1.

Contrast Durkheims theory of the division of labour with that of Marx Durkheim saw the division of labour as something positive, in the sense that in forced people to work together thus creating interdependency. The division of labour thus causes specialization which in turn causes solidarity among the workers. Solidarity according to Durkheim is the ties in society that bind people together, moral or work based (Durkheim, 1933: 140). Durkheim believed that the division of labour promotes a shift in the social structure from mechanical to organic solidarity. Mechanical solidarity is when a group of people have common beliefs, ideals and moral commitments. An example of this is people belonging to the same church have the same beliefs. This example then shows that mechanical solidarity is based on a strong common collective consciousness. It also depends on the similarity of individuals; it also rests on a high degree of uniformity in beliefs. This uniformity is possible when the division of labour is at a minimal. Organic solidarity according to Durkheim is when a large part of society is interdependent on each other in order to make the whole structure work. An example of organic solidarity is a university, in the sense that in order for it to function properly the chancellor, vice chancellor, cleaning staff as well as students, all play a crucial role in making the structure function. Organic solidarity comes from the division of labour process. It depends on a high degree of interdependence, this interdependence then increases because of the rise of specialization in the division of labour it is the division of labour which, more and more, fills the role that we formerly filled by the common conscience (Johnson, 1971:178). Durkheim saw the division of labour as a natural process; he states that the division of labour happens biologically in our bodies. By this he meant that in our bodies we have different parts that constitute to the functioning of our enter body; he then argued that if division happens in our bodies it is natural that it happen in society. Durkheim then believed that the division of labour allowed people to compete. Durkheim saw the division of labour as a process that helps people complete their role in the mechanic process of the industrialized world (Johnson, 1971:169). As opposed to Durkheim, Marxian theory is based on the concept that the economy is the foundation of society. This is why then Marx believed that the division of labour causes alienation. The four types of alienation that Marx speaks about are ; alienation of the worker from the object of his or her work, alienation of the worker from the act of production being,
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humans are different from other species because they can plan work in advance, when people do this they realise they species being. When a job is deskilled one loses touch with what it is to be human. Lastly alienation of person from person, as work becomes more and more meaningless. We become alienated from those around us i.e. family. Marx views the division of labour as having a negative effect in communal life and that it limits peoples skills and ability of worker because they are confined to a certain job (Johnson, 1971: 145).

2. Explain webers concept of rationality and its relationship to the bureaucratic forms of organisation. Weber is a theorist who believed that rationality is the move from feudalism, superstition and the divine rule of kings, to a society where scientific rationality comes through. This is why then weber saw the development of modern society as involving a steady increase in one particular form of rationality. Weber defines rationality as the process by which society comes to be dominated by norms values of efficiency, calculability and demystification which causes dehumanization. Bureaucracy is then the hierarchy structure which is used to run organizations based on a rational legal authority, a bureaucratic organisation also relies in the division of labour and detailed procedures in order for it to function properly (Ritzer, 1992: 148). Weber points out four characteristics of rationalization; firstly is efficiency which means society stresses the importance of finding the most direct and quicker way from one point to another. An example weber uses to explain this is the automobile assembly line, which has different people who all play a role in finishing the product quickly. This then is also applicable in a bureaucratic organization, for example a business organization has different positions which they have to perform efficiently in order to make sure the companys goals are met (Ritzer, 1992: 148). The second characteristic of rationalization weber talks about is calculability; this means a pre occupation with predictability. An example of this is that the assembly line is set up to produce large numbers of cars in a predictable manner. This then also implies a preference for quantitative rather than qualitative factors. This then applies to bureaucratic forms of organisations because it a business people have certain targets they have to achieve in order
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to prove they are performing. This then shows that in a bureaucratic system there is calculability, which shows where the business is heading to (Ritzer, 1992: 148). The third characteristic is demystification, which is the elimination of magical elements, which are replaced by systematic, logical and routinized procedures. This also applies to bureaucratic systems because in order for a bureaucratic organisation to function there has to be a set of procedures employees follow. For example in regards to overtime, there is allows rules regarding the rate a person gets paid for overtime. The last characteristic is

dehumanization; this is the elimination of concern for human values. This character is also evident in bureaucratic forms of organisations in the sense that it focuses on the bottom line and thus does not value the person doing the work making it impersonal (Ritzer, 1992: 148). A bureaucracys main characteristics is that its impersonal, in that they are unambiguous and efficient meaning that nobody cares what happens to another person behind the office. It has rules and regulations specifying the functions of each office job. When a person accepts a job, they will be given a job description. People are appointed on the basis of their qualifications, in feudalism people were appointed because of their background in terms of where they come from. For example the son of the king would get the job automatically (Ritzer, 1992: 148). According to weber bureaucracies are highly rational; he believes this is necessary for large scale societies to run effectively. As societies become more complex, bureaucracy is needed. Rational relationships as opposed to personal relationships are more work friendly. The main aim of bureaucracy is to coordinate individuals to achieve specific goals of an organisation. For example in business there are mangers, shareholders and CEOs who work together and try achieving the companys goals. This example then shows the relationship between rationality and bureaucracy is that in order for a bureaucracy to be efficient there has to be a high level of rationality among individuals. Both rationality and bureaucratic forms of organisation require a high level of dehumanization (Ritzer, 1992: 148). Webers bureaucracy demolishes the concept of meritocracy; this is because humans are not robots. In the sense that people develop affairs, they become jealous and sabotage each other. These elements thus creep in a bureaucratic organization including fraud bribery and corruption. Showing that a person can get a job because they know some inside that organisation. This then shows webers bureaucracy lives out human behaviour thus it overlooks the human features stated above making it have loopholes Ritzer, 1992: 148).
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3. in reacting against Marxs perceived economic determinism. Weber highlighted the role of ideas (idealism) in social change. Critically analyse his exposition of the protestant ethic in the rise of capitalism As stated in the first page Marx believed that societys main pillar the economy and everything depended on it. Weber disagreed with this view point because he believed the economy was just one of the pillars, according to weber human ideas (idealism) were as important. In his analysis of capitalism weber began by examining and rejecting other explanations of what made capitalism. Weber believed that the only thing that explained the rise of capitalism were the set of religious ideas produced by the religious revolutions of the sixteenth century .The one religion that weber focused primarily one was Protestantism. This religion had particular elements that are fundamental to the survival of capitalism (Johnson, 1971: 225). Weber saw capitalism not just as economic greed; he believed it is a moral and ethical system, an ethos that among other things stresses economic success .according to weber Protestantism succeeded in turning the pursuit of profits into a moral crusade. It was the backing of the moral system that led to the unexpected expansion of the profit system and the capitalist system (Johnson, 1971: 225). Calvinism was the version of Protestantism that weber focused on the most. This is because the Calvinism ethos believes that people should accumulate wealth rather than consume it, saving and re-investing. These features are those that are dominate in capitalism and keep it alive. The Calvinism ethic has the doctrine of predestination, which is the idea that God has a plan for everyone, God in his wisdom from the day we were born, our lives were set out. Since people are insecure, so even if they know God has a plan, they working under the consciousness of putting the plan together. Then there is the concept of a calling, which business people feel god has a plan, which is calling them to become business men. This then promotes people to work hard. The Calvinism version of Protestantism is evident in todays society as acetic capitalism, which embodies the ethos of accumulation of wealth instead of spending (Johnson, 1971: 225). Webers analysis of how Protestantism influenced capitalism can be said to be religious determinism, in the very sense that Marx theory is about the economy being the base of
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society. Whereas weber is saying idealism is the base of society. Webers view thus allows exploitation to happen which is evident in modern capitalist society, in the sense that it gives the working class the mentality that god wants them to be where they are they are predestined thus justifying the exploitation. It can then also be said that this then puts people under false consciousness (Johnson, 1971: 225).

Reference list
Durkheim, E, 1933. The Division of Labour. Glencoe: Free Press. Johnson, D.P. 1971. Sociological theory: classical founders and contemporary perspectives. New York: J. Wiley and Sons. Ritzer, G. 1992. Classical sociological theory. New York: McGraw-Hill.