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REINFORCED AND PRESTRESSED CONCRETE I C9-

Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete Reinforced and Prestressed Concrete - - C C 9 9 - -
CCTV Tower Beijing, China I-flex building, Bangalore, India
Slovak Radio Building,
Bratislava, Slovakia
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I. Shear between web and flanges of T-sections
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v
Ed
- longitudinal shear stress at the junction between one side
of a flange and the web
if the flange is in the compression zone:
if the flange is in the tension zone:
- the part of tension reinforcement A
s
placed in flange,
- the moment variation
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The flange in compression
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The flange in tension
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the transverse reinforcement per unit length is:
to prevent crushing of the compression struts in the flange:
If v
Ed
< kf
ctd
, no extra reinforcement above that for flexure is required. (k=0.40)
f yd
f Ed
f
sf
cot f
h
s
a

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1. Calculate the longitudinal design shear stresses at the web-flange interface:
x h
F
f
cd
Ed

The design stages - shear between web and flanges of T-sections

x
-for uniformly distributed load, the maximum value allowed is half
distance between the section with zero moment and that where
maximum moment occurs,
-for points loads, the maximum value not exceed the distance
between the loads
eff
w eff
cd
b
b b
z
M
F

2
1
M -the moment variation over the distance x
If :
ctd Ed
f . 40 0 then no shear reinforcement is required and proceed
directly to stage 4.
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2. Checking the shear stresses in inclined struts:
( )
f f
ck
Ed
tan cot .
f

5 1
1
- the angle for the inclination of the concrete strut is recommended in EC2 to be:
-to prevent crushing of concrete in the compression struts, the longitudinal shear
stress is limited to:
where:
- the lower value of struts angle is first tried and if the shear stresses are too high,
the angle is calculated with:
o
ck
ck
Ed
f
f
f
.
sin . 45
250
1 20 0
50 0
1

'

,
_

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3. Calculate the transverse shear reinforcement required:
f yd
f Ed
f
sf
cot f
h
s
a

- the required transverse reinforcement per unit length may be calculated with:
4. The requirements of transverse steel:
-EC2 requires that the area of transverse steel should be greater of:
a) that given by the above equation, or
b) half that given by above equation plus the area of steel required
by transverse bending of the flange.
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Torsion of reinforced concrete beam
torsional moments produce shear stresses => principal tensile stresses are inclined at
approximately 45
o
,
diagonal cracking occurs when these tensile stresses exceed the tensile strength of the
concrete.
the cracks basically form a spiral, running up one face of the beam, across the top, down
the other side, and back across the bottom to connect with another crack on the first face.
in torsion, the crack on the far face will be at the opposite angle to that on the front face
while in shear the cracks on both faces will be at the same angle.
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II. The torsion design model
the real element is replaced with a virtual spatial truss with reinforcements as tension
members and concrete as compressive struts between links.
failure will occur by reinforcement yielding, coupled with crushing of the concrete
along line A-A as the cracks on the other faces open up.
the beam section is converted to a hollow box section:
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Torsional reinforcements
torsional reinforcement consists in closed links and longitudinal bars that will carry the
forces from increasing torsional moment after cracking
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The equivalent section
T
Ed
- the applied design torsion.
A
k
- the area enclosed by the centre-lines of the connecting walls, including
inner hollow areas.

t,i
- the torsional shear stress in wall i.
V
Ed,i
- the shear force in a wall i due to torsion
t
ef,i
- the effective wall thickness.
z
i
- the side length of wall i defined by the distance between the intersection
points with the adjacent walls
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Equivalent section in torsion design
A - the total area of the cross-section within the
outer circumference, including inner hollow
areas.
u - the outer circumference of the cross-section
The characteristics of the equivalent section
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Torsion of complex sections composed from rectangles
T
Ed,i
the torsion moments of the section component elements
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Reinforcement design to torsion
- the longitudinal reinforcement for torsion:
- the transverse reinforcement for torsion:
- the longitudinal reinforcement from bending moment design is increased with the
values obtained from the torsion design.
- the same stirrups diameter for shear and torsion.
- the transverse reinforcement for torsion: only closed stirrups.
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Reinforcements for torsion
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The torsion resistance of an element
for approximately rectangular solid sections only minimum reinforcement is
required if the following condition is satisfied:
T
Rd,c
is the torsional cracking moment, which may be
determined by setting
t,i
= f
ctd
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Example 1: Design of torsional reinforcements
It is required to be design the torsional reinforcement for a beam to an ultimate torsional
moment T
Ed
=24kNm. The beam was previously designed to bending moment (2f 18 and
2f 16) and shear force (stirrups f 8/200) . (C30/37, S500).
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