar neck, bearing the stamp of Amasis

method of securing contents. tombs at Beni Hasan)