Cold War Notes

Period 6 Regan Sonny An 1945: WWII ends, Cold War begins 1991: USSR collapses, Cold War ends US and USSR never directly declare war on each other; they fight through other means and other countries Millions die in the Cold War

Cold War Chess One country makes a move, the other makes a counter-move Sway other countries to side with them o Often leads to civil war

Why was there tension between the US and USSR after WWII? 1917: Capitalism vs. Communism 1917: Russia drops out of WWI o However, US joins at this point in time Treaty of Brest-Litovsk between Russia and Germany Soviet-Nazi Non-Aggression Pact Russia asked for help at Stalingrad, no help received

1945: The Yalta Conference (in Ukraine) 1. Churchill, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, and Stalin USSR agrees to help in the Pacific a. US doesnt want their help; fear of the spread of Communism 2. Agreed to establish United Nations (get rid of League of Nations) 3. Debated how to restructure Europe after WWII ends 1946: an iron curtain has descended across the continent. Winston Churchill Berlin Wall is symbolic of the iron curtain West Europe = democratic East Europe = Communist

USSR: The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Eastern Europe (controlled by Russia, but not part of USSR)

How was the Cold War fought? 1|Page

Cold War Notes

Period 6 Regan Sonny An Ideologically Communism Economically Politically
Appeals to poor countries Usually dictatorship

Capitalism
Allows for social mobility Democracy (or anti-Communist)

The Truman Doctrine US would help any country fighting against Communism Goal was to contain Communism o The Breznnev Doctrine Russia will support any country that tries to establish Communism Economically o The Marshall Plan European Recovery Program Loaned billions to Europe after WWII to rebuild Pay back with interest Must trade with US Forever indebted to US Diplomatically o Through negotiations, speeches, and United Nations Spying o CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) o KGB (Committee for State Security) o Both had plans to sway every country to their side Military o The Cold War was fought through other countries o Proxy Wars civil war, with US aiding one side and USSR the other o Military Alliances North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Warsaw Pact Space Race o 1957: Sputnik, 1st artificial satellite (USSR) 1958: Satellite Explorer (US) o 1959: Spaceship on the moon (USSR) NASA is formed (US) o 1961: Yuri Gagarin, 1st man in space/to orbit the earth o 1961: Alan Shepard, 1st US man in space o 1962: John Glenn (US) orbited earth o 1963: Valentina Tereshkova, 1st woman on the moon 2|Page

Cold War Notes

Period 6 Regan Sonny An 1969: Neil Armstrong 1st man on the moon 72 year-old: Punches moon conspiracy advocate in the face o 1983: Sally Ride, 1st US woman in space Arms Race o Country US USSR US USSR USSR US US Development Atomic bomb Atomic bomb Hydrogen bomb Hydrogen bomb ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile) MIRV (Multiple Independent Reentry Vehicles) SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative) Description Bombed Hiroshima & Nagasaki 1,000 times more powerful than atomic bomb Tipped with nuclear weapons; can launch from home base Loads up to 10 ICBMs President Reagans Star Wars

Year 1945 1949 1952 1953 1957 1970 1983

o o

Trident Submarine, carries 24 megatons Destroy every major city in Northern Hemisphere 6,000 megatons = combined nuclear firepower of US and USSR by the 1980s Enough to destroy the entire earth twice over Mutual Assured Destruction (M.A.D.)

Are we in more danger of the use of weapons of mass destruction today than during the Cody War?

The Effects of the Cold War in Europe

Germany 1945 Nazi Germany surrenders, ending WWII Berlin is split into sectors Over 3 million Germans flee to West Berlin The Berlin Wall (1961-1989) Abrupt development of wall Families torn apart Known as the anti-fascist protection barrier West Berlin completely enclosed by wall Built by the Communists of East Berlin to prevent their dwindling population from fleeing to West Berlin Know this: The people in West Berlin were free. It was the people of East Berlin that were oppressed. Mr. Regan 3|Page

Cold War Notes

Period 6 Regan Sonny An From 1961-1989 (existence of Berlin Wall) Over 5,000 people tried to escape Over 100 people were killed

The Effects of the Cold War in Eurasia

Case Study: The USSR

Nikita Khrushchev (1954-1964) 1960, Khrushchevs shoe makes its debut at a United Nations meeting a. Space Race: Sputnik b. Arms Race: H-bombs c. De-Stalinization i. Revealed the horrors occurred under Stalins rule ii. Citizens skeptical or confused/shocked d. Peaceful co-existence e. Crushes Hungarian uprising Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 Khrushchev removes USSR missiles from Cuba Kennedy promises not to invade Cuba (ignores removing missiles from Greece and Turkey) Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982) Re-Stalinization Brezhnev Doctrine Dtente Relaxation Foreign exchange students Friendly sporting competitions SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) Later becomes treaty Limits nuclear weapons countries/nations may possess Soviet-Afghan War (1979-1989) Russias Vietnam Potential to spread Communism Natural oil fields Russia cannot win Mujanideen (holy warriors): Muslims from other countries help fight against USSR o Among them is Osama bin Laden

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Period 6 Regan Sonny An

Case Study: Cambodia

The Killing Fields of the Cambodian Genocide (1975-1979) 1880s: controlled by France WWII: Japan France wants Cambodia back Prince Norodom Sihanouk o France crowns him king (1953-1970) o Hopes to use him as a puppet o Instead, 1953, demands independence o France goes to war to reclaim Indochina Loses both Cambodia and Vietnam The 50s and 60s in Cambodia

What does history tell us about newly independent countries? 1970: Sihanouk overthrown by Lon Nol 1970-1975: Civil War

Lon Nol Versus Khmer Rouge* Non-Communist Communist party Backed by US Backed by China *Khmer: Majority; Rouge: Reds (Communists) in French Khmer Rouge wins

April 17th, 1975: Phnom Penh (capital of Cambodia) taken by Khmer Rouge Get out! Americans are going to bomb the city because butthurt! o Used guns to emphasis this point; civilians who resisted were shot 2 million people forced out in half a day to the countryside o Why are you threatening us? Angka (The Organization) was in control; We respond to Angka Angka = ancient Cambodian civilization o City of Angkor Wat Pol Pot: secret leader of Angka (heads of Khmer Rouge, ~100 people) o Aimed to set up utopia communism Modeled after Maos China and Stalins USSR o However, disliked industrialization Wanted agrarian utopia 5|Page

Cold War Notes

Period 6 Regan Sonny An Back to pre-Western Cambodia o Eliminate those poisoned by the West o Year Zero, start from the beginning Average city-dwellers did slave labor in the countryside Cars were forbidden Genocide not of race but those poisoned by the West o Brief reign of terror o Trivial: People with glasses were targeted, thought to be rich and modernized In the killing fields o 1-2 million dead Tuol Sleng High School (aka Security 21) o 16,000 prisoners, high-level security Most were former Khmer Rouge o Torture/execution prison Cut off fingers Beat with spiked clubs Electrocution The boy soldiers of the Khmer Rouge o Indoctrinated and hardened through watching executions, throat slitting o To keep you is no benefit; to lose you is no loss. Khmer Rouge slogan

What brought about the end of the genocide? December 25th, 1978: Pol Pot attacks Vietnam January 7th, 1979: Viet Cong defeats Khmer Rouge in a matter of weeks Pol Pot flees to jungle

Video Notes: Pol Pot Pol Pot establishes new base in Thailand o 100,000 troops, guerilla tactics against citizens o US supports Pol Pot as bunker against Vietnam Arrested by Khmer Rouge members, show trial for 1 Western journalist o Tried for murder of 1 Khmer Rouge member instead of genocide

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Cold War Notes

Period 6 Regan Sonny An

Case Study: China

Imperialism in China (19th and 20th century)

1911-1912: Nationalist Revolution Led by Dr. Sun Yat-sen, Western taught Tried to lead China into democracy

1920s 1930s: The Nationalists vs. the Communists Nationalists Communists Chiang Kai-shek (Jiang Jieshi) Mao Tse-tung (Mao Zedong) Supported by US (cash my check) Supported by Soviet Russia 1934 1935: The Long March (6,000 mile march) Communists surrounded by Nationalists Retreat, Mao Zedong leads 85,000 people o Only 10,000 survive, become devoted to Mao

World War II Japanese invasion o Chinese Nationalists and Communists have common enemy Do not work together, but fight against Japanese simultaneously

1949: The Communist Revolution Peoples Republic of China established If communism were to be successful it would be necessary to bring about a brief reign of terror; otherwise one could never suppress the activities of the counter-revolutionaries. Mao Zedong Nationalists flee to Taiwan (Taipei) o Warred with natives; took control o Claimed to be the exiled head of Chinese government

Taiwan vs. China: The Bamboo Curtain Influence of USSR 1940s: Aided Communists against the Nationalists 1950s 1960s: Economic, military, technological support to China

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Cold War Notes

Period 6 Regan Sonny An The Hundred Flowers Speech Let a hundred flowers bloom let a hundred schools of thought contend Mao Zedong, 1956 o Arrested people who spoke up against Communism o Historians unsure if Mao caught off-guard or planned

1960s: Mao denounces Khrushchevs peaceful co-existence USSR and China break ties o No more financial aid from Russia to China

Would you be willing to give up some freedoms if the government provided you with certain basic necessities (health care, food, education, etc.)? Americans so concerned with their freedoms

The Great Leap Forward 1958 1961: three hard years Leap forward in terms of technology Agriculturally self-sufficient Factories built to increase production Initially, many people willingly participated o Nationalism intertwined with Communism Communes formed for collective farming Dams, reservoirs and railroads built The commune is like a giant dragon, production is visibly awe-inspiring. Propaganda

A Great Leap into Famine Overnight, fertile rice fields were plowed over for factories Couldnt meet quota, bookkeepers lied, insufficient food USSR wanted payment for loans Hungry heroes 20-30 million (some say 45 million; WWII 50-60 million)

1966 1976: The Cultural Revolution The purging of old, thoughts, culture, customs, and habits o Generic headlines/accusations anyone could be arrested Smash the old world / Establish a new world

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Cold War Notes

Period 6 Regan Sonny An The Red Guard Military of cultural revolution Turns Chinese culture on its head Disrespecting elders, formerly highly revered in Chinese society o Forced to wear dunce caps, walking on stilts (so theyd fall) o Arrested, laughed/mocked at, even killed at times Traditional education replaced with Maos Little Red Book o 10 years of memorizing Maos speeches, singing songs, and reading from that book

1938: Every Communist must grasp the truth, Political power grows out of the barrel of a gun. Lost generation o Ages of 15-25 during the Cultural Revolution

Zhou Enlai, premier from 1949 1976 2nd most powerful man in Communist party Went through Long March with Mao Loyal to Mao, but used his power to halt some of the aggressiveness in The Great Leap and Cultural Revolution

Dtente? 1973, Mao attempts to trade Chinese women to US o We dont have much to offer, but we do have a lot of women

1976: Mao and Zhou Enlai both pass away 1978-1997: Deng XiaoPing Thrown out Communist government 3 times, 3 times made it back in o Reasons he was too soft towards the West Economics under Deng (Capitalistic) o Collectivized society to consumer society (more capitalistic) o Abolished communes and collective farms Allowed for some privatization o Opened china to world trade o 1978: 1% had TVs 1998: 90% had TVs Symbol of capitalism o Socialism does not mean poverty. Deng Xiaoping 1978: Politics under Deng (Communist) 9|Page

Cold War Notes

Period 6 Regan Sonny An o The Democracy Wall Citizens voiced criticism of government Police arrested those who spoke out Population control One-child policy So bad! Americans, lol

1989: Beginning of the End of Communism Tiananmen Square o Gate of Heavenly Peace o Summit with Gorbachev Meeting swarmed by international reporters April: Hu Yao Bang dies o Sympathetic to students rights Kicked out of office 2 years before death o Students gather to mourn May: Tiananmen Square flooded with pro-democracy students o Reporters from summit on the scene o Estimated 1 million attendees o Art students build Goddess of Democracy May: Government sends in military (new draftees) o Student activists swarm the soldiers, tanks, and trucks Offers food and tea to military Were your friends, soldiers of the people! o Military is ordered to back off Protests evolve, from students freedoms workers rights June 3rd: Martial law is declared o Military rule, all freedom on temporary halt o Clean-up Tiananmen Square June 3rd-4th: 1,000 dead (tanks run over, soldiers shoot, soldiers are sometimes ambushed) June 4th: Military had control of Tiananmen Square o Most deaths were non-student Opened fire on parents concerned about students, their children More workers in suburbs died than in Tiananmen Square th June 5 : Tank Man o Single man defies tank patrol, risks life to stand in way of tanks o Doesnt get run over; friends pull him out of the way

Chinas recent leaders Deng dies in 1997 10 | P a g e

Cold War Notes

Period 6 Regan Sonny An Jiang Zemin 1997 2003 Hu JinTao 2003 present

Human Rights vs. Economics Religious freedom? Yes and no. o Religious sanction required (yes, go to church, just dont worship) China executes more people than rest of world combined (1,000 2,000) Organ transplant, Chinese government harvests death row criminals for organs o Supposedly sells to wealthy Chinese individuals in need of organs 2001: China enters World Trade Organization o Previously denied (multiple occasions) membership Would free political prisoner before admission date Denied membership, recaptures political prisoner 2008: Beijing Olympics The Dalai Lama o Wants freedom of religion for Tibetans Google, allowed Chinese government to monitor o Many people arrested o Under pressure, Google redirects users to Google Hong Kong

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