The Draft - Both the North and South used the draft, or more accurately, the threat of the

draft, to muster men into the service. The draft was at times applauded, hated, scorned, but mostly feared. The draft also clearly served its intended purpose - to raise an adequate amount of men to fight in the Union army, mostly through volunteerism. Missouri Compromise - Missouri applied for statehood as a slave state. This caused a wide variety of problems. Henry Clay of Kentucky proposed a compromise known as the Missouri Compromise. It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state. Furthermore, with the exception of Missouri, this law prohibited slavery in the Louisiana Territory north of the 36 30 latitude line. (In 1854, the Missouri Compromise was repealed by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. Three years later the Missouri Compromise was declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in the Dred Scott decision, which ruled that Congress did not have the authority to prohibit slavery in the territories.) The Missouri Compromise kept the Union together but pleased no one. In the North, congressmen who voted to accept Missouri as a slave state were called traitors. In the South, slaveholders deeply resented the ban on slavery in part of the Louisiana territory. It showed the first warning signs of a war. Compromise of 1850 - Henry Clay, U.S. senator from Kentucky, proposed the Compromise of 1850. It admitted California to the Union as a free state. New Mexico and Utah would be organized as territories open to slavery. Slave trade would be ended in Washington, D.C. A strong fugitive law would also be written. Passage of the Fugitive Slave Act made abolitionists all the more resolved to put an end to slavery. The Underground Railroad became more active, reaching its peak between 1850 and 1860. The act also brought the subject of slavery before the nation. Many who had previously been ambivalent about slavery now took a definitive stance against the institution. The Compromise of 1850 accomplished what it set out to do -- it kept the nation united -- but the solution was only temporary. Over the following decade the country's citizens became further divided over the issue of slavery. The rift would continue to grow until the nation itself divided. Kansas-Nebraska Act - The Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed by the U.S. Congress on May 30, 1854. The act created two new territories, Kansas and Nebraska. It allowed people in the territories of Kansas and Nebraska to decide for themselves whether or not to allow slavery within their borders. It also repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820, which prohibited slavery

north of latitude 3630. The Kansas-Nebraska Act infuriated many in the North who considered the Missouri Compromise to be a long-standing binding agreement. In the pro-slavery South it was strongly supported. After the Kansas-Nebraska Act was passed, pro-slavery and anti-slavery supporters rushed in to settle Kansas to affect the outcome of the first election held there after the law went into effect. Dred Scott decision - Dred Scott was a Missouri slave who had traveled with his owner to Wisconsin, where slavery was banned. He used this to try to win his freedom. Five of the nine justices on the Supreme Court were from the South, and the other four were from the North. By a vote of five to four, the Court decided that Scott could not sue for his freedom in a federal court because he was not a citizen. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, despite being opposed to slavery listed the following reasons for their ruling: 1) No African American, whether slave or free, was an American citizen -- or could ever become one. 2) The Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional. (Slaves are property. Banning slavery in a territory is unconstitutional because it is the same as taking away property from slaveholders who would like to bring their slaves into that territory, which violates the Fifth Amendment.) The Dred Scott decision delighted slaveholders since the decision settled the issue of slavery in the territories in their favor. Abolitionists were incensed. Although disappointed, Frederick Douglass, found a bright side to the decision and announced, "my hopes were never brighter than now." For Douglass, the decision would bring slavery to the attention of the nation and was a step toward slavery's ultimate destruction. John Brown - John Brown was a fiery abolitionist. He led many raids. (see John Browns raids). He was executed in 1859. His last written words: I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with Blood. John Browns raids Raid on Lawrence, Kansas / Bleeding Kansas (1856): The most important factor that brought Kansas into the national consciousness was the strife that occurred following the 1854 KansasNebraska Act. Kansas soon had two competing governments, one for slavery and one against it. The struggle turned violent, as on May 16th, 1856, pro-slavery settlers and border ruffians from Missouri invaded the home of the anti-slavery government. They burned a hotel, looted several homes, and tossed the presses of two abolitionist newspapers. In retaliation, John Brown

plotted revenge. Two days later, he and seven of his followers invaded Pottawatomic where they hacked five men that they suspected of supporting slavery to death. John Browns raid Harpers Ferry (October 16th, 1859): John Brown decided to seize the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia. He would then use the weapons to arm slaves for a rebellion that would destroy slavery. On October 16, Brown set out for Harpers Ferry with 21 men. Leaving after sundown, the men crossed the Potomac, then walked all night in heavy rain, reaching the town at 4am. The raid was a disaster, as all of Browns men were killed or captured during the raid on the arsenal. Brown was sentenced to death. John Brown's statements during his trial reached the nation, inspiring many with his righteous indignation toward slavery. The raid ultimately hastened the advent of the Civil War. Southerners feared a slave rebellion, as it was their own blood that would be spilled. They also thought the North was crazy for viewing Brown as a hero. Election of 1860 - The Republicans were united behind Lincoln, while the Democrats were split, with the northern Democrats behind Stephen Douglas and the southern Democrats behind John C. Breckinridge. Another group, the Constitutional Union Party, nominated John Bell. With opposition divided three ways, Lincoln won the election with only forty percent of the votes, all cast in the North. He wasnt even on ten southern state ballots. The South became a minority section as a result, with no power. Southerners feared that Congress would try to abolish slavery. They talked of secession, and the later secession caused the Civil War. Secession - 1. The action of withdrawing formally from membership of a federation or body, esp. a political state: "secession from the union". 2.The withdrawal of eleven Southern states from the US Union in 1860, leading to the Civil War. Fort Sumter - On April 12, hotheads in Charleston, South Carolina opened fire on Fort Sumter, a federal fort in Charleston Harbor. After 33 hours of heavy shelling, the defenders of the fort hauled down the Stars and Stripes and replaced it with the white flag of surrender. Preston Brooks - Senator Andrew P. Butler of South Carolinas son. Violently beat Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts for his passionate speech entitled The Crime Against Kansas. Heaped abuse against Senator Butler. Brooks violently beat Sumner with his cane until it broke in half. By the time other senators could pull Brooks away, Sumner had collapsed,

unconscious and bloody. Reactions to the attack on Sumner showed how badly divided the country had become. Many southerners applauded Brooks, and some even sent replacement canes for the one he broke on Sumners head. Northerners = another example of southern slavery. It took Sumner three and a half years to recover from the beating. Northern strengths - impressive strengths: larger population (22 million), compared to the 9 million in the South richer and more technologically advanced 90 percent of nations manufacturing and most of its banks were in the North many geographic advantages as well more farms to provide troops land contained most of the countrys iron, coal, copper, and gold controlled seas 21,000 miles of railroad track allowed troops and supplies to be transported wherever needed also had a great leader, Abraham Lincoln able to form a single union

Northern weaknesses military leadership sucked at the start of the war, about one third of the nations military officers resigned and returned to their homes in the South Lincoln was searching for effective leaders for much of the war

Southern strengths in order to win the war, the North would have to invade and conquer the North. Sheer size of South made this a daunting task. North would need a much larger navy to seal off the long southern coastline and prevent the South from importing weapons and supplies from people. also North had to subdue people who believed they were defending their liberty, their homes, and their traditions South could simply win by defending its territory until northerners grew tired of fighting

also had extremely strong military leadership. most of americas best fighters were southerners who chose for the Confederacy.

Southern weaknesses If the North could control the Mississippi River, it could split the Confederacy in two. economy could not support a long war few factories to produce guns and other military supplies blockade could prevent foreign trade several transportation problems didnt have a good railroad system most wealth in South was invested in land and slaves

Monitor - In response to the covering of the Merrimac, the U.S. navy built its own ironclad ship. Completed in less than 100 days, the Monitor had a flat deck and two heavy guns in a revolving turret. Merrimac - Originally an Union ship, but when Union forces retreated from Norfolk, VA, left it behind. Confederacy covered the wooden Merrimac with iron plates and added a powerful ram to its prow. Renamed Virginia. Battle between Monitor and Merrimac proved that wooden vessels couldnt compete with ironclad ones. 54th of Massachusetts - most famous black regiment. Commanded by Colonel Gould Shaw. Two of the infantrys 1000 were sons of Frederick Douglass. Sent to South Carolina to take part in attack on Fort Wagner after three months of training. Faced the possibility of being sold to slavery if captured. Lost nearly half of their men during the assault b/c it was an impossible mission. Bravery won them widespread respect. Emancipation Proclamation - Issued on Jan 1, 1863 to free slaves in rebellious states. Probably emancipate very few slaves, since Confederate states simply ignored the document. Slaves living in states loyal to the Union were not affected. Regions of Confederacy liberated by Union troops over the coming months will be affected. Changed war into a crusade for freedom. Lincoln declared end b/c it would discourage Europeans who opposed slavery from assisting the Confederacy, deprive Confederacy of a large part of its workforce.

Battle of Antietam - General Robert E. Lee sent troops across the Potomac River into Maryland. Confederate and Union armies met on Sept. 17, 1862. McClellans troops pounded Lees badly outnumbered forces. Crucial if not decisive victory. Days before battle, Union cavalry found a copy of Lees orders to his commanders near an abandoned Rebel campsite. Claimed as Union victory, but both sides lost many. Of 75,000 Union troops who fought, about 2,100 were killed. About 10,300 were wounded or missing. Of the 52,000 Confederate troops who fought, about 2,770 lost lives, while 11,000 were wounded or missing. Bloodiest day of war. Battle of Gettysburg - Known as the turning point of the war. Crucial Union victory. July 1- 90,000 strong Union troops occupied four miles of high ground. 1 mi west, 75,000 confederate troops gathered behind Seminary Ridge. July 2 - Union lines held firm July 3 - Union troops under General George Meade withstood fierce Rebel charges, especially a dramatic climactic one by 13,000 Confederates under General George Pickett on Cemetery Ridge on July 3rd. 17,500 Union troops and 23,000 Confederate troops killed or wounded. Lee lost of army, retreated to Virginia and would only wage defensive war from now on. Battle of Vicksburg - Needed so that the North could divide the Confederacy and move goods up and down the Mississippi River. Vicksburg was easy to defend and difficult to capture. In May 1863, Grant battled way to Vicksburg with his wellneeded army. For six weeks, bombarded Vicksburg with an average of 2,800 shells a day. Inhabitants forced to eat horses, mules, dogs, rats, and bread made of corn and dried peas. Surrendered on July 4, 1863. Split Confederacy and now the Mississippi was a Union waterway. Siege of Petersburg - Nine-month long siege of Petersburg. Captured region around Petersburg and Richmond. On April 1, 1865, finally broke through Confederate lines to capture city. Two days later, Union troops entered and occupied the Confederate capital. War = almost over. Confederacy - a government set up from 1861 to 1865 by eleven Southern slave states that had declared their secession from the United States. Union - name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the 20 free states and five border slave states. It was opposed by 11 southern slave states that had declared a secession to join together to form the Confederacy. Although the Union states included the Western states of California, Oregon, and (after 1864) Nevada, as well as states of

the Midwest, the Union has often been referred to as "the North", both then and now. General Grant - Last commander of the Union army for the Civil war. The art of war is simple enough. Find out where your enemy is. Get at him as soon as you can. Strike him as hard as you can, and keep moving on. One of the main reasons that Union won the war... in the end. ^^ The day before, Grant had received new commission as lieutenant general. Believed in using his larger army to wear down the enemy \regardless of the casualties that his own forces faced.The appointment of Grant strengthens the Unions military potential. General Lee - Robert E. Lee. General of the Confederate army. With great difficulty, declined Lincolns offer and stayed loyal to his Native Virginia. Opposed to slavery and secession, but couldnt draw [his] sword upon Virginia. War probably would have been quickly over if he didnt join the Confederate army. BRILLIANT SOLDIER General William Tecumseh Sherman - General who led the march to the sea in Georgia, hence Shermans march to the sea. TOTAL WAR. Famous quote: War is hell. General McClellan - nicknamed Little Mac. Potomac Army (or whatever it is ^^) Aimed to turn 150K into best army on the planet. served briefly (November 1861 to March 1862) as the generalin-chief of the Union Army. Although McClellan was meticulous in his planning and preparations, these characteristics may have hampered his ability to challenge aggressive opponents in a fastmoving battlefield environment. He chronically overestimated the strength of enemy units and was reluctant to apply principles of mass, frequently leaving large portions of his army unengaged at decisive points. In charge at Antietam and another attempt to capture Richmond. Was later the Democratic presidential candidate against Lincoln, but lost by a landslide. General Meade - served as a Union general, rising from command of a brigade to the Army of the Potomac. He is best known for defeating Lee at Gettysburg in 1863. General Stonewall Jackson - Thomas Jackson. Confederate general during the American Civil War. Best known for Bull Run, which was how he got his nickname Stonewall. Accidentally shot by his own men at Chancellorsville; died of pneumonia eight days later. Uncle Toms Cabin - Uncle Toms Cabin was written by Harriet Beecher Stowe. She based it off of a vision that she had while sitting in church in 1851. It was of a slave being whipped to death by his cruel master. Her story was first published in installments in an abolitionist newspaper. It was later published as a novel. No other work had ever aroused such powerful

emotions about slavery. Uncle Toms Cabin exposed many of the horrors of slavery, and convinced millions of people to turn against slavery. When President Abraham Lincoln met Stowe in 1862, he said, So youre the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war. The book was cursed and looked down upon in the South. Frederick Douglass - Former slave. Leader in the abolitionist movement. Firm believer in equality of all people. Harriet Tubman - an African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the American Civil War. After escaping from slavery, into which she was born, she made thirteen missions to rescue more than 70 slaves using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. Known as the black Moses. Appomattox - Village where the surrender of the Confederate army took place. Ended organized Confederate fighting. Took place at Appomattox Courthouse at the home of Wilmer McLean (IN MY FATHERS HOUSE!!!) during Palm Sunday. Grant gave Lee generous surrender terms soldiers to go home if they didnt fight, could take own horses and mules, officers could keep swords and weapons, food sent to the soldiers who were starving. Big deal since technically the soldiers were committing an act of treason. Copperheads - A Northern Democrat who agreed with Southern secession and clamored for peace during the war. Picketts Charge - infantry assault ordered by. Lee against Meade's Union positions on Cemetery Ridge on July 3, 1863, the last day of the Battle of Gettysburg during the American Civil War. An avoidable mistake from which the Southern war effort never fully recovered psychologically. Union soldiers chanted Fredericksburg, Fredericksburg! Also Confederate persuaded soldiers: Home, boys, home is just over that hill. Strategies - Anaconda Plan: 1) Surround South by land and sea to cut off its trade. 2) Divide Confederacy into sections so that one rebel region could not help another. 3) Capture Richmond, VA, and destroy the rebel government. Total war (see total war term for more) Confederacy waged defensive war on own turf after several failed attempts to invade the Union.

Reason for high deaths - New weapons. Before, hand to hand combat. Improved weapons during Civil War made killing at a distance much easier. Rifles, which replaced muskets, were accurate over long distances. Improved cannons and artillery muskets made it easier for armies to rain down death on forces some distance away. Medical treatment had not advanced as much. Civil war doctors didnt know what caused infections. Surgeons operated in dirty hospital tents with basic instruments. Few bothered to wash their hands between patients. Infections spread rapidly from patient to patient. Also a lot of soldiers died of disease. 2:1 ratio (disease:battle wounds). Extremely unsanitary conditions everywhere (even in camp o_O). Clara Barton - field nurse. While most nurses worked in military hospitals, she followed Union armies into battle, tending troops where they fell. Later generations would remember Barton as the founder of the American Red Cross. To the soldiers she cared for during the war, she was the angel of the battlefield. Total war - war on the enemys will to fight and its ability to support an army. General Grant believed in this. General Philip Sheridan waged total war in Virginias grain-rich Shenandoah Valley. Also note Shermans March to the Sea. Bull Run - There were two Bull Runs. 1st - July 21, 1861. Federal troops marched from Washington and headed toward Richmond, eager to see the end of the rebellion. Met Southern troops at Manassas, a small town along the way. Met at a creek known as Bull Run. At first, Union victory seemed certain. BUT, Confederate general Thomas Jacksons Stonewall (later earned nickname from this). Also Rebel yell scared the Federal troops. Federal troops ran back to Washington. Smashing victory for the south. Little Napoleon - Nickname for Confederate General Pierre G. Beauregard. Was in charge of the outbreak of Ft. Sumter and enjoyed success at First Manassas. Later fell into disfavor with the administration when he took his differences with Jefferson Davis public. Jefferson Davis - President of the CSA (Confederate States of America). He was born in Kentucky in a log cabin. He grew up on a small plantation in Mississippi. As a young man, he attended the military academy at West Point, New York. Davis fought in the Mexican War and served as Secretary of War under President Franklin Pierce. At the time of the secession crisis, he was a U. S. senator representing Mississippi. A firm believer in states rights, he resigned his seat in the Senate when Mississippi left the Union. Tall, lean, and intense, Davis never really enjoyed politics.

He served the Confederacy out of a sense of duty. The South, he believed, was fighting for the same freedom cherished by Americas founders.