WHY Opting WTE Option in the Urban Province

The problems caused by solid and liquid wastes can be significantly mitigated through the adoption of environment-friendly wasteto-energy technologies
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

WHY Opting WTE Options Contd

Countrys growing energy deficit is making the government become keen on alternative and renewable energy sources. Waste to energy is one of these, and it is receiving increasing attention.
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

SWM Thermal Processes a range of processes where temperature is Thermal used to reduce the volume of waste and to treatment render it harmless.
Waste to Energy (WTE) Conventional WTE
as above, with the recovery of heat energy to produce steam and/or generate electricity

mass burn, fluidized bed, modular, rotary kiln, refuse derived fuel: low risk, adequately tested, therefore considered as PREFERRED OPTION
gasification, pyrolysis, plasma

Advanced WTE

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Life Cycle Cost Analysis under WTE Options

source: Vulcan Innovation Project Vulcan County , Jan-2012

120 100 Unit Cost - US$ per tonne 80

114

94
82 85

60
40 20 0 Landfill System RDF and Combustion

57

Mass Burn Combustion

Gasification

Plasma Arc Gasification

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Municipal Solid Waste

Recycled & Converted to Fuel RDF Pellets Energy and By-products

The technology of conversion of MSW to useful RDF (fuel) is todays requirement. Low grade coal used in power stations are having high ash content from 40-45% while RDF fuel is having 20-25 % ash content is considered better quality due to less ash contents and less pollutant

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Alternative Energy Sources Green Energy With increase in electricity demand over the period, there is no choice except to explore other sources including Waste To Energy The option not only provides green energy but also adopts ZERO WASTE concept; a preferred option

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Town of Chichawatni Selected for Model WTE The town is located in Sahiwal District at a distance of about 50 km from it. The construction of WTE will act as a Role Model for other urban centres
The population of the town as per Census-98 was 72,732 and present population is estimated as about 98,000. The generation of MSW as per TMAs assessment is about 40 tons out of which Waste Management for Chichawatni disposed in open dumps. about 50% is collected and Town Solid
Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Study Area - Boundaries

The territory of TMA is adopted for the purposes of collection and disposal of MSW; area under the town is about 1,861 acres
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Existing System of MSW

As per TMAs assessment, about 40 tons of MSW are generated; collection and disposal is limited to about 20 tons. A site measuring about 9 acres located in Chak Nr.112 / 12-L is used as dumping space

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Annual Operation and Maintenance

Status of Annual O&M Source: TMA, Chichawatni
50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 2009-2010
Annual Expenditure- million Rs.

SWM-Annual O&M Expenses

POL, Repair, etc. 14%

Establishment 86%

2010-2011

2011-2012 (Budgeted)

The annual O&M is about Rs.45 million per year, establishment is the major contributor which is about 86%, other miscellaneous expenses are about 14%.
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Planning Horizon
Year 2040 will be used as planning horizon, however, WTE is proposed to be staggered over the period, preferably in three stages as under:

# Stage-1, 2012
# Stage-2, 2030 # Stage-3, 2040

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Generation of MSW over the Period

120
MSW Generation - Tons per day

100 80
60
60

109

40 20 -

45

2012

2015

2020

It is noted from the exhibit that: the present generation of about 45 tons will increase to about 109 tons by the Year2040.
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

2025 Year

2030

2035

2040

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Urban waste is normally divided into three big groups:

Inert waste metals, glass, soil, slags and ashes Putrescible food waste, yard trimmings Combustibles paper, cardboard, plastics, wood, tyres, leather, textiles

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Composition of MSW in Low Income Locations - Pakistan

Composition of SW in Low Income Countries-Year-2025 Source: UNEP 70 60
Waste Composition - %age 40 35 30 25 20

Composition of MSW, Karachi

Average of three Studies(PCSIR,Nespak,Globex) Combustible is about 75%
35.57

60 MSW Composition - %
50 40 30 20 10 0 Paper Metal Glass Plastic 15 3 3 6

34.46

15
10 5

10.83 8.54 7 1.69 1.91

13

Organic matter

Others

As per UNEP, the expected composition in the future will be about 70% combustible material, whereas assessment made by different agencies for Karachi city, it exhibits about 75% as combustible material
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Composition of MSW in Different Cities in the Country

45 40 38.4

35 MSW Composition - %
30 25 20 15 10 5 0 4.625 0.5 5.65 18 14.175

2.675 1.85

1.4

2.4

4.275 1.45

4.6

Assessment made by Pak-EPA for cities in the country is exhibited; Combustible material is estimated as about 68%
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

MSW - Combustible Components

NonCombustible 32%

Combustible 68%

The combustible portion of MSW as 68% is adopted for the town

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Electricity Generation Rate

Electricity Generation Rate in the World
Source: Waste Management World Jan-Feb-2011
Generation Rate kWh per Ton of MSW 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 Average Generation Rate

Calorific value & Electricity Generation

Source: World Bank-2000
World Bank Electricity Output - kWh/ton 800 Islamabad Case

433

600
400 200 0 6000

7000

8000 9000 10000 Calorific value-KJ/Kg

11000

12000

The average of the situation for various cities in the World, is 433 kWh/ton of combustible MSW
Hyderabad-India Garbage(MSW) generation MSW Generation RDF Power Projects 11MW Venkateshwara RDF Power Project-12MW

Based on calorific Value of about 6,500 Kj/kg, the generation rate works out as about 450 kWh/ton of MSW

700 tons/day
700 tons/day

The electricity generation rate works out as 400-450 kWh/ton

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Power Generation from MSW under Options

(60 ton MSW)
2.00 1.80 1.60 1.40 1.20 1.75

1.22
0.80

1.11 0.968

1.00
0.80 0.60 0.40 0.20 Hyderabad(India)-Min

Chennai(India)-Min

WTEs Elsewhere(EuropeAsia)

MSW-Urban Pakistan

Average of the options considered is 1.22 MW out of 60 tons of MSW

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

WTE Capacity - Year-2012

Nr. 1 2 2.1 2.2 Description Municipal Solid Waste-Year-2012 RDF Conversion Factor RDF Production Unit ton Quantity 44.83 0.20 9 2,500 10,467 2.91 2,908 2.91 93,849,215 3,910,384.00

WTE Capacity - Year-2020

Nr. 1 2 2.1 2.2 Description Municipal Solid Waste-Year-2020 RDF Conversion Factor RDF Production Unit ton Quantity 57.78 0.20 12 2,500 10,467 2.91 2,908 2.91 120,948,278 5,039,512.00

2.3

Calorific Value

ton Kcal/kg KJ/kg kWh/kg kWh/ton MWh/ton KJ/day KJ/hr

2.3

Calorific Value

ton Kcal/kg KJ/kg kWh/kg kWh/ton MWh/ton KJ/day

KJ/hr

Potential Energy

Potential Energy

MW WTE Capacity - Year-2030

Nr. 1 2 2.1 2.2 Description Municipal Solid Waste-Year-2030 RDF Conversion Factor RDF Production Unit ton

1.09
Quantity 79.34 0.20 16 2,500 10,467 2.91 2,908 2.91 166,081,982 6,920,083.00

MW

1.40
Quantity 108.94
0.20 22 2,500 10,467 2.91 2,908 2.91 228,059,183

WTE Capacity - Year-2040

Nr. 1 2 2.1 2.2 Description Municipal Solid Waste-Year-2040 RDF Conversion Factor RDF Production Unit ton

2.3

Calorific Value

ton Kcal/kg KJ/kg kWh/kg kWh/ton MWh/ton KJ/day KJ/hr

2.3

Calorific Value

ton Kcal/kg KJ/kg kWh/kg kWh/ton MWh/ton KJ/day

Potential Energy

Potential Energy

KJ/hr

9,502,466.00

MW

1.92

MW

2.64

Power Generation over the Period is in the order of 1.09-2.64 MW (present & Year-2040)
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

MSW-WTE Option - Power Generation

3.00 2.50 Power generation - MW

2.64

2.00 1.50
1.00 0.50 2012 2020 Year 2030 2040

1.09

Power Generation over the Period: present generation of slightly above 1 MW will be above 2.5 MW by the end of planning horizon
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Proposed Generation Capacity

Year-2012
1-MW

Year-2030
1+1=2 MW

Year-2040
1+1+0.5=2.5 MW

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)-a better Fuel than Coal

Refused derived fuel has better emission and burning characteristics and it is a low cost substitute for other fossil fuels like coal, gas. The usual efficiency of boiler with use of coal and RDF is as under:

Using Coal
Using RDF

48%
53%

Obviously with the use of RDF, the boil efficiency is higher than that by coal.

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

The initial recycling process begins with the shredding of the incoming waste and magnetic separation and removal of ferrous material.

All shredded material is dried to facilitate effective separation and classification

High density plastics, in the form of bottles, are separated via a gravity method

The light combustible materials are compacted to form the RDF Fuel Pellets which are:
Transported to a Boiler Operation where steam is generated to drive turbines for electricity generation.

Ash is transported for further processing / conditioning in SLF

The steam is condensed and returned to the Boiler Operation to begin a new cycle

The material, remaining in the process flow, is segregated utilizing a series of airseparators and screeners to categorize light combustibles and heavy generally noncombustible material

Non-Combustibles such comprise glass, sand, ceramics, heavy plastics and fly ash. The method enables the processing of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) resulting in the conversion of 90% into recyclable materials: fuel, metals, glass, sand, and plastics.

Process Diagram

WTE based on RDF

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Transport Conveyor System

Pelletizers
Pellets Storage
Primary & Secondary Shredding

Boilers Drying Electrical Generators Magnetic Separation

Sanitary Landfill (SLF) for Inerts Ash

Secondary Shredding
Electricity to Grid or Industries-Homes

MSW Truck Unloading Area

RDF WTE Process Diagram

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Capital and Operation & Maintenance Cost

Capital Cost
Nr. 1 2 3 4 Description WTE EquipmentMachinery Land Cost(Lease value/year) Consultants' Fee Contingencies Unit L.S. Sq.M. % % Quanti ty 1 6,000 1 1 100 3 10 Unit Rate Amount, Rs. Nr. 246,706,020 600,000 7,401,181 24,670,602 1 2 3 4

O&M Cost
Description Amount, Rs. 4,830,000 7,128,000 5,613,300 4,934,120 22,505,420

Staffing-Manpower Material Supplies Ash Disposal Annual maintenance

Total

Total

279,377,803

The capital cost of WTE facility as Rs.279 million whereas annual O&M cost works out as Rs.22.5 million
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Cumulative Cash Flow

Cumulative Cash Flow Investment is Rs.279 million
400

Axis Cumulative Cash Flow - million Rs.

300

Packback Period:10 Yrs

200

100

1 (100) 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

(200)

(300)

Year

The entire investment is paid back over a period of 10-years.

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Sensitivity Analysis-Monte Carlo Simulations

The Monte Carlo Simulation has been established; the exhibit provides variation of NPV under different variables considered for the sensitivity analysis. Evidently, the quality of MSW should provide CV above 2,500 Kcal/Kg, discount rate shall not exceed 14% and Tipping fee in the order of Rs.100-150 per household per month be levied to ensure financial viability of the proposed WTE
Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Phasing of Proposed WTE facility

Installed Capacity Nr. Stage-Year Unit

Installed
1 Stage-I, Year-2012 2 Stage-2, Year-2030 3 Stage-6, Year-2040 MW MW MW 1 1 0.5

Cumulative

1
2 2.5

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality

Methodology for Implementation

SWM, Chichawatni Town Waste To Energy Option

Collection & Disposal Engineering ConsultantsPMDFC

Project Cost
Rs.39.5 million Procurement ManufacturerSuppliers

WTE

Project Cost

Rs.279 million

Construction Contractors

EPC Contract

PPP to manage Implementation & Operate

Engineering

Procurement

Construction

Implementation & Operation under TMA

Implementation and Operation under PPPBOT

Solid Waste Management for Chichawatni Town

Waste to Energy Option- Structuring on PPP Modality